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This article is about the metallic element. For other uses, ferrocene, the rst sandwich compound discovered.
see Iron (disambiguation).
Iron plays an important role in biology, forming
complexes with molecular oxygen in hemoglobin and
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from Latin: myoglobin; these two compounds are common oxygen
ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the rst transport proteins in vertebrates. Iron is also the metal
transition series.[3] It is by mass the most common ele- at the active site of many important redox enzymes dealment on Earth, forming much of Earths outer and inner ing with cellular respiration and oxidation and reduction
core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earths in plants and animals.
crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due
to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars,
where the production of nickel-56 (which decays to the 1 Characteristics
most common isotope of iron) is the last nuclear fusion
reaction that is exothermic. Consequently, radioactive
nickel is the last element to be produced before the violent 1.1 Mechanical properties
collapse of a supernova scatters precursor radionuclide of
The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys can be
iron into space.
evaluated using a variety of tests, including the Brinell
Like other group 8 elements, iron exists in a wide range
test, Rockwell test and the Vickers hardness test. The
of oxidation states, 2 to +6, although +2 and +3 are the
data on iron is so consistent that it is often used to calimost common. Elemental iron occurs in meteoroids and
brate measurements or to compare tests.[5][6] However,
other low oxygen environments, but is reactive to oxygen
the mechanical properties of iron are signicantly afand water. Fresh iron surfaces appear lustrous silveryfected by the samples purity: pure research-purpose singray, but oxidize in normal air to give hydrated iron oxgle crystals of iron are actually softer than aluminium,[4]
ides, commonly known as rust. Unlike many other metals
and the purest industrially produced iron (99.99%) has
which form passivating oxide layers, iron oxides occupy
a hardness of 2030 Brinell.[7] An increase in the carmore volume than the metal and thus ake o, exposing
bon content of the iron will initially cause a signicant
fresh surfaces for corrosion.
corresponding increase in the irons hardness and tensile
Iron metal has been used since ancient times, although strength. Maximum hardness of 65 R is achieved with a
copper alloys, which have lower melting temperatures, 0.6% carbon content, although this produces a metal with
were used even earlier in human history. Pure iron is soft a low tensile strength.[8]
(softer than aluminium), but is unobtainable by smelting.
The material is signicantly hardened and strengthened
by impurities, in particular carbon, from the smelting process. A certain proportion of carbon (between 0.002%
and 2.1%) produces steel, which may be up to 1000 times
harder than pure iron. Crude iron metal is produced in
blast furnaces, where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron,
which has a high carbon content. Further renement with
oxygen reduces the carbon content to the correct proportion to make steel. Steels and low carbon iron alloys
along with other metals (alloy steels) are by far the most
common metals in industrial use, due to their great range
of desirable properties and the widespread abundance of
iron-bearing rock.
Iron chemical compounds have many uses. Iron oxide
mixed with aluminium powder can be ignited to cre- Molar volume vs. pressure for iron at room temperature
ate a thermite reaction, used in welding and purifying
ores. Iron forms binary compounds with the halogens and Because of its signicance for planetary cores, the physthe chalcogens. Among its organometallic compounds is ical properties of iron at high pressures and temperatures
have also been studied extensively. The form of iron that
1
CHARACTERISTICS
is stable under standard conditions can be subjected to exists, would appear at pressures of at least 50 GPa and
pressures up to ca. 15 GPa before transforming into a temperatures of at least 1500 K; it has been thought to
high-pressure form, as described in the next section.
have an orthorhombic or a double hcp structure.[9]
1.2
1.5
Occurrence
3
manner. The process starts with the second largest stable
nucleus created by silicon burning, which is calcium. One
stable nucleus of calcium fuses with one helium nucleus,
creating unstable titanium. Before the titanium decays, it
can fuse with another helium nucleus, creating unstable
chromium. Before the chromium decays, it can fuse with
another helium nucleus, creating unstable iron. Before
the iron decays, it can fuse with another helium nucleus,
creating unstable nickel-56. Any further fusion of nickel56 consumes energy instead of producing energy, so after
the production of nickel-56, the star does not produce the
energy necessary to keep the core from collapsing. Eventually, the nickel-56 decays to unstable cobalt-56, which
in turn decays to stable iron-56. When the core of the star
collapses, it creates a supernova. Supernovas also create
additional forms of stable iron via the r-process.
