Learn Grammar - تعلم الانجليزية

GRAMMAR
2008
Main Menu
English Alphabetic
Parts of Speech
Sentences

Verb to BE
Verb to DO
Verb to HAVE
Nouns
Countable Nouns
Spelling Rules for Plurals
Uncountable Nouns
Definite & Indefinite Articles

Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Making Questions
How
some/
some/ any/
any/
Making Negative
TENSES
Present Simple Tense

Past Simple Tense
Future Simple Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Future Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous

Imperatives
Modals
Comparing Adjectives
Adverbs
Active & Passive
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
...
Prepositions
Question-Tags
Conditional if
Reported Speech
Countries and Nationalities
English Alphabetic

1.
2.
Capital Letters
A
Small Letters
a
Consonant Letters
b
Vowels Letters
a
Parts of Speech

Noun
Ahmed, book
I, he, she, it, etc. ..

Play, played, will play
rich man

Ahmed writes quickly.

.
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Parts of Speech

Ahmed goes to school

Preposition

They traveled by plane

Ali and Ahmad visited us

. yesterday.

. !
Conjunctio
n
Alas! She died. Interjection
Parts of Speech

:
a, an, the
.
.

This is a book.
. a

This is an apple.
. an
. This is the book I bought
yesterday.
.
the
Article
:

): (
:
Ali doctor.

:
Ali is a doctor

Sentences

Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Simple Sentences

:
:
I saw a boy.
The boy was riding a bicycle.
)1
)2
:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
Compound Sentences

:
and/ but /or
and:
:
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
:
Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.
Compound Sentences

but:
:
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:
Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.
or:
:
We can play football. We can watch TV.
:
We can play football or we can watch TV.
Complex Sentences

:
Main Clause
: Subordinate Clause
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause
Adverbial Clause
Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb

and has a complete meaning.
. :
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
A phrase is a combination of words forming part of

the sentence but without a verb.
. :
I saw the man carrying a stick.
Verb to BE
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Subject
Present
Past
Past participle

am
was
been
He, She, It
is
was
been
We, They,
You
are
were
been
Verb to BE
.
.
:Examples
I am a pupil.
They are boys.
1.
2.
Negative Sentences with the verb to

BE
We make negative statements with the verb

to BE by using the word not after the verb to
be.
)(
. (not)
Affirmative
Negative
I am at home.
I am not at
home.
You are tall.
You are not tall.
Making Questions with the verb to

BE
Yes or No questions and short answers
)( )( :
Yes or No questions
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
Be
+Subject
+
Complement
Yes + Subject
+ Be
No + Subject
+ Be + not
Are
you
a teacher?
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Were
the boys
at school?
Yes, they
were.
No, they were

not.
Verb to DO
:
Past participle

Past
Present
Subject
done
did
do
I, you, we,
they
done
did
does
He, She, It
.
.

Verb to HAVE
:
Past participle

Past
Present
Subject
had
had
have
I, you, we,
they
had
had
has
He, She, It
.
.
Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

as a main verb

Subject
+
do/does/di
d
+ not
+ have
+
Compleme
nt
do
not
have
a car.
He
does
not
have
A new
watch.
They
did
not
have
breakfast
this
morning.
Making Questions with the verb to HAVE

as a main verb

Yes or No questions
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
Do/Does/Di
d
+Subject
+have
+
Complement
Yes + Subject +
do/does/did
No + Subject
+ do/does/did
+not
Do
you
have
a car?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
Does
he
have
a new
watch?
Yes, he does.
No, he does
not
Did
they
have
Breakfast
this
morning?
Yes, they did.
No, they did

not.
Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to

form the perfect tense.
.
They have lived here for two years.

