Veterinary Handbook for Internal Medicine Diseases

Hand book
Veterinary Internal Medicine
Dr. Hamed Attia Mohamed

Professor of Internal Medicine
Department of Animal Medicine
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig University
Dr. Hatem Mohamed Selim

Lecturer of Internal Medicine
Department of Animal Medicine
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Zagazig University
Second Edition
SUMMERY OF IMPORTANT INTERNAL MEDICINE

DISEASES FOR FIELD VETERINARIANS
Content
This book is intended to be used as quich reference for those
involved in farm animal care.
We spend along time in choosing, collecting and arranging the
material found in this book according to the best, recent,
international texts and references.
This book is arranged in four parts
1. Field Cases of Internal Medicine Diseases.
2. Key to Diffrential Diagnosis.
3. Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis.
4. Therapeutic Index.
This book is supported with many colored clinical illustrated

photos distributed in 18 colored plates.
We hope this book will fill a gap in the veterinary field in Egypt
and the Arabian contrier.
Hamed Attia and hatem Selim
Part 1
1, Diseasesof the Digestive System
Stomatitis
Parotitis
Pharyngitis
Chock
Vomiting
Gastritis
Simple indigestion
Acute impaction
Traumatic reticulars
Tympany
Vagal indigestion
Abomasal displacement
Abomasal ulcer
Enteritis
Diarrhea
Dietetic scours
Constipation
Spasmodic
colic
Flatulent colic
Intestinal impaction
Obstructive
colic
Jaundice
Hepatitis
Peritonitis
2, Diseasesof the Respiratory System
Epistaxis
Rhinitis -.
Laryngitis, Tracheitis and Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Drenching
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Chronic Alveolar Emphysema
3, Disease of the Cardiovascular System
Traumatic pericarditis
Congestive heart failure
Acute heart failure
Peripheral circulatory failure
Anemia
Edema
ii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
13
14
15
16
1?
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
'
27
28
29
30
31
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4. Diseases of the urinary system

Pyelonephritis
Nephritis
Cystitis
Urolithiasis
41
42
43
44
5. Diseases of the nervous system

Encephalitis
Meningitis
45
46
6, Diseases of metabolic disorders

Milk fever or hypocalcemia
Hypoglycemia
Pregnancy toxemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypomagnesemia tetany
Azoturia
7. Diseases caused by nutritional deficiency

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Copper deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Cobalt deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin E deficiency
;
Vitamin B deficiency
Vitamin k deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
8, Diseases of the skin
Dermatitis
Eczyma
Urticharia
Photosynsetization
Alopecia
:
Hyperthermia
Dehydration
,,
Etiology and pathogenesis of dehydration
Etiology and pathogenesis of hyponatremia
Etiology- and pathogenesis of hypochloremi
47
48
, 49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
, 62
62
Common human drugs can be used in animals

Antibiotic and sulfa drugs
Antifungal drugs
Topical antirheumatic, anti inflammatory and anti allergic
Anti rheumatic, anti inflammatory and anti allergic drugs
Analgesic, sedative and tranqulizer drugs
Anti-spasmodic and muscle relaxant drugs
Laxative drugs
Anti Diarrhea drugs
Anthelmintic drugs
Antacid drugs
Carminative drugs
Anti-emetic drugs
Digestant drugs
Cough sedative, expectorant, mucolytic and bronchodialator
drugs
'
Heart tonics
Urinary antiseptic and diuretic drugs
Hormons used in labour and ovulation
Vitamins and minerals
Drops for eye and nose allergy and inflammation
Scabies and Lice preparations
References
124
3 24
124
124
125
125
125
326
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
VI
120
121
121
121
122
122
122
122
123
123
123
123
123
examination of the lymph node

examination of the skin
Auscaltation of the heart
Auscaltation
of
the
examination of the abdornin
sheat for clinical examination
lung
79
79
gQ
gO
gj
g2
laboratory Diagnosis
Fecal examination
3
Urine examination
34
Skin scraping examination
37
Examination
of
the
milk
37
Rumen
juice
examination
39
Blood examination
93
Normal hematological values
103
Normal Biochemical values ..-.
103
Interpretations for analysis of some serum parameters .494
comman vaccines used in farm animals in Egypt \ Q6
part IX Therapeutic index
Common veterinary drugs used in veterinary field
Narrow spectrum antibiotic drugs
Broad spectrum antibiotic drugs
Sulphonilamid drugs
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Antifungal and mycotoxin drugs
Drugs used for treatment of mastitis
Insecticides
Drugs used for teatment internal and external parasites
Drugs used for treatment of blood parasites
Anti-coccidial drugs
Analgesic and antispasmodic drugs
Stomachic and rumen stimulant drugs
Drugs used in treatment of tympany
Anti-diarrhea drugs
>
#
Vitamins
Minerals
Hormons
Fluid therapy
V
jQg
^Qg
m
\\\
\\\
\\2
\\2
\ 13
1x4
1^5
115
\\
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jjg
119
Part II
1. Key of diffrential diagnosis
1. Diseases causing sudden death
73
2. Diseases causing sudden death in young animal
73
3. Diseases causing lameness, stagger and/or paralysis 73
4. Diseases causing convulsion
73
5. Diseases causing wasting (emaciation)
73
6. Diseases causing fever
73
7. Disease problems arising from intensive managment 73
8. Diseases causing polyphagia
74
9. Diseases causing anophagia
74
10. Diseases causing pica
74
11. Diseases causing weight loss
74
12. Diseases causing scouring
74
13. Diseases causing vomiting
74
14. Diseases causing diarrhea
74
15. Diseases causing abdominal pain in horse
75
16. Diseases causing abdominal pain in ruminant
75
17. Diseases causing jaundice
75
18. Diseases causing pain on urination
75
19. Diseases causing albuminuria
75
20. Diseases causing red or brown urine
75
21. Diseases causing muffled heart sound
75
22. Diseases causing jugular venous pulsation
75
23. Diseases causing cough
75
24. Diseases causing nasal discharge
75
25. Diseases causing eye discharge
75
26. Diseases causing chest pain in ruminant
76
27. Diseases causing chest pain in horse
75
28. Diseases causing skin lesion
75
29. Diseases causing downer cow syndrome
.75
30. Causing of grunting in cattle
77
Part III
Clinical examination
History
Normal respiration, pulse and temperature
Examination of the mucous membrane
IV
78
73
73
Case
no.1
Diseases of the digestive system
Stomatitis
1. Definition and Causes
It is inflammation of the oral mucosa includes glossitis and
gingivitis. It may be due to trauma, foreign body injury, sharp teeth,
and irritant substances. Avitaminosis, Bacterial, Viral, or Mycotic
infections. Secondary Stomatitis such as Foot and mouth disease,
Actinomycosis Rinder pest & Malignant catarrhal fever.
2. Clinical Findings:
Partial or complete anorexia. Profuse salivation, slow and painful
mastication. Changes in the mucous membrane of the mouth
(Catarrhal, Errosive, Follicular, Vesicular, Pustular, Puppular,
Pseudo-aphthus, Ulcerative, Diphtheretic, Gangrenous, Phlegmonous,
Mycotic Stomatitis or Allergic Stomatitis). Fetid odour is present in
breath. Fever may be present if stomatitis is secondary to systemic
diseases
3. Treatment
R/ Gentian violets 2%.
Wash the mouth cavity with mild antiseptics 3 times daily.
R/ Tincture iodine 0.5-1% (in case of ulcerative stomatitis)
Touch the ulcer 3 times daily.
R/ Tincture iodine 3.5% in 10% glycerin Paint the mouth cavity
after (in case of diphtheretic stomatitis)
R/ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / cattle & horse SIC or I/ M or
I/V. (to decrease salivary secretions)
R/ Pentomycine (pencillin & streptomycin) 1 ml/25 kg BW I/M once
daily / 3-5 days.
R/ Dextrose 25% 1-2 liter, I/V (as supportive treatment)
4. Important Notes
1. You may use syringe without needle for washing the mouth.
2. Easily digested food as barseem, bran mash or rice and soup.
3. Isolation of the diseased animals in case of infectious disease.
4. Mild antiseptics can be used as 1 % boric acid, 5% alum water, 2%
copper sulfate, spoonful of vinegar / liter water and/or 2% potassium
permanganate.
Case No. 3
Case No. 2
Pharyngitis
Parotitis
It is inflammation of salivary glands (parotid, sub maxillary and/or
sublingual). It is caused by mechanical injuries as trauma from outside
or entrance of foreign body or specific infectious disease as Tuberclosis
and Actinobacillosis in cattle and strangles in horse.
2. Clinical Findings:
Enlargement of the gland (may be seen and palpated in upper &
lower pharyngeal region). Difficult in prehension, mastication and
swallowing. Abscess may develop in the gland and evacuate in the
mouth cavity. Profuse salivation. The inflammation may extend to the
larynx causing edema. Salivary cyst "permanently enlarged" due to the
entrance of small food particles in the excretory duct.
.
In chronic form, painless solid swelling of the gland is found.
i. Definition and Causes

It is inflammation of pharyngeal mucosa. It is caused by
mechanical (sharp object, hard food or foreign body), thermal (hot
food), chemical (corrosive, acid and/or alkaline drugs) or infectious
agents (oral necrobacillosis, strangles, anthrax & parasites).
2. Clinical Findings
Painful swallowing, the animal refuse to eat and drink.
Regurgitation of fluid and food through the nostril in severe cases.
Drooling of saliva. Opening the mouth is painful, head is usually
extended. Normal compression of the throat from outside reveal hot
painful swelling and causes coughing. Mucopurulent nasal discharge
may be present. If local swelling is severe, there may be obstruction to
respiration. The retropharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes are
\commonly enlarged.
.
3. Treatment
R/
3. Treatment
R/ Streptopenicid (pencillin & streptomycin) the large animals 2
vials I/M every 12 hours./ 3-5 days.
Apply hot fomentation.
RJ Iodine or camphor ointments 10%.

Apply two times daffy as resorbant ointments
RJ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / cattle and horse S/C or 1/ M or
I/V. (to decrease salivary seretions).
R/
Dexatrin (Oxytetracyclene, dexamethazone & tripellinamine)

lml/25KgBwt. I/M/3-5 days.
4. Important Notes
1. Preparation of iodine ointment: 20 g potassium iodide dissolve in
small quantity of alchoi then add 10 g iodine crystal, mix well
until dissolve all iodine particles, then mix with 100 g Vaseline.
2. Abscess or calculi in the duct can be treated surgically.
3. Chronic cases, local application of tincture iodine or to inject the
infected gland with lugol iodine 5 cc/ every week.
4. Potassium iodide may be used 8 g / orally for few days.
R/ Expectyl 30 ml orally in cattle and horse / 12 hours / 3-5

days, as expectorants syrups (human preparation).
R/ Bisilvon 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt; I/M, as mucolytic drugs.
4. Important Notes
1. The pharynx is consider as a food and air passage, pharyngitis may
be see as symptoms of either disturbances in respiration or intake
of food,
2. Remove the primary cause
3. Easily digested food as berseem, bran mash or rice and soup
4. Sometimes parental feeding is necessary
5. Medicated steam inhalation in horse (pail contain boiling water
sprinkled with tibn 2 gallons containing an ounce of compher or
turpentine).
6. Other cough suppressant such as Codilar and/or Codiphan.
7. Other expectorant drugs such as Bronchistal and/or Isilin.
Case No. 4
D iseases of the digestive system
Cage No. 5
Vomiting
Chock
\
This condition means sudden closure of the normal esophagus. It
may be acute or chronic. It is caused by swallowing of bones _ or
lodgment of large pieces of ligaments in dogs. Feeding on dry materials
such as bran causes column occluding the esophageal canal in horse.
Feeding on large pieces of roots, cobs of maize, upper part of can sugar,
root of turnips, potatoes and stump and root of cabbage may causes
obstruction of the esophagus in cattle. Esophagitis, Tuberculosis and/or
neoplasm in mediastinum lymph node causes stenosis or complete
obstruction of the esophagus from outside.
Continued efforts to swallow and to eructate. The animal moves its
head from side to side with restlessness. Open its mouth, protrudes its
tongue, profuse salivation and cough spasmodically. Refuse food and
drink, if the animal tries to eat it will result in immediate regurgitation.
Tympany in cases of complete obstruction in ruminants.
Incomplete obstruction in dogs, causes mild symptoms, complete
obstruction resulted in "profuse salivation and dribbling of frothy mucous
or blood.
3. Treatment
R/ Comblene 0.5-1 cc/ 100 kg Bwt. I/M. or As sedative and minor
tranquilizer.
RJ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / cattle & horse S/C or 1/ M or
I/V, to decrease salivary secretion.
RJ Novalgin 1ml / 8 kg Bwt. 1/ M or I/V, as analgesic drugs.
4. Important Notes
1. Foreign bodies in the anterior part of the esophagus removed by the
hand
2. Foreign bodies in cervical portion of the esophagus, strong pressure
by thumb from* outside to push the foreign body towards the
pharynx.
3. Foreign bodies in thoracic portion of the esophagus, removed by
using of stomach tube to push-it toward the stomach.
4. In cases of dry column of bran in esophagus of horse, introduce the
stomach tube through the nostrils till it reachs the column then
pump water to penetrate the bran then lower its head and neck
downwards. You may repeat this process several times.
5. Sometimes esophagotomy is required
" 6. Minor tranquilizer such as Neurazin 1 ampoule /70 kg Bwt; I/M
4
Diseases of me digestive VOM*"

It is forcible expulsion of the stomach contents through the nose or
the mouth. It is caused by irritation of the stomach mucosa or vomiting
center in the medulla oblongata, diseases of brain and drugs causing
central vomiting action (apomorphine). Plant poisoning or other
poisoning or autointoxication, Gastritis or overeating, obstruction of the
pylorus (Gastrophilus larvae) and small intestine. Involvement of organs
such as the kidneys, liver and pancreas.
The animals put the posterior legs under the body, strechs head and
neck and expel large quantities of stomach content. A yellow or green
liquid usually indicates the presence of bile from the proximal
duodenum. While foamy or frothy material is usually associated with
excessive mucous during gastritis.
3. Treatment
R/ Sodium bicarbonate 5-10 g / orally /12 hours / dog, as antacid.
R/ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / cattle & horse S/C, 1/ M or I/V,
antispasmodic drug
R/ Primpran, 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt; as antiemetic drugs
4. Important Notes
l.Egg albumin, oils, sugar, honey, treacl and/or starch, as
demulcents.
2. Other antacid drugs as Mucogel, Epicogel susp and/or Alkasilon.
3.True emesis is not possible in the horses and ruminant, but
sometimes occurs in all these species particularly in young
ruminants in adults the animal seldom lives long after this event.
4. In horse vomiting occurs via the nose.
5. Other spasmolytic drugs from human preparation, as Buscopan,
Novatropine, Spasmocin, Spasmopyralgin-M or Atropine 0.1%.
(1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt. I/M).
case No. 6
Case No. 7
Gastritis
l, Definition and Causes
It is inflammation of the stomach. It is commonly associated with
enteritis. It is caused by overfeeding, bad teeth and foreign bodies and
ftUo feeding on frozen food, damaged food or coarse fibrous foods as
Itraw bedding. It is also caused by poisons such as caustic and irritant
materials, excessive production of lactic acid in the rumen. Bacterial
infections e.g. necrobacillus, leptospira in dog etc. Viral infections as
rintier pest, equine influenza, hog cholera, infecious canine hepatitis.
Fungus agents can produce diffuse or ulcerative gastritis in newborn
animals. Parasitic infestation such as nematodes e.g. trichostrongylus,
ostertagia spp, hemonchus, paramphystomes, habronema and ascaris
migration.
A). Acute Gastritis:
Repeated vomiting with forceful movements, the vomitus contains much
mucous, blood or foreign material. Abdominal pain. Diarrhea may
develop. Excessive vomiting lead to dehydration, alkalosis, tetany and
rapid breathing. Fever in severe cases.
B). Chronic Gastritis:
Decrease appetite. Vomiting occurs not frequently, but usually after
feeding, the vomitus contains much viscid mucus. The animal is
emaciated due to lack of food intake and incomplete indigestion.
Anemia in bovine in cases suffered from bloodsucker stomach worm,
sometimes bottle jaw will develop.
3. Treatment
R/ Bismuth subnitrate for large animals 20 - 40 g / dog / orally.
or white egg, as coating drugs.
R/ Sodium bicarbonate 5-10 g /dog orally as antiacid.
R/ Saline or Ringer lactate solution 0.5 -1 liter / 17V as fluid therapy.
R/ Atropine sulphate 0.1% 1 ampoule/70 kg Bwt. V M or I/V,
as antispasmodic drug.
RJ Cortigen B g 1 ampoule / 20 kg Bwt; as antiemetic drugs
fl/Amoxicillin 15 % 1 mi /100 Kg Bwt, I/V or I/M / 3-5 days.
4. Important Notes
1. Gastric lavage and enema to remove irritant chemical or poisoning.
2. To alleviate the gastric inflammation, withhold food and water for a
period of at least 12-24 hours and replaced by parentral
administration then soft palatable, highly nutritious food is
necessary e.g. bran mashes to cattle and horses. Chicken with rice
and soup to dogs.
3. In cases of hematomesis (Bloody vomiting), inject vitamin k &
calcium preparation, sometimes blood transfusion is necessary.
Simple Indigestion
It is a disorder and inactivity in the rumen and reticulum due to the
presence of undigested food in the rumen, which undergoes
fermentation. It is caused by the atony of the fore-stomach; dietary
abnormalities such as indigestible roughage, low protein intake; mouldy
food; moderate concentrate intake and insufficient drinking water.
Secondary indigestion occurs in cases of toxemia and septicemia.
The common symptoms are a sudden reduction in appetite; dullness;
sharp decrease in milk yield; decrease in rumen contraction (sometimes
rumenstasis); constipation (firm feces). Diarrhea may be present if the
cause is damaged food.
3. Treatment
R/ Magnesium sulfate 300-400g/ cow orally as a purgatives.
R/
Supermach 2 sachet / cow orally, daily for 2 days, as a

stomachic. ( increase the number and activity of microflora and
microfauna).
R/ Dry yeast about 50 g dissolved in a sufficient quantity of warm

water and given orally.
4. Important Notes
1. Allow massage of the rumen from the left flank.
2. Rectal enema, back racking and exercise are necessary.
3. It is contra-indicated to give carbachol or magnesium sulfate in
pregnancy, severe constipation and acute impaction.
4. It is better to transfer 1-2 liters of rumen juices from healthy
animal.
6. Other stomachics such as laxavit, bykodigest, vapcodiges,
muvdigest, rumstomaton or tonovit can be used.
Case' No. 8
Diseases of the digestive systeiji
Acute Impaction
Ingestion of large amount of highly fermentable carbohydrate foods
causes an acute illness due to excess production of lactic acid in the
rumen. A crushed grain seems to cause more problems than whole
grain.
2. Clinical Findings.,
The common symptoms are depression, anorexia, grinding of teeth,
abdominal pain, kicking at the belly, riimenstasis and constipation, dry
muzzle and nose, sunken eyes (as a result of dehydration). Other
symptoms are increased respiration (40-60/M) and pulse (120/M).
Temperature is usually below normal. The animal suffers from
staggering in gait, laminitis, recumbancy, decrease response to stimuli
.and death may occur in 1-3 days.
3. Pathogenesis
Case No. 8
Acute Impaction
Line of Treatment
1.
Evacuation
of
3. Fluid replacement.
5. Antihistaminic.
stomach
content.
2. Antacid.
4. Oral antibiotic.
6. Stomachic.
3. Treatment
Rf Liquid Paraffin 1 liter /100 kg Bwt. / Cattle / orally.
R/ Sodium Bicarbonate Ig / kg Bwt, orally in Cattle.
R/ Sodium Bicarbonate 2 - 3%, 0.5 -1 liters, I/V very slowly, In cases of acidemia.
R/ Lactate Ringer 3 - 4 liters IV.or S/C, in Cattle.
or Saline 0.9% or Dextrose 5%.
R/ Teramycin powder 5 - 8 g, orally in Cattle
or Penicillin 5 - 7 million IU
R/ Anti-Stamin 1 cc / 10 kg BW I/M, I/V & S/C in Cattle, as ,
antihistaminic drug.
R/ Supermach 2 sachet / Cow orally daily in the second and third
days, as a stomachic increase the number and activity of
microflora and microfauna).
4. Important Notes
1. Other antacid such as magnesium salt (carbonate, oxide or
trisilicate) or calcium carbonat can be used.
2. Other stomachics (e.g. Superflora, Bykodigest or Muvdigest).
3. Apply rectal enema by warm water and soup or liquid paraffin;
back racking and ruminal massage.
4. The animal must exercise 2-3 times daily. The amount of water
must be decreased.
5. In severe impaction, surgery is recommended.
6. Prognosis is bad in cases of subnormal temperature with
recumbancy.
7. Rumen transplantation is recommended after correction of the pH.
8. In cases of liver absces, systemic antibiotics (e.g..Uvomycin 1 ml /
10 kg) can be used.
9. Rumen alkalosis: It is an acute indigestion resulting from feeding
on a large amount of urea, nitrogenous substances or line seed
cake. The symptoms are the same as those of acidosis; in addition
to tremors, muscular weakness and nervous signs. The treatment is
almost the same, except replacing the sedatives and the antacids
with antalkaline drugs such as vinegar 1 - 2 liters mixed with cold
water / orally.
case no_9
Traumatic reticulitis
1. Definition and causes
It is a disease of cattle resulting from perforation of the wall of
reticulum by sharp penetrating objects (wire or nails ..)
The common symptoms are complete anorexia; a sudden fall in milk
yield; rumenstasis; recurrent tympany; an increase of pulse, respiration
and temperature; subacute abdominal pain and arching of the-back. Pain
can be detected by vigorous palpation of the abdominal wall just behind
the xiphoid cartilage.
3. Diagnosis
1. Clinical signs
2. Pain tests
* Walking on downhill.
*Pinching of the wither.
* Turning in a narrow circle,
* Side stick method.
* Strong percussion on the xiphoid region.
3. Min detector to detect any foreign body of magnetic nature
* It is not useful if the foreign body is copper or non-magnetic.
* It gives positive results to non-penetrating magnetic objects.
4. Laboratory examination
* Total Leucocytic counts rises up to 8000 - 12000 / cumm
* Neutrophilia.
4. Treatment
Rumenotomy is recommended to remove any foreign body and
decomposed food material
5. Important Notes
1. The prehension of food in cattle by tongue predisposes it to ingest
foreign body.
2. Pain tests are positive when accompanied by a grunt of pain.
3. The oral administration of a magnet to immobilize the foreign body
inside the rumen is recommended.
4. The administration of antibiotic drugs is necessary to control the
infection.
5. It is necessary to elevate the forefeet of the animal by standing on a
sloop to avoid the occurrence of traumatic pericarditis.
Site of reticulum (shaded) between shoulder joint, umbilicus and caudal

edge of the lung.
10
11
case no 10
Tympany
1, Definition and Causes
It is an over distention of the rumen and reticulum with gases of
fermentation either separated from ingesta (simple tympany) or mixed
With ingesta (frothy tympany). It is caused by grazing on young rapidly
growing legumes and young grass cereal crops (cabbages, barseem,
beans...); the sudden change from dry to green ration; feeding on mouldy
fermented food or the ingestion of large amount of milk in calf. It may
tee secondary to impaction or stenosis of the esophagus. Sometimes,
recurrent tympany occurs due to traumatic reticulitis, tumors inside or
outside the esophagus, the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes in
ases of tuberculosis. Persistent ruminal tympany occurs in cases of
diaphragmatic hernia and vagal indigestion.
2, Clinical Findings
The common symptoms are distention of the left side of the
abdomen, discomfort, kicking at the belly, dyspnea, protrusion of the
tongue, extension of the head, increased pulse and respiratory rates,
decrease in the ruminal movement and milk production. In the severe
gases, cyanosis of mucous membrane, bulging of the eyes and death may
occur due to respiratory failure.
J. Treatment
fl) Emergency treatment
Reduce the intra-ruminal pressure as soon as possible by passing a
stomach tube or trocarization; back racking; massage on the tongue
and rectal enema. In severe cases, rumenotomy is required.
b) Medical treatment
R/ Liquid Paraffin 0.5 - 1 liter, as a defoming agent.
R/ Muv-antibloat one bottle for Cattle orally or intra-ruminal.
Dimethicone or Bloatzal, orally as antifrothy preparation.
R/ Supermach 2 sachet / Cow orally daily in the second and third
days, as a.-.stomachic to increase the number and activity of
microflora and microfauna).
4, Important Notes
1. Administration of vegetable oil 60 cc orally or mixed with water as
a prophylactic.
2. Other oils such as line seed oil, corn oil, mineral or vegetable oils
1 liter /100 kg Bwt can be used orally.
3. Leave trocar and canula in the rumen for a period ranging between
12-24 hours to get rid of the gases (no value in frothy tympany).
4. Gradual change of ration from dry to green is necessary.
5. Other antibloat druss as bloatzal, trimethcone, sicadine can be used.
12
Plate 1 Diseases 0f digestive system
Case
No.
11
Diseases of the digestive system'
Vagal Indigestion
(l. Definition and Causes
In digestion due to varying degree of paralysis of the forestomach
resulting from injured
vagus nerve. Caused by traumatic
reticuloperitonitis (affect ventral branch of vagus nerve),
actino-bacillosis, parasites (sarcospiridia and cysticercous taenicollis)
and enlarged lymph node may injury to the nerve.
Ruminal distension with hyper-motility
Moderate to severe ruminal tympany, emaciation, abdominal distesion
and rumen moving vigorously and continuosly but sounds reduced in
volume.
Ruminal distension with hypo-motility
This type occur commonly in late pregnancy and after calving. The
cow is clinically normal in all, except: anorexia, passes only small
amounts of soft pasty faeces, distended abdomin, no response to
treatment with purgatives or parasympathetic stimulants, atony of the
rumen, mild bloat, rectal palpation reveals distension rumen and
abomasum blocking of the pelvic inlel. Loss of weight rapidly,
weakness, recumbancy and death.
3. Treatment
Animals suspected to be suffering from such affection must be
slaughtered.
4. Important Notes
1. The major abnormality appears to be in the development of
achalasia (dysfunction) of the reticulo-omasal and pyloric
sphincters, resulting of accumulation of food material in the rumen.
2. Diaphragmatic Hernia: This means protrusion of a pan from the
rumen and reticulum through a rupture in the diaphragmatic
musculature. Caused by weakened diaphragm by lesions of
traumatic reticulo-peritonitis or congenital defect. The same
syndrome as vagus indigestion accompanied with hypermotility.
Irregular appetite, loss of condition, moderate rumen tympany,
grinding of teeth, small amounts and pasty faeces and the animal
may vomit. Bradycardia and systolic murmur. Diagnosis of the
problem mainly by rumenotomy. Animals suspected to be suffering
from such affection must be slaughtered.
13
Case No.12
Case No.13
Abomasal ulcers of cattle
Abomasal Displacement
It is a common disease of mature cows in which the abomasum
displaced from its normal position in the abdominal floor either to the
right (between the liver and right abdominal wall) or to the left (between
the rumen and left abdominal wall) or into an anterior position (between
the reticulum and diaphragm). The predisposing factors are feeding on
grain in late pregnancy, vigorous movement during transportation and
during perturition.
Sudden anorexia, decrease in milk production and loss of body
weight. Severe abdominal pain, rumenstasis and tympany. Small volume
of feces and pasty in consistency. Auscultation of an area below a line
from the center of the left flank to behind the left elbow reveals the
presence of splashing or tinkling sound (more fluid in nature than the
rumen) every 15 minutes. An obvious bulge caused by distended
abomasum may develop in the anterior part of flank region. The
swelling is tympanitic and gives a resonant sound on percussion.
3. Diagnosis
The disease must be suspected in every case of ketosis where there is
no response to treatment (Keton smell in the mouth and breath). Rectal
palpation reveals the distended abomasum to the left of the rumen. In
anterior displacement abomasum sounds can be heard just above the
heart area on both sides of the chest. Exploratory labaratomy is
necessary in many cases to confirm a diagnosis of displacement.
4. Treatment
Surgical interference is the best method of the treatment.
5, Important Notes
1. Displacement, to the right has no relationship to pregnancy or
parturition.
2. The disease is not fatal but affected animals become useless for
milk production!
3. Rolling of the animal may correct the displacement.
14

