Year

12 Chemistry
9.2 Production of Materials

STUDY GUIDE

Contextual Outline
Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As
the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs.

The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development
of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the
traditional resources to supply the increasing world population.

Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials
such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic
chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used
in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for
needs.

This module increases students understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and
the current issues, research and developments in chemistry.

Syllabus Dot-Points

Students learn to:

1. Fossil fuels provide

both energy and raw
materials such as
ethylene, for the
production of other
substances

construct word and balanced formulae

equations of chemical reactions as
they are encountered

identify the industrial source of

ethylene from the cracking of some of
the fractions from the refining of
petroleum

Students:

identify that ethylene, because of the

high reactivity of its double bond, is
readily transformed into many useful
products

identify that ethylene serves as a

monomer from which polymers are
made

identify polyethylene as an addition

polymer and explain the meaning of
this term

outline the steps in the production of

polyethylene as an example of a
commercially and industrially
important polymer

identify the following as commercially

significant monomers:
- vinyl chloride
- styrene
by both their systematic and common
names

describe the uses of the polymers

made from the above monomers in
terms of their properties

- 2 -

gather and present information from

first-hand or secondary sources to
write equations to represent all
chemical reactions encountered in the
HSC course

identify data, plan and perform a first-

hand investigation to compare the
reactivities of appropriate alkenes with
the corresponding alkanes in bromine
water

analyse information from secondary

sources such as computer simulations,
molecular model kits or multimedia
resources to model the polymerisation
process

Students learn to:

Students:

2. Some scientists
research the
extraction of
materials from
biomass to reduce
our dependence on
fossil fuels

discuss the need for alternative

sources of the compounds presently
obtained from the petrochemical
industry

explain what is meant by a

condensation polymer

describe the reaction involved when a

condensation polymer is formed

describe the structure of cellulose and

identify it as an example of a
condensation polymer found as a
major component of biomass

identify that cellulose contains the

basic carbon-chain structures needed
to build petrochemicals and discuss its
potential as a raw material

3. Other resources, such

as ethanol, are
readily available from
renewable resources
such as plants

use available evidence to gather and

present data from secondary sources
and analyse progress in the recent
development and use of a named
biopolymer. This analysis should name
the specific enzyme(s) used or
organism used to synthesise the
material and an evaluation of the use
or potential use of the polymer
produced related to its properties

describe the dehydration of ethanol to
ethylene and identify the need for a
catalyst in this process and the catalyst
used
describe the addition of water to
ethylene resulting in the production of
ethanol and identify the need for a
catalyst in this process and the catalyst
used
describe and account for the many
uses of ethanol as a solvent for polar
and non-polar substances

outline the use of ethanol as a fuel and

explain why it can be called a
renewable resource

describe conditions under which

fermentation of sugars is promoted

summarise the chemistry of the

fermentation process

define the molar heat of combustion of

a compound and calculate the value
for ethanol from first-hand data

assess the potential of ethanol as an

alternative fuel and discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of its
use

identify the IUPAC nomenclature for

straight-chained alkanols from C1 to C8

- 3 -

process information from secondary

sources such as molecular model kits,
digital technologies or computer
simulations to model:
-

the addition of water to ethylene

the dehydration of ethanol

process information from secondary

sources to summarise the processes
involved in the industrial production of
ethanol from sugar cane

process information from secondary

sources to summarise the use of
ethanol as an alternative car fuel,
evaluating the success of current usage

solve problems, plan and perform a

first-hand investigation to carry out the
fermentation of glucose and monitor
mass changes

present information from secondary

sources by writing a balanced equation
for the fermentation of glucose to
ethanol

identify data sources, choose

resources and perform a first-hand
investigation to determine and
compare heats of combustion of at
least three liquid alkanols per gram
and per mole

Students learn to:

