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Jaipur lies at a distance of about 200 miles from Delhi, 150 miles from Agra and 84 miles from Ajmer. Capital city of Rajasthan is
locatedamidsttheAravalihillrangesatanaltitudeofabout430mabovesealevel.
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Jaipur,EvolutionofanIndianCity|Archinomy
MapShowingJaipurinEasternPartofRajasthan
TheeasternRajasthan,lyingtotheeastandsoutheastoftheAravallidivideincludesthemodernadministrativedistricts
ofUdaipur,Chittorgarh,Rajsamand,Banswara,Dungarpur,Kota,Bundi,Baran,Jhalawar,Bhilwara,Ajmer,Jaipur,Tonk,
Dausa,Dholpur,Karauli,BharatpurandAlwar.
ThecurrentdistrictofJaipurliesinEasternRajasthan,intheBanasRiverbasinandformsapartofEasternPlainof
Rajasthan.TheregionisdrainedbyanumberofseasonalriversofwhichBanganga,DhundhandBandiareprominent.
Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,thedistrictreferredtoasDhoondhar,formedoneofthefourdistinguishablepolitico
culturalregionsofEasternRajasthan,inadditiontoMewat,HadautiandMewar.Dhoondharregionwasroughly
comprisedofcurrentdistrictsofJaipur,DausaandTonk,withJaipurandAmberfurtherconstitutingDhoondharsubzone
withinthelargertractofDhoondharregion.

InAryanepics,Dhoondharregion(calledMatsyaDesh/MinaWati)wastheshortesttraderoutebetweennorthIndiaand
richportcitiesofGujaratandMalabar.TheregionwasheldbyBadgujars,RajputsandMinastillthe11thcentury.
Fromthe11thcenturyonwards,however,theDhoondharregionwasincreasinglyunderthepowerofKachchwaha
dynastyofRajputs.

ThethreemaincapitalsoftheDhoondharRegionundertheKachchwahasDausa,AmberandJaipur.

The Kachchwaha Rajputs trace their descent through the solar dynasty to Kush, one of the two sons of Lord Rama..
Accordingtolocaltraditionandpopularbardicchronicles,Dulha/DholaRai(whosereignisacceptedasbeingfrom1006
1036ADbymosthistorians)oneoftherulersofthisclan,laidthefoundationofDhoondharkingdomin967ADandmade
Dausahiscapital.

KakilDev(10361038)whosucceededhisfatherDulhaRaiin1036AD,seizedAmberfromMeenas,laidthefoundationsof
theAmberFortandbuiltthetempleofAmbikeshwarMahadevoneofAmbersearliestextantmonuments.Thecapital
ofDhoondarwasshiftedfromDausatoAmberbetween1179and1216AD.

By the 17th century, the Kachchwaha Rajput clan became known for political clout and importance in the Mughal
administration.RajaManSingh(15901614)andMirzaRajaJaiSingh(16221667)contributedtothefinancialandcultural
wealthofDhoondharthroughpoliticalalliancewithMughals.

SawaiJaiSinghII(17001743)whooutlivedfiveMughalemperorsandtriedtopropuptheMughalEmpirefrom1707
(Aurangzebsdeath)tosackofDelhibyNadirShah(1739)establishedthecityofJaipurandstrengthenedtheboundaries
ofDhoondhar.

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The Kachchwaha Rajputs trace their descent through the solar dynasty to Kush, one of the two sons of Lord Rama..
Accordingtolocaltraditionandpopularbardicchronicles,Dulha/DholaRai(whosereignisacceptedasbeingfrom1006
1036ADbymosthistorians)oneoftherulersofthisclan,laidthefoundationofDhoondharkingdomin967ADandmade
Dausahiscapital.

KakilDev(10361038)whosucceededhisfatherDulhaRaiin1036AD,seizedAmberfromMeenas,laidthefoundationsof
theAmberFortandbuiltthetempleofAmbikeshwarMahadevoneofAmbersearliestextantmonuments.Thecapital
ofDhoondarwasshiftedfromDausatoAmberbetween1179and1216AD.

