ASSIGN 3 (PGC)

1. Government - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed and carried out. This body of men is usually spoken
of as administration.
2. The purposes of government:
a. Advancement of Public Welfare Government exists and should continue
to exist for the benefit of people governed.
b. Consequence of Absence Government exists to do these things which by
their very nature, it is better equipped to administer to public welfare than
any private individual or group of individuals. It is obvious that without an
organized structure of government, anarchy and disorder, and a general
feeling of fear and insecuritywill prevail in the society (and the like will
happen).
3. Governance act, manner or function of governing
4. Principles of Good Governance:
The Five Good principles
Principles
(1) Legitimacy and voice
a. Participation all men and women should have a voice in decision-making,
either
directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their
intention.
b. Consensus orientation good governance mediates differing interests to
reach a broad
consensus on what is in the best interest of the group and, where possible, on
policies and procedures.
(2) Direction
a. Strategic vision leaders and the public have a broad and long-term
perspective on good governance and human development, along with a
sense of what is needed for
such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural
and social
complexities in which that perspective is grounded.
(3) Performance
a. Responsiveness institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.
b. Effectiveness and efficiency processes and institutions produce results
that meet
while making the best use of resources.
(4) Accountability
a. Accountability decision-makers in government, the private sector and
civil society
organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional
stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organizations and
whether the decision is internal or external. b. Transparency transparency
is built on the free flow of information. Processes, institutions and

information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and enough
information is provided to understand and monitor them.
5. Fairness
a. Equity all men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain
their wellbeing. b. Rule of Law legal frameworks should be fair and enforced
impartially, particularly the laws on human rights.
b. The difference between government and governance:
Government an entity or agency that was given a power by the state to rule
the latter (justly).
Governance - is the power given by the state to the government; what the
government executes.
c. The forms of government:
a.) As to the number of people exercising power:
(1) Monarchy or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the
hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or
the nature or duration of his tenure. It is further classified into:
a. Absolute Monarchy or one in which the ruler rules by divine right
b. Limited Monarchy or one in which the ruler rules in accordance
with a constitution.
(2) Aristocracy or one in which political power is exercised by a few
privileged class.
(3) Democracy or one in which political power is exercised by a majority
of people.
It is further classified into:
a. Direct or pure democracy or one in which the will of the state is
formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the
people in a mass meeting or primary assembly
b. Indirect, representative, or republican democracy or one in which
the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the
agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by
the people to act as their representatives.
b.) As to the extent of powers exercised by the central or national
government:
(1) Unitary government or one in which the control of national and
local affairs is exercised by the central or national govt.
(2) Federal government or one in which the powers of government
are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and
the other for local affairs, each organ being supreme with its own
sphere. e.g. US government
c.) As to the relationship between and the executive and the legislative
branches of the government: (1) Parliamentary government - or one in
which the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the
tenure of office of the real executive. (2) Presidential government or
one in which the state makes the executive constitutionally

independent of the legislature as regards his tenure and to a large

extent as regards his policies and acts, and furnishes him with
sufficient powers to prevent the legislature from trenching upon the
sphere marked out by the constitution as executive independence and
prerogative.
d. The other types of government:
a.) According to the Identity/ Non-identity of State to Government:
(1) Primary
(2) Representative
b.) According to the Origin of Power
(1) Heredity
(2) Elective
REFERENCES: Textbook on the PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION by Hector de Leon (2008
Edition)
THE OXFORD Colour DICTIONARY

ASSIGN 2
1. Difference of Nationality and Citizenship:
Nationality has a broader meaning, embracing all who owe allegiance to a
state, whether democratic or not, without thereby becoming citizens. To
explain it further, prior to the granting of Philippine Independence by the
United States on July 4, 1946, The Filipinos were deemed American nationals
because they owed allegiance to the United States but were not citizens
thereof.

