Understanding the behavior of Exciter, PSS & Governor during

Transient Stability studies???

Syed Mujtaba HassanReal Time operation Engineer at K-ElectricTop Contributor
Dear All,
Hopefully all of you would be fine..
I am modelling a interconnected Power system to perform the Transient
stability analysis...
However, more than Data entry , i want to understand the contribution/
behavior of Governor, exciter and PSS and/or other components of Power
system during Transient condition.....

Regards
Syed Mujtaba Hassan
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4 days ago
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Khemmarat Hemmachatluechai, Syed Arshad and 2 others like this
6 comments

Alan
Alan Maltz
Chief Electrical Engineer, RAM Consulting
Syed, All of the following descriptions are highly dependent upon the type/tuning/settings of the
devices and the system they are connected to.
The governor controls the prime mover's power output in an attempt to hold the frequency
and/or real power generation constant. The excitation system controls the generator's excitation
level in an attempt to hold the voltage and/or the reactive power constant.
Since these two control systems operate in quadrature with each other they exert only
incremental actions on each other and are not interconnected. On the other hand the grid that
the prime mover/generator is connected to does in fact react to the actions of both, hence the
PSS (Power System Stabilizer) was developed.
It is a tightly integrated control system that provides the missing connection between the two by
carefully adjusting the real time response of both systems in a coordinated fashion, based upon
what is happening out on the grid. The design/application/tuning of a PSS is as much an art as it
is a science and requires an in depth knowledge of the dynamics of the particular prime
mover/generator combinations as well as the reaction of the grid to various transient events.
The topic is too broad to be covered to be covered here, but there are many fine technical papers

from IEEE, CIGRE, and others that can easily be found by using your favorite search engine on the
term "Power System Stabilizer"
Alan
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4 days ago
Raymond N., Nagarajan K. and 5 others like this

Mohamed Eissa
Mohamed Eissa Alhaj
Electrical Engineer at Sudanese Electricity Distribution Co.Ltd
Great
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3 days ago

somesh
somesh bhattacharya
Student at Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

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The actions of governor, exciter and PSS in a multimachine power system during a transient
operation such as a fault can be seen very easily in any dedicated power system software such
as DIGSilent, PSSE or anything you are comfortable with. You can try introducing a fault of a few
cycles and remove it and see the oscillatory behavior with or without any of these components. A
properly tuned exciter helps in better transient shaping. But if you want to completely diagnose
the behavior of such control systems, only transient studies may not help. You will have to
perform a small signal analysis with the PSS and the exciter modeled along with the swing
equation and the flux decay equation of the alternator. The participation factors will tell you the
contribution of the components. These are available very maturely in any power system
dynamics book and 1000's of papers have been published.
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3 days ago
Sfiso M. likes this

Sfiso

Sfiso Mtsweni
Snr Technician HV Lab Wits University
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Alan is on point
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2 days ago

Shahram
Shahram Montaser Kouhsari
Professor of University. Power system at Amirkabir University of Technology
Use a real time simulator to get more familiar with the actions of Governor and AVR by playing
with the following exampled networks (Pleas also see the note below before clicking on the links:)
* AVR
Basic network: http://www.intelectri.com/NETWORK/l/IN.pdf
Play on line: http://www.intelectri.com/linkedin/POUYAl.BAT
* Governor:
Basic network: http://www.intelectri.com/NETWORK/h/IN.pdf
Play on line: http://www.intelectri.com/linkedin/POUYAh.BAT
* PSS (small example network not included, Ask me to include it.

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(Note: Clicking on the play on line links below will download an open source batch file (1KB).
Windows operating system will usually warn you about the danger of any batch file running on
computer.The file has been set as an open source deliberately, and so you can view the file
contents, be sure that there is no harm in there. Click on the downloaded file to go to the
simulation. If you have not already installed POUYA software on your computer, or it is not the
latest version of POUYA it will guide you for installing POUYA.)
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2 days ago
Ali Reza N., Soley Atashbar like this

Andrew
Andrew Bennett
Principal Software Engineer at The MathWorks
For a synchronous generator, there are a few quantities that need to be controlled:
* the rotational frequency of the machine

* the magnitude of the output voltage

* the relative phase of the generator output voltage to the rest of the network
The frequency is directly related to the amount of power into the generator from the prime
mover. A governor monitors generator shaft speed and alters the throttle of a gas turbine/diesel,
or steam valve for coil/oil/nuclear to ensure it is as desired - usually nominal frequency plus or
minus < 1% for a land based system, a couple of percent for a finite inertia system.
The voltage magnitude is directly related to the excitation supplied to the rotor of the generator.
An Automatic Voltage Regulator monitors output terminal voltage and alters the excitation to
ensure it is as desired.
The voltage control loop (AVR) operates more quickly than the speed control loop (governor).

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Sometimes there can be transient oscillations on a network, real-power output fluctuates

significantly. In the worst case this results in a "pole slip" whereby the rotor misses a revolution in
order to correct itself - it should be avoided at all costs. A Power System Stabilizer (PSS) monitors
the power output of the machine, and sometimes relative phase. It introduces a cross-term
between the two control loops to damp down power oscillations by using the AVR [faster control
loop] to damp down oscillations that would previously have been left for the governor [slower
control loop] to deal with.
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2 days ago
Ajay J., Soley Atashbar like this