4. Oxidation-reduction

reactions are
increasingly
important as a source

of energy

Students:

explain the displacement of metals

from solution in terms of transfer of
electrons

perform a first-hand investigation to

identify the conditions under which a
galvanic cell is produced

identify the relationship between

displacement of metal ions in solution
by other metals to the relative activity
of metals

perform a first-hand investigation and

gather first-hand information to
measure the difference in potential of
different combinations of metals in an
electrolyte solution

account for changes in the oxidation

state of species in terms of their loss or
gain of electrons

describe and explain galvanic cells in

terms of oxidation/reduction reactions

outline the construction of galvanic

cells and trace the direction of electron
flow

define the terms anode, cathode,

electrode and electrolyte to describe
galvanic cells

5. Nuclear chemistry
provides a range of
materials

solve problems and analyse

information to calculate the potential
requirement of named
electrochemical processes using tables
of standard potentials and half-
equations

distinguish between stable and

radioactive isotopes and describe the
conditions under which a nucleus is
unstable

describe how transuranic elements are

produced

describe how commercial

radioisotopes are produced

identify instruments and processes

that can be used to detect radiation

identify one use of a named

radioisotope:
- in industry
- in medicine

describe the way in which the above

named industrial and medical
radioisotopes are used and explain
their use in terms of their properties

- 4 -

gather and present information on the

structure and chemistry of a dry cell or
lead-acid cell and evaluate it in
comparison to one of the following:
- button cell
- fuel cell
- vanadium redox cell
- lithium cell
- liquid junction photovoltaic device
(eg the Gratzel cell)
in terms of:
- chemistry
- cost and practicality
- impact on society
- environmental impact

process information from secondary

sources to describe recent discoveries
of elements

use available evidence to analyse

benefits and problems associated with
the use of radioactive isotopes in
identified industries and medicine

Concept Map
The main concepts in this module are organised as shown in the concept map below.

- 5 -

Scope and Sequence

Term

Week Number
1

Content

Key Concepts

9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

9.2.B Biological Polymers

Condensation polymerisation
Cellulose as a condensation
polymer
Cellulose as a potential
replacement for petrochemicals
Biological polymers

9.2.C - Ethanol

Use as a solvent
Dehydration reaction
Fermentation
Combustion
Potential as a fuel

9.2.D - Electrochemistry

Oxidation-reduction reactions
Metal displacement reactions
Galvanic cells
Different types of batteries
Oxidation states

9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

Stability of the nucleus

Alpha, beta and gamma decay
Transuranic elements
Radioisotopes in industry and
medicine

2013 Term 4

Ethene: sources, properties and

reactions
Addition polymerisation
Polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Polystyrene

Textbook References
Preliminary Course
Thickett, Geoffrey. 2006, Chemistry 1 : Preliminary course / Geoffrey Thickett John Wiley & Sons,
Milton, Qld.

HSC Course
Thickett, Geoffrey. 2006, Chemistry 2 : HSC course / Geoffrey Thickett John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.

- 6 -

Study Guide - 9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

9.2.A Conceptual Outline

A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of repeating structural units. These sub-units are called
monomers and are typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. Although the term polymer is sometimes taken
to refer to plastics, it actually encompasses a large class of compounds comprising both natural and synthetic
materials with a wide variety of properties. Polymeric materials play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday
life. This role ranges from familiar synthetic plastics and elastomers to natural biopolymers such as nucleic acids,
proteins and cellulose that are essential for life. Most commonly, the continuously linked backbone of a polymer
used for the preparation of plastics consists mainly of carbon atoms. A simple example is polyethylene whose
repeating unit is based on ethylene monomer.
In this topic students:

Describe the structure, properties, uses, chemistry and production of the addition polymers polyethylene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene.
Describe the structure, properties, identification and reactions of ethene
Explain how ethene serves as a useful monomer from which many commercially important polymers are made
Describe the process of sourcing ethene for polymer production
Write equations for some of the chemical reactions of ethene

- 7 -

9.2.A Assumed Knowledge

Concept

Preliminary Dot-Points

Organic chemistry

Jacaranda Chemistry 1

describe the use of fractional distillation to separate the

components of petroleum and identify the uses of each
fraction obtained
identify and use the IUPAC nomenclature for describing
straight-chained alkanes and alkenes from C1 to C8
compare and contrast the properties of alkanes and
alkenes C1 to C8 and use the term homologous series
to describe a series with the same functional group
explain the relationship between the melting point,
boiling point and volatility of the above hydrocarbons,
and their non-polar nature and intermolecular forces
(dispersion forces)