The most abundant iron isotope 56 Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists as it represents the most common endpoint of nucleosynthesis. It is often cited, falsely,
as the isotope of highest binding energy, a distinction
which actually belongs to nickel-62.[15] Since 56 Ni is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the alpha process in
nuclear reactions in supernovae (see silicon burning process), nickel-56 (14 alpha particles) is the endpoint of
fusion chains inside extremely massive stars, since addition of another alpha particle would result in zinc-60,
which requires a great deal more energy. This nickel-56,
which has a half-life of about 6 days, is therefore made 1.5 Occurrence
in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products 1.5.1 Planetary occurrence
in the supernova remnant gas cloud, rst to radioactive
cobalt-56, and then stable iron-56. This last nuclide is
therefore common in the universe, relative to other stable
metals of approximately the same atomic weight.
In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony
Kut a correlation between the concentration of 60 Ni, the
daughter product of 60 Fe, and the abundance of the stable
iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60 Fe at the time of formation of the Solar System. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60 Fe
contributed, together with the energy released by decay of
the radionuclide 26 Al, to the remelting and dierentiation
of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago.
The abundance of 60 Ni present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the
Solar System and its early history.[16]
Nuclei of iron atoms have some of the highest binding energies per nucleon, surpassed only by the nickel isotope
62
Ni. This is formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Although
a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing 62 Ni, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process
to be favored. Elemental distribution on Earth greatly favors iron over nickel, and also presumably in supernova
element production.[17]
Iron-56 is the heaviest stable isotope produced by the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis; elements heavier
than iron and nickel require a supernova for their formation. Iron is the most abundant element in the core of red
giants, and is the most abundant metal in iron meteorites
and in the dense metal cores of planets such as Earth.
1.4
Nucleosynthesis
were laid down in the time between 3,700 million years dustry are iron(II) sulfate (FeSO4 7H2 O) and iron(III)
ago and 1,800 million years ago[21][22]
chloride (FeCl3 ). The former is one of the most readAbout 1 in 20 meteorites consist of the unique iron-nickel ily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial
minerals taenite (3580% iron) and kamacite (9095% oxidation than Mohrs salt ((NH4 )2 Fe(SO4 )2 6H2 O).
tend to be oxidized to iron(III) comiron). Although rare, iron meteorites are the main form Iron(II) compounds
[26]
pounds
in
the
air.
[23]
of natural metallic iron on the Earths surface.
Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams
The red color of the surface of Mars is derived from
in standardan iron oxide-rich regolith. This has been proven by with mercury. As a result, mercury is traded
[29]
ized
76
pound
asks
(34
kg)
made
of
iron.
[24]
Mssbauer spectroscopy.
1.5.2
Prussian blue
3.1
Wrought iron
Ferrocene
The symbol for Mars has been used since antiquity to represent
iron.
Several carbonyl compounds of iron are known. The premier iron(0) compound is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5 ,
which is used to produce carbonyl iron powder, a highly
reactive form of metallic iron. Thermolysis of iron pentacarbonyl gives the trinuclear cluster, triiron dodecacarbonyl. Collmans reagent, disodium tetracarbonylferrate, is a useful reagent for organic chemistry; it contains iron in the 2 oxidation state. Cyclopentadienyliron
dicarbonyl dimer contains iron in the rare +1 oxidation
state.[32]
Ferrocene is an extremely stable complex. The rst
sandwich compound, it contains an iron(II) center with
two cyclopentadienyl ligands bonded through all ten carbon atoms. This arrangement was a shocking novelty
when it was rst discovered,[33] but the discovery of ferrocene has led to a new branch of organometallic chemistry. Ferrocene itself can be used as the backbone of
a ligand, e.g. dppf. Ferrocene can itself be oxidized to
the ferrocenium cation (Fc+ ); the ferrocene/ferrocenium
couple is often used as a reference in electrochemistry.[34]
History
jects made of gold or silver due to the ease of corrosion of iron.[35] Beads made from meteoric iron in 3500
BCE or earlier were found in Gerzah, Egypt by G. A.