By the 17th century, the Kachchwaha Rajput clan became known for political clout and importance in the Mughal
administration.RajaManSingh(15901614)andMirzaRajaJaiSingh(16221667)contributedtothefinancialandcultural
wealthofDhoondharthroughpoliticalalliancewithMughals.

SawaiJaiSinghII(17001743)whooutlivedfiveMughalemperorsandtriedtopropuptheMughalEmpirefrom1707
(Aurangzebsdeath)tosackofDelhibyNadirShah(1739)establishedthecityofJaipurandstrengthenedtheboundaries
ofDhoondhar.

CITYANDITSEVOLUTION

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Siteselection
ReasonsforMaharajaSawaiJaiSinghtochangehiscapitalfromAmbertoJaipur:

MilitaryReasons
Defencewasanimportantconsideration.AsiteattheSouthofAmberensuredgreaterdistancefromDelhiandalso
preventedtheexpansionofthecityinthatdirection.Itwasclearthattheoutskirtinghillranges(Nahargarhhills)shaped
asahorseshoewouldallowthenewcitytoexpandonlyintheSouth.Sothisflatsitewithabasinlikeshapewaschosen.
Itwasanopenplainboundedonthenorthwestandeastbyhills.

Earlierrajputcapitalswereestablishedinthehills,andsomovingcapitaltotheplainswasanexofSawanJaiSingh's
boldness.

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GeographicalReasons
TherockyterrainofAmberrestrictedexpansion.
Jaipurhadthepotentialitiesofdevelopingintoacitywithadequatedrinkingwaterduetothepresenceofa
perennialstreamnearbyandgooddrainagesystem.Itsruggedhillsalsoensuredaconstantsupplyofbuilding
material,whichmightberequiredinthetimestocome

Twosignificantfactsresponsiblefortheoriginofthecityanditssubsequentlayout:

1. Theneedofanewcapitalfor18thcenturyDhoondharastheearlieroneofAmberbuiltonahillwasgetting
congested.
2. SawaiRajaJaiSinghsvisionofthenewcapitalasastrongpoliticalstatementatparwithMughalcitiesandasa
thrivingtradeandcommercehubfortheregion.

Thesitewiththenaturaleastwestridgeandthesurroundingfortsasdefensefeature

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ThesiteselectedforestablishingthenewcapitalofJaipurwasavalleylocatedsouthofAmberandtheplainsbeyond,a
terrainthatwasthebedofadriedlake.Thereusedtobedenseforestcovertothenorthandtheeastofthecity.

ThephysicalconstraintsthatinformedthebuildingofJaipurcityincludedthehillsonthenorththathousedthefortof
JaigarhandtheAmberpalacebeyond,andthehillsontheeast,whichcontainedthesacredspotofGaltaji.

Tofacilitatewatersupplytothenewcity,theDarbhavatiriverinthenorthwasdammedtocreatetheJaiSagarandMan
Sagar(thatlaterhousedtheJalMahal)lakes.LatertheJhotwaraRiverinthenorthwestwasdivertedthroughtheAmani
ShahNallahandanumberofcanalswerechannelisedthroughBrahmapuriandJaiNiwastosupplywatertothecity.

PLANNINGOFTHECITY

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ThegenericplanofamedievalRajasthanihilltownasinDausaandAmber(TOP)
ThehilltownofDausawithanorganiclayoutguidedbythetopography(BELOW)

AmberTownwiththeFortontopofthehillandthewalledtowndowntheslopes

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ThemedievaltownsofRajasthanwereofmilitary,agrarian,mercantileorreligiousnature.Thepresenceofadeity
markedthereferencepointfortherulersabodeandtherestofthecity.Thenameofthetownwasusually
associatedwiththepoliticalorreligiouscentre(withtheAmbikeshwartempleinthecaseofAmberandwithSawai
JaiSinghinthecaseofJaipur).
UnlikeDausaandAmber,thetwopreviouscapitalcitiesoftheDhoondharregionestablishedonhilltop,whose
planningwasguidedbytopographicalstructureoftheareas,Jaipurcitywasrevolutionarybothintermsofitsgrid
ironpatternplanninganditslocationatthebaseofthehills.
TherewasalsoasignificanteconomicshiftfromanagriculturalbaseinDausaandAmbertotradinginthecapitalof
Jaipur.

