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LMW TURBINE
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
PRABHU.K.M
PRASATH.P
SELVARAJ.R
SRIDHARAN.S
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE
SIGNATURE
Mr.S.DINAKARAN, M.E.,(Ph,D)
Mr.C.PRABHU,M.E.,(Ph.D)
Professor,
Asst.Professor,
SUPERVISOR
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
Namakkal-637 018.
INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset we wish to express our sincere gratitude and indebted need to
our esteemed institution of Pavai College of technology, pachal which has given
this opportunity to have sincere bases in management and fulfilment our most
cherish of reaming goal of becoming successful leader.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to chairman
shri.CA.N.V.Natarajan,B.com,F.C.A., correspondent smt.Mangainatarajan,
M.sc., for providing us the needed facilities to do our project work. We express
our thanks to our Director Administrative Dr.K.K.Ramasamy,ME., (Ph.D).
For his motivation to carrying out our project work. We express our thanks to
our Principal Dr.J.Sunderarajan, M.Tech., Ph.D., for this encouragement
given to us in carrying on the project work.
We express our sincere gratitude to the head of mechanical engineering
department prof.S.Dinakaran, ME.,(Ph.D). for his timely support and
encouragement throughout the project completion.
We express our sincere gratitude to the supervisor of our project
C.Prabhu,M.E(PhD)., of the mechanical engineering, who lead a helping
hand power, whenever we are in need of it and who gave us valuable
suggestions, advice , motivation and encouragement
We express our guide to friends who have helped us directly or indirectly
for the successful completion the project work.
Last but not least we express our deep gratitude to our parents for the
their encouragement and support throughout the project work.
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In power generation mostly steam turbine is used because of its
greater thermal efficiency and high power to weight ratio. Because the turbine
generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical
generator about 63% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of
steam turbines. Steam turbine has an ability to utilize high pressure and high
temperature steam.
The power generation in a steam turbine is at a uniform rate,
therefore necessity to use flywheel is not felt. Much higher speeds and greater
range of speed is possible for a a steam turbine. No internal lubrication is
required as there are no rubbing parts in the steam turbine. It can utilise high
vacuum very advantageously.
Due to the above said salient features, of all heat engines and
prime movers the steam turbine is nearest to the ideal and is widely used in
power generation.
The steam turbine is essentially a flow machine in which heat
energy in the steam is transferred into kinetic energy and its kinetic energy is
utilised to rotate the rotor while steam flows through the turbine. During the
flow of steam through the nozzle, the heat energy is converted into kinetic
energy. The steam with high velocity enters the turbine blades and suffers a
change in direction of motion which gives rise to change of momentum and
therefore to a force. This constitutes the driving force of the turbine. This force
acting on the blades in the circumferential direction sets up the rotation of the
wheels or rotor. As the wheel rotates each one of the blades fixed on the rim of
the wheel comes into action of the jet of steam which causes the wheel to rotate
continuously.
CHAPTER 2
TURBINE DESCRIPTION
TURBINE
What is Turbine?
Turbine is the prime mover for the Generator
It is a rotating machine.
DEVELOPMENT OF STEAMTURBINE
Historically, first steam turbine was produced by Hero, a Greek
Philosopher, in 120B.C. (Fig. 1. l.). As the fig. shows, k was a pure reaction
turbine (explained at 1.4).In 1629, an Malian. Named Branch actually
anticipated the boiler-steam turbine combination that is a major source of power
today. The concept, is illustrated in (Fig. 1.2). First practical steam turbine was
introduced by Charles Parsons in 1884 which was also of the reaction type. Just
after five years, in 1889, Gustav De Lava] produced the first practical impulse
turbine.
WORKING PRINCIPLES
When steam is allowed to expand through a narrow orifice, ft assumes
kinetic energy at the expense of its enthalpy (heat emrgy). This kinetic energy of
steam is changed to mechanical (rotational) energy through the impact
(impulse) 6r reaction of steam against the blades. It should be realized that the
blade of the turbine obtains no motive force from the static pressure of the
steam or from any impact of the steam jet. The blades are designed in such a
way, that steam will glide on and off the blade without any tendency to strike it.
