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DesignofliftinglugsStructuralengineeringothertechnicaltopicsEngTips

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Designofliftinglugs

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Hook, Block Loader, Equalizer Beam Spreader Beam, Multi Loader

I'mcuriousastohowothersdesignliftinglugs.IamusingAISCD.5andJ.7.ThelugIamdesigningappearstobe
governedbybearingstrengthusingAISCEqJ71Rn=1.8FyApb.ButIalsofoundreferencetoASMEBTH12008
Eq354wherethebearingcapacityisP=0.63Fy(Dpin)twhichisabigdifference,1.8Fyvs0.63Fy.Idon'thavethe
actualASMEdocument.
AlsoacoworkerattendedanAISCseminaronPracticalConnectionDesignbyLarryMuiranditwasmentionedthat
AISCD.5shouldnotbeusedforliftinglugs.
1.8Fyisthenominalstress.Withomega=2,forASD,yougetanallowablestressof0.9Fy.Thisisstillmorethan
0.63Fy,butnotasdramaticanincrease.YouaregoingtohaveanimpactfactorontheserviceloadperhapsASME
doesn'tusethis,andreducesthestressinstead?
I'mnotfamiliarwiththeASMEdocument,butAISCdoeshaveapaper(freeformembers)onthedesignoflifting
beams,whichdiscussesthesechecks.
http://www.aisc.org/store/p818designandconstructionofliftingbeams.aspx
I'mnotsurprisedyoufoundbigdifferencesinthestandards.Everyoneseemstohavetheirownopiniononhow
liftinglugsshouldbedesigned.Whateveryoudosomeonewillsurelydisagree.
Chris
www.valuedesignconsulting.co.uk