Adel has just finished his work.
Negative Sentences with verb to

HAVE as a helping verb

.
not

:
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a

helping verb

Yes or No questions and short answers
:

.
:
They have lived here for a long time.
? Have they lived here for a long time
Yes, they have.
No, they have not.
Other Uses of Verb to HAVE
To express necessity in the present and past have to,

has to, had to.
. :
I have to leave now.
____________________________________________________
With some model auxiliaries.
. :
You had better see a doctor.
____________________________________________________
To show that something is caused by another person.
. :
I have my shoes cleaned every week.
Nouns
Nouns are words we use to name:
:
.
People
man, father, teacher, neighbor,
Things
book, table, sugar, fruit,
Places
school, street, city, house, ..
Ideas
freedom, honesty, truth, .
Feeling
s
happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .
Countable & Uncountable

Nouns

Countable Nouns: are things that be
counted as one, two, three, and so on.
:
.
Uncountable Nouns: cannot be

counted.
. :
Countable Nouns

These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.
Before singular countable nouns you can use

a/an
.
)(a/an

.
You cannot use singular countable nouns

alone without words such as:
a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.
.

We form plurals of most nouns by
adding s to the singular noun.

. s
Singular
Plural
one book
one horse
two books
many horses

ch, z, x, s
sh,
es
Plural
matches
Singular
match
buses
dishes
boxes
bus
dish
box

Plural
cities
babies
.
ie
y
s Singular
city
baby
Plural
boys
Singular
boy
keys
key

o
e
s
Singular
Plural
potatoes
potato
tomato
tomatoes
.
Plural
radios
Singular
radio
zoos
zoo

fe
Plural
knives
Singular
knife
shelves
shelf
Plural
classrooms
Singular
classroom
policemen
policeman
e
s

:
Plural
Singular
men
man
women
woman
children
child
people
person
feet
foot
teeth
tooth
geese
goose
mice
mouse
Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.

es , s
:
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood .

an
Uncountable Nouns

salt
meat
coffee
knowledg
e
informati
on
food
butter
blood
gold
sugar
cheese
glass
news
bread
paper
milk
wood
rice
grass
steel
rain
marble
music
cloth
tea
flour
furniture
Uncountable Nouns

.
:
Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
Milk has many minerals.

.
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

a/an
are used as indefinite articles. .
The
is used as definite articles. .
We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.

a .
We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.

a .
n
& Indefinite Articles a

an

We put a before a noun starting with a
constant sound.
. a
We put an before a noun starting with a

vowel sound.
. a
: Vowels
aeio-u
Indefinite Articles a &

an

We use a/an:
a table
. an egg
Before a singular
countable noun.
Before a job, a
particular group of
people or a
nationality.
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
. She is an English
women.
With numbers that

mean every.
He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means
every day).
Indefinite Articles a &

an

We DO NOT use a/an:
No article is used
with abstract nouns
and the names of
metals.
No article is used
before plural or
uncountable nouns.
Love, beauty,
hatred, wood,
.
silver, gold

.
There are books

on the table.
Milk is good for
you.
The Definite Article The

The is used before: :
A noun that is the only

one of its kind.
Names of rivers, seas,
oceans, etc.
The river Nile

. The Kaaba
........ . The Arabian Gulf
The Red Sea
Umar answered the
. question.
A noun which is the

object of a sentence.
The names of musical
instruments.
. Can you play the

duff?

The is used before: :
Names of some
countries.
. The United Kingdom

The U.S.A.
at the weekend
. in the evening
With some time

expressions.
With dates.
. On the first day of

every month.
With some general

expressions.
. Listen to the
radio/news.
Go to the
market/desert.

Use article with the
name that is repeated.
I saw a man. The man

. was young.
No article is used with

the names of studies
of subjects.
I do not like science.

. My favorite subject is
mathematics.
No article is used
before such words as
school, home, bed,
work, etc.

....
I am going to school.
I always go to bed
early.
on Monday, in June
. in summer
(sometimes in the
summer).
before breakfast.
No article is used
before such words
such as day and
month names.
Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun .
Subject
Pronouns

Object
Pronouns
Possessive
Adjectives

Possessive
Pronouns

Reflexive
Pronouns
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
We
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselve
s
they
them
their
theirs
themselv
es
Pronouns
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about .
.
.
Examples
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.
Object Pronouns

We use an object pronoun
After a preposition.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send,

lend, pass, take, show.
The little boy made it for
her.
Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used: .

for emphasize
Did you do the decorations yourself ?