ThelayoutofthecityofJaipurwonderfullylinkstheconceptofaShastriccitywiththepracticalitiesofthechosen
site.
First,thestraightlineoftheridgesuggesteditselfastherouteforoneofthemaineastwestthoroughfaresand
buildingaroadalongitscrestmakesbestpossibleuseofthetopographyforthepurposeofdrainage.
WhatfollowedthenwastoregularizetheAmberSanganerroadasanorthsouthrouteatrightanglestoit.
Thepointofintersectionwouldbeoneofthecitysmaincrossroads(chaupar)
Althoughthelocationoftheaxeswasdetermined,theirextentswereyettobedefined.Thesouthernboundaryofthe

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cityhadtoliewithinthelineoftheAgraAjmerroad.SobyextendingtheNSroadasfaraspossiblesouthwardsgives
thefirstfixeddimension,thelengthofasideofasquareandsoestablishesthesizeoftheunitormoduleofthecity.
AhuntinglodgeknownasJaiNiwas.Itwasthekingswishthatthisestablishmentcomewithinthecity.
AroadcuttingtheplainfromNtoSlinkingAmber,thecapitaltoSanganer,theprincipaltradingtown.Thisroadhadto
bepreservedandcontrolledandthereforehadtofallwithinthecitysboundaries
AsecondroadranEtoWbetweentheMughalcitiesofAgraandAjmerandplacingthenewcityonthis
alreadyestablishedcommunicationlinewouldhelpsecureitseconomicsuccess.Howeversincethiswasanimperialroad
thatcouldnotbeencroachedon,thusthecityhadtobecontainedtothenorthofthisline.
Also,anaturalridgerunsacrosstheplain,Noftheroadandparalleltoit,inaroughlyEWalignment(withaslight
deviationof15deg.fromthecardinalaxes).TheareatoitsSisflatwhilethattoitsNslopesdowngently.InShastric
terms,thisisanidealarrangementasdeclivitytowardsthenortheastIsconsideredthebestsite.Inpracticalterms,
theridgetoohadtobeaccommodated.

TheintersectionoftheaxestodefinetheBadiChaupar(CitySquare).

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Divisionintoeightportions,endsoftheroadsmarkedbyGatesintheCityWall

CONCEPTUALPRASTARAPLAN

ItisamodeloftownplanningthefirstplannedcityinIndia.ItisbasedonHindusystemsoftownplanningand
followedtheprinciplesprescribedintheShilpashastra,anancientIndiantreatiseonarchitecture.accordingtothis
shastrathesiteshouldbedividedintogridsormandalasrangungfrom2x2to10x10.
PlannedaccordingtothePrastaratypeoflayout,whichgivesprominencetothecardinaldirections.
Thusplanofjaipurisagridof3x3withgridlinesbeingthecitysmainstreets.

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ThecentralaxisofthetownwaslaidfromEasttoWestbetweenthegatesoftheSun(Surajpol)andthe
moon(Chandpol)
Thiswascrossedbytworoadsatrightanglesdividingthetownintoninealmostsquare,almostequallysizedblocks,
whichwerefurthersubdividedbylanesandalleysallatrightangles.

Butbybuildingthewesternboundaryofthecityrightuptothehillssouthernapex,itprovidedacontinuouslineof
defense.
ThemandalacouldnotbecompleteintheNWduetothepresenceofthehills.
OntheotherhandintheSEanextrasquarehasbeenaddedthatpluggedthegapbetweenthecityandtheeasternhills.

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Thetownhasarounditamasonrywall,
25ft.high&9ft.thick,witheightgates.

Thegatesare:
ChandpoleGate,

GhatGate,
AjmeriGate,

SanganeriGate,
SurajpoleGate,

GangapoleGate,
ZorawarSinghGate,

and
NewGate.