It occurs in mature cattle and calves and may cause acute Abomasal
hemorrhage, indigestion & melena. It is caused by Abomasal hairballs,
displacement, impaction, torsion & lyphosarcoma. Coccidiosis,
internal parasites, over fertilized plant, excess roughage in young
calves, and vagus indigestion.
2. Pathogenesis
Non perforating ulcers
abomasum thickening and chronic
gastritis.
Ulcers causing severe blood loss
penetration of wall of
abomasum vessels
hemorrhage and anemia. Perforating
ulcers
leakage of abomasum content - ^ local or diffuse
peritonitis.
Abdominal pain, sudden onset of anorexia, decrease in milk
prduction and tachycardia (90 - 100), Melena (the feces are scanty,
black, and tarry), anemia, in severe hemorrhage death may occur & in
.less severe cases may recovere through 4 - 6 days.
4. Treatment
R/ Sodium Bicarbonate l g / kg Bwt. orally in cattle.
The dose may repeat 4 times a day. It may be injected directly into
the abomasum.
RI Calcium carbonate 80 -120 g / orally / cattle.
RJ Iron Dextran 4 ml /10 kg I/M , as hematinics.
R/ Cobalt and B vitamins, as tonic.
R/ Oxycomplex (Oxytetracyclene) 3 cc/ lOOKg Bwt, I/M / 3-5 days.
5. Important Notes
1. Blood transfusion (1 liter/50 kg Bwt.), it is indicated in
weakness, takycardia, dyspnea and low hematocite (12%).
2. Surgical interference with limited success in cattle and better
in calves.
3. Other antacid such as magnesium salt (carbonate, trisilicate or
oxide), calcium carbonate or almonium hydroxide (gell or
phosphate).
4. Other astringent and protectants such as Bismuth subnitrate or
carbonate, magnesium trisilicate or starch.
15
Cage
No.14
Case No.13
Diarrhea
Enteritis
^

Inflammation of the intestinal mucosa characterized by increase
motility of the gut, decrease absorption and increase secretion. It is
caused by bacterial enteritis (Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis and
Enterotoxaemia due to Clostridium Perfiring). Viral enteritis (Rinder
pest, Mucosal disease, Rota and Crona virus). Chemical agents as
poisoning by Arsenic, Phosphorus, Cupper, Mercury, Sodium Chlorid,
lead and nitrates. Nutritional deficiency (nicotinic acid and other B
vitamins). Parasitic enteritis (Paramphistomum, Trichostrongylus spp;
Ostertagia spp; Cooperia spp; Nematodirus; Ascaris, Coccidiosis and
Tape worm infestation).
A. Acute Enteritis: Abdominal pain, straining and colic may develop.
Feces are soft and fluidly with unpleasant odor and may contain blood or
shreds of mucous. Auscultation reveals sounds of increased motility.
Pale mucous membrane in parasitic infestation while congested in
infectious diseases and icteric in hepatic dysfunction. Increase in body
temperature in case of infectious diseases. Dehydration and vomiting
may develop.
B. Chronic Enteritis: Pain is seldom, odor is not changed and much
ymucous and emaciation are present.
3. Treatrnent
R/.Jannie acid 5-10 g / cattle / orally, as astringent.
R/ Calcium carbonate or starch 80-120 g orally / cattle.
R/ Diaclean 1 sachet/ 50 kg, as antimicrobial drugs.
RJ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / cattle & horse S/C or I/M or I/V.
Rl Saline and dextrose 5%, 1-2 liters, as fluid therapy and electrolytes.
R/ Super-Lyte 1 sachet / oraly / dissolve in 2 litre of water.
RJ Finadyne Cattle & horse 1 / 45 kg Bwt. I/M & I/V.
4. Important Notes
1. In cases that are suffered from toxicity:
a. Washing the stomach with mineral oil, saline and purgative
using stomach tube to help evacuation and removal of toxic
material. Washing of the stomach is contra-indicated in case of
poisoning with corrosive.
b. General antidote (Atropine Sulphate) or specific antidote.
c. Oral administration of egg albumin to protect the mucosa.
d. I/V injection of calcium and cardiac tonic as adcopherin I/M.
2. Anthelmintic for parasitic enteritis.
3. Other "antimicrobial such as New Diaclean 1/2 sachet for calf & 2
sachet for adult or Trimetasol 1 cc/ 32 kg Bwt.
16
'

It is a disorder in the intestine characterized by frequent evacuation of
the bowel, feces are watery and it may be tinged with blood. It is causes
by dietetic errors such as ingestion of mouldy, fermented, spoiled food.
Chemical irritants such as arsenical preparations or mercury. Poisonous
plant and/or sudden change of the diet. Secondary to bacterial, viral or
parasitic. Also copper and cobalt deficiency.
Frequent evacuation of watery feces and may be stained with blood.
Straining, colicy pain and expulsion of gases. Dehydration (sunken eye,
rough coat and non elastic skin). Rise of body temperature in cases of
^bacterial or viral diseases.
3. Treatment
.
RJ Sulphaguanidine 20 g /100 kg Bwt orally as antiseptic drugs.
/
R/ Calcium carbonate or starch 80-120 g orally / cattle.
R/ Tannic acid or catchue 5-10 g / cattle orally as astringent.
R/ Saline 1-2 liter I/V according to the degree of dehydration.
4. Important Notes
1.Patent preparations of antibiotic and antiseptic such as Biodiristin,
New Diaclean (1/2 sachet for calf & 2 sachet for adult) or Trime
(Ice/ 32 kg Bwt.). Kapect or Diastop or Lomotil one bottle / head.
2 You may prepar a mixture from chloramphenichol, sulfaguanidine,
neomycin, tannic acid and starch.
3. Adminstration of Tyvert 1 ml/ 5 kg Bwt. per os. In cases of
nematodiasis.
4. Adminstration of Mansonil or Yomesan.l tablet / 20 kg Bwt. In
cases of paramphistomiasis.
5. Adminstration of Dovenix lec / 25 kg, Bwt. S/C, In cases of
fascioliasis.
6. Drug specific in equine as equivalan (oral past in graduated syring),
Pancure, Banminth, piperazin citrate (200-300 mg/kg, Bwt specific
to ascaris in all animals).
7. Drug acting orally in dogs and cats as Antiver, Fluvermal or Vansil
1 table spoonful 2 .times daily.
8. In cases of presence of toxins, it is preferable to give laxative or
mrld purgative as Paraffin oil 1 liter / large animal and 100-200 cc
/ small animal.
9. Adminstration of Sulphadimidine and amprolium in cases of
coccidiosis.
*
17
Case No.16
e 2 Diseases of digestive system
Dietetic scours
Passage of soft, fluid feces in young calves associated with rapid loss
of weight with normal appetite. It is caused by dietary abnormalities
such as drinking too rapidly, feeding of excessive quantities of milk at
too long intervals and temperature below body heat. Feeding of milk
high in fat or sudden changes from whole milk to milk substitutes.
2. Pathogenesis
Failure of esophageal reflex in pail fed calves, the milk deposited in
the rumen where it undergoes putrefaction. Poor clotting of milk
resulted from milk with a very low le#el of casein or calcium or with
high level of sodium or pH. Poorly clotting of milk passes in to the
intestine where protein putrefaction causes scour
3. Treatment
RJ. Tannic acid or catchue, as astringent and coating.
.,----
RJ Trimetasol (Sulpha & trimethoprim) 1 cc/ 32 kg Bwt. orally. V^ -

R/ Vit-Lyte (oral electrolyte)
Reverse case may require I/V injection of saline & ringer Lactate.
R/ Lime water (1 part to 2 parts of milk) helps digestion.
4. Important Notes
1. Milk feeding should be stopped, then oral electrolyte solution for
24 hours, Milk is then gradually re-introduced.
2. Calves should be fed at least three times a day on a low fat
contents milk;
3. Foals should be muzzled and allowed only limited access to the
mare.
4. Piperazine Citrate 50% l 4 g / 10 kg Bwt.[orally for treatment
of ascaridia in calves and foals'
<-*w, j s
xffeB^gastn&tube
18
Case No.16
Dietetic scours
Passage of soft, fluid feces in young calves associated with rapid loss
of weight with normal appetite. It is caused by dietary abnormalities
such as drinking too rapidly, feeding of excessive quantities of milk at
too long intervals and temperature below body heat. Feeding of milk
high in fat or sudden changes from whole milk to milk substitutes.
2, Pathogenesis
Failure of esophageal reflex in pail fed .calves, the milk deposited in
the rumen where it undergoes putrefaction. Poor clotting of milk
resulted from milk with a very low letfel of casein or calcium or with
high level of sodium or pH. Poorly clotting of milk passes in to the
intestine where protein putrefaction causes scour
3. Treatment
R/ Tannic acid or catchue, as astringent and coating.
R/ Trimetasol (Sulpha & trimethoprim) 1 cc/ 32 kg Bwt. orlly.
R/ Vit-Lyte (oral electrolyte)
Reverse case may require 17V injection of saline & ringer Lactate.
R/ Limewater (1 part to 2 parts of milk) helps digestion.
4. Important Notes
1. Milk feeding should be stopped, then oral electrolyte solution for
24 hours, Milk is then gradually re-introduced.
2. Calves should be fed at least three times a day on a low fat
contents milk.
3. Foals should be muzzled and allowed only limited access to the
mare.
4. Piperazine Citrate 50% | 4 g / 10 kg Bwt./orally for treatment
of ascaridia in calves and foals
18
Plate 2 Diseases of digestive system
: : : . : ;
:.
Case No. 17
Constipation
It is difficult evacuation of the feces because the feces are retained for
a long time in the intestine. It is caused by atony of the intestine,
irregularity in feeding, small amount of water given to the animal,
constant feeding on starchy food, sudden change in diet, lack of
exercise, feeding on bones. Diseases of the liver. It may occur in cases
of impaction, tympany, prostatitis and fever.
Loss of appetite. The animal is dull and depressed and there is
abdominal pain. The faces are hard in consistency and may be stained
.with blood. Defecation is accompanied by straining.
3. Treatment
Rf Magnesium Sulfate, 60-100 gm/cattle/orally, as mild purgative.
R/ Lin seed oil 1/2 liter for large animals, as Laxative, purgative and
"lubricant."
4. Important Notes
1. Other Laxative, purgative and lubrican such as Laxofin, Laxolac,
Abilaxine or Laxomag
2. Give easily digested food, regulate the feeding time, apply
sufficient quantity of water to the animal and reduce the amount of
carbohydrate to the animals.
3. Enema with soft soap and warm water, also it is.better to add some
oily material. The amount of fluid required for such enema is about
10 liters for a large animal and from 1/2 - 1 liter for small animal.
The enema must be repeated at intervals to stimulate and regulate
the peristaltic movement of the intestine.
4. In severe cases paraffin oil is recommended but magnesium Sulfate
is contra - indicated in pregnant animals and severe constipation.
19
Case No.18
Spasmodic colic
Case
No.
19
Flatulent colic

It is severe attacks of abdominal pain caused by functional
disturbance of the intestine. It is caused by drinking cold water when hot
weather and more sweating after work. The body exposure to cold or
wetness.

This form of colic is due to the excessive distension of the bowel with
gases particularly the caecum and colon. It is caused by feeding on large
quantities of succulent food such as barseem. Ingestion of spoiled or
mouldy food or grains which has tendencyTo swell. Sudden change in
the ration. Atony of the bowel. Obstruction of the howel by sands.
It characterized by intermittent fits of colic, rapid course (short
duration) and favorable termination. Occur suddenly, each fits lasts
from 5-15 minutes (short Attacks) and during these attacks the animal
kicks, lies down on the ground and rolls with violence but often rise
again after rolling. These efforts resulted in slight increase in body
temperature, accelerated respiration, rapid pulse and the animal sweat in
patches. Hypermotility (increases in the peristaltic sound). Defecation
takes place at short intervals and the feces may be semi-solid or fluid in
character. The mucous membrane may be congested.
Sudden attacks of abdominal pain which is continuous. Affected horse
may roll and bow violently and lies down very carefully. This effort
resulted in quick pulse and accelerated respiration. Abdominal
distension occurs due to accumulation of gases in the intestine, which
can be observed in the flanks region (especially in the right flank).
Percussion gives tympanic sound (drum like sound). Decrease of
Vperistaltic movement. The mucous membrane is congested.
'
Diffrential diagnosis: Diseases causes chest pain, pain on urination

and abdominal pain in horse see key of diffrential diagnosis.
3. Treatment
R/ Novalgin 20-25 ml, I/V & I/M, as sedative.
RJ Atropine sulphate 1% 3-5 cc / horse S/C or 1/M or I/V, as
spasmolytics drugs.
4. Important Notes
1. It is pereferable to give analgesic and antispasmodic I/V in saline.
2. Rectal enema using warm water and soft soap.
3. Warm compresses applied to the abdomen, act as counter irritant.
4. Side effect of Atropine Sulfate: dryness of the mouth and skin,
decrease heart rate followed by increasing with tachycardia,
decreasing the motility of intestine, so that, contra-indicated in
flatulent and obstructive colic.
5. Other spasmolytic drags such as Boscopan, Glucolinamine,
Spasmopyralgin -M, Atropine 0.1% (1 amp/70 kg, Bwt. I/M).
3. Treatment
Rf Analagin 20-25 cc I/V, as sedative.
RJ Liquid paraffin 2-4 liters / orally / horse every 12 hours.
R/ A mixture of Ammonium carbonate 50 grams & charchol 50 g
(Neocarbotrina tablet) as carminatives drags.
R/ Ringer Lactate 2 - 4 liters I/V.
4. Important Notes
1. Apply massage externally in flank regions and internally through
the rectum using the hand to stimulate peristalsis.
2. In severe cases, you must get rid of this intestinal tympany from the
caecum by trocarisation through the right and left flanks. However
peritonitis may occur due to infection.:
4. You may use carminatives drugs of human preparation such as
Disflatyl (tablets), Flatidyl (tablets), Maxiflat (tablets), or Biskaol
(powder).
5. Oral fluid to soften intestinal masses, doses are empirical.
21
Case No. 20
Intestinal impaction
Colic due to impaction of the intestine. It is caused by over feeding
on coarse food rich in cellulose and bran. Ingesting food, which contain
large amounts of mud or sand. Defective teeth and/or obstruction of the
intestine by large foreign bodies or parasite.
Acute colic: Restlessness and beats the ground with the forelimbs, the
animal lies on the ground and rolls, quick pulse & continuous pain
during attack is present. During urination the animal throw the hind legs
more backward and outward and urine comes out at intervals.
Subacute colic which occurs slowly, started with dullness and
abdominal discomfort, the animals looks at the flank and kicking its
belly. Anorexia. There is constipation and the feces are passed in small
amounts and hard in consistency and covered with thick, sticky
mucous. Intestinal sound are absent or much decreased in intensity.
Moderate decrease in pulse. Rectal palpation revealed that balloon
shape impacted colon.
Differential diagnosis between impaction in the small intestine and
colon by rectal palpation.
3. Treatment
Rl Novlagin 20-25 cc I/V
Rl Liquid paraffin 2-4 liters / orally / horse every 12 hours.
Rl Ringer Lactate 2 - 4 liters I/V.
RJ Finadyne 1 ml / 45 kg Bwt, I/V & I/M,as anti-inflammatory drugs
Rl Supermach 1-2 sachet /horse orally, as digestant and apetizer.
4. Important Notes
1. Contra-indicated to give Atropine Sulfate and/or Magnesium Sulfate
in obstructive colic.
2. In cases of sandy colic you must notice the presence of sand in feces.
3. In cases of obstruction due to parasites, fecal examination reveals
the presence of eggs of parasites, anthelmintic drugs is
recommended.
4. The symptoms varies according to the location of the impaction,
when the duodenum is affected, the symptoms occurs after feeding
with few hours, when the ileum is affected symptoms appear after
several hours
6. Reduce the amount of carbohydrate given to the animal.
7. Surgery may be necessary if the condition persists and repeated
8. Oral sedative as: chloral hydrate 30, oil of turpentine 30, spritus
ether nitrosi 30, compher 15, Tr. nix vomica 10 then lin seed oil ad 1
litre, give at once by the stomach tube for a horse.
9. In cases of overfeeding of carbohydrate you
must give
orallv and I/V antiacid.
Case No.21
Obstructive colic
1.Intestinal torsion (Volvulus)
^
Obstruction due to the rotation of sigment of the intestine around its
mesenteric axis. It is either partial or complete. It is caused by severe
attack of colic which may leads to the torsion due to rolling, jumping or
sudden fall of the animal. Injections of large dose of carbacoal which
leads to the sudden increase in the peristaltic movements. Heavy
infestation with parasite (Ascaris) cause irregularity in peristaltic
movement of the intestine resulted in torsion.
B. Intestinal strangulation
It is the occlusion of the intestinal lumen by pressure from outside. It
occurs when a lope of the intestine passes through a natural or artificial
opening in the peritoneum and held there as in case of inguinal hernia in
stallion. Also in case of pedunculated tumor which cause strangulation.
C. Invagination
(Intussusception)
Acute intestinal obstruction caused by telescoping of a section of the
bowel into a portion immediately behind it, especially in ileo-caecal
junction. The affected part form a sausage shaped, painful swelling
composed of three segments. It caused by violent intestinal peristaltic
movement or presence of tumors in the lumen of the bowel.
Diagnosis
Signs of colic with absence of defecation, peristaltic movement is
very weak or absent rectal palpation revealed absence of feces and the
intestine distended with gases.
3..Treatment:
* Surgically remov s the obstruction.
* Try to give large doses of liquid paraffin and rectal enema.
* Sedative must be given when pain is severe, v
4. Important Notes
1. Complete torsion is unfavorable, the animal die within 12- 24 hours.
2. In partial twist the course and prognosis depends upon the severity.
3. Obstruction in the small intestine causes a more acute and severe
syndrome than those in the large intestine.
4. Obstructions of the small intestine or colon in horses usually kill
within 24 hr. While similar obstructions in cattle are not usually
fatal in less than a week.
5. Hydration of the fluid in the lumen of the intestine causes
abdominal pain and dehydration.
6. Embolic colic (Special type of Colic ):
It is disorder in the intestine due to the presence of larvae of
strongylus vulgaris in the anterior mesenteric artery of the horse,
causing aneurysms, emboli and thrombi of the mesenteric artery
and its branches. Characterized by intermittent attacks of colic occurs
suddenly during work. The symptoms as in spasmodic colic, beside
that the feces are bloody stained, fecal examination is required to
detect the egg of parasite. No curative treatment in such cases.
Case No.22
Jaundice
1 Definition
Jaundice is the most important clinical sign associated with liver
diseases, in which bile pigments accumulates in blood (bilirubinaemia)
and then partly excreted by the kidney (bilirubinuria) and partly
deposited in the tissue such as mucous membrane (conjunctiva, nasal &
oral MM.) and unpigmented portion of the skin. The sweet, milk and
exudates- also contain bile.
2. Causes
a) Pre-hepatic (hemolytic)
Bacterial, toxins e.g. bacillary hemoglobinuria and leptospirosis
Invasion of erythrocytes by protozoa or viruses e.g. babesiosis,
anaplasma and infectious equine anemia. Inorganic or organic
poisons e.g. chronic copper poisoning, hypophosphataemia,
overeating of onion: -arsenic, phosphorous or lead poisoning.
Immunological reactions e.g. allergic reaction (hemoglobinuria).
b) Hepatic (toxic, infective and obstructive) causes of diffuse
hepatitis.
c) Post-hepatic (obstructive)."
Extra-hepatic biliary obstruction by calculi' or compression by
tumor masses. The common causes are obstruction by nematodes
and Inflammation of the bile ducts by extension from enteritis or by
Infestation with trematodes.
Jaundice usually began with symptoms with indigestion, latter on the
mucous membrane and unpigmented portion of the skin becomes yellow
in color, this change in color is best seen in conjunctiva sclera. The color
ranges from lemon yellow to orange yellow or greenish yellow. The
urine is also stained with bile pigment, the sweet, milk and exudates also
contain bile. There is constipation, feces have a fetid odor and pale in
color.The animal is dull an'd depressed. In dogs and cats, acute jaundice
prroduces convulsion and repeated vomiting.
4. Treatment (Treat the primary cause in addition to the following):
R/ Glucose 25% & 40%, I/V mjection.
Rf Cal De Mag, I/V injection of calcium.
R/ Varolex B 1 2 1 vial / cattle, I/M / daily /3 - 5 days.
R/ Multivitamin cattle .20 - 30 cc & Sheep and goat 5 - 10 cc I/M
R/Supermach 2 sachet /cow orally, daily for 2 days, as a stomachic.
5. Important Notes
l.The diet should be high in carbohydrate and calcium and low in
protein and fat as much as protein may leads to ammonia intoxication.
2.You may use hepatic preparations such as Sorbit , Sorbitol,
Sorbosan, Hepaton, Rowachol, Legalon, Zymagaliin or Dioron.
Case No.23