As the steam moves over the blades, its direction is continuously changing
and centrifugal pressure exerted as the result is normal to the blade surface at all
points. The total motive force acting on the blade is thus the resultant of all the
centrifugal forces plus the change of momentum. (Fig. 1.3). This causes the
rotational motion of the blades.
PDF created
TURBINE TYPES
Basically there are two broad classifications of steam turbines:
i) Impulse:
Like simple impulse turbine this has also only one set of nozzles and
entire steam pressure drop takes place there. The kinetic energy of high velocity
steam issuing from nozzles is utilised in a number of moving row of blades with
fixed blades in between them (instead of a single row of moving blades in
simple impulse turbine). PDF created
Reaction Turbine
No of stages :11
Shaft out put:105MW
Inlet/outlet Steam flow :540/461 t/hr
Inlet/outlet Steam temp : 535/190 deg
Inlet/outlet Steam pr. : 24/1.32 ksc
No of stages :8(4+4)
Shaft out put:40MW
Inlet/outlet Steam flow :461/446 t/hr
Inlet/outlet Steam temp : 190/45 deg
Inlet/outlet Steam pr. : 1.32/0.06 ksc
RANKINE CYCLE
The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict the performance
of steam turbine systems. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic
cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work. The heat is
supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working
fluid. It is named after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish polymath
and Glasgow University professor.
Physical layout of
the four
the
Rankine cycle
The
cycle closely
Rankine
describes
vapour, and some condensation may occur. The output in this process can
be easily calculated using the Enthalpy-entropy chart or the steam tables.
Process 4-1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.
In an ideal Rankine cycle the pump and turbine would be isentropic, i.e.,
the pump and turbine would generate no entropy and hence maximize the net
work output. Processes 1-2 and 3-4 would be represented by vertical lines on
the T-S diagram and more closely resemble that of the Carnot cycle. The
Rankine cycle shown here prevents the vapor ending up in the superheat region
after the expansion in the turbine, [1] which reduces the energy removed by the
condensers.
TURBINE SYSTEMS
1. STEAM SYSTEM
2. TURBINE DRAIN SYSTEM
3. FEED WATER SYSTEM
4. CONDENSER VACUUM SYSTEM
5. GLAND SEALING SYSTEM
6. LUBE OIL SYSTEM
7. GOVERING SYSTEM
STEAM SYSTEM
Diagram of boiler feed water deaerator (with vertical, domed aeration section
and horizontal water storage section).
The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and
igniter guns, soot blowers, water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace
walls) for observation of the furnace interior. Furnace explosions due to any
accumulation of combustible gases after a trip-out are avoided by flushing out
such gases from the combustion zone before igniting the coal.
The steam drum (as well as the super heater coils and headers) have air vents
and drains needed for initial start up.
Steam condensing
The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into
liquid to allow it to be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the
pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced and efficiency of the cycle increases.
For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser must be kept as low as
practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the condensing
steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly
below 100 C where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric
pressure, the condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus leaks of noncondensible air into the closed loop must be prevented.
Typically the cooling water causes the steam to condense at a
temperature of about 35 C (95 F) and that creates an absolute pressure in the
condenser of about 27 kPa (0.592.07 inHg), i.e. a vacuum of about 95 kPa
(28 inHg) relative to atmospheric pressure. The large decrease in volume that
occurs when water vapor condenses to liquid creates the low vacuum that helps
pull steam through and increase the efficiency of the turbines.
The limiting factor is the temperature of the cooling water and that, in
turn, is limited by the prevailing average climatic conditions at the power plant's
location (it may be possible to lower the temperature beyond the turbine limits
during winter, causing excessive condensation in the turbine). Plants operating
in hot climates may have to reduce output if their source of condenser cooling
water becomes warmer; unfortunately this usually coincides with periods of
high electrical demand for air conditioning.
STEAM TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM
Steam turbine governing is the procedure of controlling the flow rate
of steam into a steam turbine so as to maintain its speed of rotation as constant.
The variation in load during the operation of a steam turbine can have a
significant impact on its performance. In a practical situation the load frequently
varies from the designed or economic load and thus there always exists a
considerable deviation from the desired performance of the turbine.[1] The
Overview
Steam Turbine Governing is the procedure of monitoring and
controlling the flow rate of steam into the turbine with the objective of
maintaining its speed of rotation as constant. The flow rate of steam is
monitored and controlled by interposing valves between the boiler and the
turbine.[2] Depending upon the particular method adopted for control of steam
flow rate, different types of governing methods are being practiced. The
principal methods used for governing are described below.
