Models Multimineral

Landmark Graphics Corporation
Progressive Interpretive Applications
MultiMinerall
Overview
MultiMineral determines porosity, fluid saturation, and mineral
volumes in water bearing and hydrocarbon bearing formations. All
hydrocarbon bearing formations contain a variety of minerals, however
there are generally three or four minerals that make the most significant
contributions to the log response. These are the minerals that account
for the largest volume percentage of the rock.
The better you can properly identify the important minerals present, the
more representative the results from the multimineral analysis will be.
Data from cutting descriptions, core analysis and depositional
environment studies are useful when selecting the important minerals
for MultiMineral analysis.
On the basis of mineral components and the mineral properties that you
define in the Wellbore Parameter Editor, the program solves for mineral
volumes. It then solves for porosity and fluid saturations based on the
effective properties of that mineral mixture. MultiMineral calculates
output volumes based upon your input regarding the minerals in the
formation and their properties. If your input is inadequate or inaccurate
with respect to the mineralogy in the well or zone, MultiMineral may
output erroneous values.
The solution for mineral composition uses the following porosityindependent parameters:
Uma, apparent photoelectric absorption cross section

ma, apparent matrix density
tma, apparent matrix travel time
On the basis of available data the application can calculate either threemineral or four-mineral composition.
A shale volume can be entered as a curve, in which case the other input
curves will be corrected for shale before determining the mineral
volumes. Alternately one of the mineral volumes computed can be
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MultiMineral: Overview
169
New Features for PetroWorks
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shale, in which case this shale volume is used in the water saturation
equation.
MultiMineral provides several ways to calculate porosity and fluid
saturations. It also provides ways to modify calculations and can
inform you of questionable results when the data are adversely affected
by borehole conditions. The Effective Porosity (e) calculated in
MultiMineral is corrected not only for mineral composition but also for
shaliness (formation shale content) and hydrocarbon density.
The diagram below provides a conceptual view of the MultiMineral
interpretive model.
4 minerals
choose one
3 minerals
required
N b
INPUT
Pef
Vsh
Rt
Rxo
Tpl
TEMP
(m) (Disc)
Indonesian
Hydrocarbon
Correction
Simandoux
Modified Simandoux
Vcoal
Vsalt
hydrocarbon
calcite
dolomite
secondary porosity
quartz
shale
quartz
calcite
dolomite
water
Undisturbed
Zone
Sw
Bvw
anhydrite
Flushed
Zone
Mineral 1
Mineral 2
Mineral 3
Sxo
Mineral 4
Bvw Sxo
Vsh
OUTPUT
170
ma
ma
mept
e
SPI
tma
Overview: MultiMineral
R2003.12.1
MultiMineral input curves and output curves along with alternative

notation are listed below.
Input Curves (aka)
Output Curves (aka)
Neutron* (NPHI, N)
Effective Porosity (PHIE, e)
Density* (RHOB, b)
Water Saturation (Sw)
Acoustic** (DT, t)
Unlimited Water Saturation (Swu)
Photoelectric Absorption** (PEF)
Secondary Porosity (SPI)
Clay Volume (VSHMIN, Vsh min)
Unlimited Secondary Porosity (SPIU)
Clay Flag (CFL)
Flushed Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)
Formation Resistivity* (RT, Rt)
Unlimited Flushed Zone Water

Saturation (Sxou)
Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo)
Porosity Flag (PHIFLAG)
Temperature*** (TEMP)
Corrected Clay Volume (Vsh corr)
EPT Travel Time (TPL)
Clay Flag (CFL)
Cementation Exponent, m
Bulk Volume Water (BVW)
Discriminator****
Bulk Volume Flushed Zone Water

(BVWSXO)
Discriminator Minimum****
U Matrix Apparent Corrected (UMAC)
Discriminator Maximum****
RHO Matrix Apparent Corrected

(RHOMAC, ma corr)
* Bolded curves are required.

