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1. A continuous absorption tower is used for absorbing HCl in H2O.

two hundred
pound per moles per hour of a gaseous mixture containing 5 mol HCl per 2
mole of air enters the bottom of the tower and 15 000 lb of pure water enters
the top of the tower per hour. The aqueous HCl solution leaving the bottom of
the tower contains 1 mol of HCl per every 7 mol of H2O. assuming no water
vaporizes in tower, determine the mol of HCl per mol of all in the exit gas
stream.
Soln:
L2=15 000 lb/hr
Y2=?
X2 = X2 = 0

X1 = 1/7

v1= 200 lb/ hr


Y1= 5/2

V (Y1 Y2) = L (X1 X2)


lV = V1 (1- Y1
Y1 = Y1/ (1- Y1)
5/2 = Y1 / (1- Y1)
Y = 0.7143
V = 200 lbmol/hr (1- 0.7143)
= 57.14 lbmol/hr
L = L2 (1- X2)
L = L2
L = L2 = 15 000 lb/hr (1 lbmol/18 lb)
= 833.33 lbmol/hr
57.14 (5/2 Y2) (833. 33 (1/7)
Y2 = 0.4166 = y2/ (1- Y2)
Y2 = 0.2941

2. The ammonia concentration of an air- ammonia mixture is to be reduced from


3% to 0.05% by scrubbing gas with water in a countercurrent tower at 90F
and 1 atm. The flow rate of entering gas is 5000ft 3/hr. For ammonia in
aqueous solution , the equilibrium is expressed as y *= 0.185 x
For ammonia,
TC
solubility of NH3, g / 100 g H2O
30
2.34

40
1.51
Determine the no. of stages required to twice the minimum water rate.
Solution:

No. of stages: N =

y 2 y 2
y 1 y 2
y 1 y 2

log
1
y 1 y

log

x2 = 0

y2 = 0.0005

T= 90F
550 R
P = 1 atm
14.7 psi
Y1 = 0. 03
Q = 5000 ft/hr

V1 =

5000 ft 3
(14.7 psi)
hr
ft 3
10.73 psi
(550 R)
lbmol R

V1 = 12.45 lbmol/hr
V = V1 (1 - y1) = 12.45 (1- 0.03)
= 12.08 lbmol/hr
V (y1 y2) = L (x1 x2)
Since x2 =0
At 90F = 32.2 C

X=

2. .16 lb NH 3
100 lb H 2O

18 lb H 2 O/lbmolH 2O
17 lb NH 3/lbmolNH 3 )

X = 0.0229 lbmolNH3/ lbmolH2O

0.03

12.08 ( 10.03

0.0005
10.0005 ) = L (0.0229 - 0)

L = 16.05 lbmol/hr
L act. = 2L = 2(16.05)lbmol/hr
= 32.10 lbmol/hr
Y1* = 0.185 x1
Y2* = 0.185 x2 = 0

0.03

12.08 ( 10.03

0.0005
x1
)
=
32.10
(
10.0005
1x 1

- 0)

X1 = 0.0113
Y1* = 0.185 (0.0113) = 2.09x 10-3

0.0032.09 x 103
)
0.00050
0.030.0005
log (
)
2.09 x 103

log (
N==

N = 1.52 2
stages

3. Acetone is to be removed from an air / acetone using a plate column at 1


atm. The mixture enters the bottom of the absorber containing 2% of acetone
by volume. Pure water is used to remove 95% of the acetone. If the actual
liquid flowrate is 1-2 times the minimum reqd and if equilibrium relationship
represented by y* = 2.53x1. What is the mole fraction of acetone in the lean
gas? What is the theoretical no. of stages?
Solution:
X2 = 0

%recovery=95%
P= 1 atm

y2 = ?

Y1 = 0.02
Y* = 2.53x
N=?
% volume = % by mole (gases)
Basis: V1 = 1000lbmol
V = 1000 (1 0.02) = 980 lbmol
Minimum reqd (from the problem)
Y1 = 2.53 xi
Xi =

y 1 0.02
=
2.53 2.53

= 7.9x 10

-3

0.02

Y2 = (1 0.95) Y1 = (1 0.95) ( 10.002 )= 1.02x10-3

Y2 =

N=

y2
1 y 2

; Y2 = 1.02x10-3

y 2 y 2
y 1 y 2
y 1 y 2

log
1
y 1 y

log

7.9 x 103

Y (Y1 Y2) = L(min) ( 17.9 x 103 )


L

(min)

= 2386. 11

L actual = 1.2 (23886.11) = 2863. 34

x1

V (Y1 Y2) = L actual ( 1x 1

0.02

980[ 10.02

0 )

x1
1.20x10-3] = 2863. 34 (
1x 1 )

X1 = 6.59x10-3
Y* = 253x
Y1* = 2.53x1 = 2.53 (6.59x10-3) = 0.0167
Y2 = 2.53 x2 = 2.53 (0)= 0