j
Hepatitis
Diffuse degenerative and inflammatory diseases, which affect the
liver. The clinical signs of hepatic dysfunction appear only when
three-quarters of the liver parenchyma are inactive. Causes by toxins
such as Inorganic poisons (phosphorous, arsenic, hexachlorothane and
gossypol), Bacterial (Salmonella and leptospira), Parasitic hepatitis,
(liver fluke infestation and migration of larvae of ascaris) and
congestive heart failure.
Anorexia accompanied by constipation punctuated by attacks of
diarrhea. The feces are light in color than normal. Vomiting in some
animals. Nervous signs and dummy syndrom. Pain on palpation the
abdomin and liver. Jaundice .and edema. Photosensitizations in animal
fed green fodder and exposed to sunlight. And ascites. Endocrine
abnormalities
Nutritional and metabolic,abnormalities
3. Diagnosis
1. Clinical sign
2. Biochemical tests estimation of serum total, direct and indirect
bilirobin. In addition to AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, SD, cholesterol,
uric acid, albumin, globulin and total protein.
3. Biopsy of the liver.
4. Sonography on the liver
Differential Diagnosis: Encephalopathy and Acidosis.
4. Treatment Treat the primary cause in addition to the following:
RJ Spectrama Vet 1 cc / 40 kg, Bwt, S/C or I/M / daily/3 - 5 days.
Rf Glucose 25% & 40%, I/V injection.
R/ Cal De Mag, I/V injection of calcium.
R/ Varolex B 1 2 1 vial / cattle I/M / daily / 3 - 5 days. .
R/ Multivitamin cattle 20 - 30 cc & Sheep and goat 5 - 1 0 cc
I/M
Rf Brewer yeast or egg yolk, as digestive aids.
5. Important Notes
1. The diet should be high in carbohydrate and calcium and low in
protein and fat as much' as protein may leads to ammonia
intoxication
2. You jnay use hepatic -preparations such as Sorbit, Sorbitol,
Sorbosan, Hepaton, Rowachol, Legalon, Zymagaliin or Dioron
3. Injection of Rolenol in case of fascioliasis, 0.5 ml /10 Kg Bwt, S/C.
Peritonitis
It is inflammation of the peritoneal sac, which is accompanied by
abdominal pain, which usually varies in degree according to extent of
the affection. It is caused by traumatic reticulo-peritonitis in cattle.
Rupture of the stomach or intestine when acute dilatation or obstruction
occurs. Rupture of the vagina or uterus. Secondary due to pleuritis,
tuberculosis, actinobacillosfs" and migration of parasitic larvae to the
peritoneal cavity. Septic surgical operation or during intraperitoneal
injection or trocarization in case of tympany
A. Acute diffuses peritonitis: There is severe abdominal pain, which is
manifested by tenderness and rigidity of abdominal wall during
palpation, the animal shows pain. Lack desire to move, persistent
standing & if the animal lies with great care and grunting. Arched back.
Grunting commonly occurs at each step and when the animal defecates
or urinates. Moderate increase in pulse, respiration (costal type
respiration) and temperature. Congested mucous membrane. Finally the
animal is recumbent and unable to rise, subnormal temperature, very
weak pulse and heart rate 100-110 / minute.
B. Acute local peritonitis: Similar to those of acute diffuse peritonitis
but signs are less severe. Pain is localized in small area, temperature and
pulse are not evident.
C. Chronic peritonitis: It is chronic syndrome of indigestion and
toxemia.
3. Diagnosis
1. Peritonitis should always be suspected in the presence of
'acute abdominal pain, paralytic ilius or absence of intestinal sounds
and vomiting.
2. Differential Diagnosis: Pleuritis, Enteritis, Acute pancreatitis
(Dogs), Acute nephritis, Intestinal obstruction & Cholecystitis.
J
4. Treatment
Rf Glucose 25% & 40%, I/V injection.
Rl Cal De Mag, I/V injection of calcium.
R/ Muv-Ampiclox 5-10 /100 kg Bwt / 3-5 days/ I/M
R/ Novalgen 30 cc / cattle. Given I/V to relief pain.
5. Important Notes
1. Do not give food to the animal in the first 2 days
2. Horses and Dogs are usually taking the acute diffuse type of
peritonitis, while cattle usually take the chronic type.
3. Peracute cases usually die within 24-48 hours.
Plate 3 Diseases of digestive system
Diseases of the respiratory system
Case No. 25
Epistaxis
It is bleeding from the nostril or from sinuses. It is caused by
traumatic injury, foreign bodies, neoplasm, over exhaustion (Race
Horse) and bad use of stomach tube. It may be secondary to parasitic
diseases (oestrus ovis in sheep and gastrophilus nasals in equine) and/or
infectious diseases as anthrax, glanders and hemorrhagic septicemia.
There is bleeding from the nostrils (unilateral or bilateral). The blood
is bright red in color and may be scanty or profuse. It sometimes mixed
with mucous. Anemia and loss of condition. Death occurs in untreated
cases.
3. Diagnosis
Try to locate the place of injury by use of endoscope
Bright red bleeding
> nasal origin.
Bright red and frothy bleeding > lung origin.
Brownish, acidic and may mixed with ingesta -- stomach origin
3. Treatment
R/ Alum 2%, irrigate the affected nostril 3 times daily.
'
R/ Adrenaline 2%. or tannic acid, plug the affected nostril by a piece

of gauze soaked in the above solution.
R, Cal De Mag 100 - 200 cc I/V - I/M.
R/ Amri - K ampoule 3 ampouls / horse I/M.
or VITAK 30 gm orally daily / one week.
R/ Ringer lactate solution 1-2 liters I/V, as supportive treatment.
4. Important Notes
1. Complete rest and cold application on forehead
2.Tracheotomy can be performed and plug the two nostril with gauze
soaked in astringent solution in bilateral bleeding.
3. Do not give Adrenaline injection because it raises blood pressure.
4. Bleeding due to parasite you must give anthelmintic drugs.
5. Other vitamin K ampoules such as Phytomenadion and Konakion.
27
Case No.26
Rhinitis
It is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and usually
involving the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by inhalation irritant
vapor such as ammonia or chloride. The presence of some foreign
bodies in the nose as grains or dust. It may be secondary due to
microorganism as staphylococcus, streptococcus, and diphtheroids or
parasitic as estrous ovis in sheep. Also it may be associated with some
specific diseases as strangles glanders and equine influenza in horses.
Catarrhal rhinitis: Redness and swollen of the mucous membrane of
the nostril. Bilateral nasal discharge (watery, mucoid, mucopurulent or
purulent). Snoring sound when discharge blocks the nostril.
Cropous rhinitis: Characterized by the presence of greyish patches or
yellow fibrous membrane
> shed off
>
bleeding surface
> heal
> forming trace of scar.
The nasal discharge may contain shreds of mucous membrane and also
the submaxillary lymph glands are swollen.
3.Treatment
RJ Alum 1%, tannic acid 0.5, boric acid 2% or potassium
permanganate 0.3%. Irrigation of the nasal cavities 2-3 times
daily.
R/' Saline solution or Sodium Bicarbonate 1%.
irrigation of the nose witlTabove' solution to hasten the shedding
of pseudomembrane.
Rf Borgal 24% (Sulphadoxin & Trimethoprim).3.ml / 50 kg
Bwt. I/V & I/M, a second dose after 48 hours may be needed.
4. Important Notes "'
1.Thick tenacious must be removed gently.
2. Crusts can be removed with warm water and simple ointment.
3. Put the animal in well-ventilated place, complete rest and easily
digested food.
4. Medicated steam inhalation in horse. The pail contains boiling
water sprinkled with tibn (2 gallons containing an ounce of
compher or turpentine is added).
Case No.27
Laryngitis, Tracheitis and Bronchitis

It is inflammation of larynx, trachea and bronchi. It is caused by
sudden exposure to cold, inhalation of irritant gases or extension of
infection from other parts of respiratory tract. It may be infectious
disease such as IBR in cattle, equine viral influenza and strangles in
horse.
Acute form: Nasal discharge (mucoid or mucopuralant). Dry painful
coughing then moist later.
Increase in pulse, respiration and
temperature. Dyspnea accompanied by loud stridor and harsh breath
sound. Congested mucous membrane. Auscultation the chest area hears
dry rales in case of thick exudate, moist rales in case of watery exudate
and criptant rales in case of severe swelling of mucous membrane.
Chronic form: The same as acute form but the course of the disease
takes longer times. Severe cough but not painful, normal temperature
and by auscultation we notice only dry rales.
3. Treatment
R/ Streptopenicid (pencillin & streptomycine), 2 vial I/M /12 hrs.
or GENTA 50 (Gentamycin sulfate), 8 ml /100 kg Bwt. I/M & I/V.
Rf Expectyl or Bronchistal 30 ml in cattle orally 3-5 day, as
expectorant
Rf Bisilvon 1 amp./ 70 kg BW, I/M, as mucolytic drugs.
R/ Buta-fenil 5-10 cc / 450 Kg BW I/M, as anti-inflammatory drug.
RJ Saline, dextrose 5% or ringer lactate As supportive treatment.
R/ Adcoferine 5 cc I/M daily or Lanoxin ampoule, as heart tonic.
R/ Cevarol 1 ampoule/ 70 kg Bwt. I/M daily, as vitamin C.
or VITAC 30gm orally daily / one week.
4. Important Notes
1. Dry rales occurs when air is being forced through a bronchial tube
which is partially constricted, either by dry tenacious thick exudate
or severe swelling of the mucous membrane.
2. Moist rales occurs when bronchi contain light, thin watery mucous
(pus - blood - liquid - exudate) moving from place to another.
3. Cripitant rales occur when the opposing walls of bronchial mucosa
become adherent to one another and have to be separated by the
stream of incoming air.
4. Tussiyah or Codaphen in case of dry cough.
case no .23
Case No .28
Pneumonia
Pneumonia
(1. Definition and causes
Line
It is inflammation of lung tissue and bronchioles. It is caused by:

In cattle: Pasteurella multocida, salmonella and TB.
IBR, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza 3.
Dictyocaulus viviparous (verminus pneumonia).
In Horse: Streptococci (strangles), corynbacterium and E coli.
Adenovirus, equine herbs virus 1 (EVR).
Dictyocaulus arnfeldi, para-ascaris equorum.
In sheep Pasteurella multocida, corynbacterium pseudo-tuberculosis.
Ovine respiratory syncytial vVirus, parainfluenza 3.
Dictyocaulus filaria
Off food, dullness, decrease in milk production and rumenstasis.
Painful cough, congested mucous membrane and nasal discharge.
Increase in pulse rate but weak heart beat, labored respiration and
abducted elbow. Continous or recurrent fever. In verminus pneumonia,
protrusion of the tongue, expectoration of masses of mucous sometimes
mixed with worm.
of treatment:
1- Antibiotic
2- Expectorant.
3- Mucolytic .
4- Anti-inflammatory.
6- Vitamine C.
\ 5 - Heart tonic.
3. Treatment
RJ Cidotryl vial 10% 1 ml/40 kg. (S/C or I/M). For 3-5 days.
or Borgal 24%
3 ml / 50kg. (I/V or I/M). For 3-5 days.
RJ Expectyl 30 ml in cattle orally 3-5 day, as expectorant

RJ Bisilvon 1 arnp./ 70 kg BW, I/M, as mucolytic drugs.
R/ Buta-fenil 5-10 cc / 450 Kg BW I/M, as anti-inflammatory drug.
Stages of pneumonia
Auscultation
Percussion
cogestion Exaggerated vesicular sound incomplete dull sound

Red hepatization
Absence of sound (consolidation)

only heart and bronchial sound
complete dull sound
gray hepatization
Exaggerated vesicular sound
incomplete dull sound
Resolution
Vesicular sound
resonant sound
RJ C e v a r o L ampoule/ 70 kg Bwt. I/M daily, as vitamin C.

or VITAC 30gm orally daily / one week.
4. Important Notes
1. In lobular pneumonia: It affects a group of lobules. The disease is
slow in appearance, recurrent attack of fever 3 - 4 days. Percussion
and auscultation on the chest hearing different stages of pneumonia
in different area. Hyperresonant sound around the affected area.
2. Vaccination for pneumonia as Cattle Master four for Infectious
Bovine Rhino Trachietis (IBR), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial
Virus, Parainfluenza 3 and Mucosal disease. Vaccination to the dam
in the 7 month of pregnancy and 2 weeks before parturition 5 cc S/C
3, Tyvert
1 ml/ 5 kg Bwt. per os. In cases of verminus pneumonia.

31
Case No.29
Case No. 30
Drenching Pneumonia
It is a common serious disease in farm animal occur when foreign
materials take their way into the lungs. It is caused by administration of]
liquid medication (Mineral Oil, Magnesium Sulfate...), during passage
of the stomach tube, vomiting, and/or rupture of pharyngeal abscess
during palpation of the pharynx.
2. Pathogenesis
Large amount of fluid is aspired
- death may occur quickly.
Small amount - depends on the composition of aspired fluid
Soluble fluids as Magnesium Sulfate and Chloral Hydrate
absorbed rapidly. Insoluble oil, pus and vomits
fatal 48 - 72
hrs.
Cough, moist rales, consolidation of the lung and putrid odour in the
breath especially in gangrenous pneumonia.
4. Diagnosis
Case history, clinical signs, moist rales and fetid breath.
5. Treatment
RJ Advocin (danofloxacin), 1 ml / 50 kg Bwt, 3 - 5 days, I/M or S/C.
RJ Predef 2 X, 10 cc / I/M / 2 days, as anti-inflammatory drug.
RJ Saline, dextrose 5% or ringer lactate, as supportive treatment.
R/ Adcoferine 5 cc I/M daily, as heart tonic.
R/ Lasix 3 ampoule / cattle I/M, as diuretics.
Pleurisy
It is an acute inflammation of the pleura. Caused by an extension of
infection from respiratory tract, traumatic perforation of thoracic wall or
sequel of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Infectious pleurisy as in
Contagious Bovine Pleura- Pneumonia, Infectious Equine Pneumonia
and Strangles.
Increase of temperature and pulse rate and painful cough. Palpation
and percussion on chest area reveals pain. Accelerated respiration and
wholly abdominal. Inspiratory dyspnea, abducted elbow to relief
pressures from lung and pleura. There is a loss of appetite, dullness and
depression.
Stages of Pleurisy
Auscultation
a. Dry stage
Friction sound
b. Exudative stage (above the line) Vesicular soun
(under the line) No sound
x. Adhesive stage
No sound
Percussion
Resonant sound
Resonant sound
Dull sound
J
3. Treatment
R/ Cidotryl Vial 10% (Enrofloxacin), 1 ml / 40 kg BW, 3 - 5 days,
I/M or S/C
RJ Tussivan, Codilar or Codaphen 30 ml / cattle / orally 3-5 days

as cough suppressants drugs.
R/ Predef 2 X 10 cc / I/M / 2 days, as anti-inflammatory drug.
6. Important Notes
1. In case of recumbancy the diseased animals should be changed
regularly at least once every hour.
2. Severe cases not treated
3. Pulmonary absces:
Abscess are caused by infected emboli in other organs (metritis,
mastitis and endocarditis. Also mycosis and aspirating pneumonia
lead to pulmonary abscess. Symptoms as in pneumonia, inaddition
purulent nasal discharge and fetid breath.Treatment by using
overdose of antibiotic.
32

4. Important Notes
1. Frictional sound means adhesion between parietal and visceral
layers of pleura.
2. In Exudative stage, the exudate goes downwards by gravity to the
floor of the chest cavity (pleural sacs) will give rise to line of
demarcation (Pleuritic line) which is horizontal. The Pleuritic line
will be changed according to the position of the animal.
33
case no. 31
Chronic Alveolar Emphysema

It is a permanent dilatation of the alveoli without any changes in the
lung tissue. It is involve one lobe or both lobes. It is caused by chronic
bronchitis, traumatic perforation of the lung, pulmonary abscess or
allergic.
Prolonged cough, which is weak and low (usually at morning).
Difficulty in breathing (expiratory dyspnea). Double expiratory
movement (the first is normal but the second is wholly abdominal).
Percussion on chest area gives hyper-resonant sound. The abdomen is
barrel shape and decrease in the area of the lung. Heaves line is
developed as a groove in the flank along the line of the coastal arch.
3. Treatment
R/ Aminophilline 3 - 5 amp. I /M - I/V, as bronchdiaiator drugs.
R/ Finadyne lcc/45kg (I/M or I/V) as anti-inflammatory
R/ Expectyl, Bronchistal, Tussilar Co or Isilin, 30 ml / cattle /
orally 3-5 days, as cough suppressants drugs.
4. Important Notes
1. No direct treatment but to stop the progress of the disease by
symptomatic relief
2. Supplying the animal with non nourished food contain dust for a
long time predisposing for the disease.
3. Allergic emphysema due to the sensitivity of some horses to
mouldy (Aspergillus fumigatous) and dusty food.
4. Full recovery can not be expected.
5. Good nourished food free from dust is necessary for animal.
6. Oxygen therapy for life threat phases in valuable equines.
Plate 4 Diseases of respiratory system
Case No. 32
Diseases of C. V. system
Traumatic pericarditis
fl. Definition and Causes

It is perforation of the pericardial sac by an infected foreign body
migrating from the reticulum causing pericarditis. The predisposing
factors are, late stage of pregnancy, parturition, severe tympany,
prehension of food with tongue.
2. Pathogenesis
In the early stage of pericarditis
hyperemia and deposition of
fibrous exudate
frictional sound is heard.
In the middle stage of pericarditis
increase inflammatory fluid
and frictional sound disappear
replaced by muffling sound.
In the late stage of pericarditis
accumulated fluid prevents

complete filling and congested heart failure
toxemia.
Sharp drop in milk production, reduced appetite, abduction of the elbows
and arching of the back. Jugular pulsation, engorgement of the veins in
the late stage due to congestive heart failure. Edema in the brisket
region. Auscultation of the heart reveals tachycardia, muffling of the
heart sound (as it comes from a distant place) and absence of lung
sounds in the ventrum of the thorax.
4. Diagnosis
1. History of the case & clinical signs.
2. Pain tests & mine detector.
3.Auscultation of the heart:
First stage (dry stage):
Frictional sound is heard due to friction between parietal and
visceral
layer of pericardium.
Second stage (exudative stage):
Dribbling sound is heard when small amount of exudate is formed.
Splashing sound (Tinkling sound) when inflammation go on and
exudate increase and sometimes mixed with gases.
Third stage (Muffling stage):
Muffling sound, the exudate usually rich with fibrin and pus due to
septic infection) and the heart sound is low as it comes from distant
place.
5. Treatment
Surgical treatment is not practical and it is better to slaughter the
animal.
Important Notes
For short time survival to calving:
1. Repeat pericardial drainage by means of pericardiocentesis
2.Medical treatment:
Antibiotic, Cardiac tonics, Laxative and diuretics
35
Diseases of C.V. system
Case No. 33
Case No. 34
Congestive heart failure
Diseases of C.V. system
Acute Heart Failure

The heart is unable to maintain circulatory equilibrium, result in
congestion of venous circulation. It is caused by endocarditid (valvular
stenosis or insufficiency), myocardial diseases (myocarditis or
myocardial degeneration), pericarditis (traumatic and non-traumatic) and
pulmonary or systemic hypertension.

It is inability of the heart to maintain the proper blood supply to
satisfy the metabolic requirement of the body all the times. It is caused
by rapid intravenous injection (such as calcium), pericarditis (traumatic
and non-traumatic), excessive tachycardia or bradycardia, occlusion of
coronary vessels and also during anathesia.
2. Pathogenesis
Increase load of ejection of blood from the heart
heart rate, dilatation and hypertrophy.
2. Pathogenesis
When excessive tachycardia the diastolic period is so short that filling
of the ventricles is impossible and cardiac output is reduced. Tissue
anoxia especially in the brain and the clinical signs are nervous in type.
Pale mucous membrane due to reduction in arterial blood flow. In less
acute cases respiratory distress because of pulmonary edema.
increase
Right side heart failure: Venous congestion lead to:

Liver congestion _ portalcongestion > digestive trouble
(diarrhea)
'
'
Kidney congestion .
> tabular damage
> oliguria and
proteinuria.
Dyspnea, staggering and falling, pale mucous membrane, convulsion
and death. No treatment in such cases.
Left side heart failure: Lead to pulmonary congestion, anoxia and edema
Increase heart and respiratory rates. Dyspnea, cyanosis and abnormal
respiratory sound. Edema (anasarca, ascitis, hydrothorax and
hydropericardium). Increase weight due to edema. Diarrhea and oliguria.
Enlargement of the liver and engorgement of the vein.
4. Treatment
R/ Adrenaline 1 ampoule/ 70 kg Bwt. I/V & I/M, as vasoconstrictor
drugs in vasogenic failure only.
R/ Saline solution 1 - 2 liter I/V, in cases of dehydration.
4. Treatment
The animals suffering from congestive heart failure due to traumatic
pericarditis must be slaughtered
5. Important Notes
1. Treat the primary cause
R/ Blood transfusion in cases of hemorrhage & plasma in cases of

shock
5. Important Notes
Do not give any cardiac stimulant and avoid vasoconstrictor drugs in
hematogenic failure, dehydration, hemorrhage & shock.
2. Diuretics as Edemx 1 ampoule /70 kg BW.

3. Heart tonics as Adcoferene (5-10 cc I/M), or Pregazole 10 cc/I/M
37
case no. 35
Peripheral circulatory failure

' 1. Definition and Causes
It is reduction of cardiac output due to failure of venous return to the
heart. It is caused by collection of blood in dilated splachenic vessels
(vasogenic failure), this occurs due to liberation of histamine during
surgery or exhaustion of adrenal cortex (milk fever). Also occur due to
hemorrhage and/or in dehydration (hematogenic failure).
2. Clinical findings
Muscular weakness, subnormal temperature, increases heart rate,
anorexia, convulsion and death.
3. Pathogenesis
Compensatory mechanism results in vasoconstriction and evacuation
of blood stored in the spleen. Cardiac output fails and anoxia of tissue
began, leads to severe damage of CNS and renal parenchyma.
Case No. 36
Anemia
Deficiency of erythrocytes count and/or hemoglobin concentration in
the blood. It is caused by hemorrhage (internal or external), heavy
parasitic infestation (hock worms or coccidiosis), hemolytic anemia
(babesia, bacillary hemoglobinuria, leptospirosis, hypophosphatemia,
water intoxication, poisonous plants). It may be due to reduction in the
erythrocytes count and/or hemoglobin concentration as in nutritional
deficiency, and reduction in the hemopoetic activity as in chemical
poisonous, x rays, biological toxin and/or tumor of bone
Pale mucous membrane, muscular weakness, depression, and inability
to work, sweating and coldness of extremities. Respiratory distress due
to increase in depth in respiration without much increases in rate. In
severe hemolytic anemia
muscular tremor, labored breathing,
i subnormal temperature and death as result from anoxia.
3. Treatment: Treat the primary causes

4. Treatment
RJ Adrenaline 1 ampoule/ 70 kg Bvvt. I/V & I/M, as vasoconstrictor
drugs in vasogenic failure only.
RJ Blood transfusion (1 liters /lOOKg B.W.) I/V.

Rf Varolex B 1 2 * v i a l I cattle, I/M / daily /3 - 5 days.
R/ Brewer yeast or egg yolk. As digestive aids.
RJ Multivitamin cattle 20 - 30 cc, sheep & goat 5-10 cc L
RJ Saline solution 1-2 liter I/V, in cases of dehydration.

R/ Blood transfusion in cases of hemorrhage & plasma in cases of
shock
5. Important Notes
Do not give any cardiac stimulant and avoid vasoconstrictor drugs in
hematogenic failure, dehydration, hemorrhage & shock.
RJ Arsinal 15 cc I/M daily / 3 days.

