FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND GAS

Carbon Based Fuels and Feedstocks

Gas
Dry gas (almost pure CH4)
Wet gas (includes other hydrocarbons, water, CO2,
N2, H2S etc.)

Crude Oil
Light, almost clear to viscous and very dark

Tar Sands and Shale Oils

Coals
Peats, Brown Coals (Lignites) through to Anthracite

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS

Hydrocarbon Chemistry - Paraffins

CH4 - Methane - Natural Gas - BP minus 161 deg C

C2H6 - Ethane - BP minus 88 deg C

C3H8 - Propane - BP minus 40 deg C

C4H10 - Butane (normal and iso) - BP 0 deg C/minus 12 deg C

REFINING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

BASICS
Types of hydrocarbon
compounds
Paraffins - straight or branch chain - C NH2N+2 )
Saturated
Naphthenes or Cycloparaffins - C NH2N
Alkenes - Mono-olefins - C NH2N

,,

) unsaturated

Olefins or Aromatics - Stable Benzene ring based

compounds
) unsaturated
1,3-BUTADIENE
ACETYLENE

Diolefins, Dienes or Alkynes - C NH2N- 2 )

unsaturated

REFINING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

Hydrocarbon ChemistryBASICS
n and I-Pentane - C5H12 - BP 35 deg C/ 27 deg C (Also
Cyclopentanes, C5H10)
I/n Hexane - C6 - BP 69 deg C (Cyclohexane - C6 in a ring
formation, a naphthene or monocycloparaffin compound)
Heptane - C7 - BP 99 deg C (Toluene, (C6 + C1)H14)
Octane - C8 - BP 126 deg C etc to CnHn+2
Unsaturated Ring Compounds: (Aromatics)
- Olefins/Benzene/Toluene/Napthalenes/Anthrazenes etc.

REFINING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

CRUDE OIL - From the Well
BASICS
Gases

Mixed Hydrocarbon Oils

Water
Dirt - Minerals

Field separation
May be several stages of pressure letdown and stilling
Separates into
Gas - Re-injected, flared or sent to processing
Oil - Crude Oil - for shipment and/or storage
Water - for treatment then disposal
Dirt - for disposal

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Gas Terminology - A system
designed to confuse!
Natural Gas - from the well - includes Methane,
Ethane, Propane, Butane and heavier fractions,
sometimes referred to as Pentanes +, Natural
Gasoline or Condensate, together with Water
Vapour, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Hydrogen
Sulphide, Mercury, Helium, Mercaptans, etc.
Natural Gas is also the term given the almost
pure methane stream supplied to consumers
Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) are the bits left after
the methane is removed; in other words,
Ethane, Propane, Butane and heavier fractions

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Gas Terminology - continued
GAS
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is methane cooled to - 161
degrees centigrade, when it becomes a liquid. It then
occupies a space 1/600 th of when it is a gas, so is then
able to be transported in large quantities in specially
built insulated carriers.
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) are mainly Propane
and Butane, which is often sold as a mixture in
pressurised cylinders for cooking, heating and even as
a transport fuel. Sometimes they are sold separately,
again in pressurised containers. Butane, which boils at
approximately - 4 degrees, needs little pressure, so can
be sold in very small containers as lighter fluid

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Gas Terminology - continued
Other terms you may come across:
Synthetic or Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) - A form
of gas produced from Coal or Liquid hydrocarbon
feedstock
Gas - Oil Ratio (GOR) and Gas - Liquid Ratio (GLR)
the ratio between the gas and oil (or total liquids oil and water) coming from the well. Even almost
pure gas wells will have some entrained oil, which
must be separated out at the processing plant.
Similarly, crude oil will have some gas associated
with it as it comes from the well.

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Diagram of Oil and
Gas bearing
GAS
deposits or fields
Ground or sea bed level
Gaseous layer at top
of oil field

Impervious layer above oil

bearing rock layer

Oil bearing layer

Water layer below oil

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Drilling rig

Drill pipe string

Area from where

oil is flowing
within structure

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Jackets

Gravity based
Structures - Steel
or Concrete

100 Meters

Floating
production and
storage vessel
(FPSO)

Tension Leg
Platform
(TLP)
300 Meters

Typical concept choices for

dry completed wells in the
North Sea

500 + Meters

2000 meters,
3000 meters,
6000 meters

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Kvaerner and SBMs FPDSO design concept
GAS
DRILLING/SUBSTRUCTURE
PIPERACK
PROCESS
OFFLOADING

POWER GENERATION
LQ
HELIDECK

TURRET +
MOORING

THRUSTERS

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS

SIRI Project

Penn State Project

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS Laminaria - The
worlds Largest
FPSO

