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A rectangular array or a formation of a collection of real numbers, say 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7 etc. and then
1 2
enclosed by brackets [ ] are known as Matrix. For example [
].
3 4
In a matrix, the entries presented in horizontal way are called rows & all the entries presented in vertical way
are called columns. For example in above matrix there are two rows one which contain 1, 2 and other 3, 4.
There are two columns containing element 1,3 and 2,4.
Order of a Matrix:
The number of rows and columns in a matrix specifies its order. If a matrix M has m rows and n columns,
then M is said to be of order m-by-n. For example in above matrix order of matrix is 2-by-2.
Equal Matrices:
Two matrices are said to be equal if and only if
For example:
7 0
4+3 0
A=[
] & B= [
] are equal.
3 2
3
2
EX#1.1
Q.1: Find the order of the matrix.
2 3
A=[
].
5 6
Order of A = 2-by-2
C=[2 4]
Order of C = 1-by-2
E=[ ]
Order of E = 3-by-2
2 0
B=[
]
3 5
Order of B = 2-by-2
4
D = [ 0]
6
Order of D = 3-by-1
F = [2]
Order of F = 1-by-1
A = [3];
B= [3 5];
31
2
F=[ ];
G=[
];
6
3+3
2+2 22
J=[
]
2+4 2+0
Answer:
In above matrices following are equal:
C= [5-2];
4 0
H=[
];
6 2
D=[5 3];
4 0
E=[
];
6 2
I=[3 3+2];
A=C,
B=I,
E=H,
F=G
H=J,
E=J
Q.3: Find the value of a, b, c and d which satisfy the matrix equation.
0 7
+ + 2
[
]=[
]
3 2
1 4 6
From the definition of equality of matrices:
a + c = 0 .. (1)
;
a + 2b = -7 .. (3)
c 1 = 3 ...(2)
;
4d 6 = 2d (4)
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
= 3+1
c=4
So,
a+4=0
a = -4
Put value of a in (3)
-4 + 2b = -7
2b = -7 + 4
b=
;
;
;
from (4):
4d 2d = 6
2d = 6
d = 6/2 = 3
3
2
Types of matrices:
1. Row Matrix:
A matrix is called a row matrix, if it has only one row. For example: M = [5 3].
2. Column Matrix:
1
A matrix is called a row matrix, if it has only one column. For example: M = [ ]
2
3. Rectangular Matrix:
A matrix is called rectangular, if the number of rows of is not equal to the number of its
1 2 3
columns. For example: M = [
]
3 2 1
4. Square Matrix:
A matrix is called a square matrix, if its number of rows is equal to its number of columns. For
4 0
example: H=[
]
6 2
5. Null or Zero Matrix:
0 0
A matrix is called a null or zero matrix, if each of its entries is 0. For example: N =[
]
0 0
6. Negative Matrix:
Let A be a matrix. Then its negative, -A is obtained by changing the signs of all the entries of A
4 0
4 0
For example negative of Z =[
] is -Z=[
]
6 2
6 2
7. Symmetric Matrix:
1 2
A square matrix A is symmetric, if At = A. For example: Z =[
]
2 1
8. Skew-symmetric Matrix:
0 6
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric, if At = A. For example: A = [
]
6 0
9. Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix A is called a diagonal matrix if at least any one of the entries of its diagonal is
5 0
not zero and non-diagonal entries are zero. For example: M = [
]
0 6
10. Scalar Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is called a scalar matrix, if all the diagonal entries are same. For example: M
2 0
=[
]
0 2
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
Null Matrix
Row Matrix
Column Matrix
Identity Matrix
Null Matrix
Column Matrix
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
a) Square Matrix
b) Rectangular Matrix
e) Identity Matrix
f) Null Matrix
8 2
[
12 0
3
[ 0]
1
6 4
[
]
3 2
1 0
[
]
0 1
1 2
[ 3 4]
5 6
1
[ 0]
0
1 2
[1 2
0 0
0 0
[ 0 0]
0 0
7
]
4
c) Row Matrix
3
0]
1
Q.3: From the following matrices, identify diagonal, scalar and unit (identity) matrices.