0.020.0167
)
1.02 x 1030
0.021. .02 x 103
log (
)
0.01670
log (

N=

N = 9.17 10
stages
4. Propane is to be stripped from non-volatile oilby steam in a counter current
tower. Four moles of steam will be supplied at the bottom of the tower for
every 100 mol of oil-propane feed at the top The oil originally 2.5 mole
percent and this concentration must be reduced t0 0.25 mole percent. The
tower is maintained at 280F and 35 psia. The molecular weight of the heavy
oil is 300 and the molecular weight of propane is 44. The equilibrium
relationship is y* = 33.4xi. How many equilibrium stages are required? If the
pressure is increased to 70 psia, how many equilibrium stages are required?
Solution:
L2 = 100
X2 = 0.025

Y* = 33.4x

X1 = 0.025

v1= 4
Y1=0

N=

y1 = 0

y 2 y 2
y 1 y 2
y 1 y 2

log
1
y 1 y

log

V = v1 (1- y1) = 4
L = L2 (1- x2) = 100 (1- 0.025) = 97.5
V (Y1 Y2) = l (x1 x2)
4(

y2
0.0025
0.025

)
=
97.5
(
1 y 2
10.0025 10.025 )

y2 = 0.3606
y*= 33.4x
y1*= 33.4 x = 33.4 (0.0025) = 0.0835
y2*= 33.4x2 = 33.4 (0.025) = 0.835

00.0835
)
0.36060.835
00.3606
log(
)
0.08350.835

log (

N=
2.37 3
stages

35

y*= 33.4 x ( 10 ) = 16.7x


y1*= 16.7xi = 16.7 (0.0025) = 0.0418
y2*= 16.7x2 = 16.7(0.025) = 0.44175

00.0418
)
0.36060.4175
00.3606
log (
)
0.04180.4175

log (

N=

7.52
stages

5. A soluble gas is absorbed in water using a packed tower. The equilibrium


relationship maybe taken as y= 0.06x. Terminal conditions are as follows:
X
y

TOP
0
0.001

BOTTOM
0.08
0.009

If Hx = 0.24m and Hy = 0.36 m, what is the height of the packed column?


Solution:
Ya = 0.001
Xa = 0

Yb = 0.009

Xb = 0.08

Gm

Hoy = Hy + (M ( Lm ))Hx
Z = Hoy Noy

0.009

MB: G ( 10.009

G Gm
=
L Lm

0.001
0.08
0 )
10.001 ) = L ( 10.08

= 10.76

G(0.09 0.01) = L (0.08 -1)


Hoy = 0.36 + 0.24 [(10.76) (0.06)] = 0.515
Noy =

YbYa 0.0090.001
=
YLm
0.004

=2

Therefore Z = 0.515 (2)


Z=
1.03 m

6. It is desired to design a packed tower for continuously absorbing NH 3 from air


by counter current water flowing using the following data:
Y1 = 0.05
Y2 = 0.0005

L'

L'

( V ' ) actual = 1.2 ( V ' )min.


Qv1 = 108,000 ft3 /hr at 27C and 1 atm
Gv = 20 lbmol//hr ft2
Equilibrium relationship : y*= 0.08x

Kya = 10
Calculate the height of the tower.
Solution:
V & L : solvent
Z = HTU (NTU)
HTU

NTU

V=

V1=

v
S Kya(1 y) lm )

y 2Y 2

Y 1Y 1

Y 2Y 2

ln
Y 1Y 1

Y 1Y 2

V 1+V 2
2

(1-y)lm=

1 y 1
1 y 2
ln( )
( 1 y 1 ) (1 y 2)

14.7 psi(108000 ft 3/hr )


10.73 ft 3 psi/lbmolR (540.6 R)

Y1 = 0.05 =

Y1
1 y 1

= 273.69lbmol/hr

; y1 = 0.0476

Y = V1(1-y1)= 273.69 (1- 0.0476) = 260.66


V = v2 (1- y2)
V2=
V=
G=

V'
1 y 2

; y2 =0.0005 =
=

260.66
=
10.0005

273.69+ 260.79
2
m
A

S=

Y2
1 y 2

; y2= 0.0005

260.79

= 267.24

260.66 lbmolAir /hr


20lbmol Air /hr

= 13.03 ft2

10.0476
10.0005
ln ()
( 10.0476 )(10.0005)

(1-y) lm =

HTU =

267.24
13.03 ( 10 ) (0.976)

Y1= 0.8xi x1 =

y1
0.8

2.10

0.0476
0.8

= 0.0595

Y (Y1 Y2) = L(X1 X2); X2= 0

L'
( V ' )min. =
L'
( V ' )min=

Y 1Y 2
X 1X 2

0.050.0005
0.0595
0
10.0595

= 0.7824

L'
( V ' )min = 1.2 (0.7824) = 0.9389
L'

Y1 Y2 = ( V ' ) (x1 - 0)

x1

0.05 0.0005 = 0.9389 ( 1x 1 )


X1 = 0.05
Y1* = 0.8x1 = 0.8(0.05) = 0.04
Y2* = 0.8 x2 ; x2 =0 ; Y2* = 0

NTU =

0.04760.04
(0.00050)