6. Important Notes
1. Whole blood or plasma should be transfused between the similar
breeds. Give at first small amounts (50 - 100 ml S/C) 30 minutes
before the transfusion to detect the anaphylactic reaction.
The rest amount (3 - 6 liter or 1 liter / 100 kg Bwt) should be
injected I/V within 72 hours. You may draw blood directly from
the donar and inject into the recipient or anticoagulant is added
0.25 g of Sodium Citrate /100 ml of blood and also it better to add
antibiotic, it may be stored in the refrigerator for 3 - 4 days.
Filtration by sterile gauze is necessary before use.
2. Splenomegally and jaundice in hemolytic anemia are due to blood
parasites.
3. Hemoglobinuria occurs in rapid hemolysis and 40-50% of RBC is
destroyed.
39
Case No. 37
Plate 5 Diseases of cardiovascular system
Edema
Excessive accumulation of fluid transudate in the tissue spaces and
body cavities caused by increase hydrostatic pressure (congestive heart
failure) or decrease osmotic pressure (liver cirrhosis, renal disease or
heavy parasitic infestation), also obstruction of lymphatic vessels,
allergic condition or infectious diseases such as black leg and malignant
edema.
2. Pathogenesis
Increase in hydrostatic pressure or decrease in osmotic pressure lead
to return of the fluid to capillaries and accumulation in the serous
cavities, results in edema.
Edematous swelling are soft, painless, and pit under pressure.
Distension of the abdomen in ascitis (fluid thrill on tactile palpation).
Embarrassment of respiration, collapse of ventral parts of the lungs,
.muffled heart and respiratory sound, moist rales in pulmonary edema
3. Treatment: Correct of the primary cause of the disease.
R/ Lasix 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt or Super-Retic orally 20 g daily
5 days or Nephton 20 g daily / 5 days as diuretics.
R/ Iodine ointment 10%. 2 times daily in local edema.
4. Important Notes
In hydropericardium, drainage from pericardial sac, aspiration of
fluid must be carried slowly to avoid acute dilatation of splanchinic
vessels and peripheral circulatory failure (it well temporary relief
because the fluid is rapidly reaccumulate).
40
:
Diseases of the urinary system
Pyelonephritis
(1. Definition and Causes
It is highly fatal chronic purulent infection of the pelvic portion of the
kidney, ureter and bladder developed by ascending infection from
urinary tract. It is caused by infection with corynbacteria renal.
A). Postparturient type: Loss of conditions, emaciation, fetid
discharges from genital tract, pus and blood in the urine and
vagina.
B). Ureter colic type: Restlessness, kicking of the abdomen, arched
back, passage of blood clots and casts through the Ureter
frequent hemorrhage cause paleness of mucous membrane.
C). Cystitis type: Frequent urination, straining and passage of small
amount of blood urine.
Diagnosis
Rectal palpation revealed enlarged kidney (Left kidney can palpate)
loss of lobulation and painful on palpation. Presence of blood (RBC)
pus and casts in the urine.
3. Treatment
RJ Pentomycin 1 ml / 25 kg BW I/M 5-7 days
RJ Coliurinal eff. 10 g / 200 ml water as urinary antiseptic.
RJ Sodium acid phosphate 125 g orally/daily, to change urine pH.
.
RJ Super-Retic 20 gm orally daily / 5 days / cattle or Nephton or

Potassium Citrate orally or Lasix ampoles I/M as diuretics.
R/ Novacid or Novalgen 25 cc I/V, as sedatives.
41
Case No. 39
Nephritis
1- Defination and causes:
It is inflammation of the kidneys. Caused by bacterial infection,
mineral irritant or poisoning, excessive skin damage trauma of the
kidney, cold, severe gastroenteritis and/or constipation.
2. Clinical findings
Oliguria and increase of albumin content in the urine. The animal
stands with arched back and stiffness gait, tenderness and pain on
manipulation of the kidney, fever in case of infectious agent, colic in
equine and vomiting in dogs. When both kidneys are affected uremia
and coma may found. In late stage edema appears in the lower part of
the chest, abdomen and legs.
3- Diagnosis:
Case history, clinical signs, albuminuria and with the presence of
epithelial tissue in the urine.
3. Treatment
RJ Procaine penicillin as 5-7 million IU
every 12 hours I/M /5-10 days cattle & mare.
RJ Coliurinal eff. 10 g / 200 ml water as urinary antiseptic.
RJ Sodium acid phosphate 125 g orally/daily, to change urine pH.
RJ Lasix 3 ampoules / cattle I/M
Rf Super-Retic 20 gm orally daily / 5 davs / cattle or Nephton or
Potassium Citrate orally as diuretics.
RJ Novacid or Novalgen 25 cc I/V or I/M as a sedative.
.
Case No 40
Cystitis
It is inflammation of the bladder, characterized by frequent and painful
urination. It is caused by bacterial infection, injuries to the urethra
during coitus or calculus, faulty cathetetization and also after calving. It
may be secondary to vaginitis or endometritis.
Frequent and painful urination and passage of small amount of urine.
Arched pack and fits of colic in acute cases. Retention of urine may
occur if the urethra becomes blocked with pus or blood. Painful
.palpation of the bladder.
3. Treatment
R/ Procaine penicillin, cattle 5-7 million IU
every 12 hours I/M /5-10 days
R/ Uricol eff. 10 g / 200 ml water as urinary antiseptic.
RJ Sodium acid phosphate 125-g orally / daily.
RJ Lasix 3 amp. /cattle I/M or Potassium Citrate orally, as diuretics.
RJ Novacid or Novalgen 25 cc I/V, as sedatives.
4. Important Notes
1. Hematuria: It means the presence of blood constituents in the
urine. It is caused by trauma of the kidney, septicemia
accompanied by vascular damage, anthrax (pre-renal). Acute
glomerulonephritis, tubular degeneration by bacterial toxins and
sulfanilamide intoxication (renal). Cystitis, urolithiasis, rough
manipulation of the catheter, tumor of renal tract and also
hemorrhage of genital tract (post-renal).
2. Clinical findings: Blood clots in the urine in severe cases. In
common cases the color varies from deep red to brown coloration.
In less severe cases only cloudiness settle to form red deposits.
Blood originating from the kidney is mixed with urine and present
in equal concentration in all samples, while blood originating from
urethra appears in the beginning of urination. Blood originating
from urinary bladder appears in the end of urination.
3. Diagnosis
1. Centrifugation to the urine sample or let the test tube for a while
their will be a blood sediment.
2. Microscopically RBC will be seen on the slide and urine strips test.
4. Diffrential diagnosis from hemoglobinuria
Presence of hemoglobin in the urine due to rapid destruction of
large number of RBC. It is caused by babesiosis, bacillary
hemoglobiuria, water intoxication, leptospirosis, chronic copper
poisoning and hypophosphatemia. Centrifugation to the urine
sample their will be no blood sediment.
43
Case No. 41
Urolithiasis
'1. Definition and Causes
It is obstruction of the urethra in castrated male ruminants
characterized clinically by complete retention of the urine, unsuccessful
effort to urinate, distension of the bladder and sequels of urethral
perforation may occur and also may rupture of the bladder.
2. Pathogenesis
Unilateral obstruction of ureter
^> hydronephrosis
Bilateral obstruction of ureter
>> anuria and uremia
Obstruction in the urethra (sigmoid flexure)
^> rupture of
urethra & urinary bladder
The animal is restlessness with frequent attempts to urinate and only
drops of urine pass. Palpation of urethra may reveal obstruction
(pulsation). Hematuria, anorexia, vomiting (dog & cat). Rupture of
urethra may lead to swelling the sheath of prepuce. ). Rupture of
bladder lead to peritonitis, urine smell and exploratory puncture of the
ventral abdominal wall reveals the presence of urine. The presence of
calculus in the urinary bladder leads to cystitis. Symptoms of uremia
^develops and animal dies from coma.
3.Treatment
RJ Neurazine 3 ampoule in cattle &1 ampoule in calf I/M,as
tranq'ulizer RJ Voltafin 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt / cattle & horse, IIM
as smooth muscle relaxant.
RJ Novalgen 25 cc I/V, as sedative
RJ Procaine penicillin as 5-7 million IU
every 12 hours I/M /5-10 days
RJ Urolithin eff. 10 g / 200 ml water as urinary antiseptic.
RJ Sodium acid phosphate 125-g orally/daily.
4. Important Notes
1. Stages of calculus formation
*Nidus formation: Desquamated epithelial or necrotic tissues,
leukocytes, albumin or organic elements. Caused by local
infection of urinary tract and/or vitamin A deficiency.
Precipitation of salts (urine is highly saturated with solutes).
Increase of colloidal state of the urine due to excessive intake of
mineral salts, excessive oxalate, concentrated urine in
dehydration and change in pH of urine.
Concretion: It is the cementing of precipitate salts to form the
calculus as mucoprotein, which increased by feeding on heavy
concentrate with low roughage content.
2. Surgical interference in rams by cutting the urethral process.
44
Flats 8(a) Diseases of urinary system
Case No. 42
Diseases of the nervous system
Encephalitis
It is inflammation of the brain. It is caused by viral infection (rabies,
malignant head catarrhal fever, equine infecious encephalomylitis,
scrapie and louping ill in sheep), bacterial (listeriosis, salmonellosis and
swine erysipelas), parasitic, mycotic, physical (sun stroke) and
chemical agents (irritant gases).
Rise of temperature, anorexia, depression and increase heart rate.
Excessive response to normal stimuli with excitment and mania. Clonic
convulsions, accampanied by nystagmus, muscle tremor of the face and
limbs and frothy salivation. Incoordination and walking in circles.
3. Treatment
R/ Streptopenicid (pencillin & streptomycin) large animal 2 vials I/M
every 12 hours./ 3-5 days,
or
R/ Borgal 24% (Sulphadoxin & Trimethoprim). 3 ml / 50 kg
a second dose after 48 hrs. may be needed, I/V & I/M.
R/ Novacid 25 cc I/V, as antipyretic drugs in case of fever.
R/ Dextrose 25%, as supportive treatment.
R/Neurazine 3 ampoules in cattle & 1 ampoule in calf I/M.
Used during the excitment stage only.
4. Important Notes
1.Other disease causing nervous manifestation such as
Hypomagnesemia , hypoglycemia, milk fever and vitamin A &
copper deficiency. Urea poisoning, spinal abscess, meningitis,
sinusitis & trauma in C.N.S. Tetanus, enzootic ataxia, IBR,
coenurosis and babesiosis.
45
plate6(b) Diseases of nervous system

Case No. 43
Diseases of the nervous system
Meningitis
\
It is inflammation of the meninges. It is caused by viral infection
(malignant head catarrhal fever and bovine encephalomylitis), bacterial
(listeriosis, salmonellosis and tuberculosis). Extesion of inflammation as
in case of encephalitis.
Rise of temperature, rigidty of the neck, excitment and mania followed
(by convulsions and death.
3. Treatment
EJ Streptopenicid (pencillin & streptomycin) large animal 2 vials I/M
every 12 hours./ 3-5 days
R/ Novacid 25 cc I/V, as antipyretic drugs in case of fever.
RI Dextrose 25%, as supportive treatment.
R/Neurazine 3 ampoules in cattle & 1 ampoule in calf I/M.
Used during the excitment stage only.
4. Important Notes
1. Militis: It is inflammation of spinal cord and usually associated
with viral encephalitis and Rabies. It is uaually end by paralysis.
2. Hydrocephalus: It is accumulation of CSF in the cerebral
ventricles. It may be congenital due to embryonic defect or acquired
due to obstruction of drainage by inflammation, tumor and
Avitaminosis A.
3. Cerebral Apoplexy (Brain hemorrhage): It means rupture of
blood vessle of the brain. Caused by increase of blood pressure or
traumatic injuries of the skull. Characterized by nervous shock,
unconciousness,
convulsion, coma and death. The formed
hematoma will compress on part of the brain causing loss of
functions controlled by centers located in this part lead to
hemiplegia (paralysis of one side of the body), paraplegia (paralysis
of posterior part and hind legs of the body) or monoplegia (paralysis
of one limb or one muscle).
4. Chorea: It is nervous disease characterized by involuntry
movments of individual muscle or group of muscle without loss of
sensation. It is usually a sequel to certain diseases such canine
distemper, encephalitis, meningitis and brain turners. The muscles
of the neck, eye lids and lips are usually affected.
5. Trauma of the spinal cord: It caused by dislocation, frcuture
and/or concusion of the vertebrae. Migration of parasitic larvae as
hypoderma bovis, toxacara canis and cerebrospinal nematodiasis.
Characterized by flacid paralysis and fall in blood pressure.
Recovery may occur 1-3 weeks if nervous tissue not destroyed.
46
Case No 44
Metabolic diseases
Milk Fever
Parturient Paresis
It is a febrile disease occurs most commonly at/or after parturition
(12-72 hours). It occurs in high producing cows 5-10 years. It is caused
by Hypocalcemia.
A), Excitement stage: Restlessness, hypersensitivity, tremor and tetany.
Protrusion of tongue and grinding of teeth. Shaking of head with stiff gait.
B). Sternal Recumbancy: Depression, drowsy, sternal recumbancy and
unable to rise. The head turned in to the flank. Hypothermia with cool
skin. Decreased hearts sounds and increase heart rate (180/minute). Dry
muzzle and eye, dilated pupil, ruminal stasis, secondary bloat and
constipation. No anal reflex (anal relaxation).
C). Lateral recumbancy: Cows always comatose, lateral recumbancy
and unable to set up. Hypothermia and increase heart rate up to
120/minutes. The animal dies after 12-24 hours.
Complication: Hypomagnesemia, dystokia, and uterine prolapse
Clinical pathology:
Serum calcium is below 5 mg/dl, may be 2 mg/dl (Normal level 10
mg/dl).
In organic phosphorus is decreased to ,1.5-3 mg/dl
Increase magnesium levels to 5 mg/dl.
3. Treatment
R/ Calcium borogluconate 25% (large cow 800 - 1000 cc & small cow
350 - 500 cc) half dose I/V and half dose S/C. daily till recovery,
or Ca. D.Mg or CAL-BOR-MAG or Calcium gluconate.
RJ Predef 2x or dexamethazone, 10 cc I/M, as corticosteroid drugs.
R/ VITA-JECT, AD3E 5-10 cc I/M, as a single dose of vitamins.
R/ Adcoferine 5-10 cc I/M, as heart tonic.
RJ Glucose 25% 2-3 L I/V daily, as a supportive treatment.
4. Important Notes
1. You must give the animal easily digested food and clean water
supply.
2. Clean bedding and rotation of the animal to avoid ulceration and
hypostatic congestion.
3. Avoid sudden or complete emptying of the udder.
4. Under dosing of calcium therapy is common error.
5. Administration of vitamin D and feeding ration containing calcium
in late pregnancy as prophylactic therapy. Calcium injection after
calving or 2 days before and after parturition as prophylactic dose.
6. Subnormal temperature and lateral recumbancy are cosidered as a
47
bad prognosis.
Case No.46
Metabolic diseases
Metabolic diseases
CaseNo.45
Ovine Ketosis
Pregnant Toxemia
Hypoglycemia
It is an impairment of metabolism of carbohydrates and volatile fatty
acids leading to intoxication from ketoses in the blood. It is caused by
hypoglycemia occurring in the first month of lactation in cattle and late
pregnancy in ewes.
A). Wasting form: Decrease in appetite, milk production and body
weight. Depression and disinclination to move and eat. Decrease
ruminal movement, but normal pulse, respiration and temperature.
Ketoses smell on the breath and milk. Feces are firm and dry. Woody
cow due to wasting and loss of skin elasticity.
B). Nervous form: The animal walks in circles and crossing the legs.
Apparently blindness. Vigorous licking of the skin. Depraved appetite.
Hyperthesia with moderate tremor and tetany. Recurrent attack of
nervous signs may occur 8-12 hours.
Clinical pathology: Hypoglycemia as the serum glucose levels 20 - 40
mg% (Normal range 50 - 70 mg%). Increase of ketones of blood (10 100 mg%), urine (80 - 1300 mg%) and milk up to 40-mg %.
3. Treatment
R/ Glucose 25% 1-2 liter I/V twice daily for 3 - 5 days.
RJ Treacle and glycerol 0.5 -1 liter orally.
RI Predef 2X 10 cc I/M daily for 2 days (increase blood glucose).
R/ Ca. D. Mg 500 ml I/VR/ Cobalt and B12 to (help in the proper metabolism of propionic acid).
4. Important Notes
1. Avoid sudden changes of diet from good quality roughage to high
protein diet (more ketoenic).
2. Starvation m ay result in gluconeogensis that results in increased
level of ketones.

It is an impairment of metabolism of carbohydrates and volatile fatty
acids leading to intoxication from ketoses in the blood. It is caused by
hypoglycemia occurring in the first month of lactation in cattle and late
pregnancy in ewes.
The syndrome is similar to the nervous form in cows, in addition to
ataxia and locomotor dysfunction, twitching of the muscles around the
eyes and the ears, dysphasia and dyspnea. In the terminal stage, the
animal appears to be blind, not responding to stimuli, recumbant,
' comatose, cyanosis and death usually occurs 3-7 days after the first
clinical signs are observed. The mortality rate in pregnant toxemia is
about 90%.
3. Treatment
In mild cases
RJ Glucose 25% 200-300 ml I/V twice daily for 3 - 5 days.
R/ Treacle and glycerol 100-200 ml orally.
R/ Predef 2X 2cc I/M daily for 2 days (increase blood glucose).
RJ Ca. D. Mg 100 ml I/V.
RJ Cobalt and B12 to (help in the proper metabolism of propionic
acid).
In severe cases
Induce abortion or cesarian section is necessary.
4. Important Notes
1. Avoid sudden changes of diet from good quality roughage to high
protein diet (more ketogenic).
2. Starvation may result in gluconeogensis that results in increased
level of ketones.
49
48
Case No.47
Metabolic diseases
Hypophosphatemia
Postparturant hemoglobinuria
It is a metabolic disease of high producing dairy cows, usually
occurring 2-6 weeks after parturition. The diseases usually occur in
buffaloes at the 5th -7th months of pregnancy. It is caused by low
phosphorus level in the blood resulting from low phosphorus intake
either by ration or grazing on pasture for long period 3-4 months as
barseem.
Anorexia, pica and decrease of milk yield. Hemoglobinuria, anemia,
general weakness & pale mucous membrane associated with normal
body temperature, finally jaundice and dehydration may occur. In the
terminal stage, gangrene and/or sloughing of the digit and tips. Ketosis
and locomotion disturbances may develop. Sometimes death occur duei
to anemic anoxia
Clinical Pathology
Decrease of serum inorganic phosphorus from 4-5 mg.% to 2-3 mg.%
and 0.4 mg.% in severe cases.
Decrease of serum glucose level.
Decrease of RBC, Hb and PCV.
Differential diagnosis
Babesiosis (fever, hemoglobinburia, tick on the animal, blood film),
bacillary hemoglobinburia, water intoxication, leptospirosis and urinary
I tract affections (hematuria).
3. Treatment
Rl Sodium Acid Phosphate or Sodium Dibasic Phosphate 20% (60
g dissolved in 300 ml DW to be given by I/V route) followed by
S/c dose after 12 hours intervals for 3-5 days. Also oral
administration of 80 gm Sodium Acid Phosphate or 120 gm bone
meal in the ration daily till complete recovery.
Rl Catozal or Tonophosphane 50 cc I/M or I/V daily 3 - 5 days
Rl Super-Phos (vitamin A & D, Iron and phosphorous) 100 g orally
daily/ week.
Rl Predef 2X 10-cc I/M daily/3 days (gluconeogenesis).
Rl Arsinal 15 cc I/M daily / 3 days.
Rl Glucose 25% for treatment of ketosis. As supportive treatment.
Rl Blood transfusion 3 - 4 liter I/V, see method incase of anemia
4, Important Notes
1. The diseases mainly occur in winter as the animals feeding mainly
on barseem (Nov.- May.). Addition of bran and bone meal to the
ration are necessary during barseem season.
2. When the cows down before calving it is better to give phosphorus
therapy as prophylactic dose.
50
Plate 7 metabolic diseases
Case No.48
Metabolic diseases
Hypomagnesemia tetany

It is a highly fatal disease of lactating cow and small ruminant, after
parturition by two months. It is caused by hypomagnesemia. It occurs
due to feeding grass pasture low in magnesium content, grasses with
high potassium content (cereal crops), pasture top dressing with nitrogen
partial starvation and recurrent diarrhea.
Acute stage: Sudden onset of anxiety, muscle tremor, ear twitch,
hyperthesia, staggering in gait and easy falling. Tetanic-clonic
convulsions with opisthotonus. Jaw champing, frothy salivation and
bellowing. Protruded third eye-lid to cover most of the eyeball, and
continuos movement of the eyeball. The eye-lid may be retracted. Quite
period between convulsions. Hypothermia, increases respiratory and
heart rate. Response to treatment with magnesium solution I/V very
good (untreated cases die after 30-60 minutes).
Subacute stage: Loss of appetite, suppressed rumination and low milk
yield. Staggering in gait, muscular tremor. Mild tetant of hind limb and
tail. Frequent defecation and urination. Spontaneous recovery in few
days.
Chronic stage: Gradual loss of condition, some sudden deaths, dullness,
depressed milk yield. The cow finally may pass into convulsions and
dies unless prompt treatment is applied.
Differential diagnoses: nervous form of ketosis, rabies, acute lead
poisoning, vitamin A deficiency and tetanus.
Treatment
RJ Neurazine 3 ampoules in cattle & 1 ampoule in calf I/M.
To handle the animal quietly before treatment.
Rf Magnesium Sulfate (33 g in 500 ml DW), filter and sterilize
before use (slowly I/V please follow heart and pulse rate).
Followed by S/C injection of 200 cc Magnesium Sulfate
(25-50%). In calf 100 cc Magnesium Sulfate 10% S/C.
R/ Ca. D. Mg or CAL-BOR-MAG. 500 ml I/V.
RJ Magnesium (Oxide, Sulfate or Phosphate) 60 g orally / daily.
Important Notes
1. Calf tetany: Stiffness gait due to stiffness joint. Hyperthesia and
frightened easily. Stretching of the head either upward or sideways.
Tetanic spasms of jaw muscle with rapidly open and close the
mouth with salivation. Retracted eyelids show great of the white.
Calf tetany observed in calves from 3 months age and upward, that
receiving exclusively milk diet.
3. Avoiding use of potash fertilizer (interfere with Mg. absorption &
also hyperkalemia increase the urinary excretion of Mg.).
4. Lactating cows need 20 g. of Mg. daily to absorb only 4 g. The winter
pastures (clover) fulfill this amount, while grasses gives only 10 g.
51
Case No.49
Metabolic diseases
Azoturia
'
s
It is acute disease of equine occur during exercise after a period of
inactivity and feeding on full ration.
Acute form: Signs develops 1 5 - 6 0 rninute after the beginning the
exercise. Profuse sweating, stiffness of gait and disinclination to move.
The signs may disappear if the horse is given complete rest. Dog sitting
position followed by lateral recumbancy. Sever pain accompanied by
restlessness. Gluteal and quadriceps muscles are hard, edematous, and
painful. Deep red brown (coffee coloured urine). Retention of urine and
constipation may present.
Subacute form: Signs are mild and myoglobinurea are absent.
Lameness and limitation of movement of hind limb. If exercise is
i stopped lameness may recover 2 - 4 days.
3. Treatment
R/ Sodium Bicarbonate 150 - 300 g orally for acidosis.
RJ Sodium Bicarbonate ( 2%) 1-2 liter for treatment of acedemia.
R/Finadyne 1 ml / 45 kg Bwt. I/M as anti-inflammatory.
RJ Insulin 100 - 200 units S/C daily 3 - 4 days.
RJ Viteselen (vitamin E & selenium) 5 ml - I/M.
RJ Saline & ringer Lactate 2-4 liters I/V.
RJ Paraffin oil 2-3 liter orally as a purgative drugs.
, 4. Important Notes
1. Give the animal easily digested food as green fodder and hay and.
avoids food rich in nitrogen.
2. Apply catheter to avoid urine retention.
3. Hot fomentation to relief discomfort.
4. Application of heavy bedding, turn the animal every 4 hours to
avoid hypostatic congestion.
5. Recumbancy is usually abad prognosis.
6. Reduce the grain ration to half when the horse is at rest.
52
plate 8 Metabolic diseases and downer cow syndrome
Case No.50
Deficiency diseases
Rickets
It is a disease of young growing animals characterized by defective
calcification of growing bone. It is caused by calcium, phosphorus
and/or vitamin D deficiency.
Stiffness in gait, enlargement of the limb joints specially in the forelegs
and costochondral junction (button like projection). The long bone
shows abnormal curvature, lameness and tendency to lie down. Arching
of the back. Irregular and delayed mpture of the teeth. Dyspnea and
chronic rumen tympany in severe cases. Finally, hypersensitivity,
tetany, recumbancy and death.
3. Clinical Pathology
Decrease in serum calcium level 4 - 5 mg% (normal 10 mg%).
Decrease in serum phosphorus level 1 - 2 mg% (normal 6 mg%).
4. Treatment (less sever cases)
Rl Calcium gluconate 100 - 200 cc I/V or I/M/ calf.
50 - 100 cc I/V or I/M / lamb.
R/ Super-Phos (vitamin A & D, Iron and phosphorous) 25 g / daily
/calf& 10 g/ daily /lamb.
R/ Tonophosphan, Calves 5 -10 ml, lambs 1-2 cc, I/M & I/V.
or Catosal. Calves 5 -10 ml, lambs 1-2 cc, I/M & I/V.
R/ VITA-JECT, 3 - 5 cc in lambs & 7 - 10 cc in calves, I/M.
R/ Super-Vitamix 25 g / daily / calf & 10 g / daily / lamb.