** For the three-mineral solution, either DT or PEF is
required.
For the four-mineral solution, both DT and PEF are
required.
Dt Matrix Apparent Corrected

(DTMAC, tma corr)
Bulk Volume Coal (VCOAL, Vcoal)
Bulk Volume Salt (VSALT, Vsalt)
Calculated Cementation Factor (MEPT)
***If the temperature curve is in degrees Celsius, it will

automatically be converted to degrees Fahrenheit before
processing begins.
Bulk Volume Irreducible Water

(BVWIRR)
****Note: You must enter a curve name in the

Discriminator field and a numeric value or a curve name
in either the Discriminator Minimum or Discriminator
Maximum field if you have set (or intend to set) the Sonic
Limit Logic flag to Yes in the WPE Logic Grouping.
MultiMineral also creates mineral

volume curves (Vxxx) and summed
volume curves (VSVxxx) for plotting.
(See Plotting Summed Volume Curves.)
Rmf Equivalent (RMFE)
For a list of all MultiMineral parameters, defaults, descriptions, and

values, see the online-only PetroWorks Parameters manual. The
same information for individual parameters can be accessed by double
clicking (MB1) on any cell in that parameters column.
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Use of Apparent and True Matrix Values

Matrix log response values must be input for each of the minerals to be
included in the analysis. For example, if one of the minerals in the
analysis is quartz, estimates of each logging curve response in 100%
quartz must be supplied. These could include the response of the
Density curve (ma), the PEF curve (Uma), the sonic curve (tma), and
the dielectric curve (TPma). Values of these parameters for most major
minerals can be found in the back of most logging company chart
books. Default values for cells in the Wellbore Parameter Editor can be
displayed by right-clicking the mouse over a particular cell. These
values are also shown in the table Parameter Default Values by
Mineral on page 191.
Matrix response values are input in the Petrophysical Parameters Editor
in two forms. Apparent matrix response values are included for the
density (ma), PEF (Uma), and sonic (tma) curves. True matrix
response values are included for density, sonic, and dielectric (TPma)
curves. MultiMineral uses the apparent matrix response values along
with a standard crossplot porosity to estimate the volume of each
mineral present. Once the mineral volumes have been calculated, they
are used (in conjunction with the true matrix response values for each
mineral) to calculate an effective porosity. When the same values are
used for the apparent and true matrix response parameters, the final
calculated porosity is the traditional crossplot porosity.
The use of apparent and true values allows the flexibility to determine
mineral volumes and porosities with some degree of independence.
This may be useful when trying to reconcile logs with data from other
sources, or in very complex lithologies where one or more of the
mineral constituents must actually represent a mixture of minerals in
the formation.
For example, this may be helpful when there is considerable
disagreement between the crossplot porosity and porosity from core
analysis data. You can vary the true versus apparent values until a
reasonable match between the log and core porosity values is obtained.
Volumetric differences which may arise from different apparent and
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Overview: MultiMineral
R2003.12.1
true values are normalized in the later stages of processing so that the
mineral and fluid volumes sum to unity.
There is no true value for matrix photoelectric volume factor, Uma.
However, the apparent modifier is used to associate it more closely with
the apparent density and travel time parameters.
Why You Need Two Sets of Apparent Matrix Values
The application calculates apparent matrix values on a level by level basis, using
input log values at each depth level. These values correspond to the in situ mixture
of minerals in the borehole at each individual depth. Call these the log apparent
matrix values.
You must also provide end-point (chart CP-21) pure mineral apparent matrix values
that correspond to the expected mineral composition. You have to define a model
of minerals and their parameters. Part of the models parameters are the apparent
matrix values. Call these the mineral apparent matrix values.
In order for the application to compute the mineral percentages at each depth level,
it compares the log apparent matrix values it computes at that depth against the endpoint mineral apparent matrix values that you provide.
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Before You Start

