Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

General Introduction GIS & RS

Prehistoric GIS in Epidemiology
GPS & GIS as tools for Public Health
Benefits of GIS and RS in Health Sector
Challenges of GIS and RS
Models in GIS
Practical Section

Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing

Workshop 2012

A GIS is an organized
collection of computer
hardware, software,
geographic data, and
personnel designed to
efficiently capture, store,
update, manipulate, analyze,
and display all forms of
geographically referenced
information.
Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

What is ?
common in area
Where is ...?
best location
What has changed since?
change detection
What spatial patterns exist?
cluster detection
What if..?
prediction / modeling
Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

GIS uses geography, or space, as the common

key element between data sets. Information is
linked only if it relates to the same geographic
area.

Refers to data referenced by location

on the earth using a global
coordinate system.

Latitude/Longitude
Northing/Easting
Standard Format
Many different conventions

Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

Longitude
Latitude

John Snow figured out that water from the pump

was the cause cholera outbreak in Soho, England,
in1854.

Broadwick Street showing

the John Snow memorial
public pump and public
house
Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

John Snow (1813 1858)

Original map by John Snow showing the

clusters of cholera cases in the London
epidemic of 1854
Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

Map of cholera outbreak in London

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Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

Spatial information describes the location and shape of

geographic features, and their spatial relationship to other
features, and
Descriptive information which characterizes the geographic
feature attributes data.

Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

A data model for storing, representing or displaying

spatial
data in a digital form.
It uses geospatial coordinate pairs (x,y) to represent a
location on the earth. Vector features are usually
described by:
Points: sampling locations, disease cases, town
centroids
Lines (Arcs): streams, power lines, transportation routes
Polygons (Areas): land use, lakes, census tracts, town
boundaries
Points

Lines (Arcs)
3

1
3
2

House
Consultancy Unit GIS/Remote Sensing Workshop 2012

Routing

Area
Analysis
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A data model that is based

on a grid of pixels.
Each pixel has an individual
value, typically from 0 to 255
Typical file formats
include:
Georeferenced TIFF, IMG,
and JPEG files.

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GPS are used for navigational

aides
Locating a single point
Navigating between points
GPS provides a basis for mapping
Tracking changing locational
information
Collecting coordinates of features
for use in GIS
Collecting information about
features for use in GIS

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Determining geographic distribution of diseases

Analyzing spatial and temporal trends
Mapping populations at risk
Assessing resources allocation
Planning and targeting interventions
Monitoring diseases and interventions over time.
GIS integration into Emergence Management Respond.
Tracking Trends in Health Care with GIS

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No enough skilled personnel to implement

GIS projects in health sector.
No tools to run GIS applications (Software
and Hardware).
Getting spatial data is still an issue(too
expensive).

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Spatial interaction models reflect two general principles:

that interaction decreases with distance
and increases with population size or "attractiveness.

The models can then be used to predict spatial interaction

patterns.
Although spatial interaction models and GIS developed
separately, some GIS now have spatial interaction modeling
capabilities.

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Spatial diffusion models analyze and predict the spread of

phenomena over space and time and have been widely
used in understanding spatial diffusion of disease.
Such models are quite similar to spatial interaction models
except that they have an explicit temporal dimension.
By incorporating time and space, along with basic
epidemiologic concepts, the models can predict how
diseases spread, spatially and temporally, from infected to
susceptible people in an area and aid in understanding the
emergence of infectious disease.

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Basics Spatial statistic

Measuring Spatial distribution
Analyzing Spatial pattern
Analyzing Spatial relationship

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MAPPING MALARIA INCIDENCE IN

ABUJA

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Bar representation malaria incidence in Abuja

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Find the mean center i.e. concentration of malaria

incidence.
Find central feature i.e. indentifies the most centrally
located area distribution of malaria incidence.
Find the standard distance i.e. degree which malaria
features are concentrated or dispersed around the
geometric mean center.
Find Directional distribution (standard deviational ellipse)
i.e. measuring whether a distribution of features exhibits a
directional trend.

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Spatial Autocorrelation (Morans I) make judgment on

distribution of malaria incidence
Finding degree of clustering for either high or low values
using High/Low clustering (Getis- ord General G)

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3 levels Hot Spot Map

Geopraphically Weighted Regression (GWR) performs a

local form of linear regression used to model spatially
varying relationships. i.e. There is significant relation
between malaria incidence and population.

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