I did the painting myself.
With some special expressions

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
Behave yourself.
I live by myself. (I live
alone)
Relative Pronouns

The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
.
:
. 1-
who
whom .

which

.
that
.
whose

.
. 2-
Relative Pronouns

[
[
]
]
Who
Who
who
.
:
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
who

The
man
:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.

The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.
Relative Pronouns

[
[
]
]
Whom
Whom
whom
.
:
The man came here. I visited him.
whom
him

: ) (
The man whom I visited came here.
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.

The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower.
Relative Pronouns

] [
] [
Which
Which
which

: .
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
which
book
him

his

: ) (
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
1) This is the house. I live in it.

This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.
Relative Pronouns

] [
] [
That
That
that

: .
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
Relative Pronouns

[
][
]
Whose
Whose
.
: whose
This is the man. His car hit the boy.

This is the man whose his car hit the boy.

the
man

car
whose

car
Making Questions
:
: Helping Verbs
am is are was were have has had
will would shall should can could
may might must ought to
:
They are doctors.
Are they doctors?
She can help us?
Can she help us?
I will go to the market?
Will you go to the
market?

Making Questions
:
:
)do 1
?Do they play tennis

?Do you write books
They play tennis.

I write books.
) (
s )does2
:
:
Ahmed plays tennis.
Ahmed
?Does Ahmed play tennis
Huda watch TV.
?Does Huda watch TV
) (
Making Questions

)did3
:
:
They watched TV last night.

?Did they watch TV last night
I played football yesterday.

?Did you play football yesterday
) (
:
.
No
Yes
Making Questions
Wh Questions

?Where
?When
?Why
?Which
?Who
?Whom
?What
Making Questions

)Wh Questions (Cont.

?Whose
?How
?How many
?How much
?How long
?How old
?How far
Steps for Making a Question

: )1
When, Where, Why..etc
helping )2
) verb (
.
: )3
*
d
s
*

doe o
s
*
s
)4
did

.
. )5

:
They are going to eat meat.
?What are they going to eat

.
are
they

*
meat
They played tennis at school.

?Where did they play tennis
.

did
at school
ed .
.

:
:
you I
I you
my your
we you

who

what
.
:
?Ahmed broke the window. Who broke the window

The book describes accidents.
What describes
?accidents

How
He was very pleased to meet his
friend.
How was he to meet his friend?
How
Thirty boys are in this class.

How many boys are in this class?
How
many
I am twenty years old.

How old are you?
How
old
You paid five pounds for this coat.

How much did you pay for this coat?
How
much

How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
How
far
This rope is two meters long.

How long is this rope?
How
long
This fence is four meters high.

How high is this fence?
How
high
How
tall
Sami is meter and a half tall.

How tall is Sami?
some/
any/
some
.
1) We had some books.
2) Somebody was
there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
:
1) Do you have any books?
2) Is anybody at
home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:
1) We do not have any books.
2) I did not see
anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.

Making Negative

not

: Helping Verbs
am is are was were have has had
will would shall should can could
may might must ought to
They are happy.

He can help us?
us?
:
They are not happy?
He can not help
Making Negative

Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative)
(Negative)
Long
Forms
Short
Forms
Long
Forms
Short
Forms
I am
Im
I am not
Im not
He is
Hes
He is not
Hes not
She is
Shes
She is not
Shes not
It is
Its
It is not
Its not
You are
Youre
You are not
Youre not
We are
Were
We are not
Were not
They are
Theyre
They are not Theyre not
Making Negative

.

does,
) did
:
)(not
(do,
.
: :
Negative
no, any
Affirmative
some
.... bothand
neither.nor
neither.nor
...... either..or
never
sometimes
not so..as
....... asas
not all
all
no, not every
every
TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
.
.
:
usually
always
sometimes
often
generally
from time to time

never
rarely
every
TENSES
1.1.
Present
Present Simple
Simple Tense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
s :.
Ali drinks milk every morning.
A cow gives us milk.
TENSES

Past Simple Tense
2. Past Simple Tense
.

.
:
last
ago
ed

yesterday
in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:
TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense
I, He, She, it
They, We, You
was
were
1.
2.
3.
I watched television last night.