6
Wainwright.[36] The beads contain 7.5% nickel, which
is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the
Earths crust has very little to no nickel content. Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the
heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools
or whole specimens placed in churches.[36] Items that
were likely made of iron by Egyptians date from 2500 to
3000 BCE.[35] Iron had a distinct advantage over bronze
in warfare implements. It was much harder and more
durable than bronze, although susceptible to rust. However, this is contested. Hittitologist Trevor Bryce argues
that before advanced iron-working techniques were developed in India, meteoritic iron weapons used by early
Mesopotamian armies had a tendency to shatter in combat, due to their high carbon content.[37]
The rst iron production started in the Middle Bronze
Age but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze. Samples of smelted iron from Asmar,
Mesopotamia and Tall Chagar Bazaar in northern Syria
were made sometime between 2700 and 3000 BCE.[38]
The Hittites appear to be the rst to understand the production of iron from its ores and regard it highly in their
society. They began to smelt iron between 1500 and 1200
BCE and the practice spread to the rest of the Near East
after their empire fell in 1180 BCE.[38] The subsequent
period is called the Iron Age. Iron smelting, and thus
the Iron Age, reached Europe two hundred years later
and arrived in Zimbabwe, Africa by the 8th century.[38]
In China, iron only appears circa 700500 BCE.[39] Iron
smelting may have been introduced into China through
Central Asia.[40] The earliest evidence of the use of a
blast furnace in China dates to the 1st century AD,[41]
and cupola furnaces were used as early as the Warring
States period (403221 BCE).[42] Usage of the blast and
cupola furnace remained widespread during the Song and
Tang Dynasties.[43]
HISTORY
4.1
3.3
Industrial routes
Steel
3.4
The ning process of smelting iron ore to make wrought iron from
pig iron, with the right illustration displaying men working a blast
furnace, from the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published in
1637 by Song Yingxing.
Fe + H2 O FeO + H2
2 Fe + 3 H2 O Fe2 O3 + 3 H2
3 Fe + 4 H2 O Fe3 O4 + 4 H2
4
4.1
Industrial iron production starts with iron ores, principally hematite, which has a nominal formula Fe2 O3 , and
magnetite, with the formula Fe3 O4 . These ores are reduced to the metal in a carbothermic reaction, i.e. by
treatment with carbon. The conversion is typically conducted in in a blast furnace at temperatures of about 2000
C. Carbon is provided in the form of coke. The process
also contains a ux such as limestone, which is used to
remove silicaceous minerals in the ore, which would otherwise clog the furnace. The coke and limestone are fed
into the top of the furnace, while a massive blast of heated
air, about 4 tons per ton of iron,[54] is forced into the furnace at the bottom.
2 C + O2 2 CO
Natural gas is partially oxidized (with heat and a catalyst): two methods. One route is electrolysis of ferrous chlo-
5.1
Metallurgical
ride onto an iron cathode. The second method involves In gray iron the carbon exists as separate, ne akes of
reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen gas at about 500 graphite, and also renders the material brittle due to the
C.[58]
sharp edged akes of graphite that produce stress concentration sites within the material. A newer variant of gray
iron, referred to as ductile iron is specially treated with
trace amounts of magnesium to alter the shape of graphite
5 Applications
to spheroids, or nodules, reducing the stress concentrations and vastly increasing the toughness and strength of
the material.
Wrought iron contains less than 0.25% carbon but large
amounts of slag that give it a brous characteristic.[60] It
is a tough, malleable product, but not as fusible as pig
iron. If honed to an edge, it loses it quickly. Wrought
iron is characterized by the presence of ne bers of slag
entrapped within the metal. Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely
replaced by mild steel for traditional wrought iron products and blacksmithing.