0.0005

(0.04760.04)

ln

0.04760.0005

=18.05

Z = 2.10 (18.05) = 37.91

ft =
38
ft

= 0.976

7. A continuous deodorizing system, involving a single stage steam stripping operation, is


under consideration for the removal of a taint from cream. If the taint component is
present in the cream to the extent of 8 parts per million (ppm) and if steam is to be
passed through the contact stage in the proportions of 0.75 kg steam to every 1 kg
cream, calculate the concentration of the taint in the leaving cream. The equilibrium
concentration distribution of the taint has been found experimentally to be in the ratio of
1 in the cream to 10 in the steam and it is assumed that equilibrium is reached in each
stage.
Solution:
v= 0.75
y1 =0
yb =0

X1 =0

xa =8
L =1

Let x =cream
Y = steam
10x = y
10x1 = y1 ; X1 = ?
y1 = ya = 10x1
y2 = 0 (no taint in the entering steam.)
xa = 8 ppm.

Basis is 1 kg of cream
1/0.75 = 1.33 is the ratio of cream flow rate to steam flow rate = L/V.
If n = 1,
y2 = x1L/V + ya - xaL/V
y2 = 0 = x11.33 + 10x1 - 8 x 1.33
x1 = 10.64/11.33
=
0.94 ppm

8. A plate tower providing six equilibrium stages is


employed for stripping ammonia from a waste
water stream by
means of countercurrent air at atmospheric pressure and 80F. Calculate the
concentration of ammonia in the exit water if the inlet liquid concentration is 0.1 mole % ammonia in
water, the inlet air is free of ammonia, and 30 standard cubic feet (scf) of air are fed to the tower per
pound of waste water.
Solution:
X= 0.001

y1
P1= 1 atm ; T= 80F

y7=0.30 ft3

X=6
We find yNH3 = 1.414 x NH3 at 80 F.

x 0xN
xN
xN

1(Mv / L)
Mv
1
N +1
L

( )

Calculate for the Volumetric ratio V/L:

V
=
L

30 scf Air
1 lbwater

x 0xN
xN
xN

1lbmol Air

18 lbwater

x 379 scf Air x 1 lbmol water

1(Mv / L)
Mv
1
N +1
L

( )

Where:
xN =X6 = ?
x0= 0.001 ; m= 1.414 ; b= 0
xN = y7/m = 0 ; V/L = 1.43 ; N = 6

by rearranging the equation,

= 1.43 moles air/mole water

xN =

1(Mv / L)
Mv
1
N +1
L

xN =

1.414

1.43
( )

1
1(1.414 (1.43))

( )

(0.001)

xN = 7.45 x10-6 mole


fraction
9.Predict HG, HL, HOL for absorption of CO2 from air by water in a dilute solution in a
packed tower with 1.5 in. metal Pall rings at 303 K (30C) and 101.325 kPa pressure.
The flowrates are Gx = 4.069 kg/s-m2 (3000lbm/h-ft2) and Gy = 0.5424 kg/h-m2
(400lbm/h-ft2).
Solution:
NSC =

HG =

Nsc =

HL =

D
0.226
1.34

0.958
4.069
( 0.660 )0.5 ( 6.782 )

D ab
0.357
fp

1.866 x 105
1.166 (0.1670 x 104)

=
0.2426
m(0.796ft)
-0.5

0.8007 x 103
995.68(2.270 x 1009)

Nsc
372

0. 5

0.958

Gx /
6.782
0.8937 x 103

354.3

0.3

0.5424
0.678 )0.35 =

HL =

0.3

0.357
1.34

354.3
372

)0. 5 (

0.2306 m
(0.759ft)

4.069
3
0.8007 x 10
6.782
0.8937 x 103

HOL = HOX = HL + (L/mV) HG


= 0.2306 + [(0.2261)/(1.86x103)(0.01872)] 0.2426
= 0.2306 + 0.001575 =

0.2322
m

10. A tray tower is to be designed to absorb SO2 from an air stream by using
pure water at 293 K. the entering gas contains 20 mol % SO2 and that
leaving 2 mol 5 at a total pressure of 101.3 kPa. The inert flow rate is 150 kg
water/ h-m2 . Assuming an overall tray effieciency of 25%., how many
theoretical trays and actual trays needed?
Solution:
V = 150 / 29 = 5.18 kg mol inert air/ h-m2
L = 6000/18.0 = 333 kg mole inert water/ h-m2
YN+1 = 0.20, y1 = 0.02 and x0 = 0
0
333 ( 10 )+ 5.18

0.20
xN
0.002
10.20 ) = 333 ( 1xN )+ 5.18 ( 10.02 )

XN = 0.00355
0
333 ( 10 )+ 5.18
YN+1 = 0.07

yn+1
xN
0.002
1 yn+1 ) = 333 ( 1xN )+ 5.18 ( 10.02 )

0 + 5.18

0.07
xN
0.002
10.07 )= 333 ( 1xN ) + 5.18 ( 10.02 )

XN = 0.000855
YN+1 = 0.13 ; XN = 0.00201
No. of theoretical trays
No. of actual trays = 2.4/

2.4
trays

=
9.6
trays

0.25 =

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