They visited their uncle yesterday.
We went to Makkah two months ago.
TENSES
3. Future
Simple
Tense
3. Future
Simple
Tense
.
shall
will

will
we I
. shal
l
.shall
:
in the future
next

will
tomorrow
in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:
TENSES

3. Future Simple Tense
I will go to school tomorrow.

2.
They will play foot ball next Friday.
3.
He will join the army in the future.
:
am , is , are
going to
1.
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense

.
:
+ + ingam / is / are
I
am + verb + ing
He, she, it
is + verb + ing
They, we, you
are + verb + ing
look
at the moment
at the present time
now
listen
TENSES
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
I am reading a story at the moment.

They are watching television now.
Look! the bus is coming.
1.
2.
3.
TENSES
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense

:
prefer
want
love
like
feel
dislike
hate
wish
seem
think
hear
hope
fit
consider
fear
appear
understand
trust
believe
TENSES
Tense
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense

.
:
:
+ + ing was / were
:
:
.
.
because
as
while
when
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.

) (
.
When we were eating , my father came .

) (
.
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
:
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .

My father
came when we were eating .

TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
while

.
whil

. e
TENSES
Tense
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.
:
) + + ing ( will + be
in
by
at
after
all
..fromto
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.

They will be waiting for you at 5 o'clock .
1.
2.
TENSES
Tense
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense

.
:
I
+ has / have
just
for
since
never

ever
yet
already
recently
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
I have lived in Riyadh for six years.

I have not visited him since 1995.
Ahmed has already finished his homework.
She has written three letters just now.
TENSES
Since
Since&
&For
For
Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
.
For means a definite period of time
since
since
For
For
2 oclock
a moment
Monday
3 minutes
yesterday
an hour
last night
many hours
last week/ last month/ last year
3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 months
1996
a year
last century
10 years
he came
a century
TENSES
Tense
8.
8.Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense

.
:
I
+ had
:
before
after
as soon as
which
TENSES
8.
8.Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
I had washed before I prayed.

They went home after they had finished their work.
Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.
As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TENSES
Tense
9.
9.Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense

.
:
+ I will + have
:
at
by
TENSES
9.
9.Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished

my work.
At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five
letters.
1.
2.
TENSES
4. PresentContinuous
Continuous Tense
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
Perfect ContinuousTense
Tense

.
:
++ ing I has / have + been
:
since
for
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
I have been studying English for six years.

She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.
1.
2.
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
Present
:
Perfect
Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There

are now one hundred cakes on the table.
:
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
She has been making cakes for three hours.
Present Perfect Tense
She has made 100 cakes.
Imperatives
Imperatives are verbs used at the beginning of

sentences either in the affirmative or negative to
indicate instructions, invitations, signs and notices or
telling someone what to do.

.
The Imperatives uses the simple form of the verb such

as: walk, read, open,.etc.
.
Imperatives
Give Instructions

Mix the flour and the sugar.
Take two tablets every four hours.
(Affirmative )
(Affirmative )
Make Invitations
Come in; make yourselves at home.

(Affirmative )
Please start; do not wait for me.

(Negative )
Tell someone what to do
Open your book.

(Affirmative )
Do not forget to post the letter.

(Negative )
Imperatives
Give Warnings
Keep out. Danger.

(Affirmative )
Make Signs & Notices
Push.
(Affirmative )
Insert 2 X 50 SR. (Affirmative )
Keep off the grass.

(Affirmative )
Make Requests
Please open the door.
(Affirmative )
Modals
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons,
but it can have several meanings and time frames,
depending on the context in which it is used.

.
Form
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must,
ought to + ()
Modals have no infinitives or past participles.

.
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
shall
should
will
Example
Promise
You shall take a reward.
Determination
He does not want to obey me: but he

shall.
shall.
Threat
You shall be punished if you come

late.
Duty
You should obey your teachers.
Advice or opinion

You should stop smoking.
The simple future tense.

He will visit us tomorrow.
Determination or promise

I will travel when I like.

We will do as you wish.
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
Example
might
Possibility
I hoped that I might succeed.