Iron powder
5.1
Metallurgical
Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost
and high strength make it indispensable in engineering
applications such as the construction of machinery and
machine tools, automobiles, the hulls of large ships, and
structural components for buildings. Since pure iron is
quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying
elements to make steel.
10
BIOLOGICAL ROLE
5.2
Iron compounds
Biological role
Main articles:
metabolism
Iron is pervasive, but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include red meat, lentils, beans, poultry, sh,
leaf vegetables, watercress, tofu, chickpeas, black-eyed
peas, blackstrap molasses, fortied bread, and fortied breakfast cereals. Iron in low amounts is found
in molasses, te, and farina. Iron in meat (heme
iron) is more easily absorbed than iron in vegetables.[67]
Although some studies suggest that heme/hemoglobin
from red meat has eects which may increase the likelihood of colorectal cancer,[68][69] there is still some
controversy,[70] and even a few studies suggesting that
there is not enough evidence to support such claims.[71]
Iron is a necessary trace element found in nearly all living organisms. Iron-containing enzymes and proteins,
often containing heme prosthetic groups, participate in
many biological oxidations and in transport. Examples of
proteins found in higher organisms include hemoglobin,
Iron provided by dietary supplements is often found as
cytochrome (see high-valent iron), and catalase.[66]
iron(II) fumarate, although iron sulfate is cheaper and
is absorbed equally well. Elemental iron, or reduced
iron, despite being absorbed at only one third to two
6.1 Bioinorganic compounds
thirds the eciency (relative to iron sulfate),[72] is often
The most commonly known and studied "bioinorganic" added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat
compounds of iron (i.e., iron compounds used in biol- our. Iron is most available to the body when chelated to
ogy) are the heme proteins: examples are hemoglobin, amino acids[73] and is also available for use as a common
6.5
Bioremediation
6.3
11
without realizing it or being aware of a family history of
the problem. For this reason, it is advised that people do
not take iron supplements unless they suer from iron deciency and have consulted a doctor. Hemochromatosis
is estimated to cause disease in between 0.3 and 0.8% of
Caucasians.[84]
MRI nds that iron accumulates in the hippocampus of
the brains of those with Alzheimers disease and in the
substantia nigra of those with Parkinson disease.[85]
6.5 Bioremediation
12
See also
El Mutn in Bolivia, where 10% of the worlds accessible iron ore is located.
Iron fertilization proposed fertilization of oceans
to stimulate phytoplankton growth
Iron (metaphor)
Iron in folklore
List of countries by iron production
Pelletising process of creation of iron ore pellets
Rustproof iron
Steel
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15
10
Bibliography
11 Further reading
H. R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel
Industry... to 1775 AD (Routledge, London, 1957)
R. F. Tylecote, History of Metallurgy (Institute of
Materials, London 1992).
R. F. Tylecote, Iron in the Industrial Revolution in
J. Day and R. F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution
in Metals (Institute of Materials 1991), 20060.