Before you begin working in MultiMineral, you need to set up some
program preferences and prepare your data for processing. See Before
You Start on page 15 in the PetroWorks Progressive Interpretive
Applications manual to review how to set your project preferences and
prepare your data.
If an external shale volume curve (Vsh) is to be input, that curve should
first be calculated in Shale Volume, QuickInterp, or other applications.
Once you have completed your preparatory work, you can access
MultiMineral from the PetroWorks Command Menu by selecting
Interp > Petrophysics > MultiMineral.
The MultiMineral window appears. See Processing on page 16 in the
PetroWorks Progressive Interpretive Applications manual for general
instructions on using this window.
Workflow
MultiMineral works in tandem with Wellbore Parameter Editor. The
general workflow is
1. Select wells, depth units, depth range, sample interval, and
processing direction in the MultiMineral window.
2. Invoke Wellbore Parameter Editor from the MultiMineral window.
3. Select parameters and curves.
4. Save your WPE session.
5. Return to MultiMineral to process the data.
6. Check the results using Tabular List or graphically view the output
curves with Single Well Viewer or LogEdit.
General
Interpretive
Application
Workflow
Interp App
WPE
logs
tab list
xplot
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Before You Start: MultiMineral
R2003.12.1
Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor

Once you have chosen your wells, units, depths, and processing
direction, invoke the WPE from within the MultiMineral window.
Why are some Wellbore Parameter Editor cells greyed out?
To assist you in efficiently using WPE, parameters that you cannot change or that
are not neededon the basis of the logic parameters you selectare greyed out.
Setting Petrophysical Parameters

You can perform MultiMineral analysis based upon a three- or fourmineral model. MultiMineral processes the data based upon
the mineral model you select

the logic parameters you enter
the fluid values you enter
the shale point values you enter
the mineral properties associated with the selected minerals in the
selected model
the constraint values you enter
WPE is set up so that when you select the algorithm and logic switches
needed to obtain the output curves you desire, many unnecessary
parameters are greyed out. These visual clues help guide you in
efficiently entering other required values. For this reason it is
imperative that you make your logic and algorithm choices first. Be
sure to switch off any logic choices you do not require for the output
curves you need.
The Parameter Groups for MultiMineral are
R2003.12.1
Algorithm
Logic
Discriminators & Limits
Factors
Borehole Fluids
Formation Fluids
Minerals
Clay & Shale
Mineral Summation Order
Input Curves
Output Curves
MultiMineral: Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor
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This section provides tables of these different parameter groupings, as

well as a few tips and tricks on how this information is processed.
Note
MultiMineral can provide a complex interpretation of the subsurface, and in doing
so, help quantify your initial interpretation and observations. The results from
MultiMineral, however, are only as good as the input data you provide. The use of
MultiMineral is not a substitute for sound geological assumptions and reasonable
petrophysical parameters.
Algorithm
1. Select Sonic Equation Type:
Raymer-Hunt-Gardner, or,
Wyllie Time Average
You have the option of using the Wyllie equation or the RaymerHunt-Gardner equation for calculating sonic porosity, which can
be used for secondary porosity index and for bad hole sonic limit
porosity.
2. Select Water Saturation Equation (for background information, see

Petrophysical Interpretation manual, Appendix A: Water
Saturations Used in Shaly Formations):
Indonesian,
Simandoux, or
Modified Simandoux
3. Select Input Choice for Sxo Equation:
Rxo Input Curve curve is input from the MultiMineral

application
EPT Input Curve also requires the input of the TPL and Vsh
curves in MultiMineral
IFSwSxo Formula requires the input of the Rxo and Vsh

curves in MultiMineral
The table below shows what other parameters you must set given your
algorithm choices.
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Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor: MultiMineral
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Algorithm Group Parameters and Effects

When you
choose the
algorithm
options
You must set...