Throttle governing
In throttle governing the pressure of steam is reduced at the turbine
entry thereby decreasing the availability of energy. In this method steam is
allowed to pass through a restricted passage thereby reducing its pressure across
the governing valve.[2] The flow rate is controlled using a partially opened steam
control valve. The reduction in pressure leads to a throttling process in which
the enthalpy of steam remains constant.[1]
applied only to the first stage whereas the subsequent stages remain unaffected.
[1]
lies in the exploitation of full boiler pressure and temperature. Figure 2 shows
the mechanism of nozzle governing applied to steam turbines.[2] As shown in the
figure the three sets of nozzles are controlled by means of three separate valves.
atmospheric pressure there Mil be a leakage of air inwards, and some sort of
sealing system must be used to prevent the air from entering the cylinder and
the condenser.
Water-sealed glands
Some turbine designs incorporate a shaft gland which depends on a
water seal to prevent steam or air leakage. A typical seal arrangement (Fig. 4.1)
consists of a shaft - mounted impeller with a series of vanes or pockets
machined on both faces. The impeller is contained within an annular chamber,
and, when water is admitted to the chamber, the impeller vanes force the water
to rotate, at a speed approximately equal to the impeller speed. The seal is
relatively inefficient at low speeds and air-sealed auxiliary labyrinth glands
must be used, in conjunction with high capacity air pumps, to raise vacuum
when starting. Water is usually injected into the seal at approximately hag of the
full operating speed.
The oil to the lubrication system at the level of turbine axis is supplied through
two injectors arranged in series.
8.2.2 Starting Oil Pump (Auxiliary Oil Pump)
It is a multi-stage centrifugal oil pump driven by A.C. electric motor.
Starting oil pump is provided for meeting the requirement of oil of the turbo set
during starting. During starting or when the turbine is running at a speed lower
than 2800 rpm ft supplies oil to governing system as well as to the lubrication
system.
8.2.3 A.C. Lub Oil Pump
This is a centrifugal pump, driven by an A.C. electric motor. This runs for
about 10 minutes in the beginning to remove air from the governing system and
to fill the oil system with the oil. This pump automati over under inter lock
action whenever the oil pressure in lubrication system fails to 0.6 kg 1 CM2s
(guage). Thus
8.2.4 D.C. Emergency Oil Pump
This is a centrifugal pump, driven by D.C. electric motor. This pump has
been provided as a back-up protection to A. C. driven lub. oil pump. This
automatically cuts in whenever there is failure of A.C. supply at power station
and or the pressure in the lubrication system fails to 0.5 kg 1 cm, (gauge).
8.2.5 Oil Tank
The oil is stored in oil tank of 28000 litres capacity upto operating level
of the tank. About 4000 lit / min. oil remains in circulation. Liberally sized tank
holds the oil inside the tank for a period long enough to ensure liberation of air
from the oil. Different mesh sized fitters are located inside the tank to filter the
oil during its no~ course. The filters are easily accessible and removable for
cleaning even when turbine is in service. This oil tank is supported on the
framed structure just below the turbine floor at the left side of the turbine.
TURBINE COMPONENTS
3.1 CASINGS OR CYLINDERS
A casing is essentially a pressure vessel which must be capable of
withstanding the maximum working pressure and temperature that can be
produced within it. The cylinder is supported at each end. The cylinder has to be
extremely stiff in a longitudinal direction in order to prevent bending and to
allow accurate clearances to be maintained between the fixed and moving parts
of the turbine. This determines the length between bearing centres which in turn
determines the number of stages which can be accommodated within the
cylinder. The working pressure aspects demand thicker and thicker casing and
the temperature aspects demand thinner and thinner casings. Design
developments took place to take care of both pressure and temperature
considerations and resulted in the following three types of casing design.
i) Single shell casing
ii) Multiple(double)shell.easing
iii) Barrel type casing
3.1.1 H.P. Turbine Casing
a) Single Shell Split Casing : Barlier design turbines including the 21O
MW BHEL / L.M.W. varieties are of single shell split casing for H.P. cylinders.
