1. Ex post facto research is a term generally used to describe ________ research.

A. descriptive
B. experimental
*C. causal-comparative
D. historical
2.

Causal comparative and experimental research both

*A. examine differences between groups.
B.
tend to involve a very small number of participants.
C.
randomly assign participants to groups.
D.
calculate correlations to describe relationships between variables.

3.

In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally

A.
randomly assign participants to groups.
B.
can establish causation.
*C.
do not manipulate independent variables.
D.
are not often performed in schools.

4.
Of the following, which is most typical of an independent variable in a causalcomparative study?
A.
Total reading achievement.
B.
Reading fluency (i. e. , words read per minute).
C.
Reading comprehension.
*D. Method of instruction used to teach reading.
5.

A causal-comparative study requires a minimum of

A. one level of independent variable (i.e., one group) and one dependent variable.
*B.
two levels of independent variable (i.e., two groups) and one dependent
variable.
C.
two levels of independent variable (i.e., two groups) and two dependent
variables.
D.
three or more levels of independent variable (i e., three or more groups)
and one dependent variable.
6.
One strength of experimental studies, in comparison to causal-comparative
studies, is that experimental studies can _____________ while experimental studies
cannot.
A.
examine more than one dependent variable
B.
examine causal relationships among variables
*C.
include variables that should not be manipulated due to ethical concerns
D.
potentially control for all threats to internal and external validity.
7.
Changes that occur in research participants as a result of normal development
represent ________ in experimental research.
A.
A threat to internal validity known as statistical regression

B.
*C.
D.

A threat to external validity known as statistical

A threat to internal validity known as maturation
A threat to external validity known as maturation

8.

Which of the following is a threat to external validity in experimental research?

*A. pretest-treatment interaction
B.
mortality
C.
statistical regression
D.
selection-maturation interaction

9.

When compared to all other types of research, experimental research . . .

A.
requires a greater number of participants.
*B.
provides stronger evidence concerning cause-effect relationships.
C.
involves dependent and independent variables.
D.
collects data from samples that generalize to populations.

10.

In experimental studies, but NOT in other studies,

A.
the researcher manipulates the dependent variables.
*B.
the researcher manipulates the independent variables.
C.
the researcher makes no attempt eliminate threats to internal validity.
D.
the researcher examines a priori differences between groups.

11.
In an experimental study, a researcher's attempt to remove the influence of any
extraneous variables (i.e., alternative explanations) that might have an effect on the
dependent variable is referred to as
*A. experimental control.
B.
data analysis.
C.
selecting independent variables.
D.
determining dependent variables.
12.
The type of validity concerned with whether findings can be generalized to other
groups or other settings is referred to as
A.
internal validity.
*B.
external validity.
C.
content validity.
D.
construct validity.
13.
The type of validity concerned with whether differences between groups are due
to the independent variable rather than an alternative explanation is referred to as
*A. internal validity.
B.
external validity.
C.
content validity.
D.
construct validity.
14.
Lisa's study tested the effects of an intervention to facilitate the math skills of
second graders. She administered a treatment to all of her students in the form of a

structured computer lesson and then tested their math skills. No pretest was given. She
found that students skills increased. With which validity threat should Lisa be most
concerned?
*A. Mortality
B.
Statistical regression
C.
Instrumentation
D.
Testing
15.

One way to control for the internal validity threat of testing is to

A.
shorten the time of the treatment.
B.
decrease the sample size.
C.
increase the significance level.
*D. use a Solomon Four-Group Design.

16.

Of the following, which design is plagued by the most threats to internal validity?
*A. One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
B.
One shot case study design
C.
Time series design
D.
Static Group Comparison

17.

Of the following, which is an example of a pre-experimental design?

A.
Time series design
*B.
Static group comparison
C.
Posttest only control group design
D.
Nonequivalent control group design

18.

Given the following notation (X O), which design is illustrated?

*A. One shot case study
B.
One group pretest-posttest design
C.
Posttest only control group design
D.
Static group comparison

19.

Data analysis in single-subject studies generally includes

A.
Chi-square.
*B.
Visual analysis of graphed data.
C.
Nonparametric tests.
D.
Analysis of Variance.

20. In a single subject design, the treatment condition is symbolized as

A. A
*B. B
C. S
D. W
21. One limitation of single-subject designs is that they
A. lack internal validity

B. are not often used with children

*C. lack generalizability for groups
D. are not often used in education
22. Rachael is acting out in her math class. She gets so frustrated she starts to throw
things. The school psychologist provides her with a relaxation strategy as an intervention
and observes her behavior. The relaxation strategy is removed as a requirement and her
classroom behavior is again observed. The school psychologist then again requires the
relaxation strategy. Which of the following single-subject designs is the school
psychologist illustrating.
A. A-B
B. A-B-A
*C. B-A-B
D. A-B-A-B