Subsea Facilities

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS

SIRI Platform under

Tow to Field, Oct -98
Amerada Hess Penn State
Platform

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

CRUDE OIL - From the Well
GAS

Gases

Mixed Hydrocarbon Oils

Water
Dirt - Minerals

Field separation
May be several stages of pressure letdown and stilling
Separates into
Gas - Re-injected, flared or sent to processing
Oil - Crude Oil - for shipment and/or storage
Water - for treatment then disposal
Dirt - for disposal

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
GAS
SWEETENING

GAS DEHYDRATION
AND DEWPOINTING

GAS TO EXPORT
OR REINJECTION
DEW POINT COMPRESSION
CONTROL

WELL HEAD
SEPARATION/
PRIMARY
SEPARATION/
PARTIAL
PROCESSING

CHEMICAL
INJECTION

ELECTROSTATIC COALESCENCE
OIL TO EXPORT
DEOXYGENATION
REJECT OIL
PRODUCED
WATER
TREATMENT

Diagram showing typical

processing requirements for
well fluids prior to export

WATER TO DISCHARGE
OR REINJECTION

FILTRATION DISINFECTION
CHEMICAL
INJECTION

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Three Phase Separator
GAS
Gas
Out

Inlet pipe with

baffle devise

Demister
Pad
(optional)

Mixed
Fluids In

Overflow
Weir Plate
Perforated
Inlet Calming
Baffle plate

Coalescer
Plate Pack
(optional)

Vortex Breakers
Water/Dirt
Out

Oil
Out

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Diagram showing principle of operation of Biphase separator
Direction of flow

Gas

Height difference
between weirs sets
oil/water interface level
Gas passage

Shaft
Oil diffuser scoop

Inlet
Nozzle

Gas

Perforated plate
(liquids drain through)

Separation
zone

Water diffuser scoop

Weir arrangement
(rotates)

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Conventional and BiphaseGAS
Turbine Concepts
Gas

Optional
Pump
High pressure
two-phase or
flashing
liquid streams

Conventional
Gravity Separator

Biphase Rotary
Separator Turbine

Gas

Liquid

Power
out
Liquid
(can be
pressurised)

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Comparison
of footprint and weight
GAS
for Biphase separator turbines
(excluding motors) vs conventional
separators
Biphase
Separators
20 m2
Conventional
Separators
266 m2

Conventional
Separators
668 tonne

Biphase
Separators
64.5 tonne
AREA COMPARISON

WEIGHT COMPARISON

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Oil Processing
Facility
GAS
To Fuel
Gas

To Flare
Heat
Exchanger

Manifold
Crude from
Wellhead

Production
Separator

Electrostatic
Coalescer
Heating
Fluid
Crude Oil to Shipping

Water
Conditioner

Water to Re-injection or
Disposal

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Field Separation Scheme
GAS
Associated Gas to
Shipment or Re-injection

To HP
Flare
From
the
Well

FIRST
STAGE

Water and
Dirt

To MP
Flare

SECOND
STAGE

To LP
Flare

Water and
Dirt
HEATING
(Optional)

THIRD
STAGE

Water and
Dirt

Crude Oil to Shipment

or Storage

FUNDAMENTALS
OF
OIL
AND
Gas Processing
- at the well - remove dirt, free
water, condensate etc. and
GAS
make it ready to transport.
- It needs to be stable and at a high enough pressure to
reach its destination. Minimal processing is normally done
close to the well.
Typical operations - Simple clean-up then:
Glycol or methanol injection (to absorb water vapour and
prevent hydrate formation)
Corrosion Inhibitor injection, to prevent gas contaminants
from damaging the pipeline
Heating, so that frictional pressure drop and associated
temperature decrease does not result in condensate fallout
Compression, to ensure the gas will reach its destination

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Pipeline
DeepwaterTechnology
Pipeline Engineering
Innovative Pipeline Installations
Diverless Tie-In Techniques
Riser Systems Design
Pipeline Installation Equipment
Insulated Pipeline Systems
Process and Thermal Analysis
Systems Integration
Pipeline Trenching Equipment
Subsea Templates

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

DeepwaterGAS
Pipeline
Engineering
Conventional Applications
S-Lay Analysis
J-Lay Analysis
Reel Barge Analysis

Innovative Alternatives
Bottom Tow Analysis
Controlled Depth Tow
Analysis

Steel and Composite

Pipelines

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GASPipeline
Innovative
Installations
Practical Experience
Single and/or Multiple Pipelines in Cased Pipeline
Bundle
Up to 10 miles in Length for a Single Section
Bottom Towed along a Selected Route of 500 miles
Towed in Water Depths to 3,300 feet
Diverless Connections in Depths to 2,700 feet