Fluids
<default>
Shale
Points
Constraints
<default>
Minerals
Input
Curves
Sonic Equation Type

RaymerHuntGardner
<default>
Sonic Hydrocarbon
Factor <blank>
or
Transit
Time Shale
<blank>
Hydrocarbon
Density and Cp
Wyllie Time
Average
(g) Fluid Transit

Time <189>
Sonic Hydrocarbon
Factor <blank>, or
For all selected

minerals...
Apparent Matrix
Travel Time
Raymer Hunt
Gardner Factor (k)
<0.625>
Acoustic
(DT)
Cp <1.0>
Acoustic
(DT)
(g) a <1.0>
Formation
Resistivity
(RT)
True Matrix Travel

Time
Transit
Time Shale
<blank>
For all selected

minerals...
Apparent Matrix
Travel Time
True Matrix Travel
Time
Hydrocarbon
Density and Cp
Water Saturation Equation (entries apply to all equations)

Indonesian
<default>
Simandoux
Modified
Simandoux
(g) Water
Resistivity (Rw)
R Shale
<blank>
(g) m (see source

of m value, logic)
(g) Water
Resistivity Temp
(Rwt)
(g) n (see source of

n value, logic)
Input Type for Sxo Equation

Rxo input
curve
<default>
EPT input
curve
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(g) Mud Filtrate

Resistivity (Rmf)
<null>,
(g) Mud Filtrate
Resistivity Temp
(Rmft) <null>
Rxo Shale
<blank>
Propagation Time
Water <blank>
(g)
Propagation
Time Shale
<0.25>
(g) a <1.0>
(g) m <source of m
value>
Flushed Zone
Resistivity
(Rxo)
(g) n <source of n
value>
For all selected
minerals...
True Matrix
Propagation Time
EPT Travel
Time (TPL),
Shale Volume
(Vsh min)
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Algorithm Group Parameters and Effects

When you
choose the
algorithm
options
You must set...
IF SwSxo
formula
Fluids
<default>
Shale
Points
Constraints
<default>
Minerals
Invasion Factor
SwSxo <0.50>
EXP <0.20>
Input
Curves
Flushed Zone
Resistivity
(Rxo), Shale
Volume
(Vsh min)
Logic
Setting the Mineral Model

Choose either the three- or four-mineral model.
For the four-mineral model, select:
Neutron Porosity (NPHI)

Bulk Density (RHOB)
Acoustic Wave Travel Time (DT)
Photoelectric Absorption (PEF)
Formation Resistivity (RT)
Temperature (TEMP)
For the three-mineral model, select:

Neutron Porosity (NPHI)
Bulk Density (RHOB)
Photoelectric Absorption (PEF) or Acoustic Wave
Travel Time (DT)
Formation Resistivity (RT)
Temperature (TEMP)
For the three-mineral model you can choose to input either the DT or
the PEF curve. However, should you input both the PEF and DT and
run the three-mineral model, MultiMineral preferentially uses the PEF
curve as the third input (with Neutron Porosity and Bulk Density). You
cannot override this choice with any logic selections. The only way to
specifically select either the DT or PEF technique is to select only one
of the curves and Unset <null> the other field.
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If you select any mineral option, you must input the associated mineral
parameters in the Minerals parameters group. See the Minerals
subsection in the Other Parameters table.
Neutron Log Type

Select the log type:
CNL <default>
SNP
Setting the Source of the M Value

Select a source:
value <default>
Shell formula
EPT SXO and RXO
m input curve
For EPT SXO and RXO, you must input theFlushed Zone Resistivity
(Rxo) and Shale Volume (Vsh) curves.
For m input curve, you must input the Cementation Exponent (m)
curve.
Set constraint parameters for value and EPT SXO and RXO.
Setting the Source of the N Value

Select an option:
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value
m+ (n is set to equal to m plus a fixed constant)
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Then set the parameter value in the Constraints Grouping.
Setting the Variable M with VShale

You can set logic to yes or no. When set to Yes, enter the Vsh Limit in
the Constraints Grouping.
Testing for Coal and Salt

Both the coal and salt logic require that you input the Neutron Porosity
and Bulk Density curves in the MultiMineral application. When the
logic for either of these is set to Yes, you must enter the values for the
appropriate parameters in the Minerals Grouping:
Coal: Neu Coal and Rho Coal