I thought that the weather might
might
change
can,
am/is/are
able to
Ability
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able,
will be able
Ability in the future

I shall be able to help you.
could
Past, present or future possibility

/ /
Fahad could drive his car a year ago.

Ali is not in class today. He could be
sick.
Do not leave now. It could rain now.
must
Necessity
You must listen to your teachers.
had to
The past form of must :past

necessity
Faisal could not come to our dinner

party. He had to stay home to
study.
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
Example
ought to
Advice
You ought to help the poor.
ought to
have
Actions that were advisable in the

past

You ought to have studied.

(You did not. That was a mistake)
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
They should eat

now.
They should
not eat now.
Should they eat

now?
Yes, they
should.
should.
No, they should

not.
not.
He will leave.
He will not
leave.
Will he leave?
Yes, he will.
will.
No, he will not.

not.
He would
succeed.
He would not
succeed.
Would he leave?
Yes, he would.
would.
No, he would not.

not.
I might succeed.
I might not
succeed.
Might I
succeed?
I may sleep.
I may not
sleep.
May I sleep?
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers

Affirmative
Negative
I can do it.
I can not do it.
Can I do it?
Yes, you can.

can.
No, you can not.

not.
He could talk.
He could not
talk.
Could he talk?
Yes, he could.
could.
No, he could not.

not.
We could have a
test tomorrow.
We could not
have a test
tomorrow.
Could we have a
test tomorrow?
Yes, you could.

could.
No, he could not.

not.
You must go
now.
You must not

go now.
Must you go
now?
Yes, I must.
must.
No, I must not.

not.
You ought to
help them.
You ought not

to help them.
Ought you to
help them?
Yes, I ought to.

to.
No, I ought not.

not.

Tense
1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives

: 1.

than
er

Ali is older than Ahmed.

My Car is faster than yours.
.
safer than
simpler than

easier than
i
heavier than
safe
simple
er
easy
heavy

Tense
1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives

: 2.

est
. the
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
.
the safest
est
the easiest
safe
easy

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
: 1.
difficult
difficult
beautiful
beautiful
correct
correct
dangerous
dangerous
Fluent
Fluent
Important
Important

est
er

more
than
Jeddah is more beautiful than Riyadh.

French is more difficult than English.

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
: 2.
the most
Amal is the most beautiful girl in her class.

This is the most important subject in this book.

2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
( )
( )
many
much
more than
the most
( )
little
less than
the least
than
far his brother
farther
than
Adel is better
at school.
This girl is the worst one in her class.
the farthest
as..as
)(
not as.as
((
))
as..as
as..as
.
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.
not
notas..as
as..as
.
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.
Adverbs[]
An Adverb always modifies a verb.

Most adverbs are formed by adding
slow slowly
nice
nicely
happy
happily
careful
to the adjectives.
ly
ly
carefully
Adverbs[]
There are many kinds of adverbs:
:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
: .
I closed the window carefully.

The soldier fought bravely.
2. Adverbs of time: express the time when an action is or was done.

: .
Im going to leave for Cairo tomorrow.

Whats going to happen next?
Adverbs[]
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
: .
I shall stand here.

Ive looked everywhere for my lost pen.
ly
Some words that end in
can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer
to time.
ly
. .
:
daily
weekly
monthly
yearly
A daily newspaper is published daily.

We get up early to catch an early train.
][Adverbs
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
: : .
often
often
always
always
sometimes
sometimes
usually
usually
Rarely
seldom
seldom
Occasionally
Never
Never
: Verb to BE:
Ali is always on time.
: Other Verbs:
Ali sometimes reads a book.
Adverbial Clause of Time

Conjunctions:
when, whenever, as, as soon as, while, after, before, until,

since
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of time

with the main sentence.
I found a watch. I was walking in the street.

I found a watch while I was walking in the street.
Adverbial Clause of Place

Conjunctions:
where, wherever
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of

place with the main sentence.
:
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
Adverbial Clause of Cause

Conjunctions:
because, since, as

cause with the main sentence.
:
I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
Adverbial Clause of Manner

Conjunctions:
As, as if, as through

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of manner with
the main sentence.
.

