Arm Based Road and Fire Accidents Detection and Prevention System in Vehicles With GPS

ABSTRACT
It is so sad to hear that the news of road and fire accidents happening rapidly
now a days. Many are losing their beloved. The incidence of accidental deaths has
shown an increasing trend during the period 2003 -2013 with an increase of 51.8% in
the year 2013 as compared to 2002 however 0.2% decreases was observed in 2003
over previous year 2002. The population growth during the period 2003-2013 was
13.6% whereas the increase in the rate of accidental deaths during the same period
was 34.2%.
From the recent survey analysis 72% of the accidents causes because of the
carelessness of the rider or he is drunk. In case of major accidents many people are
not being saved because of the delay of emergency response teams, as they are getting
informed so late. Many are losing their lives lack of medical response in time. For non
occurrence of such kind of delay in information i tried to develop some detection and
prevention system in this project.
The idea behind this project is, to detect the cause of vehicle accidents well in
advance and apply the control acts to rectify them. Mainly the accidents come through
in many ways like fire accidents, collisions, over speed etc. How to overcome this
dangerous and how to control it.
This project is implemented in embedded system my using LPC2148
processor, including with GSM/GPS technology. The detection is maintained by some
sensors used in appropriate places.
The project covers a wide range of fire safety issues in buses. The main focus
is on: risk assessments, performance requirements for interior materials and the study
of fire risks, prevention, detection and extinguishment in engine compartments.
Finally all the actions for proposed new methods and requirements for improved fire
safety on buses are summarized.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
II
ABSTRACT
II
LIST OF FIGURES
IV
LIST OF TABLES
VI
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
1.2 Objectives:
1.3 Literature Survey:
1.4 Importance of the Work:
1.5 Organization of the Thesis:
CHAPTER 2
ARM BASED ROAD AND FIRE ACCIDENTS DETECTION AND
PREVENTION SYSTEM IN VEHICLES WITH GPS
2.1 Introduction:
2.2 Block Diagram Description:
2.3 Flowchart of Proposed project:
2.4 Schematic Diagram of this Project:
10
2.5 Conclusion:
10
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
11
3.1 ARM processor:
11
3.2 IR Sensors:
24
3.3 MQ-5 GAS Sensors:
25
3.4 MQ-3 Semiconductor Sensors for Alcohol:
27
3.5 Temperature Sensor (Thermister):
28
3.6 ADXL335:
30
3.7 EEPROM:
32
3.8 MAX 232:
33
3.9 L293D:
37
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display:
40
ii
3.11 Power Supply:
44
3.12 APR9600:
47
3.13 DC MOTOR:
51
3.14 GSM Modem:
52
3.15 GPS (Global Positioning System):
60
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
65
4.1 KEIL Compiler:
65
4.2 Proload:
65
4.3 Software Introduction:
65
4.4 What is Vision3?
66
4.5 Conclusion:
75
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
76
5.1 Introduction:
76
5.2 System Hardware:
76
5.3 Sensor Detection Results:
77
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE
78
6.1 Conclusion:
78
REFERENCES
79
BIBLIOGRAPHY
81
APPENDIX-A
GLOSSARY
82
APPENDIX-B
PUBLICATION
88
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Sl.No
Figure No
Description
Page No
2.1
Block diagram of proposed system
07
2.2
Flow chart of proposed system
09
2.3
Schematic Diagram of this Project
10
3.1
ARM Block Diagram
12
3.2
Register Bank in ARM
14
3.3
Current Program Status Register
15
3.4
Pin Diagram of LPC2148
22
3.5
Block Diagram of LPC2148
23
3.6
Circuit diagram IR Transmitter & Receiver
24
Circuit
10
3.7
Gas Sensors
25
11
3.8
Standard circuit
26
12
3.9
RL signal output
26
13
3.10
Configuration of Alcohol Sensor
28
14
3.11
Schematic symbol of Thermister
29
15
3.12
Functional Block Diagram ADXL335
31
16
3.13
Pin Function Descriptions ADX335
31
17
3.14
Pin diagram for MAX232
33
18
3.15
MAX232 DIP Package Pin Layout
34
18
3.16
MAX232 circuit connections
36
19
3.17
DC motor diagram
37
20
3.18
The pin configuration of L293D
38
21
3.19
Circuit for implementation of L293D with
39
capacitors
22
3.20
Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller
43
23
3.21
5V regulated power supply system
44
24
3.22
7805 Regulator
46
25
3.23
Pin-out of APR9600
47
26
3.24
Typical connections of the APR9600
50
iv
27
3.25
DC Motor
51
28
3.26
The basic blocks of the whole GSM system
55
29
3.27
Transmitter for the voice signal
57
30
3.28
Receiver for the Voice signal
57
31
3.29
Signaling between Air and Abis Interface
58
32
3.30
Location Search
62
33
3.31
GPS Triangulation
63
34
6.1
System Hardware kit of this Project
76
35
6.2
Sensors detection Results
77
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.No
Table No
01
2.1
Description
Statics of accidental deaths in comparison to all
Page No
06
India
02
2.2
Sensors list
08
03
3.1
ARM7 Exceptional modes
16
04
3.2
MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE
36
05
3.3
Pin description for LCD
42
06
3.4
LCD Command Codes
42
07
3.5
LCD Hardware connections
43
07
3.6
Modes and selection of modes
49
08
3.7
Technical specifications of GSM
54
vi
ARM Based Road And Fire Accidents Detection And Prevention System In Vehicles With GPS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
An embedded system is a combination of both software and hardware utilities used to
perform a dedicated task. Some of the main components used in embedded products are
Microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
In our daily lives, the usage of embedded system and digital information technology
are growing prominently. In fact embedded systems are embedded in our environment to a
great extent. the usage is so grown that even the client using embedded system doesnt have a
feeling that he is using a small computer in ordinary sense. One of the main reasons for that
is the visibility of processor is minimized in the embedded system. An embedded system is a
special purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to
the device or to the system it controls.
The world population of people over the age of 65 is growing rapidly at a rate
of 800,000 per month. A normal person performs daily activities at regular interval of
time. This implies that the person is mentally and physically fit and leading a regular
life. This tells us that the overall well-being of the person is at a certain standard. If
there is decline or change in the regular activity, then the wellness of the person is not
in the normal state. Elderly people desire to lead an independent lifestyle, but at old
age, people become prone to different accidents, so living alone has high risks and is
recurrent. A growing amount of research is reported in recent times on development
of a system to monitor the activities of an elderly person living alone so that help can
be provided before any unforeseen situation happened.
Recent researchers in sensor technology, cellular networks and information
technology promise to improve the well-being of the elders by assisting them in their
daily chores and monitoring their health status. Thus allowing them to lead an
independent life away from healthcare institutions, care takers. With the usage of
sensors they can get medical and other information without human effort. In real life
practical applications such as surveillance, security use camera based embedded
Dept. of ECE, B V C Engineering College, Odalarevu
systems at a great extent. Placing sensors at required places collects information

whenever required .it gives a huge acceptability.
Nowadays, as the reports of accidents are growing rapidly, the usage of sensor
technology in vehicles avoid road accidents, fire accidents from happening and also
provide an extra cover of safety to the people who are travelling. My project gives an
idea to avoid such accidents and motivate the use of sensors in real life. I hope this
project help in eradication of accidents and may let the people reach their destination
safely.
1.2 Objectives:
The objective of the project is to avoid Road and fire accidents especially in public
transport vehicles like Volvo buses and also the precautions to be taken for eradication
of such accidents. The main objectives of the project are:
To monitor the health position of driver and also check whether the driver
consumed alcohol or not.
To avoid collision of the vehicle with culverts, bridges etc in their course and
immediately stop the vehicle.
To observe fuel leakage for preventing and controlling fire accidents.
To spontaneously intimate location and alert the emergency services if any of

such accident happen by using GSM/GPRS technology.
1.3 Literature Survey:

This is discusses the work of, ARM BASED ROAD AND FIRE ACIDENTS
DETECTION AND PREVENTION SYSTEM IN VEHICLES WITH GPS various
existing of elderly. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging technology which
has aroused a great interest in the research community in the last years. Sensor
networks have a variety of applications. Examples include environmental monitoring,
habitat monitoring, Home monitoring, military surveillance, inventory tracking, smart
spaces etc. In many of these applications for wireless sensor networks, nodes need to
find their location, sensing data without knowing the sensor location is
meaningless.
Saurabh S. Chakole (M. Tech) Dept. of Electronics Engineering Y.C.C.E. (An

Autonomous Institution) Nagpur, India.saurabhchakolefz@gmail.com was published
a paper in International Conference on Communication Systems and Network
Technologies in 2013.
He designed a Vehicular monitoring and tracking system based on ARM using
GSM and GPS is proposed. The vehicular module is used to track, monitor, and
surveillance and finds the accident spot and intimate to the monitoring station
C. Lozano; O. Rodriguez. Engineering School, Universidad Sergio Arboreta,
Bogot, Colombia was published a paper in The Online Journal on Electronics and
Electrical Engineering (OJEEE) Vol. (3) No. (2) Reference Number: W10-0097
He designed Design of Forest Fire Early Detection System Using Wireless
Sensor Networks. This article presents the design of a system for monitoring
temperature and humidity for the prevention of forest fires using wireless sensor
networks. An initial study of the causes of Forest Fires, like how to prevent them is
necessary have a clear idea of how to implement a
valid network design that is capable of detecting possible changes in the environment,
in that way we can prevent a disaster (Forest fire) that could lead to loss of a
significant number of natural resources.
Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano,
Carlos
T.
Calafate,
Pietro
ManzoniUniversity of
Zaragoza,
Spain
IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING this article has been accepted future

issue of publications.
They designed a System for Automatic Notication and Severity Estimation
of Automotive Accidents. They improved the overall rescue process, a fast and
accurate estimation of the severity of the accident represent a key point to help the
emergency services to better estimate the required resources. This paper proposes a
novel intelligent system which is able to automatically detect road accidents, notify
them through vehicular networks, and estimate their severity based on the concept of
data mining and knowledge inference.
Fengyuan Jia Hongyan Wang School of Automotive Engineering Tongji