Salt: Neu Salt and Rho Salt
Oil-Based Mud Logic and Mud Properties

When Yes is selected, you must enter the Mud Filtrate Density (mf) in
the Formation Fluids Grouping.
When No is selected, you can
enter values for Rmf and Rmf Temp in the Fluids grouping, and
leave Mud Filtrate Salinity (PNaCl) and Mud Filtrate Density (mf)
blank. MF Sal and Mud Filtrate Density (mf) will be calculated
from Rmf and Rmf Temp.
enter values for Mud Filtrate Salinity (PNaCl) and Mud Filtrate
Density (mf). The entered values will supercede calculations from
Rmf and Rmf Temp.
Setting the Vshale Source

Options for this logic include
180
input Vsh curve

Mineral 1
Mineral 2
Mineral 3
Mineral 4
none
R2003.12.1
Before you select the input Shale Volume (Vsh) curve, you must input
the Shale Volume curve in the MultiMineral application.
If you select any of the mineral options, you must input the associated
mineral parameters in the Minerals Grouping.
Setting the Sonic Limit Logic

If a sonic log is available, you can use it to compute the limits of
effective porosity (e) in zones where the Neutron or Density logs may
be affected by washouts, hole rugosity, or other environmental effects.
Examples of Sonic Limit Setup

When the Sonic Limit Logic is set to "yes," a user specified
discriminator curve is compared to upper and/or lower limits. These
limits can be specific numerical values, or they can be curves against
which the discriminator curve is tested. If the discriminator curve falls
outside the limits, a sonic porosity (S max) is calculated from the user
input matrix travel time (tma bad hole) and fluid travel time (tfl bad
hole), and if the computed sonic porosity is less than the effective
porosity, it is used instead.
If the Sonic Limit Logic flag is set to "yes" in the Logic Grouping, you
must enter a curve name in the Discriminator field, and at least one of
the discriminator limits must contain either a numeric value or a curve
name.
A. Using the Caliper curve as a bad hole indicator

In the following example, since CALI is greater than 12 inches, the
Neutron and Density values become suspect, and the sonic porosity
may be preferred. To set this limit using the caliper curve:
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Set the MultiMineral inputs in the Input Curves window:

Discriminator
Discriminator minimum
Discriminator maximum
= CALI
= <blank>
= <blank>
Next, set the Petrophysical Parameter Editor inputs.

In the Logic Grouping, set
Sonic Limit Logic
Disc min
Disc max
= yes
= none
= value
In the Constraint Grouping, set

Discmin value
Discmax value
= <blank>
= 12
B: Using the caliper curve as a bad hole discriminator in a

deep well with several bit size changes
The discriminator limit must now change in response to the changing
bit size. In MathPack, a curve (MAXHOLE) is constructed over the
entire well, the value of which is 3 inches greater than the bit size.
Whenever CALI is greater than MAXHOLE, the porosity should be
checked for possible limitation.
Discriminator
= CALI
= <blank>
= MAXHOLE
Next, set the Petrophysical Parameter Editor inputs.

In the Logic Grouping, set
Sonic Limit Logic
Disc min
Disc max
= yes
= none
= input curve name
In the Constraints Grouping, set

Discmin value
Discmax value
182
= <blank>
= <blank>
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C: The calculated porosity is questionable when the density

correction (DRHO) exceeds 0.25 gm/cc
In this case both the minimum and maximum discriminator values are
used to determine if the sonic porosity is to replace the calculated
porosity.
Discriminator
= DRHO
= <blank>
= <blank>
Set the Petrophysical Parameter Editor inputs.

In the Logic Grouping, set:
Sonic Limit Logic
Disc min
Disc max
= yes
= value
= value
In the Constraints Grouping, set:

Discmin value
Discmax value
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= -0.25
= 0.25
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The following table summarizes the logic options and indicates which
other parameters must be set:
When you
choose the
logic options
You must set...