A=[
d) Column Matrix
0 4
]
4 0
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
2
B=[
0
0
] Ans: Diagonal Matrix
1
1
C=[
0
0
]
1
3 0
D=[
]
0 0
53
E=[
0
0
]
1+1
EX#1.3
Q.1: Which of the following matrices are conformable for addition?
Solution:
Since matrices A & E and matrices B & D and matrices C & F have same order. So they
are conformable for addition.
Q.2: Find additive inverse of the following matrices:
Solution:
2
Additive inverse of A = - A = [
2
1
Additive inverse of B = - B = [2
3
4
2
]= [
1
2
0
1
2
4
]
1
1
1
3 ] = [ 2
1
3
4
4
Additive inverse of C = - C = [ ] = [ ]
2
2
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
0
1
2
1
3]
1
1
Additive inverse of D = - D = [3
2
1
Additive inverse of E = - E = [
0
Additive inverse of F = - F = [ 3
1
Q.3: If A = [
0
1
2] = [ 3
1
2
0
1
]= [
1
0
0
2]
1
0
]
1
1
3
]= [
1
2
1
]
2
] , B = [ ] , = [ ] and D = [
] then find:
(i). A + [
1 2
1 1
]=[
]+ [
]
2 1
1 1
1 + 1 2 + 1
=[
]
2+1 1+1
0 3
=[
]
3 2
1
2
(ii). B + [ ] = [ ] + [ ]
3
1
12
=[
]
1 + 3
=[ ]
(iii).
C + [-2 1 3] = [1+(-2) -1+1 2+3]
= [-1 0 5]
1 2 3
0 1 0
(iv).
D+[
]=[
]+ [
]
1 0 2
2 0 1
1+0 2+1 3+0
=[
]
1 + 2 0 + 0 2 + 1
=[
]
(v). 2A = 2[
1
2
2
2
]=[
1
4
4
]
2
1
1
]=[ ]
1
1
(vi).
(-1)B = (-1) [
(vii).
(-2)C = (-2) [ ] =[ ]
(viii).
1
3D = 3 [
1
(ix).
3C = 3 [ ] = [ ]
2
0
3
3
]= [
2
3
6
0
9
]
6
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
Solution:
(i):
1+0
= ([
0+3
= ([
=[
1
3
0+2
1
]) + [
1+0
1
2
1
]) + [
1
1
1+1
3+1
2
=[
4
1
]
0
1
]
0
2+1
]
1+0
3
]
1
(ii):
1
=[
1
1
01
] + ([
0
31
=[
1
1
=[
1 + (1)
1+2
0
=[
3
1
1
] + ([
0
2
21
])
00
1
])
0
1+1
]
0+0
2
]
0
(iii): [2 3 1] + ( [1 0 2] - [2 2 2] )
= [2 3 1] + ([1 2 0 2 2 2])
= [2 3 1] + [1 2 0]
= [2 + (1) 3 + (2) 1 + 0]
= [1 1 1]
(iv): [
] + [
1+1
= [1 + 2
0+3
2
= [1
3
(v): [
3
1
4
2+1
1 + 2
1+3
3+1
1 + 2]
2+3
4
1]
5
] + [
1+1
= [2 + (2)
3+0
2
= [0
3
2
4
3
2+0
3+1
1+2
3 + (2)
1+0 ]
2 + (1)
1
1]
1
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
(vi): ([
]+[
]) + [
1+2
= ([
0+1
3
= ([
1
2+1
1
]) + [
1+0
1
3
1
]) + [
1
1
=[
3+1
1+1
=[
4
2
1
]
0
1
]
0
3+1
]
1+0
4
]
1
following rules:
] , = [
] = [
0
1
3] = [ 0
2
1
0
2
1
0
1
3] + [2
2
1
] verify the
(i). A + C = C + A
1
2
3
1
[2
1
3
1
1] + [ 0
0
1
1 + (1)
[ 2+0
1+1
0
[2 1
2
0
2
1
2+0
3 + (2)
1 + 1
3
0
4] = [2
2
2
2
1
0
1 + 1
3+0
1 + 3] = [ 0 + 2
1+1
0+2
2
3
1
0+2
2 + 3
1 + (1)
3
1]
0
0+3
3 + 1]
2+0
3
4]
2
. . = . .