Citizenship a term denoting membership of a citizen in a political society,

which membership implies, reciprocally, a duty of allegiance on the part of
the member and duty of protection on the part of State.
2. According to the 1987 Constitution, Article IV; Section I, the following are
citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who are citizens of the Philippine at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution; (2) Those whose fathers or mothers
are citizens of the Philippines; (3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority; and (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
3. The principles of citizenship:
(1) Jus sanguinis Blood relationship is the basis for the acquisition of
citizenship under this rule. The children follow the citizenship of the
parents or one of them.
(2) Jus soli or jus loci Place of birth serves as the basis for acquiring
citizenship under this rule.
A person becomes a citizen of the state where he is born irrespective of
the citizenship of the parents. This principle prevails in the United States.
It does not mean that the principle of jus sanguinis is not likewise
recognized.
The principle followed in the Philippines is jus sanguinis. This is the predominating
principle in the Philippines.
4. The responsibilities of a citizen of a state:
(1) To be loyal to the republic.
(a) Pride in ones country - The citizen must be proud of his country, its
customs, traditions, language, and institutions.
(b) Absolute and permanent allegiance to his government A citizen owes,
not a qualified and temporary, but an absolute and permanent
allegiance which consists in the obligation of fidelity and obedience to
his government.
(2) To love and defend the country.
(a) Love of country shown not by words but by deeds.
(b) Readiness to sacrifice his life in defense of his country
(3) To contribute to the development and welfare of the State
(a) Many ways of contributing to countrys welfare e.g. by paying taxes
willingly and promptly, by cooperating in its activities and projects, by
patronizing local products and trades, by engaging in productive work,
etc.
(b) Working together for the common good. The citizens do not live for
themselves and their families alone. They are a part of society to which
they owe definite responsibilities. The should all be working for the
common good.

(4) To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws.

(5) To cooperate with duly constituted authorities.
(a) Active concern with affairs of government.
(b) Need for civic courage and pride or sense of civic values
(6) To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard to the right of others.
(a) To exercise rights to prejudice others is not permissible
(b) Right to liberty, not absolute
(7) To engage in gainful work
(a) Duty to be a useful and productive member of society
(b) Duty to work hard
(8) To register and vote
(a) Duty to vote responsibly
(b) Duty to guard and protect the integrity of his vote
The duties and responsibilities of citizens under the 1973 Constitution
were:
Under ARTICLE V: DUTIES AND OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENS
Section 1. It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to the Republic and to honor
the Philippine flag, to defend the State and contribute to its development and
welfare, to uphold the Constitution and obey the laws, and to cooperate with the
duly constituted authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly
society.
Section 2. The rights of the individual impose upon him the correlative duty to
exercise them responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others.
Section 3. It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in gainful work to assure
himself and his family a life worthy of human dignity.
Section 4. It shall be the obligation of every citizen qualified to vote to register and
cast his vote.
B. 1. The ways by which the territory of the state is altered:
(1) War (International Politics) a state may gain/lose a definite portion
of land w/c is territory through invasion by means of war.
(2) Aluvium/Acretion - the process of growth or increase, typically by the gradual

accumulation of additional layers or matter.

"the accretion of sediments in coastal mangroves"
accumulation, formation, collecting, cumulation, buildup, accrual; More
synonyms: growth, increase
"the accretion of sediments"

a thing formed or added by gradual growth or increase.

plural noun: accretions
"about one-third of California was built up by accretions"

2. The principle of archipelagic doctrine - Otherwise known as Principle of

Territoriality
The Philippines as an archipelago, together with Indonesia and other archipelago
states, had espoused in international conferences on the Law of the Sea. B y this
concept is meant that an archipelago shall be regarded as a SINGLE UNIT, so that
the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago,
irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the
state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty. Late Senator Arturo M. Tolentino
explained (during the International Convention on the Law of the Sea held in
Geneva, in 1958) the Philippine position and it is really convincing that the
archipelagic doctrine is the solution to the inadequate solution that was suggested
in the 12-mile rule.
The said doctrine bolsters our national territory by:
The territorial integrity of the Philippines is being protected There will be
dismemberment of the archipelago with the Sibuyan sea separating Visayas,
and the Mindanao Strait and the Sulu isolating Palawan from the rest of the
archipelago. The waters that surround our countrywould be considered as
international waters or high seas without the archipelagic doctrine. Also, (in
disagreementand in relation to the 12-mile rule) any vessel may intrude into
the middle of our country, between, for example, the islands of Bohol and
Camiguin which from shore to shore are separated by no more than 29
miles, Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza said.
3. What constitute the Philippine national territory?
As provided in Article I, it comprises: (1) The Philippine archipelago with all the
islands and waters embraced therein. (2) All other territories over which the
Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction. (3) The terrestrial, fluvial and aerial
domains including the territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves,
and other submarine areas thereof; and (4) The internal waters.

