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Heat Balance Sheet

It is a chart in which complete record of heat interaction such as heat supply


and heat rejection during a particular period of time is tabulated. The
following items were found in the heat balance sheet.
Total Heat Supply
In an internal combustion engine, heat is supplied only by combustion of fuel.
Accordingly heat supplied by the fuel

m CV
3600

kW

m f

where

= total fuel consumption in kg/hr, CV = calorific value of the

fuel kJ/kg
Total Heat Rejection
Heat Absorbed in Useful Work
It is nothing but the brake power developed by the engine in kW. Heat
absorbed in useful work, Q1 = BP in kW.
Heat Rejected in Cooling Water
The amount of heat rejected to cooling water is given by
Q2 m w C pw t 2 t1

where

m w

kW

= mass of cooling water circulated in kg/s

Cpw = specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg oK


t2 = exit temperature of cooling water
t1 = inlet temperature of cooling water
Heat Carried Away by Exhaust Gases

It is given as

Q3 m g C pg t g t a

kW

m g

Where

= mass of exhaust gas which is equal to the sum of mass of air

and mass of fuel in kg/s


Cpg = specific heat of gas in oC
tg = temperature of exhaust gas in oC, and ta = atmospheric temperature
in oC

Unaccounted Losses
These are the losses such as radiation losses, loss due to friction, losses due to
leakage etc. these losses cannot be measured by using direct methods. But its
magnitude can be calculated as follows;
Unaccounted losses = Heat supplied by the fuel (Heat absorbed in useful
work + Heat rejected to cooling water + Heat carried away by the exhaust
gases)
These losses are expressed as percentage in heat balance sheet with
respect to heat supplied by the fuel.
Finally all these things are listed in the form of a table as shown in table
below;
Sl. No.

Particulars

Heat rejection in %

Total Heat Supplied

kJ/sec
%

1.
2.
3.

Heat absorbed in useful work done


Heat rejected to cooling water
Heat carried away by exhaust

4.

gases
Unaccounted losses

RATING OF ENGINES
It has become necessary to formulate certain standard methods of rating the
performance of engines as the number of production designs of engines for
commercial use is going up day by day. Sometimes engines are commercially
rated at an output only half of that which could be obtained. As engines are
subjected to excise duty in India a manufacturer sometimes try to save the
duty by under-cutting his product. Sometimes engines are over-rated in order
to attract the customers.
All types of engines are rated in horse power; the measure of the rate at which
they can do work. It has already been correlated that one horsepower equals
to 75 m-kg/sec or 4500 m-kg/min.
The engine power can be measured in two ways;
The power developed by expansion of gases in the cylinder, as by
indicator cards, where indicated horse power is obtained.
The power which the engine actually delivers can be measured by some
measuring instruments like prony brake or dynamometer- in which case
brake horse power is obtained.

The horse power rating of an engine is always given at its maximum value and
is stated in terms of engine speed at which it is developed. For example Fiat
develops 43 B.H.P. at 5000 rpm, and Rajdoot motorcycle develops 9 BHP at
5000 r.p.m.

SAE Rating
The Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) recommended a method of
obtaining the engine output power for the purpose of standardization. The
engine is run without the generator, air cleaner, cooling fan, etc. However, the
standard water circulating pump is fitted to the engine. The horse power to
the engine is measured with a dynamometer, and the measured value is then
corrected for standard temperature, pressure and humidity conditions. The
horse power thus obtained is known as SAE horse power or SAE rating.
RAC Rating
The RAC (Royal Automobile Club of England) horse power rating of engines
is used to compare engines on the basis of the number and diameter of
cylinders. RAC horse power
is given by;

RAC horse power =

D2 N
2.5

Where D = Diameter of the cylinder in inches and N = number of


cylinders

This horse power rating is usually for tax purposes, and hence is called
taxable horse power (T.H.P.).
DIN Rating
It is a German method of engine rating. In this method the engine is run with
all the accessories such as generator, air cleaner, cooling fan etc. fitted on the
engine. The horse power is measured with a dynamometer and the measured
value is corrected for standard temperature, pressure and humidity. The
horse power thus obtained is known as DIN horse power or DIN rating.
D.E.M.A. Rating
The trade association of builders of diesel engines known as the Diesel Engine
Manufacturers Association (DEMA) has adopted standard ratings for low
speed and medium speed stationary diesel engines.
According to DEMA the sea level rating of an engine is the net brake horse
power

that the engine will deliver continuously when in good operating

condition and located at an altitude of not over 457.2 meters, above sea level
with atmospheric temperature not over 32.20C and barometric pressure not
less than 71.7 cm of mercury. Engine manufacturers offer engines with
sufficiently conservative sea level ratings so that the engines will be capable of
delivering an output of 10 per cent in excess of full load ratings so that the
engines.

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