. as if
:
.
were

would

He speaks as if he were a king.

was

It looks as if it would rain.

will
Adverbial Clause of Purpose

Conjunctions:
that, so that, in order that

These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of purpose with the main sentence.
.
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
( + ).
He works hard. He wishes to succeed.

He works hard so that (that or in order that) he may succeed.
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
( + ).
He was walking quickly in order that he might not be late.
Adverbial Clause of Result

We use: so + adverb + that
such + noun+ that
to link the main sentence with the adverbial clause of result.

.
The man is so weak that he can not walk.

He wrote such good answers that he got he marks.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

Conjunctions:
though, although

contrast with the main sentence.
.
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
Adverbial Clause of Contrast

Conjunctions:
as.as, soas

contrast with the main sentence.
.
Nabeel is as clever as his father.

Sami is not so strong as his brother.
Adverbial Clause of Condition

Conjunctions:
if, unless
These words (conjunctions) link the adverbial clause of condition

with the main sentence.
.
If we are ill, we go to bed.

If we work hard, we will succeed.
If we worked hard, we would succeed.
If he had fallen, he would have hurt himself.
Unless the rain falls, the crops will not grow.
as..as
] [
not as.as
[[
]
]
as..as
as..as
.
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
not
notas..as
as..as
.
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.
Active & Passive

.
.
:
Statements
Questions
Command
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
Ahmed broke the window yesterday.

Active

.
______________________________________________________
Ahmed
The window was broken yesterday.
The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday.

Passive
.Ahmed
by
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
Active

Passive

:
) . ( 1.
beto 2.
.
. 3.
4.
.
by
. 5.
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
:
Active
Passive
Ali writes letters.
Letters are written (by Ali).
Huda wrote the lesson.
The lesson was written (by Huda).
Saleh will buy a car.
A car will be bought (by Saleh).
Khaled is helping Ahmed.
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
She has eaten the apple.
The apple has been eaten (by her).
Active & Passive

A.
A. Statements
Statements
to be
am, is, are
was, were
shall be, will be
am being, is being, are being
was being, were being
has been, have been
had been
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be,
ought to be
Active & Passive

B.
B. Questions
Questions

Passive

:
Active

) . ( 1.
beto 2.
.
. 3.
4.
.
by
. 5.
Active & Passive

B.
B. Questions
Questions
:
Active
Passive
Does Ahmed write letters?
Are Letters written (by Ali)?
Did he eat the cake?.
Was the cake eaten (by him)?
Will Ali buy a new car?
Will a new car be bought (by Ali)?
Why is he using a pen?
Ahmed is being helped (by Ali).
Who broke the window?
By whom the window was broken?
Active & Passive

C.
C. Command
Command

Passive

:
Active

let 1.
.
) . ( 2.
to be 3.

.
be
. 4.
Active & Passive

C.
C. Command
Command
:
Active
Passive
Write the lesson.
Let the lesson be written.
Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
Send this letter to your friend.
Let this letter be sent to your friend.
Active & Passive

Active
Passive
Letters are not written (by Ali).
Ali does not write letters
Those novels were written by Dickens,

?werent they
Dickens wrote those novels, didnt

?he
That play wasnt written by Dickens,

?was it
Dickens didnt write that play, did

?he
Transitive & Intransitive

Verbs

) ( :Intransitive Verbs
: .
The sun rises.
) ( :Intransitive Verbs
.
Ali raised his hand.
*
.
: .*
:
Huda a flower .

to

Huda
gave
Ahmed
a) Huda was given a flower (by Ahmed).

)b) A flower was given to Huda (by Ahmed

Prepositions

.
.
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the
object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of
place.

