Andy Huang

Chemistry H Period 4
1/21/10
Chapter 11: Modern Atomic Theory
11.1 Rutherford’s atom
I. Review
A. Atomic structure
1) Small positive core; nucleus
2) Negative cloud; electrons
B. Rutherford’s Experiments
1) Alpha particle bombardment proved center is positive
11.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
I. Light transfer energy by electromagnetic radiation
A. Waves
1) Wavelength is distance b/t 2 consecutive wave peaks
2) Frequency is how many wave peaks pass a point per given time period
B. Photons
1) Tiny packets of energy
2) Light energy travels through waves & photons
II. Light’s energy & color depend on wavelength
A. Long wavelength weaker than shorter
B. Violet => red; red weakest
11.3 Emission of Energy by Atoms
I. Atoms emit varying colors at different energy levels
A. Excited atoms emit energy and light until they return to their ground energy state
11.4 The energy levels of hydrogen
I. When H absorbs energy it releases light as photons to return to ground state
A. Always emit discrete energy levels
1) Only certain colors show, quantized
2) Energy levels go up in “steps” rather than a “ramp”
11.5 The Bohr Model of the atom
I. Bohr theorized that electrons orbit around the nucleus
A. Different orbits = different energy levels
11.6 The Wave Mechanical Model of atoms
I. Broglie & Schrodinger theorize that electrons move in same wave-like motion as
Light
A. Mathematical analysis fit all atoms
B. Orbital maps developed, probability of electron movement
1) More activity near center of atom
C. Bohr proved wrong
11.7 The hydrogen orbitals
I. Orbitals are probability maps of where electrons may be
A. Principle energy level
1) Relative amount of energy
B. sublevels
1) determine shape
 2) 4 different sublevels: s, p, d, and f
11.8 Wave Mechanical Model: further development
I. electrons spin
A. Pauli Exclusion Principle
1) Two electrons per shell
2) spin in opposite directions
11.9 Electron Arrangement in the first eighteen atoms
I. Orbital Diagrams
A. Show electrons in electron shells; energy levels, sublevels, etc.
1) use arrows for “spin”
2) Boron:
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C. Valence electrons in highest energy level
11.10 Electron Configuration & Periodic Table
I. Main-group elements
A. Have same valence electron configuration except for energy levels
1) d-level electrons always 1 energy level lower than rest
11.11 Atomic Properties & Periodic Table
I. Metals
A. Metals
1) Shiny
2) malleable/ductile
3) heat/electricity conductors
B. Chemical Properties
1) lose electrons; form cations
II. Nonmetals
A. Physical properties vary
B. Chemical Properties
1) gain electrons; form anions
III. Metalloids
A. both metal and nonmetal traits
IV. Ionization energy
A. amount of energy needed to remove electrons from atoms
1) increases going up and right along the periodic table
2) electrons farther from pull of nucleus
V. Atomic size
A. increase going down and left along the periodic table
B. less ionization energy = bigger electron clouds = bigger size