Thepalacebuildingcoveredtwoblocks,
thetownsixandtheremainingninth
blockwasnotusableonaccountofsteep
hills.SothisNorthWestwardwastransferredtotheSouth
Eastcornerofthecity,makingtheshapeoftheplanasa
wholeasymmetricalratherthansquare.
Thecitysdivisionintoninewardswasalsoinconformitywith
theHinducastesystem,whichnecessitatedthesegregationof
peoplebelongingtodifferentcommunitiesandranks.
Eventhelaneswerenamedaftertheoccupationsof
inhabitantssuchasManiharonkaRasta,ThatheronkaRasta&
manyothers.
FollowingthedirectionsoftheHinduShilpashastra,widthof
themainstreets&otherlaneswerefixed.Thusthemain
streetsofthecitywere111ft.wide,secondarystreets55ft.
wide&thesmallerones27ft.wide.

Southofthemainroadwerefouralmostequalrectangles.
Therectangleoppositethepalacehasbeenbrokenupinto
twoequalandsmallerrectanglesbytheChaura
Rasta.Thusaltogethertherearenowfiverectanglesonthe
southofthemainroadcalledChowkris.
OntheNorthofthemainroadfromWesttoEastarethe
PuraniBasti,thePalaceandRamchandraji.
Theprincipalbazaarleadsfromthewesterngateinthe
citywall,TheChandpole,passinginfrontoftheTripolia
Gate,totheeasterncitygate,theSurajpole.

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TotheNWofthislaytheJaiNiwas.Giventhatitsroyalassociationmeantthatithadtobewithinthepalace
compound,thesiteofthepalacewasestablished.Indeed,giventhewishtolocatethepalacecentrally,theposition
ofthebrahmasthanawasalsoestablished.Awallsurroundsthepalacebuildings.
Theservingclassoccupiedtheperipheralareas.
Anotherconstraintwasthepositionofthelake,whichformedapartofthepleasuregardenaroundwhichthecity
wasbuilt.Thislakelayclosetothehillside.Intheoriginaldesignitfelloutsidethemainblockofthecitybutdueto
JaiSinghswishtoincludetheoldgardeninthecity,thelakewasmadethetankofpalacegarden.

PICTUREINBRIEF

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URBANFORMANDARCHITECTURALIDENTITY

WHYPINK?

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JaipurisknownasthePinkCity,aratheridealizeddescriptionoftheterracottacoloredlimeplasterthatcoatstheold
partofthecity'swalls,buildings,andtemples.

Thereasonsforpaintingthetownpinkareunknown,butvarioustheorieshavebeentossedabout,fromusingpinktocut
downglare,toJaiSinghII'sapparentdevotiontoLordShiva(whosefavoritecolorisreputedlyterracotta).Others
believeSinghwantedtoimitatethecolorofthesandstoneusedinthefortsandpalacesofhisMughalemperorfriends.
Themostpopularreason(spreadnodoubtby"Britishers"duringtheRajera)isthatpinkisthetraditionalcolorof
hospitality,andthecitywasfreshlypaintedandpavedwithpinkgraveltowarmlywelcomeEdwardVIIforhisvisithere
in1876.
URBANFORMANDARCHITECTURALIDENTITY

ROADNETWORK

Jaipursroadnetworkfollowsadefinitehierarchy.Themajoreastwestandnorthsouthroad,formthesector
boundariesandarecalledRajmargastheyleadtothecitygates.Thesemeasure33m.wide.
Nextthereisanetworkof16.5mwidewhichrunsnorthsouthineachsectorlinkingtheinternalareasofthe
sectorstothemajoractivityspine.
Anorthogonalgridof8.25mx4.00mroadsintheprastarachessboardpatternfurtherdividesectorsintoMohallas.

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PUBLICSPACES
Publicspacescanbedividedinto
Chaupars
Bazaars
Mohallas
Streets
Temples
CONCEPTUALPLANCHAUPAR
CHAUPARItsasquarethatoccursattheintersectionofeastwest
roadswiththreenorthsouthroads.Eachchauparisaround100mx
100m.Wereusedforpublicgatheringonfestiveoccasions.The
distancebetweentwochauparsisabout700mwhichisidealfor
pedestrianmovement.Ithascontrolledfaadetreatmentenveloping
it.

