MATH 123 PS02

Young Ju Park (SID 23048762) || Due 2/02/15

pg33 5.3(i)(ii), 5.4
5.3 Find the general solution of the following DEs:
(i) y 0 (cot x)y = 2x sin x.

We rst nd the homogeneous solution to the equation y 0 cot x
y = 0. By using separation of variables, we
obtain that
1 0
y = cot x
y
so that integrating both sides with respect to x and then exponentiating gives us
y = c sin x

(1)

for some constant c. To nd the particular solution, we regard c as a function of x, write c = c(x), and plug
(1) this into the original given equation
(c(x)sin x) 0 (cot x)c(x)sin x
)c (x)sin x + c(x)cos x c(x)cos x
)c 0(x) sin x
)c 0(x)
)c(x)
0

=
=
=
=
=

2x sin x
2x sin x
2x sin x
2x
x2 + c1:

Then the general solution of the given dierential equation is

y = (x2 + c1)sin x
so that
y = x2sin x + c1sin x
for some constant c1.
(ii) y 0 + y + x + x2 + x3 = 0.
We rst nd the homogenous solution to the equation y 0 + y = 0. By using separation of variables, we obtain
that
1 0
y = 1
y
so that integrating both sides with respect to x and exponentiating gives us
y = cex

(2)

for some constant c. To nd the particular solution, we regard c as a function of x, write c = c(x), and plug
(2) into the original given equation
(c(x) ex) 0 + c(x) ex = x x2 x3
)c 0(x)ex c(x)ex + c(x)ex = x x2 x3
2
3 x
)c 0(x) = (x
Z x x Z)e
Z
)c(x) = xex dx x2ex dx x3ex dx:
||||||||||{z}}}}}}}}} |||||||||||{z}}}}}}}}}}}} |||||||||||{z}}}}}}}}}}}
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

R
u=x
dv = exdx
To integrate (i), we integrate by parts, letting
, so that (i)=xex ex dx = xex ex + C
du = dx v = ex
for some constant C.
R
u = x2
dv = exdx
To integrate (ii), we integrate by parts, letting
, so that (ii)=x2ex 2 xex dx, but
du = 2xdx v = ex
by above this is x2ex 2(xex ex + C) = x2ex 2xex + 2ex 2C.
R
u = x3
dv = exdx
To integrate (iii), we integrate by parts, letting
, so that (iii)=x3ex 3 x2ex dx,
2
du = 3x dx v = ex
but by above this is x3ex 3(x2ex 2xex + 2ex 2C) = x3ex 3x2ex + 6xex 6ex + 6C.
Then we have

c(x) = xex + ex C x2ex + 2xex 2ex + 2C x3ex + 3x2ex 6xex + 6ex 6C

= 5ex 5xex + 2x2ex x3ex 5C:
Then the general solution of the given dierential equation is
y = (5ex 5xex + 2x2ex x3ex 5C)ex

so that

y = 5 5x + 2x2 x3 c1ex

for some constant c1.

5.4 Solve the following initial value problems:


1 06x61
(i) y 0 + 2y =
; y(0) = 0.
0 1<x

Suppose x 2 [0; 1]. Then y 0 + 2y = 1. We will call the function that solves this DE y1. We solve the
corresponding homogeneous equation, y 0 + 2y = 0. Dividing by y, subtracting 2 from both sides, and
integrating w.r.t. x, and exponentiating gives us y = ce2x () for come constant c.
Now, we regard c as a function of x, write c = c(x). Then if we plug in () for the given DE, we get
1
(c(x)e2x) 0 + 2(c(x)e2x) = 1, so that c 0(x) = e2x. Integrating with respect to x gives us that c(x) = 2 e2x + c1
for some constant c1.
1


1
Then the general solution of the above is y1 = 2 e2x + c1 e2x = 2 + c1e2x. To solve for c1, we use the initial
1

condition. We know 0 = 2 + c1e2
0, so that c1 = 2 , so y1 = 2 2 e2x.

Suppose instead that x > 1. Then y 0 + 2y = 0. We will call the function that solves this DE y2. We know
by above that y = c2 e2x, for some constant c2. Observe that y1 and y2 are both bounded at x = 1, which
implies that limx!1 y1 and limx!1+ y2 exist. Further, it must be that limx!1 y1 = limx!1+ y2, by page 32.
Hence, we calculate limx!1 y1.
1 1
1 1
lim y1 = lim e2x = e2:
2
2 2
x!1
x!1 2
Then if limx!1+ y2 = c2e2, and it must be that
us that c2 =

e2
2

2.

We conclude that the equation

1
2

2 e2 = c2e2, then multiplying by e2 on both sides gives

8
>
1 1
>
< e2x
2 2 
y= 
2
>
> e 1 e2x
:
2 2

is the solution to the given initial value problem.

06x61
1<x