Iusuallycheckblockshear(J45)andbearingathole(J36b).
Resourcesforliftbeamdesign
ASMEBTH12008(replacesthe2005version)DesignofBelowtheHookLiftingDevices.SimilartoAISC9thEd.
ASDwithgreatersafetyfactors.(~$60fromASME)DesignrequirementsusedtobecontainedinASMEB30.20
whichnowcoverssafetyrequirements.IbelieveOSHAwillreferenceASMEB30.20.
TwoArticlesbyDavidDuerrinASCEPracticePeriodicialonStructialDesignandConstructionMay2008
p.53ASMEBTH1PinnedConnectionDesignProvisions
p.59DesignofStiffenedPlateLiftingBeams
Design/EvaluationofOverheadLiftingLugsbyClementRajendra,PEThisisanexamplecalculationinMathcad
format(usuablewithoutMathcad).Thiswaspartofacontinuingeducationcourse.Doanonlinesearchofthetitle.
ThisfollowstheDavidRickerArticle(notBTH1)
DesignandConstructionofLiftingBeamsbyDavidT.RickerAISCEngineeringJournal4thQtr.1991(+Errata
20044thQtr.)UsesAISC9thEDandshowshowtomodifyforgreatersafetyfactors.GoodArticle.Ihavenothad
timetocomparethiswithBTH1calcbycalc.
AnothernoteIfIremembercorrectly,TheASMEbooksreferenceAWSD14.1whichusesalowerallowabletensile
value.TheRickerarticlealsoreferencestheBlodgettbook.
ThemajordifferencebetweenAISCandASMEisbearingstrength.
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AISC1.8FyApb/omega=32.4k
ASME0.63Fy(Dpin)t/SF=7.56kw/SF=3.0
IhavetheRickerarticle.
Thankstoall
FYI,IbelieveOSHArequiresliftingdevicestoresistatleast5*theirratedload.
Youarelookingatseveraldifferentcookbooksanddebatingwhetherweshoulduseapinchofsaltorapinchanda
half,howevermuchthatisandwhateverkindofsaltyouareusing.And,wedon'thavethevaguesideawhatthe
hellwearecookinorhowitworks.Idon'thaveyoureditionoftheAISCcookbooksoIcan'tcommentonyour
exactrecipe(formulas).I'veworkedaroundsomeoftheASMEcodestoo,butamnotabsolutelysurewhattheone
youmentionedsaysaboutthesubjectsinceIdon'thaveacopyofiteither.Icanseegenerallywhattheformulas
represent,butcan'tcommentexplicitly.And,Ican'tseeyourattachmenteither.I'mnotevensurewhatomega=
2isinnutte'sworld,orifhereallydidn'tmeanphiisomegasomethingakintotheinverseofphi?Hewasheading
intherightdirectionwithhisconclusionthough,insayingmaybetheallowabledesignstressesaren'tthat
different.Anacceptablebearingstress,whenlookedatfromtheTheoryofElasticitystandpoint,isconsiderably
higherthanthebendingortensionstressthatwewouldallow,itjustworksdifferently.
It'snothardtoimaginethatAISCwouldsaythattheircodedoesn'treallyaddressliftinglugs,althoughtheydo
functionprettymuchlikeeyebarsifyouunderstandtherealintentionofthedesigncriteriaforeyebars.They
certainlydon'tfunctionlikeweassumeaboltbearsinitshole.Theydon'tfunctionmuchlikeournormaltension
membersintheareascriticaltotheirdesign.TheAISCcodeisafineguidetounderstandingsteeldesignin
general,andinmostanyfield,ifwereallyunderstandthebasisofwhattheyaredoing,andwheretheirequations
camefrom.But,moreandmorethatbasicunderstandingislostinthemanipulationofthemanyfactorsincludedin
therecipe.Noneedtounderstand,justfollowtherecipe.
ThedesignofliftinglugsinvolvesaHertzstressproblemasrelatestothebearingbtwn.thepinandtheliftinglug
pl.Let'ssaytheliftisvert.,thenthepinisinbearingat12:00noon.And,theyinvolveacombinedstressproblem
withthemax.stressbeingtensionintheregionsbtwn.2&4:00and8&10:00.Theyinvolvetransmittingtheloads
properlytoobjectbeinglifted,andthisdoesn'thavetomeanafullpen.weld,butdoesreq'r.somespecialattention
toqualitywelddetails.Theyreq'r.somespecialattentionastoshape,pl.grainorientation,manufr'g.methods,
etc.Youshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthematingliftingequip.tobeused.Thosearesomeofthedesign
considerations.Thatleadstoavagueunderstandingofhowtheliftinglugworksandisloaded.Thenwecanargue
aboutloadfactorsandresistancefactors,etc.andforthemostpartthatwilldependonthedesigncodethatyour
productmustmeet.Oilfieldsandrigs,pressurevessels,OEMequip.,etc.theyallhavetheirowncookbook,and
measureapinchofsaltslightlydifferently,andallthewhiletheliftinglugdoesn'tknowthedifference.Itjustkeeps
actingthesameoldway.