12 External links
Its Elemental Iron
The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei
Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the
Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World:
Iron
Iron at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of
Nottingham)
Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist
16
13
13
13.1
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Anthony, Komet, Lupo, Dina, Alan Liefting, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Marnanel, Gene Ward Smith, BenFrantzDale, Bork, Tom harrison,
Peruvianllama, Everyking, Dratman, Alison, Bensaccount, Frencheigh, Jfdwol, Unconcerned, Duncharris, Ptk, Mboverload, Eequor, Redux, Darrien, Chameleon, Booradley74, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Delta G, Mmm, Chowbok, SoWhy, Pgan002, Toytoy, Geni, Knutux,
Zeimusu, Slowking Man, Akkolon, Quadell, DCrazy, Antandrus, HorsePunchKid, Cjewell, The MoUsY spell-checker, Oneiros, Rogerzilla,
Icairns, Karl-Henner, Arcturus, B.d.mills, Wyllium, LiSrt, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Mike Rosoft, Frankchn, PZFUN, Archer3, CALR,
Ultratomio, EugeneZelenko, Noisy, Discospinster, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Brutannica, Cacycle, Vsmith, Spundun, Florian Blaschke, LeeHunter, Dbachmann, Paul August, Bender235, Rubicon, ESkog, Kbh3rd, Kjoonlee, FrankCostanza, Neko-chan, Eric
Forste, Brian0918, RJHall, CanisRufus, MBisanz, El C, Lankiveil, Joanjoc, Kwamikagami, Edward Z. Yang, Shanes, Joaopais, RoyBoy, ~K, Femto, Jpgordon, Bobo192, O18, Jsw09, Smalljim, Shenme, Vortexrealm, AllyUnion, SpeedyGonsales, Chirag, La goutte de
pluie, Rajah, Colonel Cow, Sam Korn, Haham hanuka, Pearle, Jumbuck, Siim, Alansohn, PaulHanson, Nik42, Arthena, Keenan Pepper,
Plumbago, Sl, Riana, AzaToth, Lectonar, Splat, Walkerma, Bart133, Snowolf, Ross Burgess, Wtmitchell, Dabbler, Paul1337, 03williss,
Naif, NickMartin, Gpvos, RainbowOfLight, Dirac1933, Sciurin, Bsadowski1, BlastOButter42, Freyr, Icco, Gene Nygaard, Dan100,
Kenyon, Oleg Alexandrov, Tariqabjotu, Ron Ritzman, Gatewaycat, Lkinkade, Thryduulf, Philthecow, Velho, Pekinensis, Firsfron, LOL,
Uncle G, Oliphaunt, Benbest, JeremyA, Stevedegrace, Fred J, Eleassar777, Firien, Bbatsell, Damicatz, Optichan, Steinbach, Sengkang,
Zzyzx11, Xiong Chiamiov, Prashanthns, Karam.Anthony.K, Jimtheralley, Dysepsion, MrSomeone, Ashmoo, JEB90, Graham87, Raivein,
V8rik, Kbdank71, FreplySpang, JIP, Zzedar, DePiep, Jclemens, Bikeable, Grammarbot, Dpv, Phillipedison1891, Josh Parris, Canderson7,
Saperaud, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Jake Wartenberg, Vary, SiberioS, TheRingess, MZMcBride, SMC, Boccobrock, DoubleBlue, Yamamoto
Ichiro, Yellowmellow45, Titoxd, FlaBot, Latka, Nihiltres, Nivix, RexNL, Gurch, Nimur, Iridos, Goudzovski, BradBeattie, Physchim62,
Chobot, Jaraalbe, Bornhj, DVdm, Bgwhite, Gwernol, UkPaolo, Roboto de Ajvol, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sceptre, Deeptrivia, StuOfInterest, Vlad4599, Joewright, Sillybilly, Peterkingiron, Fabricationary, Stephenb, Gaius Cornelius, Pjanini1, Shaddack, Cpuwhiz11, Wimt,