Chapter 16
Carbon and carbon
compounds
pp.293-312

9.2.A Syllabus Dot-Points
Ethene
sources

identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from the
refining of petroleum

Ethene
properties
uses and
reactions

construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they are
encountered
identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed
into many useful products
identify data, plan and perform a first-hand investigation to compare the reactivities of
appropriate alkenes with the corresponding alkanes in bromine water
identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made
analyse information from secondary sources such as computer simulations, molecular model
kits or multimedia resources to model the polymerisation process

Polyethylene

PVC

Polystyrene

identify polyethylene as an addition polymer and explain the meaning of this term
outline the steps in the production of polyethylene as an example of a commercially and
industrially important polymer
describe the uses of the polymers made from the above monomers in terms of their properties
identify the following as commercially significant monomers:
- vinyl chloride
by both their systematic and common names
describe the uses of the polymers made from the above monomers in terms of their properties
identify the following as commercially significant monomers:
- styrene
by both their systematic and common names
describe the uses of the polymers made from the above monomers in terms of their properties

- 8 -

9.2.A Resources
Websites

Jacaranda Chemistry 2

Twig-World Video

Quarkology
9.2.A Synthetic Polymers
http://www.quarkology.com/12-
chemistry/92-production-
materials/92A-synthetic-
polymers.html

Chapter Reference
Chapter 1 Ethylene and addition
polymers, pp.2-27

Fractional Distillation
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/fractional-
distillation-1371/

Monomers
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/mono
mer-425/

Polymers
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/polym
er-549/

Plastics
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/plastics-and-
polymers-1372/

9.2.A Student Activities

Completed

Textbook 1.1 Questions 1 - 15, pp.16-17

Textbook 1.2 Questions 1 - 10, pp.25-26

Textbook 1.1 Practical Activities - Reactivity of Alkanes and Alkenes, p.27

Textbook 1.2 Practical Activities Modelling Addition Polymerisation, p.27

Tutorial 9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

HSC MC Questions 9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

HSC ER Questions 9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

Assignment 9.2.A Synthetic Polymers

- 9 -

9.2.A Synthetic Polymers Notes

- 10 -

Study Guide - 9.2.B Biological Polymers

9.2.B Conceptual Outline

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources, available in fixed amounts. Human activity has the potential to
completely exhaust reserves of fossil fuel resources. Biomass, organic matter produced by photosynthesis in plants,
is a renewable resource. Biomass consists mostly of cellulose and can be used and then formed again from its
products by the input of solar energy during photosynthesis. If the matter involved is recycled, biomass could be a
source of raw materials for as long as the sun supplies solar energy.
Petrochemicals are chemicals made from compounds in petroleum or natural gas. Currently Australia has
petroleum reserves that will last about ten years and natural gas reserves that will last about one hundred years.
Fossil fuels have taken hundreds of millions of years to accumulate. Over 95% of fossil fuel is burnt as a source of
energy and once burnt, fossil fuels are no longer available. Less than 5% of fossil fuel is used to make plastics and
only a small percentage of that plastic is recycled. If energy and material needs are to be met in the future,
alternative sources will be needed as fossil fuel sources are used up.
In this topic students:

Identify and describe examples of condensation reactions,

Describe the structure, formation and properties of cellulose,
Assess potential of cellulose as a replacement for compounds currently obtained from petrochemicals, and
Describe the production, properties and use of a named biolpolymer.

- 11 -

9.2.B Assumed Knowledge

Concept

Preliminary Dot-Points

Role of photosynthesis
in transforming light
energy to chemical
energy

Jacaranda Chemistry 1

Outline the role of the production of high energy

carbohydrates from carbon dioxide as the important
step in the stabilisation of the suns energy in a form
that can be used by animals as well as plants

Chapter 15
Photosynthesis and Fuels
pp.280-292

9.2.B Syllabus Dot-Points
Condensation
polymers

explain what is meant by a condensation polymer

describe the reaction involved when a condensation polymer is formed

Cellulose

describe the structure of cellulose and identify it as an example of a condensation polymer

found as a major component of biomass

The need for

alternatives
to fossil fuels

discuss the need for alternative sources of the compounds presently obtained from the
petrochemical industry
identify that cellulose contains the basic carbon-chain structures needed to build
petrochemicals and discuss its potential as a raw material