ThedesignofbelowthehookliftingdevicesarestandardizedintheUnitedStatesbyASMEB30.20andfurther
detailedinBelowtheHookLiftingBTH12008DesignofBelowtheHookLiftingDevices.IfoundtheBTH12008
publication,commentarysectionsveryusefull.IdidnotfindtheDavidT.Rickerarticleusefull.
IthinkyouareonlytakingonepartoftheASMEcodesection.BTH12008,33.3.4BearingStresshastwo
equationsforbearingstress,theyare:
Bearingstresslimitationtocontroldeformationandwear,notastrengthlimitwasgiveby:
Fp=1.25*Fy/Nd(353)
Theallowablebearingstressforconnectionsthatwill
rotateunderloadforalargenumberofcycleswasgiveby:
Fp=0.63*Fy/Nd(354)
Eq.(354)]is50%oftheeq.(353)allowablebearing
stressforlargenumberofcycles.
BelowtheHookisthewaytogo.Thecommentaryisagreatdocument.
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dhengr,Iagreeonthecookbookdiscussion,however,IwillvouchforthisparticularASMECode.Itiswellwritten
andtakenincontextwith1989ASDmakesgoodsense.Ittakescareoftheimpactfactorsbyassigningdesign
categories.Thelogicisstraightforwardandwelldefined.TheonlyadditionalcheckIsometimesperformistomake
surelugdoesnotyieldifpulledintheperpendiculartothefaceofthelug.
Itdependsontheapplication.ButnotethattheASMEBTHassumesyou'regoingtousetheitemoverandover,
perhapsforthousandsofcycles.Whereas,alotofliftinglugsareusedtoinitiallysettheitem,andthenseldomif
everagain.Ithinkthat'sonereasonwhyBTHissoconservative.
Notethattheequationsforbearingstrengthgenerallyassumeyieldingatthepinhole.
Ihavedesignedonetimeusefixtures,thatarenow20yearsoldthatourriggersstilluse.
ANSIC5712alsohascriteriaforliftingfixturesi.e.aFSof5oftheultimatestrengthofthesteelmaterial.
IsawmynamementionedsoIthoughtIwouldchimein.
ThoughmycurrentAISCseminardoesnotdirectlyaddressliftinglugs,ithascomeup,andIamsureIhave
cautionedagainstusingChapterD"asis".ThepinconnectedmembersdiscussioninChapterDoftheAISC
Specificationisnotintendedtoaddressliftinglugs.OnereasonforthisisthatthepinconnectionsinChapterD
assumeatightfittingpinwithlessthan1/32"clearance.Itwouldbeunusualforaliftinglugtohave1/32"
clearance.
ThisisnottosaythatChapterDcannotbemodifiedforusewithliftinglugs.Thefirstthingthatwouldhaveto
changeisthefactorofsafety(omegainthe13thEditionManual).Therecanbealotofuncertaintysurroundingthe
loadsandimpactfactorsforliftinglugs.ThefactorsofsafetyintheAISCSpecificationarenotsettoaccountforthis
levelofuncertainty.Rickerinhispapersuggestsafactorofsafetyof5.ThiscorrespondstotheOSHArequirements
asIreadthem.ASMEBTH1seemstousealowerfactorofsafety.
Asstated,itwouldbeunusualforaliftinglugtohave1/32"clearance,soadjustmentsmustbemade.TypicallyI
havemadetheseadjustmentsbasedonthepaper,"PinClearanceEffectonPinnedConnectionStrength"byDuerr
andPincus.DuerrisamemberofthecommitteethatwritesASMEBTH1.
Concerningthebearingcheck:TheASMEBTH1bearingcheckisnotastrengthlimitstatebutratherisusedtolimit
deformation.TheAISCbearingchecksservethesamepurpose.Again,thechecksinJ7assumeaclosefit,sothis
isnotanappropriatecheck.AbetteroptionmightbethechecksinJ3.10.Aswasstatedbysomeoftheother
contributors,theASMEchecksdependonthenumberofcycles.Oftenliftinglugsaresubjecttofew,orevenone,
cyclesothecomparisonbetweenAISCandASMErequirementsshouldbebasedonthe1.25coefficientinASMEnot
the0.63.AnotherdifferencethatmustbeaccountedforisthatASMEusesFyandAISCusesFu.Sincethischeckis
basedonempiricaldata,itisnotsurprisingthesekindsofdifferencesexist.Ifweadjustthe1.25inASMEBTH1
fromFytoFuassumingA36steelandassumeafactorofsafetyof3,themoreconservativevalueused,weget
(1.25/3)(36/58)=0.295.FortheAISCrequirement,assumingabearingcheckwheresignificantdeformationis
tolerable,weget1.5/5=0.3.Ifsignificantdeformationattheholecannotbeallowed,weget1.2/5=0.24.Fromthis