In this type the casing thickness would be of the order of about20 cms for
the 21 0 MW turbine which will make the flange to about 40cms and the
jointing bolts to about 23 crm size. This ' leads to concentration of mass
where high temperature and sharp fluctuation in temperature h expected.
This poses several problems during machine start ups and load changes.
b) Double Sheli Casinci: With the rise of steam conditions there fore single
shell casings are of no more use for H igh Pressure (H P) and 1 ntermediate
Pressure (1 P) casings. By using a double shell casing , the casing
thickness has been reduced to 9 cms and bolt size to 1 1 cms. in 21 0 MW
turbine H.P. cylinder. (Fig. 3. 1) shows how a double shell reduces
temperature difference through metal casing.
consists of the outer shell and the inner shell. The inner shell is attached in the
outer shell with provision forfree thermal movement. Stationary blading is
carried bythe innershell. The stationary blade rowsegments of the LP stages are
bolted tothe outer shell of the inner casing. The complete inner casing is
supported. The design of low pressure cylinders has changed a lot in recent
years.
Before the advent of the 500 MW machines, condensers were invariably
situated beneath the low pressure turbine and the condenser tubes were at right
angles to the. axis of the machine. With the development of the 500 MW
machines several variations of the above turbine / condenser arrangement have
been adopted (Fig. 3.8) shows one such variation with condensers mounted on
each side of the I P. casings. These are called pannier condensers.
3.5 STEAM VALVES
A turbine is equipped with one or more emergency stop valves, in order to cut
off the steam supply dun'rn pe~of shut down and to provide prompt interruption
of the steam flow in emergency. In addition govemirl valves are used to provide
accurate control of steam flow entering the turbine. Reheat turbines require add
ermrgency and interceptor valves . in the return path from the reheater and dual
pressure turbines require two of emergency and governing valves. (Fig.3.14)
shows some basic schematic designs ol valves in modem use.
a) Shows a double--beat" valve having two seatings, the object being to
balance the forces due to steam pressure. It is suitable for most pressures, but
not for high temperatures as differential expansion between the valve and cage
would cause one or other sealing to owrapm.
b) Shows another double-beat valve of the hollow type in which the steam from
one sealing is led through the centre of the valve. The thinner walls promote
even heating and lesser differential expansion.
d) Shows a similar valve fitted with an internal pilot valve which, by opening
first,equalises the pressures and provides initial fine control.
e) Shows a cylindrical valve in which steam pressure is prevented from acting
on the back of the valve by fine annular clearance.
f) Shows a flap valve, used for reheat emergency valves, where the steam
pressures are moderate and the specific volumes (and hence the valve
diameters) are large.
g) Shows a governing valve of the *mushroom' type, with a profiled skirt to
give a more linear area 1 lift relationship. Other types of valves, such as piston
and grid valves are used in pass-out turbines. The diameters of valves opening
are generally calculated to dive maximum steam veloc~ of about 60 m / sec for.
ermrgency valves, and about 120 m 1 sec for governing valves.
The seating upon which any such valves closes is invariably part of a
removable sleeve which is replaceable when worn. -rhe mating annular faces of
valves and their seats are nitrided or faced with Stelide to resist wear. Such wear
is due more to erosion by the steam than to mechanical impact and is particulars
lipme to taker place when the valve is cracked open and a jet of steam is
propelled at high velocity through the n arrow port opening by the large
pressure differential, impact damage can occur as a result of frequent test
ck)sures, and cushioning devices or slow motion testing may be adopted to
avoid this.
Where pipes enter a double shell cylinder, it is preferable that they enter
radially, passing through as liding joint in the outer cylinder; in this way the two
sheli scan expand radially without losing concentricity. The sliding joint usually
contains piston rings made of nimonic alloy or special steel which will retain its
springiness at the prevailing steam temperature. See (Fig. 3.19 (a).