NawlinWiki, BigCow, SivaKumar, JDoorjam, Irishguy, Nick, Wonglokking, Alex43223, Zephalis, DeadEyeArrow, Mistercow, Elkman,
Wknight94, Searchme, Tetracube, Calaschysm, Closedmouth, Reyk, Wikiwawawa, BorgQueen, Mpjohans, CWenger, Crost, Kevin, Georey.landis, Willtron, ArielGold, Kungfuadam, NeilN, GrinBot, Mejor Los Indios, DVD R W, Luk, ChemGardener, TomR, Itub, SmackBot, Arthurzahn, Unschool, Harish2k1vet, Reedy, Hydrogen Iodide, Simongoldring, Pgk, Bomac, Jagged 85, WookieInHeat, Anastrophe,
Grey Shadow, Delldot, Edgar181, Sectryan, Anwar saadat, Chris the speller, Keegan, Geneb1955, Persian Poet Gal, Bigfun, Thumperward, MalafayaBot, SchftyThree, Deli nk, StrangerInParadise, SEIBasaurus, DHN-bot, Sbharris, Darth Panda, Theneokid, Scwlong,
Kotra, Dethme0w, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Shalom Yechiel, Metal Militia, PeteShanosky, V1adis1av, Chlewbot, Avb, JonHarder,
Gurps npc, Yidisheryid, Arod14, Pax85, Phaedriel, Krich, Emre D., Radagast83, Cybercobra, Nakon, Savidan, Dreadstar, Richard001,
RandomP, Geor, Smokefoot, Whicker117, Xagent86, PStatic, Jklin, DMacks, ILike2BeAnonymous, PeterJeremy, Vina-iwbot, Kukini,
Ged UK, The undertow, SashatoBot, Rory096, Krashlandon, Harryboyles, Archimerged, Srikeit, DO11.10, Dbtfz, John, Iy, Euchiasmus, Sfuerst, Tazmaniacs, Epingchris, Anoop.m, JoshuaZ, JorisvS, CaptainVindaloo, Goodnightmush, Aleenf1, Mr. Lefty, Don't fear
the reaper, Ckatz, JHunterJ, Slakr, Tasc, Beetstra, Kyoko, Waggers, Kiamlaluno, Peter Horn, MTSbot, Jose77, Avant Guard, Dan Gluck,
BranStark, Wizard191, Dead3y3, Gholam, Shoeofdeath, M0000000000, Thricecube, Tawkerbot2, BTE1390, Poolkris, Ryt, Orangutan,
Switchercat, JForget, RSido, Stifynsemons, Hobophobe, R N Talley, The Librarian, Bridesmill, Ale jrb, Sir Vicious, Dycedarg, Wikiman12345, Scohoust, Skau04r, Makeemlighter, Funion987, Darkboom, Nunquam Dormio, Dgw, Sci0x, Pyrope, MarsRover, Lachambre, Moreschi, Richard Keatinge, Myasuda, Nathanhalim, Cydebot, Peripitus, Abeg92, Ryan, Rieman 82, Gogo Dodo, Chasingsol, R.
New, Tawkerbot4, Carstensen, Codetiger, DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Narcisso, FastLizard4, Optimist on the run, Crana, Sharonlees, Danogo,
JodyB, JohnInDC, Casliber, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Auror, Leedeth, Necrowarrio0, Nonagonal Spider, Headbomb, Yzmo, Marek69, West
Brom 4ever, John254, Tapir Terric, Brichcja, Doyley, Dark Enigma, Tellyaddict, Zachary, CharlotteWebb, Escarbot, Mentisto, AntiVandalBot, Mr Bungle, Majorly, Paulyche, Luna Santin, Seaphoto, Paul from Michigan, Quintote, Autocracy, PhJ, LibLord, Spencer,
IGGR, Kent Witham, Lfstevens, Cbrodersen, Myanw, RexLion, Canadian-Bacon, Ioeth, JAnDbot, Deective, Demonkey36, Haemoclysm, MER-C, Plantsurfer, Giovanni Giove, Rearete, Andonic, East718, Ironplay, Guy0307, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Karlhahn,
Bakilas, Indigoboo, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Jarekt, MartinDK, Hasek is the best, JNW, CattleGirl, Lucyin, Jim Samphorn, Catgut,
WhatamIdoing, Destroyer000, Icyhegemony, User86654, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Allstarecho, Segatoc, Schumi555, Scot.parker, Vssun,