Biopolymers
(eg. Biopol)

use available evidence to gather and present data from secondary sources and analyse
progress in the recent development and use of a named biopolymer. This analysis should
name the specific enzyme(s) used or organism used to synthesise the material and an
evaluation of the use or potential use of the polymer produced related to its properties

- 12 -

9.2.B Resources
Websites

Jacaranda Chemistry 2

Twig-World Video

Quarkology
9.2.B Biological Polymers
http://www.quarkology.com/12-
chemistry/92-production-
materials/92B-biological-
polymers.html

Chapter Reference
Chapter 2 Condensation polymers
and Biomass pp.30-42

Cellulose
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/cellul
ose-649/

Nylon
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/invention-of-
nylon-1377/

9.2.B Student Activities

Completed

Textbook Questions 2.1 Questions 1-5, p.33

Textbook 2.2 Questions 1-9, pp.39-40

Textbook 2.1 Data Analysis, pp.41-42

Tutorial 9.2.B Biological Polymers

HSC MC Questions 9.2.B Biological Polymers

HSC ER Questions 9.2.B Biological Polymers

Assignment 9.2.B Biological Polymers

- 13 -

9.2.B Biological Polymers Notes

- 14 -

Study Guide - 9.2.C Ethanol

9.2.C Conceptual Outline

Humans discovered ethanol not long after they figured out how to put fire to good use. Today, ethanol has many
uses: we drink it; dissolve solutes in it, use it in food, industry and other manufacturing; and blend it with petrol to
make a sustainable and renewable transport fuel.
Ethanol belongs to the homologous series of alkanols, each with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group. It can be made
by fermenting the sugars found in plants using yeasts (fungi) and bacteria. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles
in its pure form as a replacement for petrol, but it is usually blended with petrol so as to improve vehicle emissions
and make motor fuel more sustainable.
In this topic students:

Describe the properties of ethanol and relate them to its use,

Describe and write equations for the dehydration, fermentation and combustion of ethanol, and
Assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative to petrol.

- 15 -

9.2.C Assumed Knowledge

Concept

Preliminary Dot-Points

Intermolecular
bonding

Jacaranda Chemistry 1

describe hydrogen bonding between molecules

describe the attractive forces between polar molecules
as dipole-dipole forces
describe dispersion forces between molecules

Chapter 12.1
Intermolecular forces and
polarity of molecules
pp.216-226

Solvent behaviour

analyse the relationship between the solubility of

substances in water and the polar nature of the water
molecule

Chapter 12.2
Interactions with water
pp.227-232

Specific heat capacity

explain what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a

substance
explain and use the equation H = m CT

Chapter 14
Water and energy
pp.262-275

9.2.C Syllabus Dot-Points
Alkanols

identify the IUPAC nomenclature for straight-chained alkanols from C1 to C8

Reactions of
ethanol

describe the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene and identify the need for a catalyst in this
process and the catalyst used
describe the addition of water to ethylene resulting in the production of ethanol and identify
the need for a catalyst in this process and the catalyst used
process information from secondary sources such as molecular model kits, digital technologies
or computer simulations to model:
- the addition of water to ethylene
the dehydration of ethanol

Ethanol as a
solvent

Fermentation

Molar heat
of
combustion
of a fuel

Ethanol as a
fuel

describe and account for the many uses of ethanol as a solvent for polar and non-polar
substances
describe conditions under which fermentation of sugars is promoted
summarise the chemistry of the fermentation process
process information from secondary sources to summarise the processes involved in the
industrial production of ethanol from sugar cane
solve problems, plan and perform a first-hand investigation to carry out the fermentation of
glucose and monitor mass changes
present information from secondary sources by writing a balanced equation for the
fermentation of glucose to ethanol
define the molar heat of combustion of a compound and calculate the value for ethanol from
first-hand data
identify data sources, choose resources and perform a first-hand investigation to determine
and compare heats of combustion of at least three liquid alkanols per gram and per mole
outline the use of ethanol as a fuel and explain why it can be called a renewable resource
assess the potential of ethanol as an alternative fuel and discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of its use
process information from secondary sources to summarise the use of ethanol as an alternative
car fuel, evaluating the success of current usage