.
Use of Prepositions

Preposition
s

on
Use
Example
Day
Day
On Monday
Day + morning, night +
On Friday morning
Afternoon, evening, date
My birthday is on June 10.
Special days
I will travel on National Day.
To mean above
The tea is on the table.
Use of Prepositions

Preposition
s

in
Use
Example
Season
Season
The trees grow in spring.
Year
I was born in 1968.
Month
The test is in May.
The morning
I go to work in the morning.
The evening
I go home in the evening
To mean above
He is in the mosque.
Use of Prepositions

Preposition
s

at
Use
Example
Time
Time
I will come back at 2 oclock.
Festival
I will meat you at the school festival.
Meal times
I will talk to my father at lunch.
The weekend
We will travel at the weekend.
Noon
We pray at noon everyday.
Night
Night
We sleep at night.
To mean place
place
He is at the grocers.
Use of Prepositions

Prepositions of Place
Preposition
s

at
under
in front
of
to
Use

Example
at an exact place
He lives at number 5, King Fahad

Street.
at work
Ahmed is at work.
at the table
They are standing at the dinner table
The cat is under the table.
The teacher is in front of the class.
direction/place /
I go to school everyday.
Use of Prepositions

Preposition
s

in
Use

Example
To mean inside
Put this book in the box.
In a country
I live in Saudi Arabia.
In a town./street /
I live in Al-Madina.
in bed
The baby is in bed.
In a building or area
In a chair
You were in the club last night.

Ali is sitting in his chair.
Use of Prepositions

Preposition
s

Use

Example
with
from
I write with a pen.
I am from Riyadh.
behind
between
The wall is behind the class.
Samah is sitting between Fatma and

Salwa.
on
TV
Ali watches football on TV every

Saturday.
Time
He arrives on time.
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

in
Example
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
The knife is on the table.
at
Someone is at the door.
near
Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between
The house is between the school and the

mosque.
opposite
The bank is opposite to the post office.
into
The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto
The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

off
Example
The man is falling off the chair.
out of
The child is falling out of the window.
across
The carpenter cut across the wood.
over/above
The light is over (above) the table.
under/below
The fire is under (below) the stairs.
through
The ball is going through the window.
among
The teacher is sitting among the students.
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

in
Example
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
The knife is on the table.
at
Someone is at the door.
near
Ahmed is sitting near the window.
between
The house is between the school and the

mosque.
opposite
The bank is opposite to the post office.
into
The electrician is putting his hand into the TV.
onto
The water is spilling onto the floor.
Use of Prepositions

More Examples
Prepositions

round
Example
The car is going round the tree.
in front of
The child is sitting in front of the TV.
behind
The headmaster is sitting behind the pupils.
on top of
The sweets are on top of the table.
at the side of
The garage is at the side of the house.
along
The man is walking along the street.
next to
The bank is next to the bakers.
Question-Tags

.
.
.
. *
*
.
Question-Tags

Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerYes
Yes
:
?* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there
Yes , there is.
)( . *
.
Yes
* not

.
:
?* You come from the United States, dont you
Yes, I do.
do *

.
Question-Tags

Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerNo
No

?1) You dont come from Saudi Arabia, do you

No, I dont.
?2) It doesnt take long time be car, does it
No, it doesnt.
.
do/does
*
?3) You didnt travel last year, did you

No, I didnt.
.
*did

Conditional if

+ will
if + present
)1
.
) ( If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
: If you eat too much, you will become fat.
Conditional if

if + past
+ would
)2
.
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
. .
.
(
: ) +
:
.
.
: If I were you, I would buy a new car.

:
would
subject+ would
be
if + subject + past
+
were
was
Conditional if

3)
if + had +
would have +
If he had lived in Taif, he would have been happy.

If he had visited Makkah, he would have seen the Kaaba.
Conditional if

if + present
present
)4
If you boil water, it becomes steam.

) (
becomes

.
if + present
instructions
Turn the radio off if it is too
Dont drive a car if you are
Or
)5
If the radio is too loud, turn it off.

loud.
If you are under 17, dont drive a car. Or

under 17.
Reported Speech

.
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech .
:
1) Statement
2) Question
3) Command
4) Exclamation
Reported Speech

Statement
Statement
Direct

sai
1-
that
d 2-
.
Reported
*

: 3-
they
their
: 4-
we
our
I
he, she
My his, her
Present
Past
Past Perfect Past
: 5-
then Now
here
there
Last night
the night before
this
that
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the following day
Reported Speech

Statement
Statement
Direct
Indirect
I live in Riyadh
He said that he lived in Riyadh.
We are happy
They said that they were happy.
She said: "I have not been in the school library

recently.
She said that she had not been to the school

library recently.
He said to me: "I shall see you tomorrow.
He told me that he would see me the next

day.
day.
added that
and

:( .) :
:
They said to him: We shall see you tomorrow.

