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Ayisha Qureshi)
The cardiac cycle represents the mechanical and pumping action of the heart.
Definitions: One systole followed by one diastole constitutes one cardiac cycle.
OR
One complete sequence of contraction (systole) & relaxation (diastole) of the
heart is called a Cardiac cycle.
OR
Sequence of cyclic changes (systole followed by diastole) in each beat of
the heart is called Cardiac cycle.
Points to Note:
Systole is the contraction of the cardiac muscles.
Diastole is the relaxation of the cardiac muscles.
The systole of both atria and ventricles never overlap.
The diastole of atria and ventricles always overlaps. (so that filling can take
place)
The valves allow and ensure one-way flow of blood.
Blood always flows from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure.
The valves always open due to pressure changes occurring in chambers
present on either side of them & not only due to the contraction of the cardiac
chambers.
We begin our Cardiac Cycle with the brief moment during which both atria & ventricles are
relaxing.
1) ATRIAL DIASTOLE/ RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING/ VENTRICULAR
DIASTOLE:
There is continuous flow of blood from the venous system (i.e. Superior & Inferior vena cava
for the right atrium & the pulmonary veins for the left atrium) into the atria. The AV valves are
closed so the atria are rapidly filling with blood. Due to continuous inflow of blood into the atria,
the atrial pressure slightly exceeds ventricular pressure (Remember: the ventricles are still
relaxing just having finished their contraction).
All collected blood flows directly from the atria into ventricles throughout this phase.
AT THIS TIME: the atria & the ventricles are acting as a single chamber.
Any blood reaching the atria immediately enters the ventricles. (Thus, atria are acting as mere
pipes). This stage is also called DIASTSIS.
1
3) ATRIAL SYSTOLE:
SA node depolarizes
Atria contract
Pressure increase that accompanies the contraction also pushes a small amount of blood
backwards into the veins. Although the opening of the veins narrows during contraction,
there are no one-way valves to stop the backward flow. Thus, the retrograde flow into the
veins may be observed as a pulse in the Jugular vein in a normal person who is lying with
the head & chest elevated about 30. This is called the Jugular Venous Pulse.
4) END OF VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE:
Ventricular diastole ends at the onset of ventricular contraction. By this time, atrial
contraction & ventricular filling are complete. The volume of blood in the ventricles at the
end of diastole is known as END DIASTOLIC VOLUME.
See: CARDIAC CYCLE VOCABULARY for:
END DIASTOLIC VOLUME
5) ISOVOLUMIC OR ISOVOLUMETRIC VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION:
Cardiac impulse from the atria reaches
(atrial cont. is complete by the time ventricular cont. starts)
AV node and then to the Bundle of HIS and the Purkinje fibers
Ventricles contract
Ventricular systole or contraction begins at the apex of the as spiral bands of the
ventricular muscle push the blood upwards towards the base.
This backward pressure forces the AV valve closed
First heart sound created by the vibrations following closure of valve (lub of lubdup)
The ventricular pressure continues to increase till it exceeds the aortic pressure & will
cause the opening of the aortic valve
(Between the closing of the AV valve & opening of the aortic valve is a brief period during
which the ventricles remain a closed chamber-as both valves are closed, no blood can
enter or leave the ventricles during this time)
(ANALOGY: Squeeze a toothpaste tube with the cap still on. Increased pressure will
develop in the tube, but the toothpaste has nowhere to go.)
Blood leaves the ventricles with great force & enters the aorta.
High-pressure blood is forced into the aorta, displacing the low-pressure blood that fills
them & pushing it further into the systemic circulation.
These arteries on receiving more blood than they can pass on become distended
Second heart sound produced (dup of lub-dup) due to vibration of this valve
closing
Ventricles become a sealed chamber because AV valve is also closed as the ventricular
pressure though falling is still higher than the atrial pressure
Dicrotic notch: At the onset of ventricular diastole, closure of the aortic valve produces a
disturbance or notch on the aortic pressure curve known as the dicrotic notch. This is
caused by backward flow of blood (due to elastic recoil in the aortic walls) immediately
before closure of the aortic valve followed by sudden stoppage of backflow. This notch is
also called Incisura.