6. Important Notes
1. In severe deformity treatment is of no value.

2. Allow exposure of the animal to sunlight and avoid dampness.
3. Bone meal and bran daily in the ration.
4. Daily requirement of Calcium (g) Phosphorus (g) Vitamin D (U/kg)
Cattle
40
'
20
10
Horse
14
13
10
Sheep
5
3
10
53
Case No.51
Deficiency diseases
Osteomalacia
Deficiency diseases
Case No.52
Copper deficiency

It is a disease of mature animal affecting bone in which endochondrial
ossification has been completed. It is caused by calcium, phosphorus
and/or vitamin D deficiency. Lactation and pregnancy are predisposing
causes for this disease.

Hypocupremia occur in cattle and newborn animals. The primary^
causes are inadequate intake of copper in the diet. Secondary causes
such as an increase in molybdenum and zinc in the diet. Also parasitic
infestation (bunostomum) decrease copper absorption.
2. Pathogenesis
Increase resorption of bone mineral to supply the needs of pregnancy
and lactation
^> osteoporosis, weakness and deformity of bone.
2. Pathogenesis
copper def. .
Copper play an important role in tissue oxidation
^>
inadequate keratinization of the skin, wool and hair.
Copper is necessary for the reutilization of iron
copper^>
anemia
^> myocardial degeneration
>>
anemic hypoxia
Copper help in the formation of myelin sheath
copper def.
demyelination in lamb.
Increase molybdenum in the diet
^> reduce copper storage
and utilization.
*General symptoms: Unthriftness, loss of milk production and anemia.
Rough coat and increase tendency to bone to fracture. Poor growth in
calf, stiffness and enlargement in joint.
*Falling disease syndrome in cattle: The animal through up their head,
bellow and fall with attempt to rise and end with death.
*Beat scour syndrome of cattle and sheep: Persistent diarrhea with the
passage of watery yellow green to black feces with an offensive
odour.
*Steely wool syndrome in sheep: Fine wool becomes limp, glossy and
losses its crimp developing a straight steely appearance. Anemia and
scouring.
*Enzootic ataxia (Swayback) in lambs and goat kids: Incoordination of
the hind limb, accelerated heart and respiratory rates, excessive
flexion of joints and knuckling over the fetlock. Failing and paresis
which start at the hind limb and the animal die from starvation.
J
4. Treatment
RJ Copper Sulphate
Cattle 8 -10 g / orally / weekly for 3 - 5 weeks.
Calves 4 g / orally / weekly for 3 - 5 weeks.
Lamb 2 g / orally / weekly for 3 - 5 weeks.
RJ Vitamin AD3E cattle 10 cc I/M
R/ Super-Vitamix 50 g / daily / cattle.
5. Important Notes
Minimum dietary requirement of Copper 10 mg / kg for cattle and 5 mg
/ kg for sheep
In the early stages: Lower productivity, fertility and loss of condition,
(the main cause phosphorus deficiency).
In the late stage: Painful condition of the bone and joints, stiffness in
gait, lameness (shifting from leg to leg). Crackling sound while walking
and arched back. Deformity of pelvis and dystokia may occur.
Permanent recumbence and death from starvation,
4. Treatment
Rf Calcium gluconate 0.5 - 1 liter I/V / Cattle.
R/ Super-Phos (vitamin A & D, Iron and phosphorous) 50 g orally
daily/week.
R/ Tonophosphan, 25 - 30 cc I/M & I/V / Cattle,
or Catosal. 25 - 30 cc I/M & I/V / Cattle.
R/ Vitamin AD3E Cattle 10 cc I/M
R/ Super-Vitamix 50 g / daily / cattle.
5. Important Notes
1. Bone meal and bran daily in the ration
2. In severe deformity treatment is of no value.
3. Allow exposure of the animal to sunlight and avoid dampness.
54
55
Case No.53
Deficiency diseases
Case No.54
Zinc deficiency
\
It is a chronic non-inflammatory disease affecting the epidermis of!
the skin. It is caused by deficiency of zinc in the diet or by deficiency of
unsaturated fatty acid. Secondary deficiency due to excess of calcium or
copper in the diet.
2. Pathogenesis
Zinc deficiency
^> decrease feed intake
^>
depression in growth rate. Failure of keratinization
^>
parakeratosis.
Retard testicular development
^> complete cessation of
spermatogenesis.
Clinical signs developed within two weeks after deficiency.
Parakeratosis and alopecia in muzzle, vulva, anus, tail, head, ears, back
of hind legs, flank and neck. Stiff gait, swelling of the hocks and knees
and wrinkling of the skin of the legs and scrotum. Stunted growth and
decrease, in the weight of the newborn animals. Wool eating and
infertility in sheep.
4. Treatment
Deficiency diseases
Iodine deficiency
\
The cardinal signs of iodine deficiency is goiter. It is caused by the
deficiency of iodine intake or high intake of calcium in the diet.
2. Pathogenesis
-^> decrease thyroid production of thyroxin
Iodine deficiency
and stimulation of secretion of thyrotropine hormone by the pituitary
gland -. ^> hyperplasia and enlargement of thyroid gland.
Loss of condition, decrease milk production, failure of estrous in
cow, weak off spring and partial or complete alopecia. Enlargement of
thyroid gland.
4. Diagnosis
Clinical signs.
Clinical pathology plasma protein bound protein below 8 ug / 100 ml
i blood is considered deficiency (normal 10 - 14 ug / 100 ml blood).
V
5. Treatment
RJ Zinc Sulfate 2 - 5 g / Cattle, and 40 mg / orally daily,
RJ Potassium Iodide 0.8 - 1 mg /kg dry matter / feed, daily intake

in lactating & pregnant Cattle.
or
RJ Zinc Sulfate or Carbonate.200 mg / kg daily in the ration for 3 - 5
weeks.
RJ Super-Vitamix 50 g'7 daily / cattle.
6. Important Notes
1. For prophylaxis individual dosing of pregnant ewe on two
occasions during the fourth and the fifth months of pregnancy with
280 mg of Potassium Iodide or 390 mg Potassium Iodine is
effective to prevent goiter in lambs.
2. Restriction of Calcium in the diet.
5. Important Notes
1. For prophylaxis oral administration of zinc sulphate in the dose of:
Cattle 25 mg orally
Calves 25 mg orally
Sheep 5 mg orally
Lambs 2.5 mg orally
3. Weekly painting inside thigh with Tincture Iodine 4 ml in Cattle

and 2 ml in sheep.
4. Over dosing of Iodine may lead to toxicity.
2. Restriction of calcium in the diet.
56
57
Case No.55
Deficiency diseases
Cobalt deficiency
Cobalt is an essential dietary element for cattle and sheep because it
is necessary for the synthesis of vitamin B12 by the bacterial flora in the
rumen. Cobalt deficiency in the diet causes the disease.
2. Pathogenesis
Cobalt play an important role in the formation of thiamin (Bj),
nicotinic acid and cynocobalamin (B12). Decrease in cobalt
^>
loss of appetite
^> death due to starvation.
No specific signs are characteristic for cobalt deficiency. Gradual
decrease in appetite, pale mucous membrane, loss of body weights
emaciation, weakness and pica. Retardation of growth, lactation and
wool production. Infertility, diarrhea and lacrimation.
4. Diagnosis
The response of animal to dietary supplementation with cobalt is
generally accepted as diagnostic test.
5. Treatment
R/ Cobalt Sulfate 1 g / Cattle and 0.5 g / Sheep and Calf orally.
R/ VarolexB12 with , liver extract
Cattle 1 vial, Sheep 1/2 vial I/M.
R/ Catozal or Tonophosphane
50 cc I/M or I/V daily 3 - 5 days as a general tonic.
53
Case No.56
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin A deficiency
1.Definition and Causes
~\
Deficiency of vitamin A is caused by an insufficient supply of the
vitamin in the ration or defective absorption from the alimentary canal.
Secondary causes such as chronic disease of the liver or intestine,
continued injection of mineral oil, high environmental temperature and
high nitrate content in the feed which reduce the conversion of carotene
to vitamin A.
2. Pathogenesis
* Night vision: Vitamin A is essential for photochemical bases of light
adaptation. Low vitamin A in the blood will result to night blindness.
*Bone growth: Vitamin A is necessary to maintain the normal position
and active of osteoblast and osteoclast. Vitamin A deficiency lead to
narrowing of foramina so that arteries, veins and nerves may become
partially included. Stenosis for optic foramina will lead to total
blindness.
*Epithelial tissue: Vitamin A deficiency lead to atrophy of all epithelial
cells which has secretory function (salivary and urogenital) dystokia,
infertility and enteritis.
Embryonic development: Vitamin A is essential for organ formation
so that its deficiency lead to congenital defect and congenital
hydrocephalus.
Night blindness (inability to see in dim light), xerophthalmia (thinking
and clouding of the cornea in dogs and calves and thin serous mucoid
discharge in other species). Heavy deposits of bran like scale on the skin
rough coat dry with excessive keratinization. Emaciation, disturbances
in reproductive efficiency in both male and female. Nervous symptoms
(paralysis of skeletal muscle, ecephalopathy and blindness). Edema,
enteritis and otitis media are common signs of vitamin A deficiency.
4, Treatment
RJ Vitamin AD3E, Cattle 10 cc & Sheep & Goat 5 cc I/M.
Rj Code liver oil 15-60 cc / Horse, Cattle 4-15 cc / Sheep and 1-8 cc
/ Dog and Cat.
5. Important Notes
1. Other AD3E, vitamins xan be used such as VITA-JECT, calves
7-10 ml & I/M Lamb 3-5 ml, S/C & I/M or Multivitamin cattle
& 20 - 30 cc & Sheep & goat 5 -10 cc I/M
2. Daily requirement 30 lU/kg Bwt. of vitamin A or 75 IU
carotene/kg Bwt. (increase to 50% in pregnant animals and rapidly
growing animals). Injection intraruminal give good results.
3. Green fodder and colostrum are rich in vitamin A.
Case No. 57
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin E deficiency
1.
Definition and Causes

Deficiency of vitamin E occurs when the animals are fed on poor hay or
straw, oxidation during rancidification of the oils causes the destruction
of vitamin E. The presence of myopathic agents in the oil may also
cause deficiency. Unsaturated fatty acid in fish and vegetable oils appear
to be important myopathic agent in many outbreaks of enzootic muscular
dystrophy.
j
2. Pathogenesis
Degeneration of skeletal muscle & diaphragm
^> dyspnea.
Degeneration of heart muscle
^> congestive heart failure.
Acute degeneration
^> liberation of myoglobin in the blood
^> myoglobinuria.
Selenium has an important role in transportation and retention of vitamin E
*Subacute form: Stiffness, weakness and trembling of the limbs.
Inability to stand. Rotatory movement of hocks of calves. Muscles are
hard, rubbery, often swollen and atrophied. Dyspnea and inability to
move for eating and death occurs from starvation.
* Acute form: Sudden onset of dullness, respiratory distress, frothy
blood stained nasal discharge, increase heart rate and irregular heart
beat. Death occurs 6-12 hours.
4. Treatment
R/ Viteselen, Calves, Sheep & Goat 1-5 ml, I/M,
as a source of vitamin E and selenium
R/ Vitamin AD3E, Cattle 10 cc & Sheep & Goat 5 cc I/M.
5. Important Notes
1. Non inflammatory bilateral hyaline degeneration of skeletal muscle
and / or myocardium-in post mortal lesion.
2. Prophylaxis administration 25-mg sodium selenite and 250 mg
alpha Tocopherol Acetate I/M injection to the pregnant cows at 6
month of pregnancy.
3. Giving new born calves 2 mg of Sodium Selenite and 100 mg
Alpha Tocopherol Acetate.
4. Wheat Germ Oil 10 cc/Calves and 2 cc / Lamb, orally.
CaseNo
-58
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin B deficiency
1. Aueurine - Thiamin {Vitamin B1)
1. Sources
It is available in most plants, yeast and wheat germs. Ruminal bacteria
can synthesize it. Milk, meat, egg and fish are the main sources for
carnivores.
Muscular incoordination especially in the hind legs. Opisthotonus,
(paralysis with head turned over the back) convulsion. Vomiting and
diarrhea.
2. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2
1. Sources
It has a direct effect on the metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids
and aldehyde. Deficiency is confined to a simple stomach animals and
pre-ruminating ruminants.
Decrease in growth rate, anemia, eye discharge and infertility.
3. Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6)
1. Sources
It is found in yeast, kidney, milk, molasses, cereal and wheat by
product.
Dermatitis (hyperkeratosis of the skin of the nose, paws and ears.
Muscular weakness, nervous manifestation. In dogs microcytic and
hypochromic anemia are seen.
4. Nicotinic Acid (Nicotinamid - Niacin)
1. Sources
It is found in the food of animal and plant origins. It is necessary for
the synthesis of coenzyme II and I.
2. Clinical Findings: Black tongue in dogs.
5. Cyanocobalamine (Vitamin B12)
Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs in case of cobalt deficiency (microbial
synthesis of the vitamin occurs in the rumen of cattle and in the
intestine of the horse in the presence of adequate cobalt).
Anorexia, cessation of the growth, loss of the condition and muscular
weakness.
General treatment
RJ Tri B, 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt. I/M, Trivarol or Trivacid
60
61
case
no
59
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin k deficiency
Vitamin k is essential in the formation of prothrombin by the liver
(prothrombin is essential in the clotting of the blood). Vitamin k
deficiency is rare in the domestic animals because of the high content in
most plants and the synthesis of the vitamin by microbial activity in the
alimentary tract.
Absorption of vitamin k from the intestine is depend on the presence
of bile and fat in the intestine. Storage is mainly in the liver and
excretion is via urinary tract.
2. Treatment
R/ Amri-K ampoule 1 / 70 kg Bwt, I/M injection.
or VITAK 20 g daily / week
3. Important Notes
Therapeutic uses of vitamin K in epistaxis, coccidiosis, abomasal ulcers,
sweat clover poisoning, hepatitis and gastro-enteritis.
case
no
60
Deficiency diseases
Vitamin C deficiency
(I. Definition and Causes
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) acts as co-enzymes in certain oxidative
process (tyrosine and finyl alanine). It is necessary for normal folic acid
function and normal healing. It plays a role in treatment of infertility and
it is important in detoxification of toxins and chemicals (Arsenic,
VSulphonilamine, and Salysilates).
2. Treatment
RJ Cevarol ampoule 1 / 70 kg BW I/V or I/M injection.
orVITAC 20 g daily / week
3. Important Notes
Therapeutic uses of vitamin C in respiratory affection, viral affection,
toxicity, wound healing, some cases of infertility in cattle, indigestion
and diarrhea in horses.
62
p l a t e 9 Deficiency d i s e a s e s
Case No.61
Diseases of the skin
Dermatitis
Inflammation of the dermis and epidermis. It is caused by bacteria
(actinomycotic dermatitis), viral (pox), fungal (sporotrichosis of horse),
physical agent (sunburn, excessive heat or excessive cold and trauma),
chemical (irritant chemical), allergic and nutritional deficiency (vitamin
B).
2. Pathogenesis
Inflammation of the deepest layer of the skin involving the blood
vessels and lymphatic which lead to increase the thickness of the skin.
Increase temperature of the inflammed parts. Pain or itching and
erythema in the unpigmented area of the skin
The affected area shows erythema, vesicular lesion and edema of the
skin. The next stage may be the healing stage (scab formation) or
necrosis and gangrene of the affected area. Systemic reaction when the
Vaffected area are extensive. Shock and toxemia may be present.
4. Treatment
Treat the primary cause and remove off the physical and chemical agent
from the environment. In case of infection sensitivity test is
recommended.
R/ Garamycin or Teramycin as a local antibiotic ointment.
R/
Betamethzone as a local corticosteroidc ointment.
RJ Canastin, Dermatin or Teniacure as a local antifungal ointment.

R/
Zinc Oxide 10% as a local emollient ointment.
R/ Salicylic Acid 3% , as a local keratolytic ointment

R/
Avil 1 ampoule/70 kg Bwt, as antihistaminic drugs
R/ GENTA 50 (Gentamycin sulfate), 8 ml / 100 kg Bwt. I/M & I/V.

4. Important Notes
1. Antibiotic, anti-inflamatory and antifungal ointment as Kenacomb.
2. Dusting powder as mixture of 2g Zinc Oxide, 5g Tannic Acid and
20 g starch.
Case
No.62
. .
Case
Eczyma
Urticharia

It is moist catarrhal inflammation of the skin. It is caused by either
exogenous allergens (external parasites, some soup & some antiseptic
washes) or endogenous allergens (ingested protein, autointoxication due
to overfeeding or constipation and/or internal parasites) and / or vitamin
A deficiency.
2.Pathogenesis
Erythema
^> intercellular edema
^>
Rupture of the vesicle and scab formation.
No.63
small vesicle
^>
Patches of erythema, followed by appearance of small vesicles, which
rupture and cause weeping of the surface. Scab formation follows.
Lesions may isolate or diffuse over large areas. Itching and irritation.
Chronic eczema may follow an acute attack. Alopecia due to scratching
and rapping of the skin.
4. Treatment: Treat the primary cause.

It is a type of hypersensitivity (Nettle Rash) due to antigen antibody
reaction results in release of histamine. It is caused by infection such as
strangles & dourine in horse, distemper in dog. External toxicity such as
mechanical irritant as bits of insects, chemical and medication as
carbolic acid and turpentine oil. Internal toxicity administration of some
hormones, antibiotics, foreign protein, serum and various bacterial
product as mallen and tuberculin. Internal parasites and ingestion of
mouldy food may result in Urticharia.
Clinical signs develop rapidly (within few minutes) and may proceed
by general disturbances as loss of appetite, depression and fever.
Cutanious lesions are firm, flat-topped or convex wheels of various
sizes. Erected hair & swelling of the affected parts. Lesions may be
present in the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, conjunctiva, rectum
and vagina. Sometimes papules and vesicles develop in the surface.
Urticharia due to infection is usually associated with fever, edema of the
extremities and head.
Rl Zinc Oxide 10% as a local emollient ointment.
3. Treatment
Rl Salicylic Acid 3% , as a local keratolytic ointment
Treat the primary cause.
Rt Calcium borogluconate 25%, Horse and Cow 100 - 200 cc, I/V.
Rl Predef 2x 10 cc I/M- 2 days, or Finadyne 1 ml / 45 kg Bwt. I
Rl Lin seed oil 1/2 liter for large animal in case of constipation.
Rl Finadyne 1 ml / 45 kg Bwt. I/V for 3-5 days,

as antiinflammatory and antihistaminic.
Rl Calcium borogluconate 25%, Horse and Cow 100 - 200 cc, I/V.
Rl Cevarol and Tri B, 1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt.
4. Important Notes
2. Dusting powder as mixture
2g Zinc Oxide, 5g Tannic Acid and 20 g starch.
3. Enema with soft soap and worm water
64
4. Important Notes
Allergic dermatitis:
It is various generalized or localized cutaneous due to hormonal
imbalances, hepatic dysfunction, inadequate nutrition, seasonal and
climatic factors. Hereditary is another factor in the development of
allergy. It is characterized by swelling and redness of superficial layer
of the skin and pruritis. Treatment as uricharia.
65
Case No.64
Photosynsetization
1.Definition and Causes
It is irritation of the skin of some animals due to exposure to direct
sun light. It is caused by feeding of some photodynamic plants (toxic or
green plants) containing agents which when ingested deposited in the
skin and activated by sunlight.
2. Pathogenesis
The lesion mainly occurs in the unpigmented area of the skin especially
in the dorsal parts of the body. Most photosensitizing substances
including phylloerythrin (the normal breakdown product of the
chlorophyll in the alimentary tract) is excreted in the bile. In hepatic or
biliary insufficiency, excretion of these substances is retarded and
photosensitization occurs.The penetration of light rays to sensitized
tissues causes the liberation of histamine, local cell death and tissue
edema. Nervous signs may occur.
Skin lesion shows characteristic distribution and usually around the
eyelids, ears, muscles, face, laterals aspect of the testis, vulva and
perineum.
The first sign is erythema followed by edema. Irritation is intense and
the animal rubs the affected part. Dyspnea due nasal obstruction.
Dysphasia due to swelling of the lips. Rise in the temperature. Nervous
manifestation, posterior paralysis and blindness.
J
4. Treatment
Immediately removal from sun light and prevention of ingestion of
further toxic plants
R/ Garamycin or Teramycin as a local antibiotic ointment.
Rl Betamethzone as a local corticosteroidc ointment.
R/ Canastin, Dermatin or Teniacure as a local antifungal ointment.
R/ Zinc Oxide 10% as a local emollient ointment.
RJ Salicylic Acid 3% , as a local keratolytic ointment
R/ Avil 1 ampoule/70 kg Bwt, as antihistaminic drugs
R/ GENTA 50 (Gentamycin sulfate), 8 ml / 100 kg Bwt. I/M & W.
R/ Lin seed oil 1/2 liter for large animal.
4. Important Notes
2. Dusting powder as mixture of 2g Zinc Oxide, 5g Tannic Acid and
20 g starch.
3. Enema with soft soap and worm water
66
Plate 10 Skin, diseases
Case No.65
Alopecia
It is a loss of hair or wool coat. It is a manifestation of much skin disease
(dermatitis, eczema, scabs, and mange).
*Congenital alopecia: It may be localized or generalized, temporary or
permanent. Hereditary factors plays an important part in etiology.
* Acquired alopecia: it is usually associated with severe systemic
disorders as chronic wasting gastro-enteritis or verminous bronchitis.
May occur with certain infectious diseases (strangles, distemper,
influenza, pathologic disorder of the genital organ result in certain
endocrine imbalances especially in dogs)
2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
The first lesions are edema of the prickle cell layer, dilatation of the
intracellular lymphatic and leucocytic infiltration. Imperfect
keratinization follows. The lesion is usually confined to the flexure
aspect of the joint. Thickening of the skin (gray coloration) scales,
cracks and fissure and removal of the scale leaves arrow red surface.
3. Treatment
Washing the lesion with soapy water followed by the application of an
astringent preparation
RJ Salicylic acid 3%. As keratolytic ointment.
R/ Multivitamin
cattle & 20 - 30 cc & Sheep & goat 5 - 10 cc I/M.
RJ Supermach
1 sachet /cow orally, daily as a source of vitamin and trace element..
R/ Mineral mixture 50 g / daily / cattle.
4. Important Notes
1. Metabolic disorder, endocrine disturbances, vitamin or dietary
deficiencies should be corrected.
2. In gonadal disorders castration or the administration of gonadal
hormones
is
effective.
67
Case No.65
Alopecia
1 Definition and causes
It is a loss of hair or wool coat. It is a manifestation of much skin disease
(dermatitis, eczema, scabs, and mange).
*Congenital alopecia: It may be localized or generalized, temporary or
permanent. Hereditary factors plays an important part in etiology.
* Acquired alopecia: it is usually associated with severe systemic
disorders as chronic wasting gastro-enteritis or verminous bronchitis.
May occur with certain infectious diseases (strangles, distemper,
influenza, pathologic disorder of the genital organ result in certain
endocrine imbalances especially in dogs)
2. Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
The first lesions are edema of the prickle cell layer, dilatation of the
intracellular lymphatic and leucocytic infiltration. Imperfect
keratinization follows. The lesion is usually confined to the flexure
aspect of the joint. Thickening of the skin (gray coloration) scales,
cracks and fissure and removal of the scale leaves arrow red surface.
3. Treatment
Washing the lesion with soapy water followed by the application of an
astringent preparation
RJ Salicylic acid 3%. As keratolytic ointment.
R/ Multivitamin
cattle & 20 - 30 cc & Sheep & goat 5 - 10 cc I/M.
RJ Supermach
1 sachet /cow orally, daily as a source of vitamin and trace element..
R/ Mineral mixture 50 g / daily / cattle.
4. Important Notes
1. Metabolic disorder, endocrine disturbances, vitamin or dietary
deficiencies should be corrected.
2. In gonadal disorders castration or the administration of gonadal
hormones
is
effective.
67
Case No.66
General systemic states
Case No.67
Hyperthermia
l. Definition and Causes
It is an elevation of body temperature due to excess heat production or
absoption of heat from high envirnment temperature and/or deficient
heat loss.
2. Pathogenesis
Heat stroke will cause vasodilatation of the cranial vessle, results in drop
in blood pressure. Increases in heart and respiratory rates. The
temperature is elevated. The urine secretion is reduced. Depression of
nervous system activity and depression of respiratory center, usually
causes death by respiratory failure. Circulatory failure also occurs due to
myocardial weakness.
Rise in the body temperature over 39 C. The stops work and refuse to
continue. Staggering gait and the animal falls to the ground unconcious.
Mucous membranes are congested, irregular and slow pulse. Abortion
may occur if the period of hyperthermia is prolonged and high incidence
of embryonic mortality. Convulsion are evident and the animal dies in a
state of coma within 2 hours.
,
4. Treatment
Cold application: Including immersion, spraying, rectal enemas or
cold packs. Put the animal in well ventillated place together with adequet
drinking water.
RI Saline, dextrose 5% or ringer lactate 1-2 liters I/V.
Dehydration
It is loss of body fluid. It is caused by failure of water intake or excessive
loss of fluid due to diarrhea, vomiting, polyurea, skin wounds or by
copious sweating. Severe dehydration also occurs in acute impaction,
acute intestinal obstruction, abomasal dilatation and torsion and diffuse
peritonitis.
Dryness of muzzle, oral cavity, cornea and skin.Eyeball is sunken and
received in to sockets. Skin become wrinkled and loss its elasticity.
Emaciation, weakness and severe loss of body weight. Anorexia, severe
thirst, decreases in gastrointestinal motility, indigestion and constipation.
Bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmia. Oliguria or anuria. Coldness of
extremities, subnormal temperature, recumbency, coma, circulatory
failure and death.
4. Treatment
Rf Electrolytes or Super-Lyte or Vit-Lyte or Rehydran. 100 g/calves
or lambs, dissolve in 2 liers of water or milk. As Oral electrolye
R/
Saline, dextrose 5% or ringer lactate or blood transfusion 1-2

liters I/V or I/P.
R/ Novalgen or Analgen or Novacid 25 cc I/V. As antipyretic drugs,

or Acetyle Salysilic acid as Asprine or Aspegic ampoules.
R/ Sodium Bicarbonate 1.3% for mild acidosis. 1-2 liters slowly I/V
or 3-5% 5 ml / kg Bwt / for severe acidemia.
5. Important Notes
1. Antipyretic drugs is of no value when the temperature is over 41
C in cattle, sheep and horse and over 40 C in camel. Firstly try
to reduce the temperature by using of cold application until reach
40 C then you can useantipyretic drugs.
2. In cases of fever due to bacterial, viral and/or blood parasites, broad
spectrum antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-blood parasites
drugs are recommended.
3. Hypothermia: Means decrease in the body temperature. It is
caused by decrease of muscle tone as in hypocalcemia and acute
ruminal impaction and during anathesia and sedation, associated
with profuse diarrhea, shock, hemorrhage, anemia and before death.
Dealing with such cases by worming the animal and injection of
calcium preparation and glucose 25% I/V.
68
5. Important Notes
1. Sodium, chloride and bicarbonate are found extracellular, while
potassium is found intracellular. Loss of fluid starts in the
intravascular space then interstitial and intracellular fluid.
2. Hypertonic saline solution such as Sodium Chloride 7.5% (5 ml / kg
Bwt) injection is continued by Ringer Solution 0.9 Sodium Chloride
facilitate intracellular rehydration. It is used in serious cases as in
hemorrhage or circulatory shock.
3. Isotonic Solution as Saline Solution (0.9 % Sodium Chloride),
Ringer Solution (Na cl, k cl & ca cl) & Ringer Lactate Solution.
69
General svstemic states
Etiology and pathogenesis of dehydration
70
Etiology and pathogenesis of hyponatremia
71
Key to differential diagnosis of diseases of farm animals