We shall visit Ahmed.
They told him that they would see him the

next day and added that they would visit
Ahmed.
say, says
:
:
She says: I will cook the food tomorrow.
She says that she will cook the food tomorrow.
We say: We are playing football now.
We say that we are playing football now.
Reported Speech

Question
Question
Reported
*

Direct

:
: asked
1-
Past
Past Perfect
. 2-
. 3-
. 4-
Present
Past
Reported Speech

Question
Question
Direct
Indirect
What is your name?.
He asked me what my name was.

was.
Why are you late?
The teacher asked me why I was late.

late.
Where is your book?.
He asked me where my book was.

was.
if
Is your school very large?.
:
:
He asked me if my school was very large.

large.
does
do
.
.
Where do you live.
He asked me where I lived.

lived.
Does he go to school?.
I asked him if he went to school.
Reported Speech

Question
Question
Direct
had
Indirect
+ )
did
Where did you go yesterday?.
.
.
Sami asked me where I had gone the day

before.
before.
Did Ahmed buy a new car?.
Ali asked me if Ahmed had bought a new car.

ask, asks

:
:
Who is your English teacher?.
They ask me who my English teacher is.

is.
What are your marks?.
He asks me what my marks are.

are.
Reported Speech

Command
Command
Reported
*

Direct

:
( 1-
. )
ordered
(
. )
I
begged
(
. )
advised

(
. )
told
2-

3-
.
. to
4-
Please, do
Reported Speech

Command
Command
Direct
Indirect
He said to the servant: bring me a He ordered the servant to bring

glass of water.
him a glass of water.
The son said to his father:
please , give me some money.
The son begged his father to give

him some money.
The doctor said to me: Drink a lot

of water.
The doctor advised me to drink a

lot of water.
He said to me: Do not go to the

market tonight.
He told me not to go to the market

that night.
Reported Speech

Exclamation
Exclamation
Reported
*

Direct

:
: 1-
With anger
With regret
With admiration
With joy
With sadness
2-
that
. 3-

: :

how, what

!. :
Alas, Hurrah,
Oh
Reported Speech

Exclamation
Exclamation
Direct
Indirect
He said : Alas! I will not find my

money.
He said with sorrow that he would

not find his money.
He said : How foolish I have

been.
He said with regret that he had

been foolish.
Countries and Nationalities

:
:
i, n, ian, ish, ese
. :
Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Britain
British
Oman
Omani
Turkey
Turkish
Algeria
Algerian
China
Chinese
Libya
Libyan
Lebanon
Lebanese
Palestine
Palestinian
France
French
Syria
Syrian
Switzerland
Swiss

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GRAMMAR

Present Simple Tense

Past Continuous Tense

I, he, she, it, etc. ..

Ahmed writes quickly.

Ahmed goes to school

They traveled by plane

Ali and Ahmad visited us

Alas! She died. Interjection

Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.

We can play football or we can watch TV.

Clause & Phrase

A clause is a combination of words containing a verb

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of

It is used as a principal and a helping verb.

Negative Sentences with the verb to

We make negative statements with the verb

You are tall.

You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to

Yes or No questions and short answers

No, they were

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE

Yes, they did.

No, they did

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb

Verb to have is used as a helping verb to

They have lived here for two years.

Negative Sentences with verb to

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE

To express necessity in the present and past have to,

man, father, teacher, neighbor,

book, table, sugar, fruit,

school, street, city, house, ..

freedom, honesty, truth, .

happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Countable & Uncountable

Uncountable Nouns: cannot be

Before singular countable nouns you can use

You cannot use singular countable nouns

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Definite & Indefinite Articles

are used as indefinite articles. .

is used as definite articles. .

We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.

We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound.

& Indefinite Articles a

We put an before a noun starting with a

Indefinite Articles a &

With numbers that

Indefinite Articles a &

There are books

The Definite Article The

A noun that is the only

The river Nile

A noun which is the