Silentaria, EstebanF, DerHexer, JaGa, Pyrochem, Gun Powder Ma, NatureA16, Kevin Dufendach, Hdt83, MartinBot, Goodman854, BetBot, Celevas, Poeloq, ChemNerd, Axlq, Naohiro19, Mufo, David matthews, Mostly water, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius,
Redshoe2, Joonipar, Creol, Watch37264, J.delanoy, Cowmoo, Battlecruiser, Uncle Dick, Eliz81, Indiealtphreak, Cocoaguy, Wensley12,
Wandering Ghost, IdLoveOne, Katalaveno, Stan J Klimas, Gman124, Ignatzmice, Janus Shadowsong, Kaimiikekamaila, Ahsaniqbal 93,
Coppertwig, (jarbarf), Warut, LittleHow, Rominandreu, Trilobitealive, DadaNeem, SJP, NukoMAN, Bobianite, KCinDC, Babedacus,
Juliancolton, Cometstyles, Bintang123, WJBscribe, Glyns, Jamesontai, Tibetologist, CuddlySteve, Ja 62, JavierMC, Takiasuu, Useight,
Jazzmansam, Halmstad, Xiahou, Squids and Chips, CardinalDan, Richard New Forest, Idioma-bot, Rossnorman, 28bytes, VolkovBot,
ABF, Armetrek, Je G., Jennavecia, AlnoktaBOT, Soliloquial, Bartosik, Philip Trueman, Joecunningham2, BSMet94, TXiKiBoT, Issacnewton saif, Jackthebumblebee, Rockstar915, Rei-bot, SK41, Logan242, Donkeyscantalk, Qxz, Backinblack92, Lradrama, Rscott282,
Corvus cornix, Martin451, Don4of4, Slysplace, Hienz44, Andylu, Keithm 007, Psyche825, Mumu816, Seb az86556, UnitedStatesian,
Martyn1987, Jvbishop, Evil dude69, CO, Plazak, Llajwa, Lerdthenerd, Dirkbb, ChallengeSpacePedia, Carinemily, Synthebot, Veganfanatic, Geprodis, Enviroboy, Turgan, Jzzytree, Burntsauce, KholkhozNarra56, Edman007, AlleborgoBot, LuigiManiac, Tvinh, PericlesofAthens, Petergans, Tbm55555, Burgercat, EmxBot, Alexa77, Kbrose, EJF, Sotn, SieBot, Sim0ntwd, Rdx-77, PlanetStar, Hmkan360,
Hanzo05, Tiddly Tom, Umbralcorax, Drakmyth, Winchelsea, Gerakibot, Viskonsas, Caltas, Propr, Nathan, Cwkmail, RJaguar3, Triwbe,
The way, the truth, and the light, Calabraxthis, Ddday-z, Cx6600, JerrySteal, Fibo1123581321, Purbo T, Keilana, Trudog85, Tiptoety,
Sirsir12345, Oda Mari, Hiddenfromview, Dexx05626, Oxymoron83, Antonio Lopez, Enok Walker, AngelOfSadness, St3f710, Lightmouse, Tombomp, Grunkhead, Hawkeye2007, Tao of tyler, Pemmy, Fornaee, Sean.hoyland, Mygerardromance, LAS1180, Joshschr,
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Lazarus1907, Pinkadelica, Nergaal, Jons63, Escape Orbit, Explicit, TheCatalyst31, SpectrumAnalyser, Spirosv, ClueBot, Avenged Eightfold, PipepBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Limebite, IceUnshattered, Arakunem, Saddhiyama, Drmies, Shinpah1, CounterVandalismBot, LizardJr8, Shjacks45, Neverquick, Mayqueen2, Puchiko, Jacques47, Metalxzxz, DragonBot, Begaluki, Excirial, Andy pyro, Muhandes, SpikeToronto, Shinkolobwe, Lajimmy, LarryMorseDCOhio, Dekisugi, Grisunge, Thingg, Aitias, Plasmic Physics, Macpros561, His
Manliness, Coin167, Vanished User 1004, Chhe, DumZiBoT, RMFan1, Finalnight, Crazy Boris with a red beard, XLinkBot, Drinkcoco,
Yojimbo501, Humblekabc, Ekke44, Gnowor, Gundog48, Takashi 29, Dark Mage, Rror, AMRDeuce, Bradv, Asder smit, Wikiislove997,
Little Mountain 5, Demonic cube, SilvonenBot, PL290, Noctibus, Bit Lordy, ElMeBot, Bob23456, Ketchup krew, Playinpoker4alivin,