1- Diseases causing sudden death
In cases of Hypocalcemia, Hypomagnesemia, Acute Pneumonia,
Peracute Mastitis, Poisonous, Heavy Worm Infestation, Enterotoxemia,
Salmonellosis, Tetanus, Snake Bite, Calculi, Acute Liver Fluke, Lamb
Dysentery, Sun Stroke, Anthrax, Malignant Eciema, Itussuception.
2- Diseases causing sudden death in young animal
In cases of Enzootic ataxia, Colibacillosis, Vitamin A Deficiency,
Brucellosis, Toxopalsmosis, Arthritis, Enterotoxemia, Feeding troubles,
Navel 111, Pneumonia, Coccidiosis, Jaundice, Cobalt & Copper
deficiency, Necrobacillousis, Injury at Birth & Genetic factors.
3- Diseases causing lameness, Stagger and I or Paralysis
In cases of Enzootic ataxia, arthritis, foot rot, foot abscess, Injuries,
Fracture, wound, laminitis, improper shoeing, sprain, sole abscess.
Acute Mastitis, Black Leg, Listeriosis, Foot and Mouth Diseases
Post-vaccine Lameness, Tetanus & Blue Tongue.
White Muscle Disease, Rickets, Calcium Deficiency, Grass Tetany,
C.N.S. Diseases, Vitamin A Deficiency, Copper Deficiency, Pregnant
Toxemia & Plant poisoning.
4- Diseases causing convulsion
In cases of Hypomagnesemia, Hypoglycemia, Milk Fever and Vitamin
A & Copper Deficiency. Poisoning, Urea Poisoning, Spinal Abscess,
Meningitis, Sinusitis & Trauma in C.N.S. Colibacillosis, Tetanus,
Enzootic Ataxia, IBR, IPV, MHCF, Coenurosis, Listeriosis Babesiosis.
5- Diseases causing wasting (emaciation)
In cases of abomasal impaction or displacement, copper, selenium,
and/or phosphorus deficiency, malnutrition, foreign body, turners, tick
and/or lice infestation and chronic diseases such as Tuberculosis and
Johnes diseases.
6 - Diseases causing fever
In cases of pneumonia, pleurisy, enteritis, pyelonephritis, acute mastitis,
metritisand septic infection. Bacterial, viral diseases and blood parasites
diseases.
7- Disease problems arising from intensive managment of cattle
Rumen acidosis, laminitis, urolithiasis, tympany, liver abscess,
Avitaminosis A, Avitaminosis E, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and
ketosis.
72
8- Diseases causing polyphagia (increase in food intake)

In cases of starvation, internal parasites, functional diarrhea, chronic
gastritis, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyrodism and abnormalities of
digestion particulary pancreatic deficiency.
9- Diseases causing anophagia (poor appetite or decrease food intake)
In cases of stomatitis, pharygitis and hyperthermia. Thiamine, cobalt
and zinc deficiency. Heavy infestation with trichostrongyloid helminth.
Some sheep which have been at pasture become completly anophagic if
housed.
15- Diseases causing abdominal pain in horse

In cases of intestinal tympany, intestinal obstruction, intestinal muscle
spasm (cramps), intestinal impaction, colitis, colonic displacement,
colonic volvolus, ileal impaction, intestinal foreign body (sand), renal
colic, parasympathomimitic drugs, peritonitis, small intestinal
strangulation obstruction, uterine torsion, ascarid impaction, gastric
dilatation, hernias (diaphragmatic or umbilical), intussusception, plant
poisoning urolithiasis & tetanus.
10- Diseases causing pica (ingestion of material other than food)

In cases of salt, cobalt and/or phosphorus deficiency. Chromic
abdominal pain due to peritonitis or gastritis. Rabies and nervous form
of ketosis.
16- Diseases causing abdominal pain in ruminant

In cases of rumen impaction, ruminitis, liver abscess, tympany,
traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, vagus indigestion, Abomasal ulcer,
Abomasal displacement, Abomasal impaction.Urolithiasis, cystitis,
pyelonephritis & uterine torsion.
11- Diseases causing weight loss or failure to gain weight

Malnutrition due to trace element deficiency, falty absorption and
digestion, excessive loss of protein and carbohydrate, congestive heart
failure, chronic diseases (Trypanosomiasis, Enzootic pneumonia,
chronic peritonitis and parasitic infestation).
17- Diseases causing jaundice

In cases of copper poisoning, Photosensitization, Hepatitis, Plant
poisoning, Toxemic Jaundice, Phosphorus Poisoning, Leptospirosis,
Nitrite poisoning, Jaundice in Newborn Lambs and Salmonella aborts
infection.
12- Diseases causing scouring

In cases of GIT Nematodes & Coccidiosis, Liver Abscess and Cancer.
Rota and Corona virus. Colibacillosis, Salmonellosis, Enterotoxemia &
Lamb Dysentery. Feeding Troubles (milk replacer or concentrate),
Poisoning, Mineral Deficiency and Imbalances & Vitamin A Deficiency.
18- Diseases causing pain on urination

In cases of urolithiasis, urethritis, cystitis, rupture bladder, bladder
calculus, vaginitis, prolapsed prepuce, perpetual injuries or infection &
Pyelonephritis in cattle.
13- Diseases causing vomiting

In cases of diseases of brain and drugs causing central vomiting action
(apomorphine), plant poisoning or other poisoning or autointoxication.
Gastritis or over eating in dogs. Obstruction of the pylorus (Gastrophilus
larvae) or small intestine. Involvement of organs such as the kidneys,
liver, uterus and pancreas.
14- Diseases causing diarrhea
In cases of GIT Nematodes, Fas.cioliasis, Paramphistomiasis &
Coccidiosis,
Salmonellosis, johne's disease, BVD, MHCF, Enterotoxemia & rinder
pest. Enteritis, indigestion (spoiled feed, overfeeding, or sudden
change), abomasum displacement or torsion, peritonitis, copper
deficiency, heart failure, uremia, renal failure, overdose of rompone,
laxative, parasympathomimitics, toxic plant, toxicity by (arsenic, sulfur,
salt, zinc, copper, levamisol).Traumatic reticulitis, Vegal indigestion,
Liver Abscess, vitamin A deficiency, selenium deficiency, zinc
deficiency & water intoxication.
74
19- Diseases causing albuminuria

In cases of cystitis, glomerulonephritis, renal infarction, and
inflammation of genital organs and poisoning (lead, arsenic, and
mercury...).
20- Diseases causing red or brown urine
Hematuria: In cases of trauma of the kidney, Anthrax, acute
glomerulonephritis, cystitis, urolithiasis, rough manipulation of the
catheter, tumor of renal tract and also hemorrhage of genital tract
Diseases causing hemoglobinuria: In cases of Babesiosis, Bacillary
Hburia, Water intoxication, Leptospirosis, chronic copper poisoning and
hypophosphatemia.
Myoglobinuria: In case of Azouturia
21- Diseases causing muffled heart sound
In cases of traumatic pericarditis, chronic heart failure, emphysema,
pneumothorax, abscess, obesity, large or thick chest wall & tumor in the
chest.
Jugular venous distension or pulsation. Pericarditis, right heart failure,
chronic heart failure, tricuspid insufficiency, jugular venous phlebitis or
thrombosis white muscle disease, Brisket disease and overhydration.
75
22-Diseases causing cough

In cases of pharyngitis, Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Emphysema & Pleurisy,
Pneumonia (Bacteria, Virus, Parasitic, Drenching Traumatic, Abscess).
Choke & Vitamin A Deficiency. IBR, IPV, MHCF & MD.
23- Diseases causing nasal discharge:
In cases of laryngitis, lung worms, nasal Bot, pneumonia, drenching
pneumonia, snuffles, Pasteurellosis, dusty yard & Blue tongue.
24- Diseases causing eye discharge:
In cases of foreign bodies, IBR, BMCF, Pink Eye, rinder pest &
thieleria.
Photosensitization, hyperkeratosis & vitamin A deficiency.
25- Diseases causing chest pain in ruminant
In cases of pneumonia, pleura-pneumonia, pleuritis, traumatic
reticulo-peritonitis, traumatic pericarditis, thrombosis of caudal vena
Cava, acute bovine emphysema, choke, fractured ribs, osteomylitis &
mediastinal abscess or tumor.
26- Diseases causing chest pain in horse
In cases of pneumonia, pleura-pneumonia, pleuritis, choke, fractured
ribs, osteomylitis, mediastinal abscess or tumor & white muscle disease.
27- Diseases causing skin lesion
In cases of dermatitis, photosensitization, eczema, drug reaction, allergy,
mange, ring worm, lice and Tick infestation, hyperkeratosis, articaria,
local irritation, and papilloma in cattle.
28- Diseases causing disease problems arising from intensive
managment of cattle
In cases of rumen acidosis, laminitis, urolithiasis, tympany, liver
abscess, Avitaminosis A, Avitaminosis E, hypomagnesemia,
hypocalcemia and ketosis.
29- Diseases causing downer cow syndrome
In cases of hypocalcemia, traumatic injuries of medial thigh muscle,
traumatic injuries to the nerves of the limbs, calving paralysis (obturator
or sciatic paralysis), pelvic fructure, malnutrition, coxofemoral luxation
and lymphosarcoma
77
mmmm-
Clinical Examination and diagnosis

1. History
In animal disease investigation, the history taking has a very significant
role because animal cannot speak. So it depends on the skill of a
veterinarian, how he takes out information of illness of animal from his
owners.
A) Animal data
Veterinarian should include the owner's name and address along with
species, breed, six, age, name and number of animals.
B) Previous illness
You should record the previous disease of animal, previous treatment
last pregnancy, sudden death, previous vaccination, sudden change of
diet
C) Present disease
How long the animal has been ill, first sign of the disease, symptoms of
the disease, number of affected animal, appetite, type and quantity of
food, rumination, defecation, amount of drinking water, urination,
amount of milk, posture, locomotion and cough, dyspnea.
D) Observations of the veterinarian
The veterinarian should not wholly depend upon the owner 's complian.
He must take his own observation (clinical signs, lesion, and diagnosis).
2. Normal respiration, pulse and temperature
Animal species
Respiration
Pulse
Temperature
Camel
5-12/minute
30-50 / minute
36-38 C
Horse
10-14/minute
28-40/minute
37-38
C
cattle
10-30 / minute
55-80 / minute
38 - 39 C
sheep and goat
20-30 / minute
70-90/minute
39 - 40 C
Dog and cat
15-30/minute
70-90 / minute
38-39C
Site of taking pulse
A) Camel
-^> posterior tibial artery
B) Cattle
-^> ventral coccygeal artery
C) Horse
. -5> external maxillary artery
C) Sheep & goat -$> femoral artery
C) Dog & cat
-^> femoral artery
4. Examination of mucous membrane
The mucous membrane examined are conjunctival , nasal, oral &
vaginal. The normal color of mucous membrane is rosy red in equines
and
pale
rosy
red
in
ruminants.
Abnormal color of mucous membrane are:
A) Pale m. m. in cases of blood loss, iron deficiency, some parasitic
diseases (hemolytic) & wasting diseases.
B) Congested m. m. in cases colic, fever & respiratory diseases.
C) Icteric m. m. in cases of liver diseases, blood parasites &
infectious
anemia
D) Cyanosed m. m. in cases of defective oxygenation of the blood &
respiratory trouble.
78
4. Examination of lymph node
Animal
species
Name of
LN
Site of
LN
Enlarged LN
Cattle & Prescabular

sheep
Above shoulder
point
TB, Theileriosis, Leukemia,

and local affection.
Prefemoral
Above stifle joint
as above
Submaxillary Intermaxillry space

suprammary
At the posterior
base of udder
Horse Submaxillary Intermaxillry space
actinomycosis
mastitis
Strangles, glanders and
epizootic lymphangitis
5. Examination of the skin

Examination includes condition, surface, elastisity and horn structures.
The normal coat is smooth and shiny.
Abnormality in skin coat:
A) Skin lustreless, dry and rough
^> Nutritional deficiency.
B) Greasy hair
^> Seborrhiec eczema
C) Erection of hair
^> Urticaria
D) Loss of hair
^> Eczema, dermatitis,
mange, ring worm,
iodine def. & hyperkeratosis.
E) Alopecia
$> Copper def., hypothyrodism
selenium & mercury poison.
79
6 Auscultation of the heart

In all animals the heart lies in lower two thirds of the thoracic, just
above the elbow joint (left side).
The heart sounds are classified into two groups:
A) The first sound (systolic sound) is dull, loud and prolonged, arises
from cntraction of ventricle, closure of atrio-ventricular valve &
and tension of cordae tendinae resemble lubb.
B) Second sound (diastolic sound) is short and sharper. It is due to
closure of semilunar valves resemble Dup.
Abnormal heart sound
They may originate in the cavities in the heart or from pericardium.
A) Murmur:
It may systolic or diastolic due to improper closure of
atrio-ventricular valve & aortic valve respectively.
B) Pericardial sound
it ccurs in traumatic pericarditis and classified into 3 stages:
First stage (dry stage):
Frictional sound is heard due to friction between parietal and
visceral
layer of pericardium.
Second stage (exudative stage):
Dribbling sound is heard when small amount of exudate is formed.
Splashing sound (Tinkling sound) when inflammation go on and
exudate increase and sometimes mixed with gases.
Third stage f Muffling stage):
Muffling sound, the exudate usually rich with fibrin and pus due to
septic infection and the heart sound is low as it comes from distant
place.
7. Auscultation of the lung.
Most of thoracic cavity area is occupied by the lungs. The area of
auscaltation and percussion of the lung is triangular area formed by the
points, (a) posterior angle of the scabula, (b) olecranon process of the
ulna & (c) second last intercostal space. At a poit on horizontal line
from scabula to the external angle of the ilium.
The normal sound by auscaltation: Vesicular sound in lung
(resemble V) & bronchial sound (resemble Ch) at larynes and trachea.
Abnormal respiratory sounds:
A. Rales
Dry rales: occur when air is being forced through a bronchial tube
which is partially constricted, either by dry tenacious thick exudate
or severe swelling of the mucous membrane.
Moist rales: occur when bronchi contain light, thin watery mucous
(pus - blood - liquid - exudate) moving from place to place.
Cripitant rales: occur when the opposing walls of bronchial mucosa
become adherent to one another and have to be separated by the
stream of incoming air.
B. Emphysematous sounds:
Emphysematous sound are harsh and crackling, heared during
inspiration. It occurs in pulmonary emphysema & edema.
F) Frictional sounds: Are heared in dry stage of pleuritis
80
8. Examination of the abdomin.

The abdominal cavity is occupied by the rumen, intestine & associated
organs. The abdominal cavity is separated from chest cavity by the
diaphragm.
Rumen
The rumen can be examined in the left side (left flank
region).
Auscaltation : Normal ruminal movement 2 - 5 / 2 minutes. Increase in
cases of vagal indigestion & gastric stenosis. Decrease
in ruminal movement and/or stasis in cases of
indigestion, severe tympany, rumen acidosis and
traumatic reticulo-peritonitis.
Location:
Reticulum
The reticulum is located on the left side at the ventral end
of 6th or 7th rib separated from the heart by the curve of
the diaphragm.
Auscaltation: Reticular movement are heared as a rumbling gurgle.
The reticulum normally contract every 40-60 seconds
into phases interupted by a period of a pause.
Location:
Abomasum
In the abdominal floor on the right side behind the
xiphoid cartilage.
Auscaltation: Neither percussion nor auscaltation can be done in the
investigation of the abomasum. It is only valuable and
diagnostic in the displacement to the left side. Splashing
or tinkling sound (more fluid in nature than the rumen)
every 15 minutes..
Location:
Cecum
The cecum is cone shape can be examined in the right
side. Its round base in the right flank & its apex above
xiphoid cartilage.
Auscaltation: Normal intestinal movement is peristaltic sound.
Increase of intestinal movement in spasmodic colic.
Decrease or absence of intestinal movement in flatulent
colic and intestinal impaction.
Location:
Location:
Liver
The liver is situated in concavity of diaphragm. It is on
the right side of midian plane & contact with right
portion of diaphragm and some of its portion is
incontact with last 2-3 ribs. It can be examined by
palpation and percussion through the costal arch.
81
Owner's name:
Owner 's adress:
Owner *s Te) No:
D ate:
Animal species:
Age:
Case History:
Previous illness
Previous treatment
Last pregnancy
History of sudden death
Previous vaccination
Sudden change of diet
Source of disease
How long the animal has been ill
Number of affected animals
First sign of the disease
Symptoms of the disease
Pulse:
Heart
Rate
Rythm
Ab. sound
Appetite:
Type of food:
Quantity of food:
Rumination:
Defecation:
Drinking water:
Urination:
Amount of milk:
Posture:
Locomotion:
Cough:
Respiration:
Mucous membrane Jugular vein &

Eye Capillaries
Colour
Swelling
Exudate
Sex:
Abnormal pulsation
Lung
Rate
Rythm
Ab. sound
Temperature:
Lymph node Skin
Size
consistancy
Movability
Tenderness
Ext. parasites
Lesion
Dehydration
Liver
Rumen
Caecum
Palpation
Percussion
Pain
Rate
Amplute
Laboratories Examiilation
Blood Exam Fecal & Urine Exam Skin 5crab Exam
Serum Exam
Film
RBC
WBC
DLC
Diagnosis
Treatment
RJ
R/
Laboratory Diagnosis
1. Fecal examination
The fecal sample is collected directly from the animal. Collection of
5-10 g feces in a clear dry glass container. In delay exam, store the feces
in refrigerator at 4 C. The feces can be examined by different methods:
A) Direct method:
A clean dry glass slide is used. Place a drop of distilled water in the
middle of the slide, add small amount of feces, mix and place a
cover slipe.Examine it under microscope for the presence of
parasitic ova. If no parasitic ova is detected it should be examined
by qualitative method.
B) Qualitative concentration method:
Feces is mixed with either of the saturated suger, saturated salt
solution or 41% magnesium sulfate solution. The parasitic ova,
being lighter float on the topof fluid and can be concentrated for
examination.
1. Simple flotation method: 1 g of feces mixed with few ml of
disitalled water, filtered through a fine sieve. The filtrate is mixed
with 4-5 ml of saturated salt solution. It should be then placed in a
tube or cylender and filled up to the top with solution, cover the
tube with glass slide and left it 30-60 minutes at room temperature.
Remove the cover slide and examine under the microscope.
2. Concentration flotation method: 1 g of feces mixed with few
ml of disitalled water, filtered through a fine sieve. The filtrate is
mixed with saturated suger solution in a ration of 1:3 in a test tube,
mix the contents and centrifuge at 1500 rpm / 5 minutes. Transfer
the small amount of superficial contents of tube on a clean and dry
glass slide and examine for the presence of parasitic ova. The
sediment can be examined for eggs of trematodes.
3. Baermen's technique in cattle &horse: Small amount of feces
in guaze inside funnle filled with w orm water. After 2 hrs. examin
the first few drop to detect the larva
4. Vida technique in sheep: Pellet of feces mix with worm water
in petredish for 10 minute then crushed the pellets by forceps
examin after 10 minute.
83
2. Urine examination
Urine samples can be collected in cows and sheep either by stimulation
of the urethra through valva or by catheterization. In delay exam, store
the urine in refrigerator at 4 C.
Suburethral divertivulum
External urethral orifice
1. Chemical examination:
A. Reaction (pH): The reaction of urine is determined by using pH
strips or pH meter. Normal urine is alkaline in cattle and horse
(7.4-8.4) and acidic (6-7) in dogs and cats. Acidic urine is
abnormally observed in cases of starvation, fever, treatment
with sodium acid phosphate, while the alkaline urine is
abnormally observed in cases of cystitis, urine retension and
treatment by carbonate, acetate and nitrate of sodium or
potassium.
B. Glucose: Normally there is no any glucose content in the urine.
Glucosuria occurs due to hyperglycemia and in diabetes
mellitus, acute or chronic pancreatitis, hyperadrenaline and
certain drugs (pencillin, tetracyclene and chloramphenicol).
Glucosuria can be detected in the urine by using of Benedict ,s
test or urine strips.
C. Protein: The main protein in the urine is albumin which comes
under certain disease conditions such as cystitis,
glomerulonephritis, renal infarction, inflammation of genital
organs and poisoning (lead, arsenic and mercury). It can be
detected by using of sulfosalcylic acid test or urine strips test.
D. Ketones bodies: Ketones bodies are acetone, acetoacetic acid
and beta hydroxybutyric acid which are formed as a result of
breakdown of fatty acids. It abnormally occurs in acetonemia,
pregnancy toxemia, fatty degeneration of the liver and
abomasal displacement. It can be detected by using of Rother
,s test or urine strips test.
E. Bilirubin: It may be:
1) Pre-hepatic (hemolytic):It occurs in case of bacillary
hemoglobinuria and leptospirosis, babesiosis, anaplasma,
infectious equine anemia, chronic copper poisoning,
hypophosphataemia and/or heavy metal poisoning.
2) Hepatic It may be toxic, infective or obstructive
3) Post-hepatic: Obstruction by calculi or compression by tumor.
.,;
<_..
F. Blood, hemoglobinuria & myoglobinuria:

1) Hematuria: The color is red and clowdy.lt is caused by trauma
of the kidney, anthrax (pre-renal), acute glomerulonephritis,
tubular degeneration( by bacterial toxins and sulfanilamide
intoxication (renal) ; cystitis, urolithiasis, rough manipulation
of the catheter, tumor of renal tract and also hemorrhage of
genital tract (post-renal). If the blood comes during onset of
urination, the source of hemorrhage is coming from urethra. If
the whole urine is mixed with blood the possible source may
be kidneys but if only last portion of urine is red and
containing blood , it will be come from the bladder.
2) Hemoglobinuria: The color is brown to red, caused by water
intoxication,
babesiosis,
bacillary
hemoglonburin,
leptospirosis,
chronic
copper
poisoning
and
hypophosphatemia.
3) Myoglobinuria: Brown to black color of urine, occurs in case
of Azouturia disease. Blood, hemoglobin & myoglobin can be
detected by using of Benzidine test or urine strips test.
2. Microscopical examination
Take 5-10 ml urine in a centrifuge tube and Centrifuge it at 1000 rprn/10
minutes. Discard the supernatant and place a drop of sediment on dry
glass slide. Cover it with a cover slip and examine under microscope.
I. Organized sediment:
A. Epithelial cells: They increases in cystitis, and other inflammatory
condition of urinary tract.
B. Leucocytes (pus cells) : The number of leucocytes increases in
nephritis, pyelonephritis, urothritis and cystitis. Presece of 10
leucocytes per high power field of 15 ml urine sediment are
considered as an infammatory condition. The leucocytes are
larger than erythrocytes and have granular appearance.
C. Erythrocytes: It is spherical in shape, like a faint colorless ring
(Shadow cells). Presece of large number of erythrocytes is an
indication of hemorrhage from urogenital system.
D. Casts: Presence of casts indicate mild form of renal irritation
(hayline casts), nephritis and degeneration of kidney (epithilial
casts), hemorrhage in the renal tubules (red cell cast) and
suppurative infection as in pyelonephritis and kidney abscess
(leucocytic cast).
E. Parasites: Capillaria plica (bladder worm of dog and cat),
dioctophyma renale (kidney worm of dog). Other worms/or ova
may be present in the urine sediment as a fecal contamination.
I. Un-organized sediment:
A.. Crystals: Crystals occur as a result of acute liver disease, carbon
tetrachloride poisoning and phosphorus poisoning. In alkaline
urine, the crystal may be triple'and amorphous phosphates or
calcium carbonate and amonium urates. In acidic urine the crystals
present may be amorphous urate, uric acid or calcium oxalate.
3. Cultural examination
Urine is collected in a sterile container, inculated on culture media
directly or after centrifugation. Antibiotic sensetivity tests can be
done.
3. Skin scraping examination

The scrapings must be collected deeply from the most affected part of
the skin, the affected part should be moistened with mineral oil.
A. Direct method: The skin scrapings are placed on clean and dry
glass slide with one drop 10 sodium hydroxide and cover it
with cover slipe. Examine under low power of microscope.
B. Sedimentation methods: The skin scrabings are kept in 10%
potassium or sodium hydroxide, 2-4 hours then transfer to
centrifuge tube and certrifugated at 3000 rpm/10 minutes. The
supernatant is discarded and one drop of the sediment examine
under microscope.
C. Examination of skin scrapings for fungi:
Examination by Wood js lamp:The Wood 's lamp has UV
light, which is directed on the skin or scrabings collected in
petridishes. If the fungus microsporum is present, it gives
yellow green fluorescence, while no fluorescence in negative
infection.
Microscopic examination: Collection of skin scrapings
should be from the center as well as from the periphery of the
lesion. Swab the lesion with 95% alcohol to remove any
saprophytic organism. The skin scrapings are collected in
sterilized petridishes containing 10% sodium hydroxide or
potassium hydroxide. Put one drop on clean slide and cover it
with cover slip and apply vaseline around the rim of cover
slip. The slide is warmed gently for few second. Then examine
for the presence of chains of hyphae and spores.
4. Examination of milk
Collection of the samples: The udder of the animal should be cleaned
with water and antiseptic solution like potasium permanganate (1:1000).
The hands of examiner should be cleaned with soap and antiseptics.
Disinfect the teats with alcohol 70%, collect the milk sample from each
teat in separate tube (5-10 ml) and discar the first 3-4 streams of milk.
Tube should be stoppered and transported to the laboratory in ice for
examination.
I. Physical examination of milk:

A. Color: Noramlly the color of milk is white but in acute mastitis it
may become redish (presence of blood). Yellowish coloration
occur during colostral period, feeding of carrots
and
tetracyclene therapy.
B. Reaction: The pH of normal milk is 6.4 to 6.6 but in mastitis it
becomes alkaline up to 7.4 due to presence of sodium
bicarbonate in the milk. The reaction can be determined by using
pH strips or pH meter.
C. Odor: Noramlly the odor of milk is pleasant but in mastitis due
to Actinomyces pyogenes it becomes obnoxious. In ketosis the
odor of milk becomes sweet and fruity.
C. Cosistancy: The colostrum is viscus. In acute and subacute
mastitis the milk contains fine and large flakes. The watery
consistancy occurs due to poor feeding and chronic mastitis.
II. Chemical examination of milk:
A. White slide test: 4-5 drops of milk are placed on a clean dry
slide. Add a drop of 4% sodium hydroxide and mix with glass
rod. In mastitis it becomes thickened and flakes appear.
B. California mastitis test: This test is based on increased the
number of leucocytes and increased alkalinity in mastitic milk.
Take 0.5 ml milk from each quarter in plastic peddle cups and
add equal quantity of California reagent, mix well by circular
movement of peddle on a horizontal plane.
1. Liquid milk with no streaks or precipitation: negative for
mastitis
2. Streaky milk: the weak positive
3. Slimy: ++.
4. Gelatinous: +++.
C. Leucocytic count: Mark the area on central portion of slide (1
squar cm). Put 0.1 ml, spread the milk sample by bacteriological
loop in this area. Dry the smear and dissolve the fat by rinscing
it in xylene for 2-5 minute. Fix the smear with alcohol 4-5
minutes and stain with methylene blue for 1 minute. Remove the
excess stain by immersing the slide in alcohol. Count the
leucocyte under oil immersion lense. The cell of 10 field are
counted and averaged and multiplied by 500.000 to get the total
number of leucocytes in the milk.
III. Bacteriological examination of milk:
A. Direct microscopical examination.
B. Cultural examination: The milk is collected in sterilized vials and
stores in refrigerator and send to the laboratory, for isolation of
the organism and antibiotic sensetivity test.
88
5. Rumen juice examination

Examination of rumen juice (RJ) gives rapid diagnostic test for
monitoring the function of the rumen as well as the nutritional health of
the animals. The rumen juice is collected from animals by using stomach
tube, that was introduced through the mouth, then moved to and fro to
obtained a representative sample from different areas of the rumen. The
pH of the rumen juice, ammonia concentration, and volatile fatty acids
must be measured as soon as possible.
Counting of rumen ciliate protozoa:
The rumen contents were fixed and stained with 4 times volume of
methyl-green formaline saline (MFS) solution (100 ml formaldehyde
35%, 900 ml DW, methyl green 0.60 g and sodium chloride 0.80 g), then
stocked in dark place until examination. After gentle mixing of fixed
rumen juice sample, one drop was poured on hemocytometer slide,
covered with a cover slip and examined under a light microscope.
The number of rumen protozoa per 1 ml was calculated as follow:
Calculation: Number of protozoa/ l m l R J = n X 5 X 10 4
Identification of rumen ciliate protozoa:
Differential counts were also made using the same slide. Identification of
genera and species of the ciliate must be recorded.
The genera of rumen ciliates were detected in Egyptian ruminant:
Buetschlia, Dasytricha, Isotricha, Oligotricha, Charonina, Entodinium,
Diplodinium,
Eodinium, Eudiplodinium, Epidinium, Metadinium,
Polyplastron, Elytroplastron, Ostracodinium, Ophryoscolex and
Caloscolex.
Notes
The dilution rate (1 ml rumen juice & 4 ml MFS) = 5.
Count the number of protozoa in one large corner square of WBC=n.
The depth of hemocytometer is 0.1 so that you must multiply by 10. The
number of protozoa/ ill RJ = n X dilution X depth.
The number of protozoa/ 1 ml RJ = n X dilution X depth X 10 ^
Identification of rumen ciliate protoxoa:
Differential counts were also made using the same slide. Identificatin
of genera, species and forma of the ciliate must be recorded.
Distribution and composition of ciliate species in the rumen are
affected by many factors, such as host species, keeping area of the host
and feeding condition of host.
89
'
Diagram
Key for the identification of rumen ciliates
Key for the identification of rumen ciliates

For the identification of rumen ciliate, the following character should be
noted
1. Shape: Spherical, ovoid, ellipsoidal, elongate or asymetrical.
2. Location of ciliary zone: Entire body surface, anterior and posterior
body surface or anterior body surface only.
3. Number of ciliary zones: One or two.
4. Concretion vacuole: Present or absent.
5. Operculum: Present or absent.
6. Skeletal plate: Present or absent.
7. Number of skeletal plates: One, two, three, four or five.
8. Shape of skeletal plate: Broad or selender.
9. Number of contractile vacuole: One, two, three, four, five or more.
10 Shape of macronucleus: Spherical, ellipsoidal, rod or more
complicated.
11. Location of micronucleus: Anterior, middle or posterior.
12. Number of caudal spine: Zero, one, two, three, four, five or more.
13. Size: Diplodiniinae and Ophryoscolecinae are bigger in size than
Entodiniinae.
14. The micronucleus is located very close to the macronucleus, so
General morphology of rumen ciliate protozoa

1 Buetschliidae: Body is ovoid, uniform somatic ciliature, there is peculiar CoV
2 Isotricha spp: Body is ellipsoidal uniform somatic ciliature, no concretion vacuole
3. Charonina ventriculi: Ciliary zones are present at the anterior and posterior ends &
distinct vestibulum
4. Entodium: Ciliary tufts only in the adorsal area & small in size
5. preset
Diplodinium: Ciliary tufts in the adorsal area and antero-left side& skeletal plate
is
6. Epidinium: Ciliary tufts in the adorsal area and antero-left side & skeletal plate is
preset
ACZ; adorsal ciliary zone; C: cilia; CoV: concretion vacuole; Cph; cytoproct; CS:
caudal spine; CV contractile vacuole; FV: food vacuole; LCZ: left ciliary zone; Ma:
macronucleus; Mi: micronucleus; OP: operculum; SP: skeletal plate; Tr: trichite; V:
vestibulum.
90
that it is difficult to find it in a specimen fixed with MFS solution.

15. The caudal spines of large ciliate can note be adjusted to bring
them all in to focus.
16. The skeletal plate are strongly stained with iodine, so mix a drop
of diluted tincture iodine with a drop of 10% formaline on a glass
slide to observe the skeletal plates.
17. In general, in specimens collected from hosts just after feeding, it
is difficult to observe the organelles.
91
Diagram of key for the identification

of rumen ciliates
Diagram of key for the identification

of rumen ciliates
(2)
92
93
'
Phylum Ciliophora
Phylum Ciliophora
Plate 15
Plate 15
Genus
Genus
species
species
forma
Entodinium
1. Entodinium ovinum
(The body is oval shape, the macronucleus is rod- shaped)
2. Entodinium parvum
(The body is symmetrical and elongated, the anterior end is flattened)
3. Entodinium simplex
(The body is ovoid, the posterior end is round, the macronucleus is rod- shaped)
4. Entodinium nanelium
(The body is relatively elongate, the anterior end is flattened)
5. Entodinium bimastus
(The body is ovoid, the posterior part is tappers, the macronucleus is rod- shaped)
6. Entodinium exigum
(Body is round, anterior end is flattened, the macronucleus is short and thick)
forma
16. Entodinium rhomboideum
(The body is rhomboid, the macronucleus is rod - shaped)
17. Entodinium furca
19. Entodinium birostratum
20. Entodinium rostratum
(The body is a symmetrical, right surface is convex and left side is concave, there
is left spine in the posterior end)
2 1 . Entodinium bovis
(The body is round and the anterior end becomes small)
4 1 . Entodinium ovumrajae
Entodinium longinucleatum (EL)

7. EL spinonucleatum
. (Macronucleus is rod shape and its length is half of the body, three caudal spins,
one is short and located on the right side and two are long and located on the left
side.
8. EL acutonucleatum
(Similar to the entodinium longinucleatum with three caudal spinse, one is
located on the right side and two are on the left side)
9. EL longinucleatum
(The body is ovoid, the macrocucleus extend from the anterior to the posterior
part of the body, no caudal spine)
10. Entodinium minimum
(The body is asymmetrical, posterior part of the body is slender)
1 1 . Entodinium dubardi
(Similar to simplex)
13. Parentodinium africanum
Entodinium caudatum (EC)
12. EC dubardi
14. EC caudatum
(One long right caudal spine and two short left spines, contractile vacule is
located in the anterior part of the body, the macronucleus is rod- shaped, its
anterior is thick and its posterior is thin)
18. E C lobosopinosum
(Similar to E C C , one long and one short spines were divided in the same
manner)
1 5 . Entodinium dilobum
(There are two broad and short spines at the right and left posterior end of the
Oligoisotricha
2 2 . Oligoisoticha bubali
(The body is ovoid and small, the posterior end is slighly concave and the macronucleus is eleptical)
Charonina
23.Charonina ventriculi
(The body is relatively elongate, The vestibulum is clear and long, cilia cover only
the anterior and posterior end of the body)
Eodinium (Eo)
24. E o posterovesiculatum
(The body is ellipsoidal and small, the left side of the anterior end is depressed for
the contractile vacuol)
Eudiplodinium
Eudiplodinium maggi
(The body is ovoid to triangular and very big in size, the macronucleus resembles
7 shape)
Eudiplodinium bubalus
(The body is ellipsoidal, posterior end has a small caudal lobe on the right side,
two contractil vacuoles are present)
26. Eudiplodinium bovis
(Similar to preceding species, but slightly larger in size)
34. Eudiplodinium dilobum
(Similar to Eu. bovis, but there are two process at right posterior end of the body)
94
95
Genus
Phylum Olwphora Plate 16

species
forma
38. Eudiplodinium monolobum
(Similar to Eu bovis, but there is relatively pointed process at right posterior end
of the body)
43. Eudiplodinium rostratum

(The body is ovoid and small, there is a big caudal spine at the right posterior end
of the body, one skeletal plate is present)
Diplodinium
Diplodinium anisacanthum (DAs)
DAs anacanthum
(The shape and size are similar to diplodinium dentatumbut the posterior part of
the body tappers, no caudal spine)
27. DAs monaacanthum

(One caudal spine)
DAs diacanthum
(Tow caudal spine)
29. DAs pentacanthum

(Five caudal spine)
DAs hexacanthum
(Six caudal spine)
28. Diplodinium dentatum

(Body is nearly square. The left surface is convex. Operculum is relatively small
and the macronuclus is heavy rod-shaped.)
42. Diplodinium cameli

Dasytricha
30. Dasytricha ruminantium
(Eody is ellipsoidal with cilia in the entire surface, elliptical macronucleus)
31. Dasytricha kabbani

(The size is larger than DR with cilia cover the four fifth of body surface)
Isotricha
32. Isoticha prostoma
(It resemble dasytricha but it size is larger, the macronucleus is rod shap, curved
and its location is near the vestibulum)
33. Isoticha intestinalis

(It resemble Isotricha prostoma but the vestibulum is located in the middle of the
body)
Osiracodinium (O)
3 5 . 0 clipeolum
(The body is ellipsoidal, one very wide skeletal plate, small rounded and
flattened process is present at the postero-right end of the body)
36. O obtusum
(The body is ellipsoidal,
one
very
wide
skeletal
plate)
Metadinium
37. Metadinium affine

(The body is ovoid, there are two slender skeletal plates closed to each
other at the posterior part of the body)
Ophryoscolex (Oph)
39. Oph caudatus
(The body is stout with many furcated spines at the posterior part with
one long caudal spine)
40. Oph putkinji

(The body is stout with many furcated spines at the posterior part with
one short caudal spine)
Buetschlia
44. Polymorphella bovis
Polyplastron
45. Polyplastron multivesiculatum
(The body is ovoid, there are five skeletal plates, 4-5 contractile vacuoles in the
left side of the macronucleus)
Elytroplastron
Elytroplastron bubali
(Similar to the preceding species, there are four skeletal plates)
Epidinium (Ep)
Ep ecaudatum ecaudatum
(The body is elongated and slightly tappered posteriorly, no operculum,
three skeletal plates, two contractile vacuoles are present)
46. Ep ecaudatum caudatum

(Similar to the preceding species with one distinct caudal spine)
Caloscolex (Cal)
47.Caloscolex cameli
97
Laboratory Diagnosis
6. Blood examination
The blood is collected from animals through a puncture of jugular vein
in horse, camel, cattle, sheep and goat, cephalic vein or recurrent tarsal
vein in dog and cat, ear vein and anterior vena cava in pig. Two blood
samples can be collected for laboratory examination.
Whole blood samples: The blood sample is mixed to anticoagulat
such as heparine or EDTA or potassium and amonium oxalate. It is
indicated for hematological examination such as erythrocytic count,
leucocytic count, diffrential leucocytes, hemoglobin concentration,
packed cell volume and blood film.
Serum samples: The blood sample is collected without addition of
anticoagulant, left to clot then centrifugated at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes.
Only clear serum separate in a clean blastic container for biochemical
examination. It is indicated for biochemical examination of the blood
such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, zinc, copper, cobalt,
iron, vitamin A and E and liver and kidney function tests.
1. Blood film
A drop of fresh blood is placed in one corner end of slide, and spreaded
as smear with the help of another slide using its thin edge at an angle of
45. Dry the smear in air, fix in methanol 4-5 minutes and dry in air.
Stain the smear with giemsa stain diluted 1:10 in distalled water for 5
minutes. Wash the slides, dry in air and examine under oil immersion of
the microscope for the presence of blood parasites such as babesia,
theileria, anaplasma, trypanosoma and filaria and also for diffrential
leucocytic count.
98
2. Diffrential leucocytic count:

Count at least 200 cells by battlement / zigzag method. Cells counted
are neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils.
The cell count is present in percent.
Notes
1. Lymphocytosis: Occurs in viral infections, Tuberculosis,
Brucellosis, hypothyroidism & following vaccination.
2. Neutrophilia: Occurs in septicemic diseases, ureamia, gout,
coronary thrombosis, pyogenic infections and traumatic
reticuloperitonitis.
3. Eosinophillia: Occurs in allergy, parasitic infections, skin disease,
anaphylactic reaction and covalescence.
4. Basophilia: Occurs in Pox infection, sinusitis, spleenectomy,
cirrhosis, Hodgkin s disease and introduction of foreign protein.
5.
Monocytosis:
Occurs
in
Tuberculosis,
Brucellosis,
Trypanosomiasis, covalescence and monocytic leukemia.
6. Giemsa stain stock solution prepared as follow: Azure II - eosin 3
g, Azure II 0.8 g, glycerol 250 ml and acetone free methanol 250
ml. The working stain stock solution 1 part and distalled water 9
part.
7. Wright 's stain prepared as follow: Wrigh stain powder 1.66 g &
add methanol 1 liter. Mix with glyceren 1: 2 in morter. Filter before
use.
8. Lieshman stain stain prepared as follow: Lieshman stain powder
0.15 g & add methanol 100 ml. Mix in pestle and morter. Filter
before use.
3. Packed cell volume (hematocrite value)
Packed cell volume (PCV) can
be determined by using of
microhematocrite tube of 1 mm
diamter and 7-8 cm length. It is
filled with blood by capillary
action. Seal one end of
capillary tube by plasticin and
certrifuge in microcentrifuge
for 5 minutes. Remove the
tubes and put them on reader
seal to calculate hematocrite
value.
99
Hemoglobin
The hemoglobin is measured by using Sahli appratus. Take 5 drop of
N/10 Hcl in measuring tube and draw fresh blood in pipette to the 20
mark. Transferse the blood in to acid and mix for five minutes and add
distalled water drop by drop and mix with stiring rod to match the color
of standared read the scale in the tube, the value of hemoglobin g%.
1. The hemoglobin level is decrease in anemia.
2. The hemoglobin can be determined by colorometric method usin*
diagnostic kit.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

(MCH) & Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC):
MCV / cubic micron
PCVx 10
RBC / cumm in millions
MCH/ micro-microgram
Hbg%x 10
RBC / cumm in millions
Hbg%x 100
PCV%
MCHC / volume %
Notes
1. Microcytosis (low MCV): Occurs with anemia due to iron
deficiency and some immune - mediated hemolytic anemia.
2. Marcocytosis (high MCV): Occurs with malnutrition defects (e.g.
cobalt or vitamin B 1 2 / folic deficiency and some systemic
diseases).
3. MCH decreases with most causes of anemia as a result of decrease
erythrocytic count. MCH may increase artificially with
intravascular hemolysis.
4. _ MCHC decrease with iron deficiency and increase with
intravascular hemolysis.
100
Method of counting erythrocytes (RBC)

1. Reagents: you can use one of the following reagents:
a. Haymes s reagent (2.5 g sodium sulfate, sodium chloride 0.5 g
and mercuric chloride 0.5 g then add distalled water to 100 ml).
b. Gour 's reagent (16.6 ml glacial acetic acid, 6.25 g sodium sulfate
then add distalled water to 100 ml.
c. Physiological saline: 9 g of sodium chloride dissolved in one liter of
distaued water.
2. Equipment
a. Hemocytometer (special chamber to
RBC, containing 25 primary square,
each primary square contain 16
secondary square (the total is 400).
b. RBC pipette graduated to 0.5, 1 & 101
c. Microscope (high power)
3. Method
Clean the counting chamber and put the coverslip on the demarcated
area for counting. Suck the blood sample up to 0.5 mark in RBC
pipette, then draw the reagent up to 101 mark, mix well for 2-3
minutes, discard first few drops about 0.5 ml (the dilution rate is
200) then place a drop near the edge of the coverslip on the
plateform of the counting chamber, wait 1-2 minutes then start
counting of RBC in 5 primary. Cells on the top line of squares and
left side are included in count, while that of right side and bottom
line are excluded from the counting.
4.Calculation
Number of RBC/ \x\ blood or cumm= n X 10000
5. Notes
1. Other method can be used without pippte, mix 3.980 ml of
diluting reagent to 20 ul blood in witherman tube (diluation rate is
200). then place a drop near the edge of the coverslip and count the
sample.
2. The number of RBC in 5 primary square (80 secondary sq.) = n.
3.The number of RBC in all secondary square (400) = n X 5.
4. The dilution rate of RBC = 200 and the depth is 0.1 so that you
must multiply by 10.
5. The number of RBC/ (il blood or cumm=n X 5 X dilution X depth.
6. Increased total erythrocytic count is reported in cases of
dehydration, hemoconcentration, exercise, occlusion of the vein for
a longer period.
7. Decreased total erythrocytic count is reported in cases of anemia,
anaplasmosis, babesiosis, leptospirosis, copper, lead and
phenothiazine poisoning, equine infectious anemia, and defective
blood formation.
101
18 Dlffrentlal leucocytic counts

Method of counting of leucocytes (WBC)
1. Reagent of WBC: Turkey 's solution (3 ml glacial acetc acid, 97 ml
distalled water and add few drops of aqueous gentian violet 1% or
methylene blue to give color to the solution).
i *
2. Equipments
a. Hemocytometer (4 large corner
square for WBC count).
b. WBC diluting pipette, graduated
to 0.5, 1 and 11.
c. Microscope (high power)
jj j
R
- -
3. Method
Clean the counting chamber and put the coverslip on the demarcated
area for counting. Suck the blood sample up to 0.5 mark in WBC
pipette, then suck the reagent up to 11 mark, mix well for 2-3
minutes, discard first few drops about 0.5 ml (the dilution rate is 20),
then place a drop near the edge of the coverslip on the plateform of
the counting chamber, wait 1-2 minutes then start counting of WBC
in four large corner squares of the ruled area under low power.
4.Calculation
Number of WBC/ \xl blood or cumm = n X 50
5. Notes
1. Other method can be used without pippte, mix 380 \i\ of diluting
reagent to 20 \xl blood in wither tube (diluation rate is 20); the,
place a drop near the edge of the coverslip and count.
2. The number of WBC in 4 large squres = n
The dilution rate of WBC =s 20 and depth of hemocytometer is 0.1
so
that multiply by 10.
3. Number of WBC/ JJ.1 blood or cumm = n X dilution X d<
Appendix I
Normal hematological values
Cattle
Sheep
9-15
3.0 - 15
Hemoglobin (g%)
27-45
24-46
PCV (%)
9-15
5-10
6
RBC10 /ml
4-12
4-12
WBC 10 3 / ml
0.7-6
0.6-4
Neutrophils 10 3 /ml
2-9
2.5-7.5
Lymphocytes 10 3 / ml .03 - 0.84 0-7.5
Monocytes 10 3 / ml
0
0-1
Eosinophils 10 3 / m 1 0 - 2.40
0-300
0-0.2
Basophils 10 3 / m 1
100 - 500 300 - 700
Fibrinogen mg%
Camel
Horse
12-14
11 -19
32-34
32-53
9-11
6.8-12.9
13 -15 4.5 -14.3
.85
- 6.75 2.3 - 8.6
i
1.5-7.7
5.85-6.75
f
0-1
0.1-0.2
1.17 - 1.35 0 - 1
0-0.2
0.0 - 0.0
100
- 400
100 - 300
Appendix II
Normal Biochemical values
Cattle
132-152
Sodium mEq/1
3.9-5.8
Potassium mEq/1
95-110
Chloride mEq/1
8 -10.5
Calcium mg %
4-7
Phosphorus mg%
1.2-3.5
Magnesium mg%
57 -162
Iron \xl%
6-27
Urea mg%
1-2.7
Creatinine mg%
Glucose mg%
JJ-J./
Cholesterol mg%
39 -177
U.U - vy
Total bilirubin mg%
0.0 - 0.4
Direct bilirubin mg%
HC03 mmol/1
20-30
O A
AC
34-45
PC02 mmHg
7.4-7.5
pH
14-26
Anion gap mEq/1
5.7-8.1
Total protein g%
2.1-3.6
Albumin g%
3.6-4.5
Globulin g%
l\
35
- 350
Alkaline phosphatase iu
60
- 150
AST iu/1
15-27
ALT iu/1
65
0.0-15
CPKiu/1
Sheep
Camel
Horse
145 -160 133 -135 132 -150