SectionthroughRamGanjBazaar
BAZAARSOriginallyonlyfourbazaarswereplannedforthecity.ThesewerelaternamedasJohribazaar,SirehDeori
Bazaar,KishanpoleBazaar&GangoriBazaar
Onthemainstreetsstrictcontrolwasexercisedonthestreetfaade,alongwhichwerelocatedshopsandarcadesone
storeyhigh,butbeyondthefrontagethebuildingscouldbeofanyheightoranyshape,somebuiltwithflatroofs&others
withtraditionalchattris.

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URBANFORMANDARCHITECTURALIDENTITY
STREETSCAPESANDCHOWKS

View(above)ofamainbazaarstreetthewidthofthemainroadswaskept391/4gaz108feet,secondaryroadsare
halfthissize54feet,thetertiaryroadsare27feetandtheinnermohallastreetsare13feetwide.

Viewofachaupartoday
Themainmarkets,havelisandtemplesonthemainstreetsinJaipurwereconstructedbythestateinthe18th

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century,thusensuringthatauniformstreetfacadeismaintained.Thewidthsofroadswerepredetermined.
Accordingtoapopularbelief,thecitywaspaintedpinktocelebratethevisitofthePrinceofWalesin1876,during
thereignofMaharajaSawaiRamSinghII,lendingthecitythenameofPinkCity.
Junctionsofthemainaxialstreetsformedthetwosquarecivicopenspacescalledchaupars(Badichauparand
Chhotichaupar).Thewidthofthesquarechauparswasthreetimesthatofthemainstreet.
Historically,thechauparswereoutletsforintensesocialusewithwaterstructuresconnectedbyunderground
aqueducts,supplyingnumeroussourcesofdrinkingwateratstreetlevel.Presently,thecentreofeachchauparhas
squareenclosureswithornamentalfountains.
Thestreetsandchowks(centralopensquaresinatown)oftheinternalchowkries(sectors)withnumerousclusters
ormohallaswerenotpredeterminedhenceshowamixofgridironandorganicpattern,withthebasicunitofbuilt
formbeingtherectangularhaveli.

URBANFORMANDARCHITECTURALIDENTITY

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BAZAARS
1. OriginalmarketsinthecityincludeKishanpolebazaar,Gangauribazaar,Joharibazaar,SirehDeorhibazaar,along
themainnorthsouthandeastwestaxesthatintersectatChhotiandBadiChaupars.
2. Typicalarchitecturalfeaturesofthebazaarstreetsareuseofchhajjas(sunshades)resultinginstronghorizontal
lines,projectingverticalblocksonbrackets,amodularsystemofarchesfilledwithdelicatelatticedscreenstocut
directsunandglareofreflectedsuninthestreet.

Bazaarstreetshavetemplesaboveshopswithwidestaircasestartingfrompavementtothetemplelevel.Spaceabove
shopsatfirstfloorleveloriginallyfunctionedasgalleriesforwatchingroyalprocessions,religiousfestivalsandpublic
celebrations

Uniformplannedshopfrontsonbazaarstreetswithupperfloorsininterestingjuxtaposition.

Definedstreetfaadeatachauparwithsunshadesandlatticedcolonnadesatupperfloorsandshopfrontsontheground
floor.

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Comments
Submittedbytanuj.1405.tjonWed,16/11/20119:52am.

#1

ITWILLBEREALLYHELPIFICANREALLYGETTHEAUTOCADMAPORVECTORMAPOFTHE
CITYSPLZONLYTHEWALLEDCITY......
IMDOINGATHESISSTUDYONTHISPARTOFJAIPURANDIMINNEEDOFTHEPLAN...plzcan
Membersince:
12November2011

sendmetheplanortellmewherecanigetitfromplz
iausreuofthesafetyandsecurityabtit...
tanujjain
5thyrBARCH
MUMBAI

Loginorregistertopostcomments
SubmittedbyPhilippeNorbertonTue,18/02/20149:00pm.

#2

Nottoolongago,IhadanopportunitytoseetheGreatBombayCircusinJaipur.Iwassupriced
howthecityhadevolved..whileretainingit'sbeautifulanddeeplyprofoundtraditionalflavour.
Thankyouforthegreatinsightandfantasticpictures!
Jaipuristrsmignon,PhilippeNorbert.
Membersince:
18February2014

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