Applepie231, PengiunMan, Basilicofresco, Denali134, Tbarkley12, Willking1979, Some jerk on the Internet, DOI bot, Friginator, Orci,
Holt, Nikhilvijay raut, TutterMouse, Franky1985, Fieldday-sunday, CanadianLinuxUser, Leszek Jaczuk, Chaza super man, Lon of Oakdale, CarsracBot, RTG, Mjr162006, Ld100, Debresser, Lines Away, Lucian Sunday, HappyXD, LinkFA-Bot, West.andrew.g, Da pope224,
Smartguy71, Pominthehouse, Numbo3-bot, Krepusculoko, Pomlikespee, Saltanon, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Avono, Luckas Blade, Gail, Jarble,
Greyhood, Arbitrarily0, Jkaresh, Brucem101, Sammoth55, Ben Ben, Siduk, Luckas-bot, Yobot, 2D, Fraggle81, Xu Davella, II MusLiM
HyBRiD II, Hulek, Kilom691, DB.Gerry, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, KamikazeBot, Plasticbot, South Bay, , Synchronism,
AnomieBOT, Tigax, Hrneo, Jim1138, Mistaya, JackieBot, Piano non troppo, Apau98, Theseeker4, Ulric1313, Materialscientist, Rafeek
Malotra, Citation bot, Prabhat278205, E2eamon, Didsrocks, Neurolysis, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Aksel89, MauritsBot, Xqbot, S h i v a
(Visnu), Sionus, Gopal81, Cureden, Klozglowski, PangYikHei, Srich32977, Almabot, Apollo1195, Hax fax, Mwcmatthew, George94, RibotBOT, SassoBot, Chris.urs-o, Chedder14, Gbruin, Ulm, Basharh, Brutaldeluxe, Doulos Christos, IcedNut, Dmitriduggan, DeNoel, Rebbing, GT5162, Maddydonnelly, FrescoBot, Foo1942, Tobby72, Eldin raigmore, Peterapple, Deadskull56, Citation bot 1, Pinethicket, Abductive, Fuzbaby, 10metreh, Jonesey95, Tom.Reding, RedBot, MastiBot, GentleMiant, Xeworlebi, Pristino, KnowledgeRequire, FoxBot,
Double sharp, TobeBot, Ticklewickleukulele, Dinamik-bot, Vrenator, Pepper543210, Begoon, Reaper Eternal, Lghoel, Diannaa, Kcsk1998,
MacCambridge, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Whisky drinker, The Utahraptor, Bondith, Regancy42, Slon02, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, GoingBatty, 1Martin33, NotAnonymous0, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, P. S. F. Freitas, Sheeana, ZroBot, F, Neonightshade,
StringTheory11, Denver & Rio Grande, Chemicalinterest, Bustermythmonger, KarthikSoun, SporkBot, AManWithNoPlan, Wayne Slam,
Trippinshrumes, Metallica23, IGeMiNix, Brandmeister, L Kensington, Jj98, MonoAV, Anonimski, Edward001, Holbenilord, Ego White
Tray, Mentibot, ChuispastonBot, Magneticlifeform, Hej1337, DASHBotAV, Whoop whoop pull up, Mjbmrbot, Special Cases, ClueBot
NG, Malanoqa, Abrahamschulte, XD0248, Lanthanum-138, Monsoon Waves, S.kamber, Morgan Riley, Rurik the Varangian, T-piston,
Nao1958, Jk2q3jrklse, Kemal Koza, Helpful Pixie Bot, Art and Muscle, JohnSRoberts99, Gob Lofa, Bibcode Bot, Doorknob747, Todan,
Grimmeh, TomeHale, Zedshort, Duxwing, Lieutenant of Melkor, 4Jays1034, He to Hecuba, JYBot, 3bobby123, Harsh 2580, Dexbot, Webclient101, GaryMHoover, Numbermaniac, TheArowPro, Jnargus, Reatlas, CensoredScribe, AioftheStorm, Schwobator, Ramendoctor,
Kind Tennis Fan, Medmyco, Connymenzel, Benjamaster1, Monkbot, Ca2james, Heytrevorthisisscott, Wynstol and Anonymous: 1363
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