4. The historical antecedents of the Sabah claim: (1) In 1878, the Sulu sultan
entered into a deed of pajak with Austrian Gustavus Baron de Overbeck and
Englishman Alfred Dent, who were representatives of a British company. The deed
was written in Arabic. In 1946, Professor Harold Conklin translated the term pajak
as lease. The 1878 deed provided for an annual rental. This treaty constitutes the
main basis of the territorial dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia over
Sabah. The Philippines claims that the term pajak means lease, while Malaysia
claims that it means cession. (The works of TeodoroAgoncillo and Renato
Constantino, nationalist historians, discuss the issue). (2) The Philippine claim to
Sabah was formally filed in 1961 at The United Nations during the administration of
President DiosdadoMacapagal (1961-1965) based on historical and legal claims.
President Ferdinand Marcos assumed presidency in 1965. His alleged Jabiddah plan,
supposedly proposing the invasion of Sabah, was publicly exposed, bringing the
relations of Malaysia and the Philippines into a state of mistrust. (3) In 1969, the
year after Leifers book was published, under the auspices of the National Historical
Commission, the Philippines organized a conference on Sabah. The proceedings
were published in a book titled Symposium on Sabah. One of the important chapters
within the book is that of Prof. Rolando N. Quintos, who suggests alternatives for the
solution of the Sabah dispute in his chapter, The Sabah Question: Prospects and
Alternatives." Quintos offers some provocative ideas and argues that the issue of
Sabah should be seen in its two aspects: First, the legal issue in regard to the
proprietary rights of the heirs of the Sultanate; and second, the question of political
jurisdiction over Sabah. Quintos proposed a compromise deal, arguing further that
"the Philippines [shall] accept the justice of the Malaysian appeal to selfdetermination and accept as final the conclusion of the U.N. Secretary General the
United Nation of September 1963, provided that the Malaysians are willing to
submit the issue to the World Court or to a mutually acceptable mediating body.
The issue (which I refer as a CLAIM) should not be revived. The Philippine
government cannot sufficiently give the needs of the present citizens of the country.
So how can the government provide the needs of the citizens of Sabah if the former
cannot handle/ govern satisfyingly the citizens in the preceding sentence? How will
the Philippine government communicate to the people of Sabah if there is
obstruction in language, specifically the difference in languages?
5. I view the South China sea/Spratley islands issue vis-a-vis the ChinaPhilippine relations in this way: The Spratley Islands (known as Kalayaan
Islands) should not be a reason for the dispute between the two countries.
The innocent people like our Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) and the youth
of both countries should not suffer just because of a material thing like
land/territory. Men are more valuable than any tangible or living thing in this
world. Men created civilizations and thus, those co-creators of God must be
living in peace and with progress. Moreover, the said islands are ours. There
is historical evidence like a map that says that those islands belong to the

Philippines. The oil that may be located in those islands may help the
Philippines to progress in terms of economy and employment.
6. No. We are not that prepared for war to defend our territory in the south
china sea. The number of (I called as) fluvial war machines are not that
numerous as compared to China. We may fight but what will be our weapons?
Sumpit? Pellet gun? SinturonniHudas? Hahaha. Just kidding! ;D Anyway, their
fluvial war machines are made in China. I doubt that those machines are
working excellently. Congrats! We still have a chance to get the VICTORY!
Haha.
Seriously speaking, I still believe in the power of diplomacy. Lets fight in
peace.
C. 1. The two attributes of sovereignty: (a) internal or the power of the state
to rule within its territory. (b) external or the freedom of the state to carry
out its activities without subjection to or control by other states. It is often
referred to as independence.
2. Characteristics of Sovereignty:
Permanence - So long as the state itself exists, sovereignty continues without
interruption.
Exclusive - There can be but one supreme power in the state. Within the state, there
is no other power that possesses equal or superior authority to it.
Comprehensiveness - Sovereign power extends over all persons, associations, and
things within such territorial limits except those over which the state has voluntarily
consented to waive the exercise of its jurisdiction.
Inalienability - An attribute of the state by virtue of which it cedes away any of its
essential elements without self-destruction.
Absolutism - Sovereignty is a primary power. It does not derive its power from
anything, There is no other body that determines the nature and the extent of the
power as a matter of legal right.
Unity - Sovereignty cannot be divided without producing several wills of the people,
which is inconsistent with the notion of sovereignty.
REFERENCE/S: Textbook on the PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION by Hector de Leon (2008
Edition)
The Philippine Claim Over Sabah by Amando Respicio Boncales, MSED, MA.Northern
Illinois University
http://politicsandgovernance.blogspot.com/2010/06/characteristics-ofsovereignty.html
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