wecanseethatthetworequirementsarenotallthatdifferent.Rickerrecommends0.9Fy,whichwhenusedwith
thesuggestedsafetyfactorof5wouldbemuchmoreconservativethaneitherASMEorAISC.
TheCommentarytoASMEBTH1statesthatthereall4strengthlimitstatesthatmustbeconsidered:nettension
perpendiculartotheload,singleplaneshearruptureparalleltotheload,doubleplaneshearruptureparalleltothe
load,andoutofplanebuckling(dishing)oftheplate.
BoththeAISCandASMErequirementsaddressalloftheselimitstates,thoughattimesindifferentways.
Thenettensioncheckisessentiallythesame.UsingtheAISCD5checkwithafactorofsafety(omega)of5,as
suggestedbyRickerandOSHA,theAISCcheckwillalwaysbemoreconservativethantheASMEcheck.Itshouldbe
notedthatDuerrandPincussoundthattheclearanceeffectwaslesspronouncedwhenthestrengthwasgoverned
bynettension,soitmakessensethatthetwostandardstakeessentiallythesameapproach.
Bucklinginbothstandardsispreventedbylimitingtheeffectivewidthoftheplate.Thisisdonesomewhat
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differently,buttheintentisthesame.Sincetheapproachesinvolvedifferentvariables,itcannotbedetermined
whetheroneapproachisalwaysmoreconservative.
Themostsignificantdifferenceisinthecheckingofshear.TheAISCequationassumesatightfittingpin,andsince
DuerrandPincusfoundasignificantclearanceeffectonthislimitstate,theAISCvaluesmustbeadjustedto
accountforthiseffect.ThetwoapproachesalsodifferinthatAISClimitsthedimension"a"relativeto"b".Ibelieve
theintentistopreventthesingleplaneshearfailure.Againsincethetwoapproachesusedifferentvariables,itis
noteasytocomparethetwo.However,theintentofeachisthesame.
SomecommentsshouldalsobemaderelativetotheRickerpaper,whichisoftenusedasareferencebythe
structuralsteelcommunity.TheRickerpaperdoescontainthesame"a"to"b"relationshipthatisnotedinAISC
ChapterD.TheRickerpaperdoeslimitthe"b"dimension(hecallsthis"a"),sodoesaddressthedishingproblem.
HislimitisnotassevereasthatinAISCD5,itisthesameasoneoftheASMElimits,butdoesnotseemto
correspondtotheotherASMElimit,soitmightdeserveacloserlook.Healsomakessomerecommendations
relativetoalowerboundthicknessrelativetotheholesize,whichhestatesareintendedtopreventdishing.He
alsoexplicitlyaddressestheshearlimitsstates,thoughagaindifferentlythaneitherAISCorASME.Hedoesnot
seemtoaddressthenettensionlimitstate.
Iagreethatthebasicshavelargelybeenoverlookedinthisthread,butthe"cookbooks",thoughtheytake
somewhatdifferentapproaches,arealltryingtoaddressthesameproblemandallarebasedonthesamesources.
Johnston'sworkconductedbackin1939iscommontoAISC,ASME,andRicker.TolbertiscitedbybothASMEand
Ricker.IhavesuggestedmodifyingAISCD5usingDuerr,whoisonthecommitteethatwritesASMEBTH1and
whoseworktheycite.
Finally,IdonotbelieveOSHAcitesastandardintheirregulations(thoughImayhavemissedsomething),sothe
designdecisionsseemtobelefttothediscretionoftheengineer,whichisprobablyagoodthing.Ihavehowever
seenOSHAreferencetheASMEstandardsinsomeanswerstoquestionstheyhavereceived.
LarryMuir
www.LarryMuir.com
http://larrymuir.building.officelive.com

Liftriggingassemblyandriggingiscoveredunder:OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)29CFR
standard1926.753(e)(2)and1926.251

AsfarasIknow,youneedtosatisfythe0.63Fyforthecodebearingcalculation.1.8Fy(Iuse1.6Fy)isthe
shakedownstressandisusedtolimitHerstziancontactstressesinthepinconnection.Ifyouneedtosatisfybothof
them,thepindesignandthegapbetweenpinandholediametersgovernedbytheHertzianStresses.
Inthepincalculations,youhadbettersatisfybothtomakesurethepinconnectionwillbefunctional/notunder
plasticdeformationunderthedesignload.
Forboltingorpinapplication,incasetheplasticdistortionsattheconnectedmembersareacceptable,youcanonly
use0.63Fybearingstresses.
Hopeithelps.
IbrahimDemir

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