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I. INTRODUCTION
p =
k
ij
ij nij
[ ] [ n ]
lNik
il
(1)
il
ij f = (1 ) ij o
(2)
where: ijo is the current step pheromone value on arc ij, ijf is
the updated pheromone value on arc ij, and is the decay
factor. This combined effect allows for the artificial
stigmergic effect which leads to better solution convergence.
Numerous modifications of the ACO algorithm exist that
allow customization for particular problems. Primarily, the
level to which the best solution found by the ants is exploited
4
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
[1] Energy Information Administration - Office of Integrated Analysis and
Forecasting, Annual Energy Outlook 2006, U.S. Department of Energy,
DOE/EIA-0383, 2006.
[21] M.H. Afshar, Partially constrained ant colony optimization algorithm for
the solution of constrained optimization problems: Application to storm water
network design, Advances in Water Resources, Vol. 30, 2007.