Fluids
<default>
Shale
Points
Minerals
Constraints
<default>
Input
Curves
Mineral Model
three
<default>
none
none
Minerals 1 to 3
none
NPHI,
RHOB, (DT
or PEF)
four
none
none
Minerals 1 to 4
none
NPHI,
RHOB, (DT,
PEF)
Neutron Log Type (entries apply to either mineral model)

CNL <default>
NeuHCfac / or
SNP
HCDen and MFSal
Neu Shale
<blank>
none
KNeu <1.0>
NPHI
Source of Cementation Value (m)

value <default>
none
none
none
m <2.0>
none
Shell formula
none
none
none
none
none
EPT Sxo and

Rxo
none
none
none
min m <1.0>
RXO, VCL
m input curve
none
max m <5.0>
none
none
none
Cementation
Exponent, m
Source of Saturation Exponent (n)

value <default>
none
none
none
n <2.0>
none
m+
none
none
none
m+ <0.0>
none
Variable m with Vshale

Yes <default>
none
none
none
VShale
<1.0>
No
none
none
none
none
184
Limit
VCL
VCL
R2003.12.1
When you
choose the
logic options
You must set...

Fluids
<default>
Shale
Points
Minerals
Constraints
<default>
Input
Curves
Test for Coal

No
none
none
none
none
none
Yes
none
none
Neu Coal <0.5>
none
NPHI
Rho Coal <1.4>
RHOB
Test for Salt

No
none
none
none
none
Yes
none
none
Neu Salt <0.03>
none
NPHI,
RHOB
Rho Salt <2.17>

Oil Based Mud
no <default>
Rmf and Rmf Temp,

or
MFSal
and
MFDen
none
none
none
none
yes
MFDen
none
none
none
none
input VShale
curve <default>
none
none
none
none
VCL
Mineral 1
none
none
Mineral 1 entries
none
none
Mineral 2
none
none
Mineral 2 entries
none
none
Mineral 3
none
none
Mineral 3 entries
none
none
Mineral 4
none
none
Mineral 4 entries
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Vshale Source
Limit Porosity to Sonic*

no <default>
none
none
none
none
none
yes
none
none
none
none
Discriminator
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When you
choose the
logic options
Landmark
You must set...

Fluids
<default>
Shale
Points
Minerals
Constraints
<default>
Input
Curves
*If Sonic Limit Logic is Yes, you must also set . . .

Sonic Discriminator Minimum
input curve
none
none
none
Discmin value =
<blank>
Discriminator Minimum
value
<default>
none
none
none
Discmin value
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Sonic Discriminator Maximum

input curve
none
none
none
Discmax value
= <blank>
Discriminator Maximum
value<default
>
none
none
none
Discmax value
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Other Parameters
Once you have entered the appropriate Algorithm and Logic choices,
WPE guides you through the other selections you need to make by
greying out cells that are not applicable. Review all preset parameters
to make sure they are appropriate for your data. Remember that if you
change the value of a global parameter, the change applies to all
applications using WPE data, not just the one you are currently using.
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The table below lists the remaining parameters by parameter group and
provides a brief explanation for each. A (g) preceding a parameter
name indicates a global parameter. For a complete list of all
MultiMineral parameters, curves, default values, and units, see the
Parameters manual.
Parameter (aka)
Description
Discriminators & Limits

Discriminator Value
The minimum discriminator value for Sonic Limit logic if "value" was chosen for
Discmin in the Logic grouping.
When using a discriminator curve for Sonic Limit Logic, you can leave either the
minimum or maximum field blank. However, you must enter a value or an input
curve in one of these fields.
Discriminator Max
Value
The maximum discriminator value for Sonic Limit logic if "value" was chosen for
Sonic Discriminator Maximum in Logic.
When using a discriminator curve for Sonic Limit Logic, you can leave either the
minimum or maximum field blank. However, you must enter a value or an input
curve in one of these fields.
Invasion Factor
Exponent (EXP)
Exponent in the IF SwSxo equation used to limit Sxo. Defaulted to 0.20.
Minimum m (MIN m)
Minimum value for cementation exponent when m is calculated from the EPT.
Defaulted to 1.00.
Maximum m (MAX m)
Maximum value for cementation exponent when m is calculated from the EPT.
Defaulted to 5.00.
Maximum Porosity
(PHImax)
Maximum value to which porosity will be limited by the PhiLimit Logic and in bad
hole zones. Defaulted to 0.500.
Factors
(g) Tortuosity Factor (a)
Tortuosity factor for water saturation equation
(g) Cementation
Exponent (m)
Cementation exponent for formation factor and water saturation equation.
(g) Saturation Exponent