(ii). A + B = B + A
1
[2
1
2
3
1
1+1
[2 + 2
1+3
2
[4 1
4
3
1
1 ] + [2
0
3
2 + (1)
3 + (2)
1 + 1
4
2
3] = [ 4
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
2] = [2
3
3
1
2
1
1+1
3+1
1 + 2] = [ 2 + 2
3+1
0+3
1
1
0
1
1
2] + [ 2
3
1
1 + 2
2 + 3
1 + (1)
2
3
1
3
1]
0
1+3
2 + 1]
3+0
4
3]
3
. . = . .
(iii).
(iv).
1
[2
1
B + C = C + B (do yourself)
A + (B + A) = 2A + B
2 3
1 1 1
1 2
3 1] + ([2 2 2] + [2 3
1 0
3 1 3
1 1
3
1
1] ) = 2 [2
0
1
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
2
3
1
3
1
1] + [2
0
3
1
2
1
1
2]
3
1+1
1 + 2
1+3
2 3
2 4 6
1
2 + 3
2 + 1] ) = [ 4 6 2] + [ 2
3 1] + ([2 + 2
3 + 1 1 + (1) 3 + 0
1 1 0
2 2 0
3
1 2 3
2 1 4
2 + 1 4 + (1) 6 + 1
[2 3 1] + ([4 1 3] ) = [4 + 2 6 + (2) 2 + 2]
1 1 0
4 0 3
2+3
2 + 1
0+3
1+2 2+1 3+4
2 + 1 4 + (1) 6 + 1
[2 + 4 3 + 1 1 + 3] = [4 + 2 6 + (2) 2 + 2]
1 + 4 1 + 0 0 + 3
2+3
2 + 1
0+3
3 3 7
3 3 7
[6 4 4] = [6 4 4]
5 1 3
5 1 3
. . = . .
1
[2
(v). (C - B)
1
([ 0
1
+A
0
2
1
1 1
([ 0 2
13
([2
2
1
0
0
2 + 1
([2 + 2
2 + 1
1
3
[0
3
1 1
= C + (A - B)
0
1 1 1
1 2 3
3] [2 2 2]) + [2 3 1]
2
3 1 3
1 1 0
1 0 0
1 2 3
1
= [ 0 2 3] + ([2 3 1] [2
1
1 2
1 1 0
3
0 (1)
2 (2)
11
1
=[0
1
1 2
01
+
])
[
2 3
32
1 1
23
0 0
11
2 3] + ([2 2
1 2
13
1
1
1 ]) + [2
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
1] = [ 0
0
1
0
2
1
3
1]
0
2 (1)
3 (2)
1 1
1
2
1
1
2])
3
31
1 2])
03
0
0
3] + ([ 0
2
2
1+2
1 + 3
1 + 0
0+3
1 + 1 ]) = [ 0 + 0
0 + (1) 1 + 0
1 + (2)
2
1
3
2
2]=[0
3
2]
1
1 1 1
0+3
2 + 5
1 + (2)
3
5
2
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
1
2
1
2
1])
3
0+2
3 + (1)]
2 + (3)
. . = . .