3-5
3-5
4.8 - 5.9
98-110
130
-135
98-110
11.5 - 13 12.5 -14 11.2-13.8
4.5-6
3.1-5.6
4r - 7/
1.8-2.5
2-4
1.9-2.5 110-142 91 -199
166-222
10-20
25-27
8-20
1.1-3.7
1.2-1.9
1.2-1.9
50-60
60 -100
30-65
46 -177
59 -120
40-58
0.2 - 0.6
0.2 - 0.8
0.0 - 04
0.0 - 0.4
0.0
0.4
0.0 - 0.3
23-32
01 09
Li - Z 5
38-46
JO
3R
7.3-7.5
7.3-7.5
10-25
12-24
6-7.7
6-7
6-7.9
2.9-3.8
4-5
2.4-3
3.1-3.9
2
4.3-6
95 - 233
50-60
68 - 387
200
- 400
30-40
260 - 35C
10-24
13-20
16-90
1VJ
LX)
65
65
65
0.0-If
0.0-15
0.0-15
CTYEI
Jn/I
pyri 1U/J
103
Interpretations for analysis of some serum parameters

Blood glucose
1. Decrease blood suger values (hypoglycemia) is observed in
acetonemia,
pregnant toxemia, hyperinsulinism,
hepatic
insufficiency, starvation, hypothyroidism and hypopitutarism.
2. Increase blood suger values (hyperglycemia) is observed in
diabetes mellitus, hyperpitutarism, shock, urinary obstruction,
hyperthyroidism, chronic nephritis, burns, epilepsy, tetany &
convulsions.
Total protein
1. Decrease total protein values is observed in maldigestion, burns,
malabsorption, starvation, lactation, renal disease, liver disease,
chronic wasting disease, protein urea, diarrhea and parasitic
disease.
2. Increase total protein values is observed in dehydration, shock and
neoplasms.
Serum calcium
1. Decrease of serum calcium is observed in milk fever, starvation,
hypothyroidism, ketosis, rickets and eclampsia.
2. Increase of serum calcium is observed in hyperproteinemia,
hyperthyroidism and after adminstration of vitamin D.
Serum inorganic phosphorus
1. Decrease of serum inorganic phosphorus is observed in pica
hypophosphatemia, hyperparathyroidism, heavy parasitism and
rheumatism like syndrome.
2. Increase of serum inorganic phosphorus is observed in renal
failure, hypoparathyroidism,
healing of fractures
and
hypervitaminosis D.
Serum magnesium
1. Decrease of serum magnesium is observed in grass tetany.
Serum cholesterol
1. Decrease of serum cholesterol is observed in hyperthyroidism,
liver diseases, anemia, starvation, acute infections, intestinal
obstruction, low fat diet and epilepsy.
2.Increase of serum cholesterol is observed in hypothyroidism,
advanced nephrosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, cortizone therapy,
high fat diet, obstruction of bile duct, pregnancy and diabetic
acidosis.
104
Interpretations for analysis of some serum parameters

Serum urea
1. Decrease of serum urea is observed in acute hepatic insufficiency,
chronic wasting diseases, nephrosis and pregnancy.
2. Increase of serum urea is observed in acute or chronic
nephritis, urinary or intestinal obstruction, liver cirrhosis and
peritonitis.
Serum creatinine
1. Increase creatinine values is observed in severe nephritis, urinary
obstruction and severe toxic nephrosis.
Serum sodium
1. Decrease serum sodium values is observed in severe burns and

myxedema.
2. Increase serum sodium values is observed in dehydration due to
diarrhea, vomiting and in primary water deficit in body.
Serum potassium
1. Decrease of serum potassium is observed in severe acute diarrhea,
chronic nephritis, hyperinsulinism, hypercorticoadrenaline and over
medication of corticosteroid.
2. Increase of serum potassium is observed in bronchopneumonia,
diarrhea, nephritis, uremia pyometra and in acute infections.
Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase
1. Increase of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase is observed in
hepatic necrosis, myocardial infarction, muscular necrosis, azoturia,
starvation and vitamin E deficiency.
Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
1. Increase of serum serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
is
observed in suppurative hepatitis, anemia, pyometra,
hypothyroidism, arsenic poisoning, infectious canine hepatitis and
hepatic carcinoma.
Serum alkaline phosphatase
1. Increase of serum alkaline phosphatase is observed in intestinal
rickets, osteomalacia, obstructive jaundice, infectious hepatitis,
pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, my ostitis
ossificans and flurosis.
2. Decrease of serum alkaline phosphatase is observed in chronic
nephritis, hypothyroidism and hypomagnsemic tetany.
105
Vacination programs for farm animals in Egypt
II. Vaccines recommended for use in sheep and goats

1. Rift vally feyer: Inactivated virus vaccine or live attenuated
/. Vaccines recommended for use in dairy and beef calves up to 12

months
1. Foot and mouth disease: Vaccine used is Aziridine inactivated
tissue culture O1vaccine.
2. Rinderpest: Vaccine used is live attenuated tissue culture.
3. Rift vally fever: Inactivated virus vaccine or live attenuated vim:
vaccine
4. Bovin viral diarrhea-Mucoal disease: Pneumo-3 vaccine is used.
5. Rota and corna virus infection: Inactivated virus vaccine in oily
adjuvant (CORONIFFA RC)
6. Infectious bovine rinotracheitis: Pneumo-3 vaccine is used.
7. Rabies: Inactivated tissues culture rabies vaccine is used.
8. Lumpy skin disease: Sheep pox vaccine is used.
9. Hemorrhagic septicemia: Hemorrhagic septicemia inactivated oil
adjuvant vaccine is used.
.10. Brucellosis: Calf hood attenuated vaccine B19 is used.
11. Clostridial diseases: Polyvalent inactivated clostridial vaccine is
used.
II. Vaccines recommended for use in pregnant cows and buffaloes
1. Foot and mouth disease :Vaccine used is Aziridine inactivated tissue
culture O1vaccine.
2. Rift vally fever: Inactivated virus vaccine or live attenuated virus
vaccine is used.
3. Bovin viral diarrhea-Mucoal disease: Pneumo-3 vaccine is used.
4. Infectious bovine rinotracheitis: Pneumo-3 vaccine is used.
5. Lumpy skin disease: Sheep pox vaccine is used.
6. Colibacillosis: Inactivated adjuvant vaccine againt neonatal
colibacillosis
7. Clostridial diseases: Polyvalent inactivated clostridial vaccine.
106
virus vaccine is used.

2. Rinderpest: Vaccine used is live attenuated tissue culter.
3. Bluetongue: Polivalent live attenuated virus vaccine is used.
4. Sheep and goat pox: Live attenuated freeze dried vaccine is.
used.
5. Rabies: Vaccine inactivated tissues culture rabies is used.
6. Contagious ecthyma: Live vaccine is used.
7. Pasteur ellosis: Inactivated adjuvant vaccine is used.
8. Clostridial diseases: Polyvalent inactivated clostridial vaccine.
IX. Vaccines recommended for use in horses
1. African horse sickness: Polyvalent live attenuated vaccine is
used
2. Rabies: Inactivated tissues culture rabies vaccine is used.
3. Strangles: Inactivated whole bacteria as EquibacII is used.
4.Tetanus: Toxoid vaccine is used.
5. Equine influenza: Inactivated vaccine as Equibac II is used.
X. Vaccines recommended for use in dogs and cats
1-Canine distemper: Inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine is
used.
2. Canine parvovirus: Live attenuated tissue culture vaccine
(Bivalent vaccine for distemper and parvo may be used).
3. Leptospirosis: Multivalent bacteria, tetravalent vaccine for
rabies, distemper, parvo and leptospirosis is available and may be
used.
107
1.
Drug & active
Antibiotics
Drug & active
principle
Pentomycin
(pencillinstrepomycine)
-Streptopenicid
-Neobiotic
(pencillinstrepomycine)
Streptomycine
(each vial contain
1 g streptomycin)
Norocillin LA
Long acting
penicillin
each vial contain
1.2 million IU
Panteramycine
(oxytetracycline)
Uvomycin
(oxytetracycline)
Teramycine Q 100
(oxytetracycline)
Teramycine LA
(oxytetracycline)
Dexatrin
(oxytetracycline,
tripelennamine
and
dexamethazone)
TRIOXYL LA.
(Amoxycillin
15%)
a) Narrow spectrum antibiotic

Dose, route of adminstration
Indication
& company
Respiratory tract infection,
Large animals 1 cc / 25 kg
Bwt deeply I/M/daily/3-5
navel ill, listeriosis, enteritis
days
meningitis, septicaemia
(Imp. by Agripharma)
and
(AM Trading)
urogenital affections
Respiratory tract infection,
navel ill, listeriosis, enteritis
meningitis, septicaemia
and
urogenital infection
Affect gram negative of
urinary and respiratory
affections
Affect gram positive
organism.
Large animal 2 vial

Small animal 1/2 vial
I/M every 12 hours.
(C1D)
Large animal 2-4 g
Small animal 1/2 g
I/M every 12 hours.
(CID)
Large animal 2-4 million IU
Small animal 400.000 IU.
I/M every 24 hours.
(Norbrook )
b) Broad spectrum antibiotic

1 cc / 10 kg Bwt 3-5 days
Pulmonary, genital,
S/C, I/M & I/V
urinary and mastitis
(Pfizer)
1 cc / 10 kg BW 3-5 days
Pulmonary, genital,
I/M & I/V
(Hoechst)
Pulmonary, genital,
1 cc / 10 kg Bwt 3-5 days
I/M & I/V
(Pfizer)
1 cc / 10 kg Bwt / 48 hrs.
Anaplasma, pneumonia,
2 doses, I/M
leptospirosis...
(Pfizer)
3 cc / 100 kg Bwt 3-5 davs
Mastitis, joint ill, Meteritis,
I/M
listeriosis & pneumonia.
contra-indicated in late
(Antibiotic, antihistaminic
pregBnancy, equine & dogs
&
(AM Trading)
anti-inflammatory).
Anaplasma, pneumonia,
leptospirosis...
1 cc / 10 kg Bwt. / 48 hrs.
2 doses, I/M
(AM Trading)
Tetroxy LA
Alamycin LA
(oxytetracycline)
Oxy tetracycline
5%
(oxytetracycline)
Oxytetracycline
(oxytetracycline)
Oxytrac
(oxytetracycline)
Amoxycillin 15%
Muv-Ampiclox
(Ampicillincloxacillin)
Indication
1 Dose, route of adminstration

& company
lepiratory, GIT and uroI/M ....
& I/V (Bimeda).
genital infections
Repiratory, GIT, uroI/M
genital infections and
(Norbrook Lab).
mastitis
Repiratory, GIT, uroI/M&I/P
genital and cutaneous
(VETWIC).
infections.
10 cc / 100 ks Bwt 3-5 davs
Repiratory, GIT & uroI/M&I/P
genital infection,
(CID).
Repiratory, GIT infection,
uro-genital and cutaneous
infection.
GIT, respiratory and
urogenital affections.
urogenital affections.
I/M (FARVET).
Bwt / 3-5 days/ I/M
Sheep 2.5 ml/50 kg Bwt
(Muvco).
Ampicillin 20%
(Ampicillin)

urogenital affections
doses /12 hrs. interval I/M.

(Bremopharma).
Clamoxyl LA
(Amoxicillin long
Enteritis, pneumonia,
urogenital tract infections.
2 doses / 48 hrs. interval
Cidocitin
(Chloramphenicho
1)
Highly effective against

salmonellosis^
colibacillosis
Small animal 1 vials

I/M or orally / 24 hours.
(CID).
Nuflor
(Florfenichol)
Respiratory affections
2 doses / 48 hrs. interval

(Schering).
_
Excenel
(Cephalosporin)
Pneumonia, shiping fever

and foot rot.
1 cc / 50 kg Bwt. / 3-5 days

(Upjhon).
_
Linco-Spectin
(Lincomycin -
Repiratory infections, foot

rot and secondary
pneumonia (mycoplasma"
urogenital affections and
mastitis
Indication
(Upjhon).
Spectrama Vet.
10%
Drug & active
Avitryl - 5
109
108
I/M & I/P

(AMOUN).
(Pfizer).
S/C,I/M
(AMOUN).
& company
I/M or S/C (A V1CO).
T
Cidotryl Vial 10%
Enrofloxacin
(10g)
SEE
(enrofloxacin)
Colibacillosis, bronchopneumonia, mastitis &

urinary tract affections
Pneumonia, enteritis,
metritis and mastitis.
Not used in equines.
Advocin
(Danofloxacin)
Pneumonia, enteritis,
metritis and mastitis.
Erythromycin 10%
Pvespiratory and enteric

infections.
Kanamycin
(Kanamycin)
Respiratory and enteric

infections.
Gentamycin 5%
(Gentamycin)
Respiratory and urogenital

affections
Gentamycin 10%
(Gentamycin
sulfate)
GENTA-SOLVINE
(Gentamycin)
Respiratory and urogenital

affections
Garavet
(Gentamycin
sulfate)
GENTA 50
(Gentamycin
sulfate)
Uccmagent
(Gentamycin
sulfate)
2. Sulvhonilamids
Drug & active
1 ml / 40 kg Bwt, 3 - 5 days.
I/M or S/C
(Cid).
1 ml / 20 kg Bwt, 3 - 5 days,
less acute half dose / 4 days,
I/M or S/C.
(SIDCO).
5 ml /100 kg Bwt, 3 - 5 days,
I/M or S/C.
Borgal 24%
Sulphadoxin &
Uni-Sulfa
Sulphadimidine
Sulphadimidine
33.33%
(Pfizer).
Respiratory affections
contra-indicated in late
pregnancy
Resiratory affection,
metritis and cystitis
Gentamycine sulphate
Enteritis, pneumonia, skin,
tissue and urogenital tract
infections.
Resiratory affection and
enteritis
1 ml / 50 kg Bwt; 3 - 5 days,
I/M cr S/C.
(VETWIC).
5 ml / 100 kg Bwt. 3 - 5
days, I/M or S/C.
(VETWIC).
8 ml /100 kg Bwt; I/M, I/V
orl/U
(Brener).
orl/U
(ADWIA).
Cattle & horse 25 cc
Calves 10 cc, sheep 5 cc
(CID).
8 ml / 100 kg Bwt; I/M, I/V
orl/U
(Memphis).
or I/U. Contra-indicated in
renal failure & diarrhoea
not adminster together with
diuretics.
(FARVET).
4 ml /100 kg Bwt, I/M
(Uccma).
Coliprim
Trimethoprim &
CO-TRIMAZINE
Trimethoprim &
Muv-sulphatrim
24%
(Sulphadoxin &
Trimethoprim)
3.
urogenital infections
dose after 48 hrs. I/V & I/M.

(Hoechst).
Respiratory, GIT,
'
n Vo Rwt.
3-5days,S/C,I/M&I/V.
urogenital infections and
(AMOUN).
strangles.
15 ml / 100 kg Bwt
Respiratory, GIT and
3-5days,S/C,I/M&I/V.
(VETWIC).
1 ml / 15 kg Bwt orally/ 5
Pasteurellosis,
days
colibacillosis and
(AVICO).
salmonellosis
1 ml / 32 kg BW / 3-5 days.
Respiratory, GIT diseases
I/M
and urogenital tract.
(ADWIA).
(bactericidal)
Respiratory, GIT and
I/M.
(Muvco).
Anti-inflamma tory drugs

Anti-inflammatory, antiPredef 2X
allergic, gloco-corticoid in
(Isoflopredone
hypoglycemia
Non-Steroidal
Buia-FeniC
Anti-inflammatory
Dex'aiomanol
Finadyne
(Fiunixin
4.
& company
Antifungal
EUROTOX
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory, '
antipyretic, analgesic and
w
additive protect the
a'-A Feed
wntnxin
animals from mycotoxins
'-' - -'>- the

Mycodote-H-Plus P'eea actum vC [nuvw, ..._
(active silica &
animals from mycotoxins
reduced tripeptide
and mycotoxicosis
glutamate)
111
110
Cattle & horse i - iu ce, wax

(Upjhon).
&I/V
(AM Trading)
Calves and dog 1-10 cc, I/M
&I/V
(Schering - Plought).
Cattle & horse I / 45 kg Bwt
I/M & I/V
(Schering Plought). _
5 g. / s.g icpu
(Eurovet - Egypt).
Preventive dose 2 g. / kg t'eeu
Curative dose 4 g. / Kg xeeu
(ADWIA).
113
112
114
116
117
118
119
120
121
5.
Analgesic, Sedative and Tranqulizer drugs

Drugs & active
Indication
principle
& company
Antipyretic, sedative and
Aspegic vial
1 vial / 70 kg Bwt. I/M & I/V
non estroidal antiinflammatory
5 ml for dog and cat /6 hours
No vac id syrp
Analgesic
/ orally/ 3- 5 days.
According to the severity of
Stesolid
Sedatives and tranqulizer
the cases
(Syrup & Supp)
Tranqulizer, sedative &
0.4 mg / kg Bwt, deeply I/M
Neurazine
potent analgesic
(1 ml / 65 kg Bwt.)(Misr).
Dogs 1 amp. (10 mg), S/C
Morphine
Narcotic
(Misr).
6.
Anti-Spasmodic
Buscopan amp
Spasm oparalgin
Spasmocibalgin
Cid water
Walirine
Norflex amp
7.
8.
Laxative drugs
Laxolag syrup
Sedalac syrup
Laxomag syrup
Laxofin syrup
Glycerin supp
Anti Diarrhea
Kapect susp~
Pectokal susp
Lotnitil syrup
Entroquine susp
Kapect compoud
and muscle relaxant drugs

Antispasmodic in case of
Cattle & horse 3 ampoules
colic
I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Renal and intestinal colic
Horse 20-25 cc I/M, I/V
specially in Equines
(Novarts & Cairo).
Antispasmodic and
Calves, sheep and dog 5-20
carminative in young
ml/ orally/ 3 times daily.
animals
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Horse 3 ampoules - 8 hours in case of lumbago
I/M
Laxative & Purgative
Cattle & horse 1 bottle

Calves, sheep and dog 20 ml
orally / 12 hours / 3- 5 days
Laxative
Cattle & horse 3 supp

Calves, sheep and dog 1 supp
Diarrhea
Cattle & horse 1 bottle

Calves, sheep and dog 20 ml
drugs
122
^
14.
Cough
Sedative,
Drugs &. active

principle
BrochistaTsyrup
Expectyl syrup
Isiliti syrup
Brochophane syr
Bisilvon amp
Expectorant
and
Mucolytic
Indication
Cough sedative and
expectorant
Mucolytic drug
Mucopront susp
Mucolytic drug
Codilar syrup
Codipront syrup
Coflin syrup
Minophylline amp
Antitussives for dry cough
15.
16.
17.
Heart tonics
Lanoxine
(Digoxine)
Bronchodilator in cases of
emphysema and bronchitis
drugs

& company
Cattle & horse 30 ml
Sheep and dog 5 ml
I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule 1/M
Sheep and dog 5 ml
orally / 12 hours / 3- 5 days.
Sheep and dog 5 ml
orally / 1 2 hours / 3- 5 days
I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Vitamins and
Drugs & active
A Viton
(ampoules)
A. Varol
(ampoules)
E.Viton
Cevarol
(Vit. C)
Varolex B12 with
liver extract
(Vit. B12)
TriB
(Trivarol,
Trivacid)
Amri K amp
Devarol amp
Heart tonic
Cattle & horse

3 ampoules I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Urinary' Antis eptic and Diuretic drug.'

Coliurinal eff
Urinary antiseptic
10 g / 200 ml water 2 times
Vrolithin eff
daily
Orinal
eff
Cattle & horse
Lasix amp
Diuretic
3 ampoules I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
EDEMEX
Diuretic
Cattle & horse
3 ampoules I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Hormons used in labour and ovulatio n
Oxytocin amp
Facilitat parturation
tolone Estrogen
Methergin amp
18.
Smooth inactive ovary

After parturation and
hemorrahgc
124
Cattle 3 ampoule?
I/V in saline
Cattle 3 ampoules I/M
Cattle 5 ampoules /
12 hours I/M
De Ca B 12
Medivet syrup
Phosphoplex Fe
Minerals
Indication

& company
treatment of diseases due
to vit. A def.
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
As above
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
White muscle disease. Stiff
lamb disease & tip toe
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Promote wound healing
Cattle 10 c.c. I/V, I/M
increase body resistance
Sheep 5 c.c.
Cattle 1 vial, 1/M
gastro intestinal
Sheep 1/2 vial I/M
disturbance
perncious anemia
Combination of vitamin
Bl, B6 & B6. for gastrointestinal disturbance and
neuro-muscular disorders.
Vitamin K in cases of
hemorrhage and epistaxis
Rickets and calcium
deficiency
Rickets and calcium
deficiency
General tonic and
deficiency diseases
Appetizer
Hepavit B 12
Liver affections

Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
1 ampoule / 70 kg Bwt. I/M
Cattle 5 ampoules / 12 hours
I/M
5 ml for dog and cat /6 hours
/ orally/ 3- 5 days.
I/M
Sheep 1 ampoule I/M
19. Drops for eye and nose allergy and inflammation

Eye affection
5-10 drops / 3 times daily
Anarol drops
Prisoline zinc blue
Dexamethazone
20. Scabies and Lice
I
Liced spray
Benzanil emulgel
Neocid shampoo
preparations
Lice and scabies
One time daily / 3 days
Lice and scabies

Lice and scabies
One time daily / 3 days
125

Veterinary Handbook for Internal Medicine Diseases

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Veterinary Handbook for Internal Medicine Diseases

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Hand book

Veterinary Internal Medicine

Dr. Hamed Attia Mohamed

Dr. Hatem Mohamed Selim

SUMMERY OF IMPORTANT INTERNAL MEDICINE

This book is supported with many colored clinical illustrated

4. Diseases of the urinary system

5. Diseases of the nervous system

6, Diseases of metabolic disorders

7. Diseases caused by nutritional deficiency

Common human drugs can be used in animals

examination of the lymph node

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

i. Definition and Causes

Apply hot fomentation.

RJ Iodine or camphor ointments 10%.

Dexatrin (Oxytetracyclene, dexamethazone & tripellinamine)

R/ Expectyl 30 ml orally in cattle and horse / 12 hours / 3-5

D iseases of the digestive system

Diseases of me digestive VOM*"

1. Definition and Causes

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Supermach 2 sachet / cow orally, daily for 2 days, as a

R/ Dry yeast about 50 g dissolved in a sufficient quantity of warm

Diseases of the digestive systeiji

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Site of reticulum (shaded) between shoulder joint, umbilicus and caudal

Diseases of the digestive system

Plate 1 Diseases 0f digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system'

Diseases of the digestive system

Abomasal ulcers of cattle

Diseases of the digestive system

1. Definition and Causes

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

1. Definition and Causes

1. Definition and Causes

Diseases of the digestive system

e 2 Diseases of digestive system

RJ Trimetasol (Sulpha & trimethoprim) 1 cc/ 32 kg Bwt. orally. V^ -

Diseases of the digestive system

Plate 2 Diseases of digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

1. Definition and Causes

1. Definition and Causes

Diffrential diagnosis: Diseases causes chest pain, pain on urination

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of the digestive system

Plate 3 Diseases of digestive system

Diseases of the respiratory system

R/ Adrenaline 2%. or tannic acid, plug the affected nostril by a piece

Diseases of the respiratory system

Diseases of the respiratory system