(n)
Saturation exponent for water saturation equation.
m+
Constant value added to n for use if m+ is chosen as "Source of n value" in the Logic
grouping.
Clay Volume Limit (V0)
The upper limit of Vshale where the Porosity Limit logic is to be increased and the
Variable m w/Vshale is to be used.
A value of 1.0 results in no limits. Defaulted to 1.0.
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Parameter (aka)
Description
Invasion Factor SwSxo

(IF SwSxo)
Empirical invasion factor for the calculation of SHR from Sw.
Landmark
Sw < Sxo < Sw^EXP.

Leave blank if Sxo curve has been input.
Compaction Correction
(Cp)
Compaction correction used in conjunction with the Wyllie Time-Average equation.

CP is 1.0 in compacted formations, less in uncompacted formations. Defaulted to
1.00.
Raymer Hunt Gardner

Factor (k, K H-R)
Constant used in conjunction with the Hunt-Raymer equation. Defaulted to 0.625.
Bad Hole Transit TIme

Fluid (BH_DTfl, tfl
bad hole)
Fluid DT used when the Sonic Limit logic is invoked.
Bad Hole Transit Time

Matrix (BH_DTma,
tma bad hole)
Matrix DT used when the Sonic Limit logic is invoked.
Neutron Hydrocarbon
Factor (Neu HCfac)
Neutron hydrocarbon factor [decimal porosity].
Density Hydrocarbon
Factor (Rho HCfac)
Density hydrocarbon factor [g/cc].
Sonic Hydrocarbon
Factor (Son HCfac)
Sonic hydrocarbon factor [usec/ft or usec/m].
When no value is entered, Neu HCfac is calculated from HC Den, MF Sal, and MF
Den.
When no value is entered, Rho HCfac is calculated from HC Den, MF Sal, and MF
Den.
When no value is entered, Son HCfac is calculated from HC Den and Cp.
Borehole Fluids
(g) Borehole Salinity (P,
PNaCl)
Salinity of the borehole fluids
Formation Fluids
(g) Water Resistivity
(Rw, Rw)
Formation water resistivity
(g) Water Resistivity

Temp (Rw Temp, Rwt)
Temperature at which Rw was estimated.
(g) Mud Filtrate

Resisitivity (Rmf, Rmf)
Mud filtrate resistivity.
188
The program corrects Rw for formation temperature, so that Rw and Rw Temp can be
entered at any temperature.
Required if Sxo is to be calculated from Rxo, or if an EPT is to be used for TP Water

or m calculations
R2003.12.1
Parameter (aka)
Description
(g) Mud Filtrate

Resisitivity Temp (Rmf
Temp, Rmft)
Temperature of Rmf. Required when Rmf is input.
(g) Mud Filtrate Density

(MF Den, mf)
Mud filtrate density.

When no value is input, the program computes mud filtrate density from Rmf and
Rmf temperature.
No value is computed when a value is entered.
MF Den is required if the oil base mud is being used.
(g) Mud Filtrate Salinity

(MF Sal, P, Pmf)
Mud filtrate salinity [in NaCl ppm/10^6]

Salinity of 200,000 ppm = a MF Sal of 0.2
If blank, MF Sal is calculated from Rmf and Rmf Temp
(g) Hydrocarbon
Density (HC Den, hc)
Hydrocarbon density [g/cc].
(g) Fluid Transit Time

(DT Fluid, tfl)
Fluid travel time [usec/ft or usec/m].
(g) Propagation [High

Frequency] Travel Time
Water (tp Water,
TPwater)
EPT fluid propagation time [nsec/m].
(g) Propagation [High