- 16 -

9.2.C Resources
Websites

Jacaranda Chemistry 2

Twig-World Video

Quarkology
9.2.C - Ethanol
http://www.quarkology.com/12-
chemistry/92-production-
materials/92C-ethanol.html

Chapter Reference
Chapter 3 Ethanol and Biofuels
pp.44-62

Alcohols
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/alcohol-
399/

Fermentation
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/fermentation-
1382/

Combustion
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/combus
tion-410/

Biofuels
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/biofuels-1327/

- 17 -

9.2.C Student Activities

Completed

Textbook 3.1 Questions 1-10, p.50

Textbook 3.2 Questions 1-7, p.56

Textbook 3.1 Practical Activities Modelling Reactions Involving Ethanol, p.57

Textbook 3.2 Practical Activities Fermentation, p.58

Textbook 3.3 Practical Activities Heats of Combustion of Alkanols, pp.59-60

Textbook 3.4 Data Analysis Industrial Preparation of Ethanol from Sugar Cane, p.61

Textbook 3.5 Data Analysis Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel, p.62

Tutorial 9.2.C - Ethanol

HSC MC Questions 9.2.C - Ethanol

HSC ER Questions 9.2.C - Ethanol

Practical 9.2.C.1 - Fermentation

Practical 9.2.C.2 Heat of Combustion of Alkanols

Assignment 9.2.C - Ethanol

- 18 -

9.2.C Ethanol Notes

- 19 -

Study Guide - 9.2.D Electrochemistry

9.2.D Conceptual Outline

The term oxidation was originally used to describe reactions in which an element combines with oxygen. After
electrons were discovered, chemists extended the definition of oxidation to involve the transfer of electrons from
one atom to another. Because electrons cannot be created or destroyed, the species losing electrons is said to be
oxidised while the species gaining electrons is said to be reduced.
If the electrons from an oxidation reaction can be made to flow around a circuit to the site of reduction, we have a
galvanic cell or battery. These cells convert chemical energy to electrical energy and rely on oxidation-reduction
reactions.
In this unit you will learn to:

Recognise oxidation-reduction reactions

Assigning oxidation states to species to determine if oxidation or reduction has occurred
Use metal displacement reactions to put metals into an order or activity
Describe and construct galvanic cells and calculate their theoretical cell potentials
Compare different types of galvanic cells

- 20 -

9.2.D Assumed Knowledge

Concept

Preliminary Dot-Points

Oxidation-reduction

Jacaranda Chemistry 1

Identify the reaction of metals with acids as requiring

the transfer of electrons

Chapter 7.1
Metals and their reactivity
pp.128-131

9.2.D Syllabus Dot-Points
Metal

displacement
reactions

explain the displacement of metals from solution in terms of transfer of electrons

identify the relationship between displacement of metal ions in solution by other metals to the
relative activity of metals

Oxidation
states

account for changes in the oxidation state of species in terms of their loss or gain of electrons

Galvanic
cells

describe and explain galvanic cells in terms of oxidation/reduction reactions

outline the construction of galvanic cells and trace the direction of electron flow
define the terms anode, cathode, electrode and electrolyte to describe galvanic cells
perform a first-hand investigation to identify the conditions under which a galvanic cell is
produced
perform a first-hand investigation and gather first-hand information to measure the difference
in potential of different combinations of metals in an electrolyte solution
solve problems and analyse information to calculate the potential
requirement of named
electrochemical processes using tables of standard potentials and half-equations

Comparison
of galvanic
cells

gather and present information on the structure and chemistry of a dry cell or lead-acid cell and
evaluate it in comparison to one of the following:
- button cell
- fuel cell
- vanadium redox cell
- lithium cell
- liquid junction photovoltaic device (eg the Gratzel cell)
in terms of:
- chemistry
- cost and practicality
- impact on society
- environmental impact

- 21 -

9.2.D Resources
Websites

Jacaranda Chemistry 2

Twig-World Video

Quarkology
9.2.D - Electrochemistry
http://www.quarkology.com/12-
chemistry/92-production-
materials/92D-
electrochemistry.html

Chapter Reference
Chapter 4 Electrochemistry and
batteries, pp.63-91

Redox Reaction
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/redox
-reaction-775/