University Shanghai, China.
He designed, A New Type of Automatic Alarming Device to Rescue Accident
Injured in Time. Road accidents are one of the most common causes of death among
citizens in western China. Especially in severe accidents, the victims are not able to
call for help and also in secondary roads; vehicles may not be easily located by rescue
personnel. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the important vehicle such as buses
and trucks by automatic alarming device.
Vana Jellico, Student Member, IEEE, Michele Magno, Davide Brunelli,
Member, IEEE, Giacomo Paci, and Luca Benini, Fellow, IEEE was published a
paper Context-Adaptive Multimodal Wireless Sensor Network for Energy-Efcient
Gas Monitoring in IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013.
He designed a project to improve peoples comfort, health and safety it is very
useful to monitor Indoor Air Quality (IAQ).Headaches, nausea, dizziness, eye and
throat irritation are usual symptoms of the so-called Sick Building Syndrome (SBS)
[1]. Earlier, only C O2 concentration was controlled, but in the recent several years
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are also used as indicators of persons comfort.
1.4 Importance of the Work:

By adopting the sensor technology in the vehicles we can avoid the road
accidents, fire accidents and extra cover of safety to the people. My project gives an
idea to avoid such accidents especially happens in the public transport vehicles like
Volvo Buses, Trains etc and also take immediate control acts. This helps to measure
the maximum eradiation of accidents in future and assures passengers to reach their
destination safely.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis:

The thesis is prepared in the way that it gives a clear idea of our project by going
through it. Initially abstract gives an idea of what is the project and its applications in
the real world.
Chapter 1 deals with the introduction part of it. It mainly focuses on the object
of the project and literature survey tells about from where the information is
collected.
Chapter 2 deals with the complete Block Diagram and Operation of the
project.
Chapter 3 deals with the main ICs pin conFigureuration, main devices
introduction, process, pin diagram and detailed description about components
which are used in proposed system.
Chapter 4 deals with the software architecture used.
Chapter 5 deals with the overview of the project.
Chapter 6 deals with the results and Discussions
Chapter 7 deals with the conclusions and future scope of the project.
CHAPTER 2
ARM BASED ROAD AND FIRE ACCIDENTS DETECTION

AND PREVENTION SYSTEM IN VEHICLES WITH GPS
2.1 Introduction:
It is so sad to hear that the news of road and fire accidents happening rapidly now a
days. Many are losing their beloved. The incidence of accidental deaths has shown an
increasing trend during the period 2003 -2013 with an increase of 51.8% in the year
2013 as compared to 2002 however 0.2% decreases was observed in 2003 over
previous year 2002. The population growth during the period 2003-2013 was 13.6%
whereas the increase in the rate of accidental deaths during the same period was
34.2%.
State/UT wise rate of accidental deaths in comparison to all India (Rate)
More accident prone
Less accident prone
Rate
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
11
21
31
41
51
61
7
States / UTs
PUDUCHERRY
CHHATTISGARH
GOA
MAHARASHTRA
MADHYA PRADESH
TAMIL NADU
HIMACHAL PRADESH
DAMAN & DIU
HARYANA
DELHI (UT)
GUJARAT
KARNATAKA
PUNJAB
ANDHRA PRADESH
D & N HAVELI
RAJASTHAN
ODISHA
(more than
32.6)
80.1
58.2
58.1
54.1
48.8
48.2
46.9
46.7
46.2
43.6
41.4
39.7
38.2
34.8
34.6
34.3
33.1
Rate
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
8
States / UTs
A & N ISLANDS
ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
MIZORAM
KERALA
WEST BENGAL
SIKKIM
UTTARAKHAND
CHANDIGARH
JHARKHAND
JAMMU & KASHMIR
MEGHALAYA
TRIPURA
ASSAM
UTTAR PRADESH
MANIPUR
BIHAR
LAKSHADWEEP
NAGALAND
(less than
32.6)
3
2.
3
2.
32
23
2.
12
1.
6.
27
6.
28
02
4.
72
2.
31
0.
21
9.
91
9.
7
8.
1
71
5.
41
4.
71
3.
8
9.1 2.
3.9 2
Table 2.1: Statics of accidental deaths in comparison to all India
From the recent survey analysis 72% of the accidents causes because of the
carelessness of the rider or he is drunk. In case of major accidents many people are
not being saved because of the delay of emergency response teams, as they are getting
informed so late. Many are losing their lives lack of medical response in time. For non
occurrence of such kind of delay in information i tried to develop some detection and
prevention system in this project. This project is implemented in embedded system
my using LPC2148 processor, including with GSM/GPS technology. The detection is
maintained by some sensors used in appropriate places.
The idea behind this project is, to detect the cause of vehicle accidents well in
advance and apply the control acts to rectify them. Mainly the accidents come
throughin many ways like fire accidents, collisions, over speed etc. How to overcome
this dangerous and how to control it.
2.2 Block Diagram Description:
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of proposed system
Main Sensors used in this project:
GAS sensor
MQ3
Alcohol sensor
MQ5
MEMS
ADXL35
voice alert sensor
APR9600
IR sensor
LM358
Table 2.2: Sensors list
We know the main cause for the fire accidents is Fuel leakage (Gas or liquid
Fuel). In this project at the fuel tank, a sensor (GAS sensor) is placed which senses
any leakage intimates the same to ARM7.ARM7 gives an alert to passengers by voice
alert, automatically opens the windows and doors, and stops the engine within
fraction of seconds. If fire occurs in the vehicles by any means then the smoke sensor
senses and intimates to ARM7. It alerts the people by voice alert(Using APR sensor) ,
automatically opens the windows and doors, intimate this accident report to nearest
emergency call services using GSM & GPS technology, Spread the GAS to control
the fire simultaneously.
Apart from this, you can add IR sensor for maintaining proper distance
between other vehicles to avoid vehicle collisions, Alcohol sensor to detect whether
driver consumes alcohol while driving. If driver take the alcohol automatically stop
the engine. MEMS sensor for detecting the driver health position. Finally we keep this
information in EEPROM for further investigation.
2.3 Flowchart of Proposed project:
Figure 2.2: Flow chart of proposed system
2.4 Schematic Diagram of this Project:
Figure 2.3: Schematic Diagram of this Project
2.5 Conclusion:
The project covers a wide range of fire safety issues in buses. The main focus
is on: risk assessments, performance requirements for interior materials and the study
of fire risks, prevention, detection and extinguishment in engine compartments.
Finally all the actions for proposed new methods and requirements for improved fire
safety on buses are summarized.
10
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
3.1 ARM processor:
ARM stands for Advanced RISC Machines. It is a 32 bit processor core, used
for high end application. It is widely used in Advanced Robotic Applications. The
ARM architecture has been designed to allow very small, yet high-performance
implementations. The architectural simplicity of ARM processors leads to very small
implementations, and small implementations allow devices with very low power
consumption.
The ARM is a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), as it incorporates
these typical RISC architecture features:
A large uniform register file.
A load/store architecture, where data-processing operations only operate on

register contents, not directly on memory contents
Simple addressing modes, with all load/store addresses being determined from
register contents and instruction fields only
Uniform and fixed-length instruction fields, to simplify instruction decode.
Control over both Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and shifter in every dataprocessing instruction to maximize the use of an ALU and a shifter
Load and Store multiple to maximize data throughput.
Conditional execution of instructions, to maximize execution throughput.
Auto increment and Auto decrement addressing modes to optimize program

loop. This feature is not common in RISC architecture.
Barrel Shifter in data path that maximize the usage of hardware available on the
chip.
These enhancements to a basic RISC architecture allow ARM processors to

achieve a good balance of high performance, low code size and low power
consumption.
11
ARM Block diagram:

The main parts of the ARM processor are:
1. Register file: The processor has a total of 37 registers made up of31 general 32
bit registers and 6 status registers
2. Booth Multiplier
3. Barrel shifter
4. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
5. Control Unit.
Figure 3.1: ARM Block Diagram
ARM Architecture:
Architecture of ARM is Enhanced RISC Architecture.
It has large uniform Register file.
Employs Load Store Architecture- Here operations operate on registers and

not in memory locations.
Architecture is of uniform and fixed length.
32 bit processor. It also has 16 bit variant i.e. it can be used as 32 bit and as 16
bit processor
12
ARM Organization:
Register Bank is connected to ALU via two data paths.
A Bus
B Bus
B bus goes via Barrel Shifter. It preprocesses data from source register by shifting left
or right or even rotating. The Program Counter is that part of Register Bank that
generates address. Registers in register bank are symmetric i.e., they can have both
data and address. Program counter generates address for next function.
Address Incremental block, increments or decrements register value independent of
ALU. There is an Instruction Decode and control block that provides control signals.
(Not in Figure)
Pipeline
In ARM 7, a 3 stage pipeline is used. A 3 stage pipeline is the simplest form of

pipeline that does not suffer from the problems such as read before write.
In a pipeline, when one instruction is executed, second instruction is decoded

and third instruction will be fetched. This is executed in a single cycle.
Register Bank
ARM 7 uses load and store Architecture.
Data has to be moved from memory location to a central set of registers.
Data processing is done and is stored back into memory.
Register bank contains, general purpose registers to hold either data or

address.
It is a bank of 16 user registers R0-R15 and 2 status registers
Data Registers- R0-R15
R0-R12 - General Purpose Registers
R13-R15 - Special function registers of which,
R13 - Stack Pointer, refers to entry pointer of Stack.
13
R14 - Link Register, Return address is put to this whenever a subroutine is

called.
R15 - Program Counter
Depending upon application R13 and R14 can also be used as GPR. But not
commonly used.
In addition there are 2 status registers
CPSR
SPSR
CPSR
Current program status register, status of current execution is stored .CPSR contains a
Number of flags which report and control the operation of ARM7 CPU.
SPSR
Saved program Status register, includes status of program as well as processor.SPSRis
used to preserve the value of the CPSR when the associated exception occurs.
ARM has 31 general purpose 32 bit register where 16 of these are visible at
any time. Other registers are used to speed up processing of exceptions. There also is
6 32bit wide status registers. Lets see how it looks like. Registers are arranged in
partially overlapping banks with a different register ban of each MCU mode. As I
mentioned at any time 15 general purpose registers (R0 to R14) and one or two status
registers and PC are visible. Basically R0-R12 registers are user register, that doesn't
have special purpose. Registers R13 R15 has special functions. R13 is used as stack
pointer (SP), R14 is used as link register (LR) and R15 is as program counter (PC):
Figure 3.2: Register Bank in ARM
14
Additionally there is a Program status register CPSR which contains a number

of flags of program status and control information. All modes have saved program
status register SPSR of CPSR register except User/system mode.
Figure 3.3 Current Program Status Register
The N bit is the "negative flag" and indicates that a value is negative.
The Z bit is the "zero flag" and is set when an appropriate instruction produces
a zero result.
The C bit is the "carry flag" but it can also be used to indicate "borrows" (from
subtraction operations) and "extends" (from) and "extends" (from shift
instructions (LINK)).
The V bit is the "overflow flag" which is set if an instruction produces a result
that overflows and hence may go beyond the range of numbers that can be
represented in 2's complement signed format.
The I and F bits which determine whether interrupts (such as requests for
input/output) are enabled or disabled.
The T bit which indicates whether the processor is in "Thumb" mode, where
the processor can execute a subset of the assembly language as 16-bit compact
instructions. As Thumb code packs more instructions into the same amount of
memory, it is an effective solution to applications where physical memory is at
a premium.
The M4 to M0 bits are the mode bits. Application programs normally run in
user mode (where the mode bits are 10000). Whenever an interrupt or similar
event occurs, the processor switches into one of the alternative modes
allowing the software handler greater privileges with regard to memory
manipulation.
ARM7 MCU has six operation modes and each mode has its own register
conFigureuration. For instance FIQ interrupt mode has duplicated R7 R12 registers,
15
program doesn't have to preserve registers in to stack. And of course R13 R15
registers are duplicated in each following mode. Other registers (R0 to R7) are unbanked what means they are physically same and accessible in all modes.
ARM7 is a load-and-store architecture, where before processing any
instruction the data has to be moved from memory to set of registers after execution
data is stored back into memory.
Table 3.1:ARM7 Exceptional modes
This is an important part of understanding ARM operation modes and

handling them. ARM7 supports seven types (0x00000014 address is reserved) of
exceptions:
As you can see in the table each exception has its own name and fixed address
so called exception vectors. When exception occurs, execution is forced from fixed
memory address corresponding to the type of exception. When exception occurs R14
and SPSR registers acts like this:
16
ARM core instruction set:

ARM7 architecture has normal 32bit ARM7 instruction set and compressed 16
bit instruction set so called Thumb. ARM7 instructions have a complex behavior.
As ARM processor programming is usually written in C there is no need to be ARM
expert, but understanding of basics may help in developing efficient programs.
ARM7 data types:
ARM7 processor can support following data types:
8 bit signed and unsigned bytes;
16 bit signed and unsigned half-words;
32 bit signed and unsigned words
But shorter than 32 bit data types are supported only by data transfer functions but
when internally processed they are extended to 32 bit size. ARM7 core doesnt
support floating point data types they can only be interpreted by software.
ARM memory organization:
ARM7 is capable to store words in two ways depending on weather significant
byte is stored. If word MSB is stored at highest byte then operation is called littleendian if MSB is stored at lowest position, then it is called big-endian.
17
Usually it is easier to work with little-endian for people as they expect to be LSB at
lowest position. Endian is selected in compiler settings.
ARM conditional instructions:
Comparing to other RISC microcontrollers almost all ARM7 core instructions
are conditionally executed. As conditional branches are standard instructions ARM
instructions were extended by adding 4 bit in the top of 32 bit instruction field:
As condition field has 4 bits, there can be 16 condition values. According to

condition instruction can be executed or skipped. As we know conditions depends
on N, Z, C and V flags in CPSR register. Available conditions:
18
Conditional instructions are is one factor that keeps smooth program flow through
pipeline. As we know when usual branch occur the pipeline is flushed and start
refilling from beginning.
ARM7 instruction groups:
ARM7 instructions split in six main categories:
Branching;
Data processing;
Data transfer;
Block transfer;
Multiply;
Software interrupts.
Compressed Thumb instructions of ARM7 MCU:

Thumb instructions:
Thumb instructions shrinks ARM instructions from 32 bit to 16 bit length.
This allows saving up to 40% of program memory comparing to ARM instruction set.
Maybe this is main reason of Thumb instructions being used. Thumb instructions
loose many properties of ARM instructions and become similar to traditional RISC
instructions. Thumb instructions cant be conditional, data processing have a twoaddress format where destination register is one of source registers.
ARM instruction: ADD R0, R0, R1
Thumb instruction: ADD R0, R1
As Thumb instruction set takes less of program space it allows to upload
bigger applications but with lower speed as using ARM instructions performance is
up to 40% faster. But in non critical applications or functions speed isn't significant
factor.
19
Also a Thumb instruction doesnt have full access to all registers. Thumb instructions
can only access low registers(R0-R7). And only few instructions can access high
registers(R8-R12).
Thumb decoding:
Thumb instructions have to be decoded-decompressed to equivalent ARM
instructions while executed. This is handled in instruction pipeline. Pipeline has
additional de-compressor logic in series to instruction decoder, which firstly
decompress Thumb instruction and then decode. This usually results in decode
latency.
LPC2148 Features:
16/32-bit ARMTDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program
Memory.128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz
operation.
In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader
software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 bytes in 1ms.
Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time
debugging with the on-chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of
instruction execution.
USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 KB of endpoint
RAM. In addition, the LPC2148 provides 8 KB of on-chip RAM accessible to
USB by DMA.
20
One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a

total of 6/14analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44s per channel.
Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output.
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four
compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz
clock input.
Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus
(400 Kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Vectored interrupt controller with conFigureurable priorities and vector
addresses.
Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64
package.
Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL
with settling time of 100s.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from
1 MHz to
30 MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50MHz.
Power saving modes include idle and Power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock
scaling for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB,
Brown-Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
21
Figure 3.4: Pin Diagram of LPC2148
Power saving modes include idle and Power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock

scaling for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB,

Brown-Out Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits:
CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V 10 %) with 5

V tolerant I/O pads.
22
Figure 3.5: Block Diagram of LPC2148
The solution proposed doesn't contain any special components, like photo-diodes, phototransistors, or IR receiver ICs, only a couple if IR leds, an Op amp, a transistor and a couple
of resistors. In need, as the title says, a standard IR led is used for the purpose of detection.
Due to that fact, the circuit is extremely simple, and any novice electronics hobbyist can
easily understand and build it.
The main sensors used in this Project:
1. IR Sensor
2. Gas Sensor
23
3. Alcohol Sensor
4. Temperature Sensor
5. Accelerometer
3.2 IR Sensors:
Principle of Working
An Infrared (IR) sensor is used to detect obstacles in front of the robot or to
differentiate between colors depending on the configurationof the sensor.
The picture shown is a very simple black box

model of the IR Sensor. The sensor emits IR light and
gives a signal when it detects the reflected light.
An IR sensor consists of an emitter, detector and associated circuitry. The
circuit required to make an IR sensor consists of two parts; the emitter circuit and the
receiver circuit.
The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is
simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that
emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, its resistance and
correspondingly, its output voltage, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR
light received. This is the underlying principle of working of the IR sensor.
Circuit Diagram
IR Transmitter
Circuit
IR Receiver Circuit
Figure 3.6: Circuit diagram IR Transmitter & Receiver Circuit
24
3.3 MQ-5 GAS Sensors:

They are used in GAS leakage detecting equipment in family and industry, are
suitable for detecting of LPG, i-butane, propane, methane, alcohol, Hydrogen, smoke.
Figure 3.7: Gas Sensors
Specifications:
Semiconductor Type GAS SENSOR.
Target GAS/Typical detection ranges:
MQ-4: Methane, Natural GAS, 500 to 10000ppm.
MQ-5: town COes, hydrogen, 100 to 3000ppm.
MQ-6: propane, butane, liquefied petroleum CO, 300 to 10000ppm.
Standard circuit conditions: Heater voltage: 5V DC/AC