Cross-over pipes between cylinder must also be flexible, as they expand more
than the bearing pedestal and cylinders over which they pass. Pipes with long
loops are used for transmitting very hot steam. Where possible, crossover pipes
pass under or alongside cylinders rather than overhead, to improve cylinder
access. Expansion of LP cross over pipes is taken up by two or more hingelinked
bellows which allow bending but no axial movement (Fig. 3.19 (b) in this way
the pressure force in the pipe is transmitted through the links, thus protecting the
3.6 ROTORS
There are two types of turbine rotor used in large turbines which have
impulse type
a) The built up rotor also called Disc Rotor consisting of a forged steel shaft on
which separate forged steel discs are shrunk and keyed. (Fig. 3.20).
b) The integral rotor in which the wheels and shaft are formed from one solid
forging. (Fig. 3.21). The built up rotor is made up of a number of separately
forged discs or wheels and the hubs of these wheels are shrunk and keyed on to
the central shaft.
The outer rims of the wheels have suitable grooves machined to allow
for fixing the blades. The shaft is sometimes stepped so that the wheel hubs can
be threaded along to their correct positions. Suitable clearances are left between
the hubs to allow for expansion axially along the line of the shaft. Integral rotors
as said before have discs and shaft machined from one solid forging, the whole
rotor being one complete' icce of metal. This results in a rigid construction and
troubles due to lobse wheels of the shrunk on type are eliminated. Grooves are
machined in the wheel rims to take the necessary blading. These are also called
solid forged rotors.
integral rotor
The built-up rotor tends to be the cheaper of the two since the discs and shaft
are relatively easy to forge and inspect for flaws; also, the machining of these
components can be carried out concurrently. On the other hand, integral rotors
are and difficult to forge and there is a high incidence of rejects; there is
In spite of the expenses involved, the advantages of integral rotors are such
that they are invariably used for the high pressure rotors on high temperature
plant; on reheatmachines in particular they are often used for intermediate
pressure and low pressure rotors as well. This is because of the difficulty of
ensuring that the shrunk-on discs on intermediate and low pressure rotors
cannot become loose, particularly at the high temperature end during start up
when the shafts may be relatively cool and the discs are hot. Another source of
trouble under conditions of high temperature and stress is the phenomenon of
creep which could also cause the shrink-fft to disappear after a large number of
running hours. With regard to low pressure rotors, the main problem is one of
centrifugal stress, the last stage being the most heavily stressed part of the
turbine. The last row wheels on the standard 500 MW turbine are the largest cap
able of operating at 1 000 rev 1 min; the blades are 900 mm in length and are
mounted on the disc so as to have a mean diameter of 2.5 m, the overall
diameter is therefore 3.45 m. On large turbines using 50 per cent reaction, four
types of rotor are used:
3.8 BLADES
These are most important components of the turbine . converting heat energy
to mechanical energy.
A blade has three main parts:
- AEROFOIL - It is the working part of the blade
- ROOT - It is the portion of the blade which is fixed with the
rotor or casing.
- SHROUD - It can be rivetted to the main blade or can be integrally
machined with the blade
(Note: Blades maybe without shroud also)
3.8.1 Type of Blades
Most modern turbines use reaction type blading throughout the machine.
Some designs have impulse in the H.P. and I.P.cylinders and reaction in the L.P.
cylinder. But use of impulse or reaction cannot always be dearly defined
because both principles may be combined in the same blade. For example large
L. P. blades are generally of twisted and tapered design (see fig. 3.24). These
blades produce varying conditions of impulse or reaction between root and tip
and are called vortex blades. The object of this design is to prevent uneven
steam flow caused by centrifugal forces forcing the steam towards blade tips.
This is done by changing the throat opening from root to tip. A 915 mrn (36m)
blade with zero reaction at the root has approximately 70 per cent reaction at the
tip. Also the inlet angle of the blade after along its length giving smooth and
efficient steam entry.
3.8.2 Impulse Type Moving Blades
lmpluse type moving blades (for H.P.. Turbine) are machined from solid
bar and the roots and s Tangs are left at the tips of the blades so that when fitted
in position in the wheel, shrouding can beattached.
The shrouding is made up from sections of metal strip punched with holes
to correspond with the tangs. As there is no pressure drop across the moving
blade, the seating arrangements are not of such great importance, as in the
reaction type. The shrouding on the impluse blading helps to guide the steam
through the moving blades, allowing larger radial clearance, as well as
strengthening the assembly.