(vi). 2A + B = A + (A + B)
(Do yourself)
(vii).(C-B) A = (C - A) B
(Do yourself)
(viii). (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Do yourself)
(ix). A + (B - C) = (A - C) + B (Do yourself)
(x). 2A + 2B = 2(A + B)
1 2 3
1 1 1
1 2 3
1
2 [2 3 1] + 2 [2 2 2] = 2 ([2 3 1] + [2
1 1 0
3 1 3
1 1 0
3
1
2
1
1
2])
3
1
2]
3
4 6
2 2 2
1 + 1 2 + (1)
6 2] + [4 4 4] = 2 ([2 + 2 3 + (2)
2 2 0
6 2 6
1+3
1 + 1
2 1 4
2 + 2 4 + (2) 6 + 2
[4 + 4 6 + (4) 2 + 4] = 2 ([4 1 3])
4 0 3
2+6
2 + 2
0+6
4 2 8
4 2 8
[ 8 2 6] = [ 8 2 6]
8 0 6
8 0 6
. . = . .
[4
Q.6: If A = [
] = [
3+1
1 + 2])
0+3
] find:
(i). 3A - 2B
2
0 7
] 2[
]
4
3 8
3 6
0 14
=[
][
]
9 12
6 16
30
6 14
=[
]
9 (6) 12 16
3 20
=[
]
15 4
t
t
(ii). 2A - 3B
= 3[
1
3
1 3
At = [
]
2 4
0 3
Bt = [
]
7 8
= 2[
=[
1
2
2
4
3
0
] 3[
4
7
6
0
][
8
21
=[
20
4 21
=[
2
25
Q.7: If [
9
]
24
6 (9)
]
8 24
15
]
16
] [
4
6
3
]
8
]= [
8
3
][
2
24
43
6 24
7
3
]= [
18
12
10
]
1
8 3
7
]= [
2 (12)
18
10
]
1
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
2a + 12 = 1
2a = 1-12
;
2a = -11
;
a= -11/2
Q.8: If A = [
] = [
(i). (A + B)t = At + Bt
L.H.S:
1
A+B=[
0
2
1
]+[
1
2
1+1
=[
0+2
=[
2
2
1
]
0
2+1
]
1+0
3
]
1
(A + B)t = [
2
3
2
]
1
R.H.S:
1
At = [
2
0
]
1
1
Bt = [
1
2
]
0
At + Bt = [
1
2
1+1
=[
2+1
=[
2
3
0
1
]+[
1
1
2
]
0
0+2
]
1+0
2
]
1
2
1
][
1
2
11
=[
02
=[
0
2
(A + B)t = [
0
1
1
]
0
21
]
10
1
]
1
2
]
1
R.H.S:
1
At = [
2
0
]
1
1
Bt = [
1
2
]
0
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
At + Bt = [
1
2
11
=[
21
=[
0
1
0
1
][
1
1
2
]
0
02
]
10
2
]
1
A+ At is symmetric.
1 0
At = [
]
2 1
1+1 2+0
1 2
1 0
A+ At = [
]+[
]= [
]
0+2 1+1
0 1
2 1
2 2
=[
]
2 2
Now,
(A+ At)t =[
] = (A+ At)
Hence proved that A+ At is symmetric.
(iv).
A- At is skew-symmetric.
1
0
At = [
]
2 1
1 2
1 0
11 20
A+ At = [
][
]= [
]
0 1
02 11
2 1
0 2
=[
]
2 0
Now,
(A+ At)t =[
] = - (A+ At)
Hence proved that A+ At is skew- symmetric.
(v). B+ Bt is symmetric.
1 2
Bt = [
]
1 0
1+1 1+2
1 1
1 2
B+ Bt = [
]+[
]= [
]
2+1 0+0
2 0
1 0
2 3
=[
]
3 0
Now,
(B+ Bt)t =[
] = (B+ Bt)t
Hence proved that B+ Bt is symmetric.
(vi).
B - Bt is skew-symmetric.
1 2
Bt = [
]
1 0
1 1
1 2
11 12
B- Bt = [
][
]= [
]
2 0
1 0
21 00
0 1
=[
]
1 0
Now,
(B+ Bt)t =[
] = - (B+ Bt)t
Hence proved that B+ Bt is skew-symmetric.
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com
MOIN LATIF
University of Engineering & Technology, (UET) Lahore.
Email ID: Engr.moin@hotmail.com