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GASPipeline
Innovative
Projects
Feasibility and Conceptual Designs
High Efficiency Insulating Materials
Composite Structures for Improved Strength & Insulation
Up to 12 miles in Length for a Single Section
Towed in Water Depths to 6,000 + feet
Diverless Connections in Depths to 6,000 + feet

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Pipeline
GAS
Experience

Pan Arctic 65

Esso Australia
Kingfish A 250

Esso Australia
Kingfish B
250
Esso Australia
Cobia 250 Placid
2,350

Mobil
Statfjord A 500
1000

Esso Australia
2000 Fortiscue 250

Esso Australia
Esso Australia Bream B
200
Flounder
300

Esso Australia
West Tuna 200

Amerada-Hess
Penn State
1,650
Flextrend
1,470

Enserch
MC 441
2,800

Enserch
GB 387
3,300

Esso Australia
Halibut 250

BP Troika
3,300

Water Depth
(feet)

3000

4000

5000

6000

1975

Legend:
Design and Installation
Design Studies (Partial List)
Water Depths

1980

1985

Time (years)

Conoco
Voring Plateau
Norway Study
4600

1990

Texaco
Fuji Study
4300
Conoco
West Africa
Lazy W Connection
4600
1995

Exxon
Albacora Leste
6000
2000

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Vent

Purge Connection

Flow Tee
Pig
Indicator

Quick
Closure

XI
BARREL

Pipeline
Drain

Platform or
Processing Plant

Drain

Pig
Handling
System

Simplified Diagram of
Pig Launcher/Receiver

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Some Examples of Typical Pigs
Cylindrical Brush Pig
GAS
Gauging Pig
Gauge Plate

Cup

Brush

Sphere Pig - Used for

separation or displacement

Foam Pig

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Onshore gas plant
processing
Facilities Design depends upon:
Components in raw gas stream
Contaminants which must be removed
Required product specifications
Recovery levels of heavier hydrocarbons
desired
Availability of product shipping facilities
Local environmental considerations

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Pipeline Fluids in

A Typical Finger
Slug Catcher
Gas Out

meters long or more,

80and-100
sloped towards liquid
Liquids Out

outlet end

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Vessel type Slug
GAS
Gas Out

Catcher

Demister
Pad

Pipeline Fluids in
Liquid level

Baffle plate
Vortex Breaker
on raised pipe
Condensate
out

Glycol/Methanol/Water
/Dirt out

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Typical Adsorption
Wet Gas In

Bed Drying System

Wet
Regeneration
Gas Out

Regenerating
Bed

Drying
Bed

Dry Gas Out

Dry
Regeneration
Gas In

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Glycol Drying
GAS
System
Dry Gas Out

Distributor

Lean Glycol
inlet

Internals of
trays or
structured
packing

Vent

Glycol
Regeneration
Package

Contactor

Glycol/Glycol
Exchanger

Rich Glycol
outlet
Heating to
drive off water
vapour

Dry Gas Out

Wet Gas In

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Acid Gas Removal Processes: GAS

MEA
DEA
TEA
MDEA
ADIP
DGA
Sulfinol
Stretford
Zinc Oxide
Hot Potassium Carbonate
Benfield
Catacarb
Giammarco - Vetrocoke
Hipure
Propylene Carbonate
Water Wash
Selexol
Alkazid
Molecular Sieve
Membrane Systems.

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Once Through
Claus Plant
GAS
Hot Gas Bypass
Tail Gas
Waste Heat
Boiler
Acid
Gas

Incinerator

1st Stage
Reactor

2nd Stage
Reactor

Air

Condenser
Condenser

Sulphur

Sulphur

Sulphur

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Other Clean up Stages:
GAS
Sulphur Recovery
Claus - (H2S + O2 = SO2 + H2S = H2O + S)

Tailgas Treatment for Sulphur Removal

Wellman-Lord

Davy S-H

IFP

CBA

Maxisulf

SCOT

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Separation of Clean GasGAS
stream into its constituents
Options Available: Adsorption
Oil Absorption
Refrigeration
Compression/cooling
External Refrigeration
J-T Valve expansion
Turboexpander

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

Typical Tubo-expander
GAS
Flow scheme
Residue
Gas

Demethaniser

Expander/
compressor

Feed
gas

Liquid
Product

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Ethane

Raw
Liquid
in

DeEthaniser

Propane

DePropaniser

Butane

DeButaniser

Typical LPG fractionation train

Pentanes +,
Raw
Gasoline

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS

North Morcambe Gas Terminal

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS
Final Oil Processing prior to Shipment
Stabilisation
Mild heating to boil off the last if the
light fractions (mostly i and n-butane)
Pressure reduction to allow last of light
ends to evaporate
Dehydration
Primary water removal
Electrostatic dehydration

FUNDAMENTALS OF OIL AND

GAS

Sullem Voe Terminal