Circuit voltage: 3~15V DC
Heater power consumption: 750 Mw
Temperature range: -20deg. C to +40 deg. C
Size: Diameter19mmHigh17mm or Diameter17mmHigh10mm
Advantages:
Voltage output
High sensitivity
Long stability
Good selectivity
Effective technical service
25
Standard circuit:
As shown in Figure 3.19, standard measuring circuit of MQ-7 sensitive
components consists of 2 parts. One is heating circuit having time control function
(the high voltage and the low voltage work circularly). The second is the signal output
circuit; it can accurately respond changes of surface resistance of the sensor. Electric
parameter measurement circuit is shown as Figure.
Figure 3.8: Standard circuit
Figure 3.9: RL signal output
Operating Principle:
The surface resistance of the sensor Rs is obtained through effected voltage
signal output of the load resistance RL which series-wound. The relationship between
them is described:
Rs\RL = (Vc-VRL) / VL
Figure.3.20 shows alterable situation of RL signal output measured by using Figure
circuit output signal when the sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon monoxide
(CO) , output signal measurement is made within one or two complete heating period
(2.5 minute from high voltage to low voltage ).
Sensitive layer of MQ-7 CO sensitive components is made of SnO2 with stability, So,
it has excellent long term stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under using
condition.
26
Features:
* High sensitivity to LPG, natural gas , town gas
* Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke.
* Fast response.
* Stable and long life
* Simple drive circuit
Application:
They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are
suitable for detecting of LPG, natural gas , town gas, avoid the noise of alcohol and
cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.
3.4 MQ-3 Semiconductor Sensors for Alcohol:

Sensitive material of MQ-3 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity
in clean air. When the target alcohol gas exist, The sensors conductivity is more
higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple electro circuit,
Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas concentration.
MQ-3 gas sensor has high sensitity to Alcohol, and has good resistance to
disturb of gasoline, smoke and vapor. The sensor could be used to detect alcohol with
different concentration, it is with low cost and suitable for different application.
Characteristics:
*
Good sensitivity to alcohol gas
Long life and low cost
Simple drive circuit
Application:
*
Vehicle alcohol detector
Portable alcohol detector
27
Configuration:
Figure 3.10: Configuration of Alcohol Sensor
Power of Sensitivity body(Ps):Resistance of sensor(Rs): Rs=(Vc/VRL-1)RL

Structure and configuration of MQ-3 gas sensor is shown as Figure, sensor
composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer,
measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless
steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive
components. The enveloped MQ-4 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and
other 2 are used for providing heating current.
Sensitivity Adjustment
Resistance value of MQ-5 is difference to various kinds and various
concentration gases. So, When using this components, sensitivity adjustment is very
necessary. we recommend that you calibrate the detector for 1000ppm H2 or LPG
concentration in air and use value of Load resistance.
3.5 Temperature Sensor (Thermister):

Description and working
The word Thermister is an acronym for thermal resistor, i.e., a temperature
sensitive resistor. It is used to detect very small changes in temperature. The variation
in temperature is reflected through appreciable variation of the resistance of the
device. Thermister with both negative-temperature-coefficients (NTC) and positive
28
temperature coefficient (PTC) are available, but NTC Thermister is more common.
The negative-temperature coefficient means that the resistance increases with the
increase in temperature.
The NTC Thermister are manufactured by sintering which is a process in
which powdered materials are fused together by the application of heat semiconductor
ceramic materials prepared from mixtures of metallic oxides of cobalt, nickel,
manganese etc. These materials have high negative temperature coefficient. The PTC
Thermister are made from doped barium titanate semi conducting material. This
material has a very large change in resistance for a small change in temperature. In
this project NTC Thermister is used.
Thermister are manufactured in the form of beads, probes, disc, washers and
rods. The beads are made in diameter ranging from 0.15mm to 2.5mm. These are
useful where temperature sensing must be done in very limited spaces. Sealing
Thermister beads in glass rods up to 25mm in diameter forms the probes. These are
more rugged than beads and work well in liquids. Figureure 3.16 shows the
schematic symbol of a Thermister.
Figure 3.11: Schematic symbol of Thermister
Thermister Applications
Thermister are extensively used in industrial, commercial, medical and household
applications. Some of the important applications of Thermister are:
1. Temperature measurement and control.
2. Liquid level measurement.
3. Temperature compensation in electronic circuits.
4. Flow rate measurement
29
3.6 ADXL335:
Features:
3-axissensing
small,lowprofilepackage
4mm4mm1.45mmlfcsplowpower:350a(typical)
single-supplyoperation:1.8vto3.6v 10,000gshocksurvival
excellent temperature stability
bw adjustment with a single capacitor per axis rohs/wee lead-free compliant
Applications:
Cost sensitive, low power, motion-and tilt-sensing applications.
Mobile devices gaming system. Disk drive protection.
Image stabilization
Sports and health devices.
General description:
The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3axis accelerometer with signal
conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale
range of 3g. It can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as
well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock ,or vibration. The user selects the
bandwidth of the accelerometer using the CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT,
and ZOUT pins.Bandwidths can be selected to suit the application, with arrange of 0.5Hz to
1600Hz for the X and Y axis, and arrange of 0.5Hz to 550Hz for the Z axis.
TheADXL335 is available in a small, low profile,

4mm4mm1.45mm,
16-lead,
Plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ).
30
Figure 3.12: Functional Block Diagram
Pin Descriptions
Figure 3.13: Pin Function Descriptions
Theory of operation:
TheADXL335 is a complete 3axis acceleration measurement system. The
ADXL335 has a measurement range of 3g Minimum.
It contains a polysilicon surface micro machine sensor and signal conditioning
circuitry to implement open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output
signals are analog voltages that are proportional to acceleration. The accelerometer can
measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt sensing applications as well as
dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, orvibration.The sensor is a
polysilicon surface micro machined structure built onto polysilicon wafer. Polysilicon
springs suspend the structure over the surface of the wafer and provide a resistance
31
against acceleration forces. Deflection of the structure is measure using a differential

capacitor that consists of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the moving
mass. The fixed plates are driven by 180 out-of-phase square waves. Acceleration
deflects the moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a sensor
output whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase sensitive demodulation
techniques are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the acceleration.
The demodulator output is amplified and brought off-chip through a 32kresistor.
The user then sets the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a capacitor. This
filtering improves measurement resolution and helps prevent aliasing.
Mechanical Sensor:
TheADXL335 uses a single structure for sensing the X,Y,andZ axes. As a
result, the three axes sense directions are highly orthogonal and have little cross axis
sensitivity. Mechanical misalignment of the sensor die to the package is the chief
source of cross-axis sensitivity. Mechanical misalignment can, of course, be calibrated
out at the system level.
Performance:
Rather than using additional temperature compensation circuitry, innovative
design techniques ensure that high performance is built into the ADXL335.
3.7 EEPROM:
EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is usermodifiable read-only memory (ROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed (written
to) repeatedly through the application of higher than normal electrical voltage.
Unlike EPROM chips, EEPROMs do not need to be removed from the computer to be
modified. However, an EEPROM chip has to be erased and reprogrammed in its
entirety, not selectively. It also has a limited life - that is, the number of times it can
be reprogrammed is limited to tens or hundreds of thousands of times. In an
EEPROM that is frequently reprogrammed while the computer is in use, the life of the
EEPROM can be an important design consideration.
32
A special form of EEPROM is flash memory, which uses normal PC voltages for
erasure and reprogramming
Other components:
3.8 MAX 232:
INTRODUCTION:
A standard serial interface for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic
1 is -3V to -12V and logic 0 is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and
RxD pins of the microcontroller thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long
been using in many microcontrollers boards. It is a dual RS232 receiver / transmitter
that meets all RS232 specifications while using only +5V power supply. It has two
onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V to -10V power
supplies from a single 5V supply. It has four level translators, two of which are
RS232 transmitters that convert TTL/CMOS input levels into +9V RS232 outputs.
The other two level translators are RS232 receivers that convert RS232 input to 5V.
Typical MAX232 circuit is shown below.
Figure 3.14: Pin diagram for MAX232
Features:
Operates With Single 5-V Power Supply
Lin BiCMOSE Process Technology
Two Drivers and Two Receivers
33
30-V Input Levels
Low Supply Current. 8 mA Typic
Designed to be Interchangeable
Maxim MAX232 Applications:
TIA/EIA-232-F
Battery-Powered Systems
Terminals, Modems, Computers
ESD Protection Exceeds 2000 V Per
MIL-STD-883, Method 3015
Circuit Connections:
A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e.,
logic '1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD
and RxD pins of the uC chips thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long
been using in many uC
Figure 3.15:MAX232 circuit connections
The MAX232 from maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the
necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage
levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and
generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally.
This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to
34
design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but
could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage
converter.
The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical,
however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original
MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of
what the original MAX232 needs.
It should be noted that the MAX232(A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not
generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the righttiming, it
does not decode the RS-232 signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All
it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing
and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART
or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more
and more popular.
The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they
are cheap. It has also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex).
These clones sometimes need different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the
external capacitors vary. It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular
manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data sheet.
The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a
large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages,
built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external
capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors
built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in
electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more
difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232.
35
Figure 3.16: MAX232 DIP Package Pin Layout
MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE

MAX232 Pin Nbr.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
MAX232 Pin Nbr.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
MAX232 Pin Name

T2out
R2in
R2out
T2in
T1in
R1out
R1in
T1out
GND
MAX232 Pin Name
T2out
R2in
R2out
T2in
T1in
R1out
R1in
T1out
GND
Signal
RTS
CTS
CTS
RTS
TX
RX
TX
RX
GND
Signal
RTS
CTS
CTS
RTS
TX
RX
TX
RX
GND
Voltage
RS-232
RS-232
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
RS-232
RS-232
0
Voltage
RS-232
RS-232
TTL
TTL
TTL
TTL
RS-232
RS-232
0
DB9 Pin
8
7
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3
2
5
DB9 Pin
8
7
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
3
2
5
Table 3.2: MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE
In addition one can directly wire DTR (DB9 pin 4) to DSR (DB9 pin 6)
without going through any circuitry. This gives automatic (brain dead) DSR
36
acknowledgment of an incoming DTR signal. Sometimes pin 6 of the MAX232 is

hard wired to DCD (DB9 pin 1). This is not recommended. Pin 6 is the raw output of
the voltage pump and inverter for the -10V voltage. Drawing currents from the pin
leads to a rapid breakdown of the voltage, and as a consequence to a breakdown of the
output voltage of the two RS-232 drivers. It is better to use software which doesn't
care about DCD, but does hardware-handshaking via CTS/RTS only.
The circuitry is completed by connecting five capacitors to the IC as it
follows. The MAX232 needs 1.0F capacitors, the MAX232A needs 0.1F
capacitors. MAX232 clones show similar differences. It is recommended to consult
the corresponding data sheet. At least 16V capacitor types should be used. If
electrolytic or tantalic capacitors are used, the polarity has to be observed. The first
pin as listed in the following table is always where the plus pole of the capacitor
should be connected to.
3.9 L293D:
Introduction:
H-what? An H-Bridge is nothing but an electronic circuit. Using such a circuit,
you can supply current in two directions. Thats it. The L293D is an H-Bridge with two
possible outputs. Meaning, you can connect two things to it and you can control the
direction of current flow in both. Lets say you have a DC motor, as in the diagram
below:
Figure 3.17: DC motor diagram
37
If you close both S1 and S2, youll short circuit the entire thing. Same goes
with S3 and S4. Such a condition, in technical terms, is called a shoot through. So we
wont consider shoot throughs.
Now, if you close switches S1 and S4, current flows through the motor from
left to right. If you close S3 and S2, current flows from right to left. In these two
conditions, the direction of rotation is different.
This is exactly whats needed in most robotics projects using differential drive
wheels. But having physical switches would be very inconvenient. Youd need more
motors to close and open switches. And to control those motors youd need even more
switches. Ah well. You probably get the point.
So what the researchers made was an electronically controlled switch: a
transistor. And people used those transistors and made circuits similar to the one
shown above. The only difference was that instead of physical switches, they had
electronic switches.
The Pin Configuration Of L293d:
Figure 3.18: The pin configuration of l293d:
How It Works?
Now that you know what each pin does, explaining how to make the chip
work will be easy. Lets say you put a logical 1 into INPUT1. Then the chip will
simply put Vs volts into OUTPUT1. Similarly, if you put a logical 0 into INPUT1, the
chip will ground OUTPUT1.Same thing with others. Putting a logical 1 into INPUTx
will put Vs volts in OUTPUTx. And putting a 0 grounds the corresponding pin. One
38
word of caution though. You can use a maximum of 0.5A of current over each
OUTPUTx pin. Use a bit more and you risk fusing the chip.L293D gives you the
possibility to
Basic Implementation:
This is the most basic implementation of the chip.As you can see, a 5V
Voltage Regulator is between the battery and pins 1, 9, 16.Pin 8 gets power before the
VReg, if your motor needs for example 6V you should put 6V directly in this pin, all
the other pins should not get more than 5V.This is the correct Implementation (with
the capacitors), and note that pin 8 is feeded by unregulated voltage. This means that
if your motors need more than 5V, you should power this pin with that amount of
voltage, and the rest of the circuit with 5V.
Figure 3.19: Circuit for implementation of L293D with capacitors
Features Of L293D:
Featuring Unit rode L293 and L293D Products Now From Texas Instruments
Wide Supply-Voltage Range: 4.5 V to 36 V
Separate Input-Logic Supply
Internal ESD Protection
Thermal Shutdown
39
High-Noise-Immunity Inputs
Functional Replacements for SGS L293 and SGS L293D
Output Current 1 A Per Channel (600 mA for L293D)
Peak Output Current 2 A Per Channel (1.2 A for L293D)
Output Clamp Diodes for Inductive Transient Suppression (L293D)
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display:

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties
of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a
temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be
in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal.
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand
witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with
transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed
polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which
makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
One each polarizers are pasted outside the two glass panels. This polarizers
would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular
direction.
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizers
and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any
orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal
molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the
LCD would be rotated by the polarizers, which would result in activating/
highlighting the desired characters.
The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the
LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits,
and can be powered for long durations. The LCDs doesnt generate light and so light
40
is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark.
The LCDs have long life and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the
display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes the LCDs more
customers friendly.
The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments
are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The
recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information
displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs
being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display
of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
LCD operation
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven-segment
LEDs or other multi segment LEDs).This is due to the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to
LEDs, which are limited to numbers and few characters
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by relieving the CPU of
the task of refreshing the LCD. In the contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the
CPU to keep displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
LCD pin description
The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The function of each pin is given in
table 3.6
41
Pin
Symbol
I/O
1
2
3
4
Vss
Vcc
VEE
RS
---I
R/W
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
E
DB0
DB1
DB2
DB3
DB4
DB5
DB6
DB7
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
I/O
Description
Ground
+5V power supply
Power supply to control contrast
RS=0 to select command register
RS=1 to select data register
R/W=0 for write
R/W=1 for read
Enable
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
The 8-bit data bus
Table 3.3: Pin description for LCD
Code (hex)
Command to LCD Instruction Register
1
2
4
6
5
7
8
A
C
E
F
10
14
18
1C
80
C0
38
Clear display screen

Return home
Decrement cursor
Increment cursor
Shift display right
Shift display left
Display off, cursor off
Display off, cursor on
Display on, cursor off
Display on, cursor on
Display on, cursor blinking
Shift cursor position to left
Shift cursor position to right
Shift the entire display to the left
Shift the entire display to the right
Force cursor to beginning of 1st line
Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line
2 lines and 5x7 matrix
Table 3.4: LCD Command Codes
42
Uses:
The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments
are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The
recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information
displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs
being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics. The
LCDs have even started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used for the display
of text and graphics, and also in small TV applications.
LCD Interfacing Block Diagram:
Figure 3.20: Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller
Hardware connections:
CONTROLER PINS
LCD PINS
PIN NAME WITH FEATURE
(P1.0)
(P1.1)
(P1.2)
4
5
6
RS (Control Pin)
RW (Control pin )
EN (Control pin)
Port 0
7 to 14
Data Port
40
20
15 & 2
16 & 1
Vcc
Gnd
Table 3.5: LCD Hardware connections
43
LCD Interfacing
Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay:
To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0.
For data, make RS=1.Then sends a high to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the
internal latch of the LCD.
3.11 Power Supply:

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity
to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power
supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function. A D.C power supply which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of A.C mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C
Power Supply. For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:
Figure 3.21: 5V regulated power supply system
Power supply unit consists of following units

i) Step down transformer
ii) Rectifier unit
iii) Input filter
44
iv) Regulator unit

v) Output filter
Step-down Transformer:
The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage
from230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is
stepped down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary coils. To reduce or
step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number of turns in
its secondary core. The output from the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus the
conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the
Rectifier Circuit/Unit.
Rectifier Unit:
The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding
DCvoltage. There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge Rectifiers available for this
specificfunction. The most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the
diode. The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to
conduct in reverse bias. The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diodes
positive with positive of the battery and negative with batterys negative. The efficient
circuit used is the Full wave Bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier
is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained DC voltage are removed using other
circuits available. The circuit used for removing the ripples is called Filter circuit.
Input Filter:
Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and
pure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the
harmonics of the input voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is
charging and discharging. It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it
will discharge in negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow
the DC voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from
ripples.
45
Regulator Unit:
Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output
voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage. As and
then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this
Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater
than 30 ohms, the outputgets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here.
The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Further they
can also be classified as:
i) Positive regulator: 1---> input pin 2---> ground pin3---> output pin
It regulates the positive voltage.
ii) Negative regulator: 1---> ground pin2---> input pin3---> output pin
It regulates the negative voltage.
Figure 3.22:7805 Regulator
OUTPUT FILTER:
The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most
often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It
charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the
negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage.
This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples
in the output received finally. Here we used 0.1F capacitor. The output at this stage
is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller.
46
3.12 APR9600:
APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound record/replay IC
incorporating flash analogue storage technique. Recorded sound is retained even after
power supply is removed from the module. The replayed sound exhibits high quality
with a low noise level. Sampling rate for a 60 second recording period is 4.2 kHz that
gives a sound record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to 2.1 kHz. However, by changing an
oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as high as 8.0 kHz can be achieved. This shortens
the total length of sound recording to 32 seconds. Total sound recording time can be
varied from 32
Seconds to 60 seconds by changing the value of a single resistor. The IC can
operate in one of two modes: serial mode and parallel mode. In serial access mode,
sound can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel access mode, sound can be recorded
in 2, 4 or 8 sections. The IC can be controlled simply using push button keys. It is also
possible to control the IC using external digital circuitry such as micro-controllers and
computers.
The APR9600 has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to
6.5V. DuringRecording and replaying, current consumption is 25mA. In idle
mode,the current drops to1 mA.
Pin-out of APR9600:
Figure 3.23: Pin-out of APR9600
47
Pin-functions of the APR9600:

1 -M1 Select 1st section of sound or serial mode recording and replaying
control (low active)
2 -M2 Select 2nd section or fast forward control in serial mode (low active)
3 -M3 Select 3 rd section of sound 17 MICIN Microphone input (electrets type
microphone)
4 -M4 Select 4th section of sound 18 MICREF Microphone reference input
5 -M5 Select 5th section of sound 19 AGC control
6 -M6 Select 6th section of sound 20 ANA-IN Audio input (accept a signal of
100 mV p-to-p)
7 .OSCR Resistor to set clock frequency. Microphone amplifier
8 -M7 Select 7th section of sound or IC overflow indication
9 -M8 Select 8th section of sound or select mode (see Table 2)
10 -BUSY Busy (low active) 24 MSEL1 Mode selection 1 (see Table 2)
11 -BE =1, beep when a key is pressed=0, do not beep
12- VSSD Digital circuit ground 26 EXTCLK External clock input
13 -VSSA Analogue circuit ground 27 -RE =0 to record, =1 to replay
14-SP+ Speaker, positive end 28 VCCD Digital circuit power supply
15- SP- Speaker, negative end
16- VCCA Analogue circuit power supply
21 ANA-OUT Audio output from the microphone amplifier
48
22 STROBE During recording and replaying, it produces a strobe signal

23 CE Reset sound track counter to zero/ Stop or Start / Stop
25 MSEL2 Mode selections 2
During sound replaying, the ICs control circuit reads analogue data from
flash RAMs. The signal then passes through a low-pass filter, a power amplifier and
output to an 8 to 16 Ohm speaker. There are different sound recording and replaying
modes (see Table 2). These modes are selected using MSEL1 (Pin 24), MSEL2 (Pin
25) and M8 (Pin 9). M1 to M7 keys have different functions in different modes.
MSEL1
MODE
MSEL2
/M8_OPTION
Random Access
duration messages
fixed
Pull this pin to VCC through

l00K resistor
Random Access
duration messages
fixed
Pull this pin to VCC through

l00K resistor
Random
Access
2fixed
duration messages
Tape mode, Auto rewind
operation
Tape mode, Normal operation
The /M8 message

becomes input pin
0
trigger
Table 3.6: Modes and selection of modes
49
Figure 3.24: Typical connections of the APR9600
APR9600 module:
The circuit diagram of the module is shown in Figure. The module consists of
an APR9600 chip, an electrets microphone, support components, a mode selection
switch (-RE, MSEL1, MSEL2 and M8) and 9 keys (-M1 to M8 and CE). The
oscillation resistor is chosen so that the total recording period is 60 seconds with a
sampling rate of 4.2 kHz. Users can change the value of the ROSC to obtain other
sampling frequencies. It should be noted that if the sampling rate is increased, the
length of recording time is decreased. Table 3 gives the details. An 8-16 Ohm speaker
is to be used with the module. Users can select different modes using the mode
selection switch. The module is measured 80mm55mm.
Connection points (0-8, C and B) can connect to other switches or external
digital circuits. In this cased, on-board keys M1 to M8 and CE are by-passed.
50
Application tips
Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for computer
sound systems. Do not use a bare speaker which gives you degraded sound.
For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the on-board
microphone and speak clearly. Also keep the background noise as low as
possible.
For even better sound replay quality, use microphone input or Audio Line In
input. If Audio Line In is used, the amplitude of input signal should be < 100
mV p-p.
3.13 DC MOTOR:
A DC motor relies on the facts that like magnet poles repels and unlike
magnetic poles attract each other.
Figure 3.25: DC Motor
coil
of
wire
with
current
running
through
it
generates
an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current
on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the
direction of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be
switched 180. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in
the stator and an armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in
insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the
wires terminating on a commutator. The armature includes the mounting bearings that
keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the
commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues to loop all the way
51
around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires), and can
circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the coil,
the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic
field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what
direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils
in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields
interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the
stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it
to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their
magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC
motors are almost always cooled using forced air.
The commutator allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current
in the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the
commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC
current to each coil on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks.
The technologies adopted in this project is
1. GSM
2. GPS
3.14 GSM Modem:

Definitions:
The words, Mobile Station (MS) or Mobile Equipment (ME) are used for mobile
terminals
Supporting GSM services.
A call from a GSM mobile station to the PSTN is called a mobile originated call
(MOC) or
Outgoing call, and a call from a fixed network to a GSM mobile station is called a
mobile
52
Terminated call (MTC) or incoming call.
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular

technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together
with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).
GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1.9GHz
and 850MHz bands in the US. The 850MHz band is also used for GSM and 3G in
Australia, Canada and many South American countries. By having harmonized
spectrum across most of the globe, GSMs international roaming capability allows
users to access the same services when travelling abroad as at home. This gives
consumers seamless and same number connectivity in more than 218 countries.
Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 80% of the worlds population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage
is not available
Basics of Working And Specifications Of GSM:
The GSM architecture is nothing but a network of computers. The system has
to partition available frequency and assign only that part of the frequency spectrum to
any base transreceiver station and also has to reuse the scarce frequency as often as
possible.
53
GSM uses TDMA and FDMA together. Graphically this can be shown below
Some of the technical specifications of GSM are listed below
Multiple Access Method
Uplink frequencies (MHz)
Downlink frequencies (MHz)
Duplexing
Channel spacing, kHz
Modulation
Portable TX power, maximum / average (mW)
Power control, handset and BSS
Speech coding and rate (kbps)
Speech Channels per RF channel:
Channel rate (kbps)
Channel coding
Frame duration (ms)
TDMA / FDMA
933-960
(basic
GSM)
890-915
(basic
GSM)
FDD
200
GMSK
1000 / 125
Yes
RPE-LTP / 13
8
270.833
Rate
1/2
convolutional
4.615
Table 3.7: Technical specifications of GSM
GSM was originally defined for the 900 Mhz range but after some time even
the 1800 MHZ range was used for cellular technology. The 1800 MHz range has its
architecture and specifications almost same to that of the 900 Mhz GSM technology
but building the Mobile exchanges is easier and the high frequency Synergy effects
add to the advantages of the 1800 MHZ range.
Architecture And Building Blocks:
GSM is mainly built on 3 building blocks. (Ref Figure. 2)
GSM Radio Network This is concerned with the signaling of the system.
Hand-overs occur in the radio network. Each BTS is allocated a set of
frequency channels.
GSM Mobile switching Network This network is concerned with the storage
of data required for routing and service provision.
54
GSM Operation and Maintenance The task carried out by it include

Administration and commercial operation , Security management, Network
conFigureuration, operation, performance management and maintenance tasks.
Figure 3.26: Figure 3.26: The basic blocks of the whole GSM system
Explanations of some of the abbreviations used

Public
Land
Mobile The whole GSM system
Network(PLMN)
Mobile System (MS)
The actual cell phone that we use
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Provides connectivity between network and

mobile station via the Air- interface
55
BaseStationController(BSC)
Controls the whole subsystem.
Transcoding Rate & Adaption Unit This is instrumental in compressing the Data
that is passed on to the network, is a part of
(TRAU)
the BSS.
Mobile Services Switching Center The BSC is connected to the MSC. The MSC
routes the incoming and outgoing calls and
(MSC)
Home
assigns user cannels on the A- interface.

Location Register (HLR) This register stores data of large no of users. It
is like a database that manages data of all the
users. Every PLMN will have atleast one
HLR.
Visitor Location Register (VLR) This contains part of data so that the HLR is
not overloaded with inquiries. If a subscriber
moves out of VLR area the HLR requests
removal of data related to that user from the
VLR.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) The IMEI no. is allocated by the manufacturer
and is stored on the network in the EIR. A
stolen phone can be made completely useless
by the network/s if the IMEI no is known.
56
Signaling Schemes And Ciphering Codes Used:

GSM is digital but voice is inherently analog. So the analog signal has to be
converted and then transmitted. The coding scheme used by GSM is RPE-LTP
(Rectangular pulse Excitation Long Term Prediction)
Figure 3.27: Transmitter for the voice signal
Figure 3.28: Receiver for the Voice signal
The voice signal is sampled at 8000 bits/sec and is quantized to get a 13 bit
resolution corresponding to a bit rate of 104 Kbits/sec. This signal is given to a speech
coder (codec) that compresses this speech into a source-coded speech signal of 260 bit
blocks at a bit rate of 13 Kbit/sec. The codec achieves a compression ratio of 1:8. The
coder also has a Voice activity detector (VAD) and comfort noise synthesizer. The
VAD decides whether the current speech frame contains speech or pause, this is turn
is used to decide whether to turn on or off the transmitter under the control of the
Discontinuous Transmission (DTX). This transmission takes advantage of the fact
that during a phone conversation both the parties rarely speak at the same time. Thus
57
the DTX helps in reducing the power consumption and prolonging battery life. The
missing speech frames are replaced by synthetic background noise generated by the
comfort noise synthesize in a Silence Descriptor (SID) frame. Suppose a loss off
speech frame occurs due to noisy transmission and it cannot be corrected by the
channel coding protection mechanism then the decoder flags such frames with a bad
frame indicator (BFI) In such a case the speech frame is discarded and using a
technique called error concealment which calculates the next frame based on the
previous frame.
TWO MAIN INTERFACES
The two main interfaces are the AIR and the ABIS interface. The Figureure
shows the signaling between them.
AIR INTERFACE signaling between MS and BTS
ABIS INTERFACE signaling between BTS and BSC
Figure 3.29: Signaling between Air and Abis Interface
Multi-Tech line settings:

A serial link handler is set with the following default values (factory settings): auto
baud, 8 bits
data, 1 stop bit, no parity, RTS/CTS flow control. Please use the +IPR, +IFC and
+ICF
Commands to change these settings.
58
Commands always start with AT (which means ATtention) and finish with a <CR>
character.
Information responses and result codes
Responses start and end with <CR><LF>, except for the ATV0 DCE response
format) and the ATQ1 (result code suppression) commands.
If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned.
If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME ERROR:
<Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings are returned with different error codes.
If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned.
In some cases, such as AT+CPIN? or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product
does not
Return the OK string as a response.
Read message +CMGR
Description:
This command allows the application to read stored messages. The messages are read
from the
Memory selected by +CPMS command.
Command syntax: AT+CMGR=<index>
List message +CMGL
Description:
This command allows the application to read stored messages, by indicating the type
of the Message to read. The messages are read from the memory selected by the
+CPMS command.
Syntax: Command syntax: AT+CMGL=<stat>
Send message +CMGS
Description:
The <address> field is the address of the terminal to which the message is sent. To
send the
Message, simply type, <ctrl-Z> character (ASCII 26). The text can contain all
existing
Characters except <ctrl-Z> and <ESC> (ASCII 27). This command can be aborted
using the
<ESC> character when entering text. In PDU mode, only hexadecimal characters are
used
59
(09,AF).
Syntax:
Command syntax in text mode:
AT+CMGS= <da>[ ,<toda> ] <CR>
text is entered <ctrl-Z / ESC >
The message reference, <mr>, which is returned to the application, is allocated by the
product.
This number begins with 0 and is incremented by one for each outgoing message
(successful
and failure cases); it is cyclic on one byte (0 follows 255).
Note: This number is not a storage number. Outgoing messages are not stored.
3.15 GPS (Global Positioning System):

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based radio
navigation system that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services
to civilian users on a continuous worldwide basis -- freely available to all. For anyone
with a GPS receiver, the system will provide location and time. GPS provides
accurate location and time information for an unlimited number of people in all
weather, day and night, anywhere in the world.
The GPS is made up of three parts:
Satellites orbiting the Earth
Control and monitoring stations on Earth
The GPS receivers owned by users.
GPS satellites broadcast signals from space that are picked up and identified by GPS
receivers. Each GPS receiver then provides three-dimensional location (latitude,
longitude, and altitude) plus the time.
SPACE SEGMENT
24+ satellites
20,200 km altitude
55 degrees inclination
60
12 hour orbital period
5 ground control stations
Each satellite passes over a ground monitoring station every 12 hours
The space segment is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites or Space

Vehicles (SV) in GPS parlance. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, this was
modified to six planes with four satellites each. The orbital planes are centered on the
Earth, not rotating with respect to the distant stars. The six planes have approximately
55 inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator) and are separated by 60 right
ascension of the ascending node (angle along the equator from a reference point to the
orbit's intersection). The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always
within line of sight from almost everywhere on Earth's surface.
The full constellation of 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are
orbiting the earth about 20,200 km above us. They are constantly moving, making
two complete orbits in less than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of
roughly 7,000 miles an hour.
GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to
keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small
rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.
These stations monitor the GPS satellites, checking both their operational health
and their exact position in space. The master ground station transmits corrections
for the satellite's ephemeris constants and clock offsets back to the satellites
themselves. The satellites can then incorporate these updates in the signals they
send to GPS receivers.
There are five monitor stations: Hawaii, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia,
Kwajalein, and Colorado Springs.
THE GPS receivers
Receiver determines location, speed, direction, and time
3 satellite signals are necessary to locate the receiver in 3D space
61
4th satellite is used for time accuracy
Position calculated within sub-centimeter scale

Individuals may purchase GPS handsets that are readily available through
commercial retailers. Equipped with these GPS receivers, users can accurately
locate where they are and easily navigate to where they want to go, whether
walking, driving, flying, or boating.
Figure 3.30: Location Search
The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied

military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of
civil, commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general,
GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by
the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator).
They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the
user. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many
satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to four or five, this has
progressively increased over the years so that, as of 2007, receivers typically have
between 12 and 20 channels.
The Global Positioning System is vast, expensive and involves a lot of
technical ingenuity, but the fundamental concepts at work are quite simple and
intuitive.
When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The
Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 24 Earth-orbiting
satellites The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a
military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else.
62
Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe

making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at anytime,
anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.
Figure 3.31: GPS Triangulation
A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, Figureure out
the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This
operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration. Trilateration
in three-dimensional space can be a little tricky, so start with an explanation of simple
two-dimensional trilateration.
Commands in GPS:
NMEA record
Description
GGA
Global positioning system fixed data
GLL
Geographic position - latitude/longitude
GSA
GNSS DOP and active satellites
GSV
GNSS satellites in view
RMC
Recommended minimum specific GNSS data
VTG
Course over ground and ground speed
63
Example:
$GPGGA,053740.000,2503.6319,N,12136.0099,E,1,
08,1.1,63.8, M,15.2,M,,0000*64
Name
Example
Message ID
$GPGGA
GGA protocol header
UTC Time
053740.00
hhmmss.sss
Latitude
0
2503.6319
ddmm.mmmm
N/S indicator
N=north or S=south
Longitude
12136.009
dddmm.mmmm
E/W Indicator
9
E
E=east or W=west
Position
Units
Description
Fix 1
Indicator Used
Satellites
08
Range 0 to 12
HDOP
1.1
Horizontal Dilution of Precision
MSL Altitude
63.8
mters
Units
mters
Geoid Separation
15.2
mters
Units
mters
Age of Diff. Corr.
second
Null fields when DGPS is not used
Diff. Ref. Station 0000

ID
Checksum
<CR><LF>
*64
End of message termination
64
CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE
4.1 KEIL Compiler:
Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written
and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code
which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler
also supports C language code.
4.2 Proload:
Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and
this is done by the Proload. Proload is a programmer which itself contains a
microcontroller in it other than the one which is to be programmed. This
microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts the hex file
from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be
programmed. As the Proload programmer kit requires power supply to be operated,
this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be
noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but
in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is
accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts.
4.3 Software Introduction:

Softwares used are:
Keil software for C programming
Express PCB for lay out design
Express SCH for schematic design
65
4.4 What is Vision3?

Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write,
compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager.
A make facility.
Tool conFigureuration.
Editor.
A powerful debugger.
To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples,
\C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided.
HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the
Serial Interface.
MEASURE is a data acquisition system for analog and digital systems.
TRAFFIC is a traffic light controller with the RTX Tiny operating system.
Additional example programs not listed here are provided for each device
architecture.
To create a new project in Vision2, you must:
Select Project - New Project.
Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device
from the Device Database.
Create source files to add to the project.
Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and
add the source files to the project.
Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the
target device from the Device Database all special options are set
automatically. You typically only need to conFigureure the memory map of
66
your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most
applications.
Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
Debugging an Application in Vision2:

To debug an application created using Vision2, you must:
Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session.
Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may
enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function.
Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug
your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.
Step 1: Give a double click on uvision 4 icon on the desk top ,it will generate a
window as shown below.
Step 2: To create new project go to project select new micro vision project .
67
Step 3: select a drive where you would like to create your project.
Step 4: Create a new folder and name it with your project name.
Step 5: Open that project folder and give a name of your project executable file and
save it.
68
Step 6: After saving it will show some window there you select your microcontroller
company i.e NXP from Phillips.
Step 7: Select your chip as LPC2148
Step 8:After selecting chip click on OK then it will display some window asking to
add STARTUP file. Select YES .
69
Step 9: A target is created and startup file is added to your project target and is shown
below.
Step 10: To write your project code select a new file from FILE menu bar.
Step 11: It will display some text editor , to save that file select SAVE option from
FILE menu bar.
70
Step 12: By giving a file name with extension .C for c files and save it.
Step 13: Write the code of your project and save it.
Step 14: To add our c file to target give a right click on Source Group ,choose ADD
files to Group option.
71
Step 15:It will display some window there select the file you have to add and click on
ADD option.
Step 16: The file will be added to our target and it shows in the project window.
Step 17: Now give a right click on target in the project window and select Options
for Target.
72
Step 18: It will shoe some window ,in that go to output option and choose Create Hex
file option by selecting that box.
Step 19: In the same window go to Linker option and choose Use Memory Layout
from Target Dialog by selecting the box,and click OK.
Step 20: Now to Compile your project go to Project select Build Target option or
press F7.
73
Step 21: In the build OUT PUT window you can see the errors and warnings if there
in your code. And here Your project Hex file will be created.
Flashing the hex file to microcontroller using flash magic:
Step 1: Communications
Set COM Port :COM1
Baud Rate
Device
Interface
: 19200
: LPC2148
:None(ISP)
Oscillator Freq(MHz):12
74
Step 2: Erase
Select the box Erase all Flash + Code Rd Prot
Step 3: Hex File
Click on browse to load the serial. hex file from the folder serial driver.
Step 4: Options
Select the box Verify after programming.
Power up the microcontroller board using USB/power cable, connect serial
cable between PC and microcontrollers UART0 db9 connector. To make the board
into programming mode. Hold down Boot switch (ISP) and Reset, then release Reset
first and finally Boot switch.
Step 5: Start
Click the Start button
4.5 Conclusion:
In The above study focused on the details of the softwares keilmicro vision
compiler and flash magic and Terminal in this project for developing the source code
and for virtual simulation.
75
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Introduction:
Nowadays, as the reports of accidents are growing rapidly, the usage of sensor
technology in vehicles avoid road accidents, fire accidents from happening and also
provide an extra cover of safety to the people who are travelling. My project leads to
avoid such accidents and motivate the use of sensors in real life. This project helps in
eradication of accidents and may let the people reach their destination safely. This
project implement in embedded systems by using LPC2148 Processor, including with
GSM & GPS technology. The detection maintained by some sensors used in some
places, Prevention is controlled by adopting some devices.
5.2 System Hardware:
Figure 5.1: System Hardware kit of this Project
76
5.3 Sensor Detection Results:
GAS DETECTION
FIRE DETECTION
ALCOHOL DETECTION
MEMS DETECTION
IR DETECTION
Figure 5.2: Sensors detection Results
77
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion:
With the advent of science and technology in every walk of life the
importance of vehicle safety has increased and the main priority is being given to
reduce the alarming time when an accident occur, and immediately take prevention
acts so that the wounded lives can be attended in lesser time by the rescue team. This
paper provides the design which has the advantages of low cost, portability, small size
and easy expansibility. The platform of the system is ARM along with MEMS, MQ5,MQ-3,THERMISTER,IR, GPS and GSM. The accident can be detected by sensors
which will give the accurate information. The controller will process the data, as soon
as input is received by the controller and message is sent through the GSM module.
The geographical coordinates and the time of the site of the accident is detected by the
GPS module. The high priority is given to the lives of the people. Hence, this paper
provides a feasible solution to traffic hazards and it gives security to vehicle and
reduces loss of valuable lives and property.
6.2 Future Scope:

This can also be developed by interconnecting a camera to the controller
module that takes the snap of the accident spot that makes the tracking easier. This
system can be interfaced with vehicle airbag system that prevents vehicle occupants
from striking interior objects such as the steering wheel or window.
78
REFERENCES
[1]. S.P.
Bhumkar1,
V.V.
Deotare2,
R.V.Babar3
published
ACCIDENT
AVOIDANCE AND DETECTION ON HIGHWAYS International Journal of

Engineering Trends and Technology- Volume3Issue2- 2012ISSN: 22315381.,Page 247
[2]. B.Praveenkumar, K.Mahendrakan published Prevention of Accident Due To
Drowsy By Using Eye Blink International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified
Organization)Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2014
[3]. S. Vinod Rao, P. Saketh Kumar, N. Anil Kumar, MD. Saleem Yusuf, B.
Krishna Smart Zone Based Vehicle Speed Control Using RF and Obstacle
Detection and Accident Prevention International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal,
Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)
[4].
An Intelligent Vehicle Control and Monitoring Using Arm published by

Sawant Supriya C, Dr. Bombale U. L., Patil T.B International Journal of
Engineering
and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 4,
October 2012.
[5]
Automatic Vehicle Accident Detection System Based on ARM &GPS

published by NiravThakor, TanmayVyas2, Divyang Shah3 in International
Journal for Research in TechnologicalStudiesISSN: - Applied (Online) Vol-1,
Issue - 1, Dec 2013
[6]
Saurabh S. Chakole (M. Tech) Dept. of Electronics Engineering Y.C.C.E. (An

Autonomous Institution) Nagpur, India.saurabhchakolefz@gmail.com
was
published a paper in International Conference on Communication Systems and

Network Technologies in 2013.
79
[7]
C. Lozano; O. Rodriguez. Engineering School, Universidad Sergio Arboreta,

Bogot, Colombia was published a paper in The Online Journal on Electronics
and Electrical Engineering (OJEEE) Vol. (3) No. (2) Reference Number:
W10-0097
[8]
Manuel Fogue, Piedad Garrido, Francisco J. Martinez, Juan-Carlos Cano,

Carlos T. Calafate, Pietro ManzoniUniversity of Zaragoza, Spain IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING this article has been accepted
future issue of publications.
[9]
VanaJelicic, Student Member, IEEE, Michele Magno, DavideBrunelli,

Member, IEEE,
Giacomo Paci, and Luca Benini, Fellow, IEEE
was published a paper
Context-Adaptive Multimodal Wireless Sensor Network for Energy-Efcient

Gas Monitoring in IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 13, NO. 1, JANUARY
2013.
80
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
1. http://www.wireless sensor networks.com
2. http://www.serialporttool.com
3. http://www.microcontroller.com
4. http://www.keil.com
5. http://www.quickembed.com
6. Text Book ARM System on-Chip Architecture by Steve Furber Pearson
second Edition.
7. http://www.wikipedia.com
8. http://www.pearson.co.in
9. http://www.scribd.com
81
APPENDIX-A
GLOSSARY
LPC 2148
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit
ARM7TDMI-SCPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that
combine microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32
kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture
enable 32-bit code execution atthe maximum clock rate. For critical code size
applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 %
with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power
consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal for applications where miniaturization
is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial communications
interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device ,multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to
I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well
suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice
recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high
processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC,
PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive
external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and
medical systems.
Ordering information
82
Pin Description
83
84
LPC 2148 Memory Map
Static Characteristics
85
Dynamic Characteristics
Timing
86
ST232
PIN CONFIGUREURATION
PIN DESCRIPTION
PlN N
SYMBOL
NAME AND FUNCTION
1
2
C1 +
V+
Positive Terminal for the first Charge Pump

Capacitor
Doubled Voltage Terminal
C1-
C2 +
5
6
C2V-
T2
R2IN
Second Receiver Input Voltage
R2
OUT
Second Receiver Output Voltage
10
11
T2
IN
Second Transmitter Input Voltage

First Transmitter Input Voltage
12
R1
13
R1IN
14
15
T1
16
Negative Terminal for the first Charge Pump

Capacitor
Positive Terminal for the second Charge Pump
Capacitor
Negative Terminal for the second Charge Pump
Capacitor
Inverted Voltage Terminal
OUT
Second Transmitter Output Voltage
T1IN
OUT
First Receiver Output Voltage

First Receiver Input Voltage
OUT
GND
CC
First Transmitter Output Voltage

Ground
Supply Voltage
87
APPENDIX-B
PUBLICATION
Miss. N.Venkata Posi Lakshmi, Prof. T.V.Janardhana Rao, Mr. V.Anuragh,
entitled Arm Based Road and Fire Accidents Detection and Prevention System In
Vehicles with GPS published in International Journal Of Informative & Futuristic
Research(IJIFR) ISSN (Online): 2347-1697 Volume 2, Issue 3, November 2014 , 15th
Edition, Page No: 732-738
88

Arm Based Road and Fire Accidents Detection and Prevention System in Vehicles With GPS

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ABSTRACT

1.3 Literature Survey:

1.4 Importance of the Work:

1.5 Organization of the Thesis:

2.2 Block Diagram Description:

2.3 Flowchart of Proposed project:

2.4 Schematic Diagram of this Project:

3.1 ARM processor:

3.3 MQ-5 GAS Sensors:

3.4 MQ-3 Semiconductor Sensors for Alcohol:

3.5 Temperature Sensor (Thermister):

3.8 MAX 232:

3.10 Liquid Crystal Display:

3.11 Power Supply:

3.14 GSM Modem:

3.15 GPS (Global Positioning System):

4.1 KEIL Compiler:

4.3 Software Introduction:

4.4 What is Vision3?

5.2 System Hardware:

5.3 Sensor Detection Results:

Block diagram of proposed system

Flow chart of proposed system

Schematic Diagram of this Project

ARM Block Diagram

Register Bank in ARM

Current Program Status Register

Pin Diagram of LPC2148

Block Diagram of LPC2148

Circuit diagram IR Transmitter & Receiver

Configuration of Alcohol Sensor

Schematic symbol of Thermister

Functional Block Diagram ADXL335

Pin Function Descriptions ADX335

Pin diagram for MAX232

MAX232 DIP Package Pin Layout

MAX232 circuit connections

The pin configuration of L293D

Circuit for implementation of L293D with

Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller

5V regulated power supply system

Typical connections of the APR9600

The basic blocks of the whole GSM system

Transmitter for the voice signal

Receiver for the Voice signal

Signaling between Air and Abis Interface

System Hardware kit of this Project

Sensors detection Results

Statics of accidental deaths in comparison to all

ARM7 Exceptional modes

MAX232 to RS232 DB9 Connection as a DCE

Pin description for LCD

LCD Command Codes

LCD Hardware connections

Modes and selection of modes

Technical specifications of GSM

Dept. of ECE, B V C Engineering College, Odalarevu

systems at a great extent. Placing sensors at required places collects information

To observe fuel leakage for preventing and controlling fire accidents.

To spontaneously intimate location and alert the emergency services if any of

1.3 Literature Survey:

Saurabh S. Chakole (M. Tech) Dept. of Electronics Engineering Y.C.C.E. (An

TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING this article has been accepted future