Welcome to PYL100 course

Lecture-6 on 16/01/2015
By: Rajendra S. Dhaka
(rsdhaka@physics.iitd.ac.in)

PYL100:
Electromagnetic Waves and
Quantum Mechanics
Ch.6: Magnetic Fields in Matter
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Announcements
Three help sessions
(for help with the Exercise Sheet, and other
conceptual doubts of Chapter 1 of GRIFFITHS)
will be organized in
Room No. MS418/ MS420
(3rd Floor, Main Building)

1. Tuesday, JAN 20: 4 PM to 5 PM

2. Wednesday, JAN 21: 4 PM to 5 PM
3. Friday,
JAN 23: 4 PM to 5 PM

Magnetic force

Ch.6: Magnetic field in matter

All magnetic phenomena are attributed to

motion of electric charges (currents).
Magnetic field is always connected to current
loops
Magnetic materials will have tiny currents:
electrons orbiting around nuclei,
and electrons spinning
about their axes.
These loops are so small,
act like magnetic dipoles..

Ch.6: Magnetization

Apply electric field E: Electric polarization

Apply magnetic field:
Magnetization
(i.e. alignment of magnetic dipoles..)

Unlike Electric Polarization (usually in the

same direction as E), magnetization can be
parallel to applied field

Paramagnets

opposite to applied field

Diamagnets

magnetization retained after B is removed

Ferromagnets

Ch.6: Torques and forces on magnetic diploes

v A magnetic dipole experiences a torque in a

magnetic field.....like electric dipole does..
v Any loop current can be decomposed into
tiny rectangular (or any shape) loops of large
number, with internal sides cancelling.
v Let us calculate the torque
on a rectangular current
loop in a uniform
magnetic field B.
Current loop built up from infinitesimal rectangles..

Ch.6: Torques and forces on magnetic diploes

The forces on the two sloping sides cancel (they
tend to stretch the loop, but they don't rotate it).
The forces on the "horizontal" sides are likewise
equal and opposite (so the net force on the loop
is zero), but they do generate a torque because
the forces are not collinear
Lets consider a
rectangular current loop

Ch.6: Torques and forces on magnetic diploes

Magnitude of the force on each of these
segments is of magnitude:

where m = Iab = magnetic dipole moment of the loop

v This is similar to electric dipole in a uniform

field experiencing a torque like N = p x E
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Ch.6: Torques and forces on magnetic diploes

v The torque aligns the dipoles parallel to the field.
v Mechanism responsible for para-magnetism. m
must be nonzero, occurs in atoms/molecules with
odd no. of electrons (unpaired electrons)

v In a uniform field, the net force on a current

loop is zero..
v Because the line integral of dl is equal to zero
around any closed loop
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Ch.6: What happens when field is non-uniform?

Circular wire of radius R,
carrying current I is suspended
in the fringing field above a
solenoid

B has a radial component.

Net downward magnetic force.
It can be shown that the force on a loop, with
dipole moment m, in a field B, is:
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Ch.6: Effect of magnetic field on atomic orbits

Electrons not only spin; they also revolve around the

nucleus in orbits (like a tiny current loop).
msmagnetic dipole moment from spin motion
momagnetic dipole moment from orbital motion
Effect of magnetic field B:
ms gets tilted (due to the torque) with B.
(Para-magnetism) [ms gets parallel to B]
mo cannot be tilted by B, but it leads to change in
speed, leading to change in mo, and is opposite to B.
(Diamagnetism) [mo antiparallel to B]
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Ch.6: Magnetization
v In the presence of magnetic field, matter gets
magnetized
v Paramagnetism: dipoles of unpaired e spins
experience torque to line them up parallel to B

v Diamagnetism: e orbital speed altered to

change dipole moment opposite to B.
Magnetization (M),
M = magnetic dipole moment per unit volume
[Similar to electric polarization P]
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Ch.6: Magnetization
Consider a slab of uniformly magnetized material

Tiny current loops are like dipoles

Each 2ny loop has area
a and thickness t

(bound surface current)

Equivalent to a simple ribbon of current I

flowing around the boundary
In terms of Magnetization
In terms of circulating current

(surface current)
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Ch.6: Magnetization
It is a peculiar kind of current because no single
charge makes the whole trip, each charge moves
only in a tiny little loop within a single atom.
The net effect is a macroscopic current flowing
over the surface of the magnetized object.
This is called bound surface current.
Every charge is attached to a particular atom,
but it is a perfectly genuine current
It produces a magnetic field in the same way
any other current does.
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Ch.6: What if the Magnetization is Non-uniform?

The internal currents no longer cancel.
Consider two adjacent chunks of
magnetized materials:
Thick arrow - greater magnetization
at that point.
When they join there is a net current (at the interface between
the two current loops) in the x-direction.
there is a difference in magnetization in the y direction:
M z
I = Mt
dydz
Therefore, I x = [ M z ( y + dy) M z ( y)]dz =
y

M z
This corresponds to
( Jb )x =
volume current density is
y

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Ch.6: Non-uniform Magnetization

Also, any change in magnetization
in z-direction would produce:
M y
(J b ) x =
z

(-ve because, when they join,

excess current flows in opposite direction)
So the net current density in x-direction:
M z M y
(J b ) x =

y
z

(x-component of a curl)

Extending! this! to !3D, we get the expected

result: J b = M and
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Summary: Bound currents

The effect of magnetization is to establish bound currents
and

! ! !
Jb = M

!
!
Kb = M n

within the material

on the surface

The field due to magnetization of the medium is just the field

produced by these bound currents.
Total Field = field due to bound currents + field due to
everything else ( or free current)

! ! !
Total current: J = J + J
b
f
!

J b = due to magnetization results from the conspiracy of

many aligned atomic dipoles.
!
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J f = due to supply of current or transport of charge.

Amperes law: Integral and differential forms

! !
! B dl = 0 I enc

Where,

I enc =

! !
J da

I enc = total current enclosed by

the integration path

Here, flow of charge is represented by a

volume current density (J).

v Integral is taken over the surface bounded by the loop.

!
! ! !
!
Applying Stokes theorem to the LHS: ( v) da = v dl
"

! !
! !
!
B da = 0 J da

(
)
! !
!
B = 0 JAmperes law in differential form
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