Impulse Type Fixed Blading
The fixed blading in an ampluse turbine takes the form of nozzles
mounted in diaphragms. The diaphragm is made in two halves, one half being
fixed to the upper half of the cylinder casings by means of keys so that when
expansion occurs fouling of the shaft seals is avoided. Special carrier rinfs are
generally used to support the diaphragms in H.P. cylinders. Because of the
steam pressure difference on each side of the diaphragm, seals are provided at
the bore where the shaft passes through the diaphragm, to prevent steam leakage
along the shaft
stages (Fig. 3.28) are provided with T-roots which also determine the distance
between the blades. Their cover plates are machined intergral with the blades
and provide a continuous shroud after insertion. The moving stationary blades
are inserted into appropriately shaped grooves closed casing (1) and are bottom
caulked with caulking material (9). The insertion slot in the shaft (8) i a locking
blade which is fixed either by taper pins or grub screws. Special end blades
which lock with t horizontal joint are used at the horizontal joints of the inner
casing. Graub screws which are inserted from t joint into the material secure the
stationary blades in the grooves.
3.11 SHAFT TURNING (BARRING) GEAR
Turning gear is provided to rotate turbine shafts slowly during
the pre-run up operation and after shut down to prevent uneven heating or
cooling of the shafts. The uneven heating or cooling would lead to bending and
semi-flexible or rigid.
whereas, both the couplings of 210 MW BHEL /KWU set are of rigid type.
Following are the brief descriptions of basic three types of couplings;
3.12.2 Flexible Coupling
Flexible couplings are capable of absorbing small amounts of angular misalign
as well as axial movement. Double flexible couplings can also accommodate
eccentricity. Semi-flexible couplings will allow angular bending only.
(Fig. 3.37) shows some designs in common use. The claw coupling, which
may be single or double, is robust and slides easily when transmitting light
load; on heavy load, however, friction causes ft to become axially rigid. The
Bibby coupling is satisfactory up to medium sizes and provides, in addition to
the other features, torsional resilience' The mutti tooth coupling transmits torque
by internal and external gear teeth of involute form, which are curved to
accommodate angular misalignment, All these couplings require continuous
lubrication, normally obtained from a jet of oil feeding into an annual recess,
from which k is led centrifugally to the coupling teeth through drilled
passage_way
3.12.3 Semi flexible Coupling
The semi-flexible type of coupling requires no lubrication and is
normally interposed between the turbine and generator. It consists of a hollow
piece having one or more convolutions (Fig. 3.38. (a)
3.12.4 Rigid Couplings On large turbines the high torque to be transmitted
renders the use of flexiblecouplings impracticable.
Consequently rigid couplings are employed between the turbine
cylinders so that the turbine shaft behaves as one continuous rotor A spigot
locates the two half-couplings and numbered fitted bolts join the flanges
general calculations:
date: 23.2.2015
unit: 4
load: 208 MW
time:11.56 am
READINGS
Total FW flow
T/hr
-683
T/hr
128
T/hr
MS pressure
Kal
132/133
MS flow temperature
*C
539/539
MS flow
T/hr
650
819.79
CRH pressure
Ksc
26/27
CRH temperature
*C
315/315
726.47
HRH pressure
Ksc
24/24
HRH temperature
*C
536/536
848.32
*C
234/288
T/hr
643
T/hr
14.5
T/hr
ksc
0.569/0.230
Ksc
185/185
*C
2843.24
ksc
-0.996/0.905
Ksc
43/44
*C
1)Turbine efficiency
Turbine efficiency = (heat output by turbine)/(heat input to turbine)
a)heat input to turbine:
=(MS flow (MS enthalpy - FW enthalpy)103 ) +(HRH flow (HRH
enthalpy - CRH enthalpy) 103)
=650 (852.08 - 700) + 554 (849.68 744.37)
=157193.74103 kcal.
b) heat output by turbine:
1) work done in HPT:
= ( MS flow (MS enthalpy HPH 7 ES enthalpy)) + ((MS flow HPH 7
ES flow) [HPH 7 ES enthalpy CRH enthalpy] 103
=
=69681.43103 kcal
2) work done in IPT:
A) HRH flow (HRH enthalpy HPH 5 enthalpy)
=554(849.68 803 )
=25860.72 kcal
(450993.74103)
= 71.9%
turbine heat rate
=( MW generated ) (turbine input 0.9)
=860210 103 (4509930.9)
=0.44 =44%
Turbine efficiency
=860turbine heat rate
= 860 1932830.314
=4.44