Oxidation
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/oxida
tion-750/

Reduction
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/reduc
tion-552/

Eco-Transport
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/eco-transport-
1341/

9.2.D Student Activities

Completed

Textbook 4.1 Questions 1 - 8, pp. 71-72

Textbook 4.2 Questions 1 - 10, p. 86

Textbook 4.1 Practical Activities Galvanic Cells, p.27

Textbook 4.2 Data Analysis Comparing Batteries, pp.91-92

Tutorial 9.2.D - Electrochemistry

HSC MC Questions 9.2.D - Electrochemistry

HSC ER Questions 9.2.D - Electrochemistry

Assignment 9.2.D - Electrochemistry

- 22 -

9.2.D Electrochemistry Notes

- 23 -

Study Guide - 9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

9.2.E Conceptual Outline

Radioactive materials that release alpha, beta or gamma radiation have a range of uses in both industry and
medicine. They are used as diagnostic tools in both industry and medicine and are used in the treatment of diseases
such as cancer in medicine. Radioisotopes have an unstable nucleus and release energy by ejecting particles or
electromagnetic radiation from the nucleus. They are made in nuclear reactors where radioactive decay processes
are artificially induced by bombarding nuclei with neutrons. Some radioisotopes can be made by smashing the
nuclei of atoms together in particle accelerators through a process known as nuclear fusion. Many artifically
synthesised elements called transuranic elements have been made in this way in particle accelerators.
In this unit you will learn to:

Describe the structure of the nucleus using atomic notation

Distinguish isotopes of an element and represent them using atomic notation
Explain what makes a nucleus unstable
Describe the processes of alpha, beta and gamma decay using chemical equations
Describe the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation
Outline ways to detect radiation
Describe how transuranic elements are produced
Describe some uses of radioisotopes in industry and medicine

- 24 -

9.2.E Assumed Knowledge

Concept

Preliminary Dot-Points

Atomic structure

Jacaranda Chemistry 1

Describe atoms in terms of mass number and atomic

number

Chapter 2.1
Classifying elements
pp.40-45

9.2.E Syllabus Dot-Points
Radioactive
decay
(fission) and
nuclear
stability

distinguish between stable and radioactive isotopes and describe the conditions under which a
nucleus is unstable
identify instruments and processes that can be used to detect radiation

Radioisotope
production

describe how commercial radioisotopes are produced

Transuranic
elements

describe how transuranic elements are produced

process information from secondary sources to describe recent discoveries of elements

Industrial

uses of
radioisotopes

Medical uses
of
radioisotopes

identify one use of a named radioisotope:

- in industry
describe the way in which the above named industrial and medical radioisotopes are used and
explain their use in terms of their properties
use available evidence to analyse benefits and problems associated with the use of radioactive
isotopes in identified industries and medicine
identify one use of a named radioisotope:
- in medicine
describe the way in which the above named industrial and medical radioisotopes are used and
explain their use in terms of their properties
use available evidence to analyse benefits and problems associated with the use of radioactive
isotopes in identified industries and medicine

- 25 -

9.2.E Resources
Websites

Jacaranda Chemistry 2

Twig-World Video

Quarkology
9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry
http://www.quarkology.com/12-
chemistry/92-production-
materials/92E-nuclear-
chemistry.html

Chapter Reference
Chapter 5 Nuclear chemistry and
radioisotopes, pp. 93-106

Isotopes
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/glossary/isoto
pe-520/

Radioactive Substances
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/radioactive-
substances-1532/

Reducing Radiation Risk

http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/reducing-
radiation-risk-1534/

Radioactive Half-Life
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/radioactive-
half-life-1533/

Nuclear Fission
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/nuclear-
fission-1564/

X-rays and Gamma Rays in

Medicine
http://australia.twig-
world.com/films/nuclear-
fission-1564/

- 26 -

9.2.E Student Activities

Completed

Textbook 5.1 Questions 1 - 8, p. 99

Textbook 5.2 Questions 1 - 8, pp. 104-105

Textbook 5.1 Data Analysis Radioisotopes, pp.91-92

Tutorial 9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

HSC MC Questions 9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

HSC ER Questions 9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

Assignment 9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry

- 27 -

9.2.E Nuclear Chemistry Notes

- 28 -