Frequency] Travel Time
Hydrocarbons (tp HC,
TPhc)
EPT hydrocarbon propagation time [nsec/m].
Required unless all hydrocarbon factors (Neu HCfac, Rho HCfac, Son HCfac) are
input.
Used in the Wyllie Time-Average equation.
When this cell is left blank, TPwater is calculated from MF Sal, Rmf, and Rmf Temp.
Minerals
Mineral 14
Select minerals and associated parameters from a list of available defaults. (See the
minerals listed in table Parameter Default Values by Mineral on page 191.)
You can modify the parameter values associated with these minerals, as well as add
mineral names and parameter values to this list.
Mineral 14
Photoelectric Cross
Section Shale (Uma
apparent, Uma app)
Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor [barns/cc].
Mineral 14 Apparent
Matrix Density (Rhoma
apparent, ma app)
Apparent matrix density
R2003.12.1
Used for lithology identification; Uma value is required only if PEF is input.
Used for lithology identification.
189

Parameter (aka)
Description
Mineral 14 Apparent
Matrix Travel Time
(Dtma apparent,
tma app)
Apparent matrix sonic transit time
Mineral 14 True
Matrix Density (True
Rhoma, ma true)
True matrix density; used in porosity computations.
Mineral 14 True
Matrix Travel Time
(True Dtma, tma true)
True matrix sonic transit time
Mineral 14 True
Matrix Propagation
Time (Tp Matrix, TPma)
True matrix propagation time
(g) Coal Neutron

Porosity (Neu Coal,
N coal)
Neutron value to test for coal [decimal neutron porosity]
(g) Coal Density (Rho

Coal, coal)
Density value to test for coal
(g) Salt Neutron

Porosity (Neu Salt,
N salt)
Neutron value to test for salt [decimal neutron porosity]
(g) Salt Density (Rho

Salt, salt)
Density value to test for salt
Landmark
Used for lithology identification; this input is required only if sonic <DT> is being
used to calculate mineral volumes.
Used in secondary porosity computations; required only if sonic <DT> is input.
Used to test for coal when Coal Logic is selected
Used to test for coal when Coal Logic is selected
Used to test for salt when Salt Logic is selected
Used to test for salt when Salt Logic is selected
Clay & Shale

(g) Shale Density (Rho
Shale, sh)
Density value of shale
(g) Neutron Porosity of

Shale (Neu Shale,
N sh)
Neutron porosity value of shale [decimal]
(g) True Resistivity

Shale (Rt Shale, Rt sh)
Resistivity value of shale
(g) Shale Rxo (Rxo

Shale, Rxo sh)
Flushed zone resistivity value of shale
Required only when one of the input curves is a Vsh curve
Required only when one of the input curves is a Vsh curve
Obtained from a deep resistivity curve
Obtained from a microresistivity curve

Used in Sxo calculations
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R2003.12.1
Parameter (aka)
Description
(g) Photoelectric Cross

section Shale (Uma
Shale, Uma sh)
Apparent matrix volumetric photoelectric factor value for shale
(g) Shale Transit Time

(DT Shale, t sh)
Sonic value of shale
Required when both an external Vsh curve and PEF curve are input
Required if both an external Vsh curve and Sonic curve are input
Also required when Sonic Limit logic is used, regardless whether Vsh is input or
calculated.
(g) Progation Time

Shale (Tp Shale, TPsh)
Propagation time for shale
Mineral Summation Order

Summed Volume
Mineral 134
Minerals in the summed volume mineral ordering
Parameter Default Values by Mineral
Mineral
Photoelectric
Cross Section
Apparent
Matrix
Travel Time
True
Matrix
Density
True
Matrix
Travel Time
Silicates
quartz
2.659
4.790
56.619
2.65
56.0
7.2
cristobalite
2.381
4.455
2.15
opal
2.443
4.471
54.064
2.13
58.0
calcite
2.710
13.821
49.000
2.71
49.0
9.1
dolomite
2.850
8.835
44.000
2.85
44.0
8.7
siderite
3.890
58.350
43.420
3.89
47.0
8.9
hematite
5.180
108.780
41.644
5.18
42.9
magnetite
5.080
111.760
57.261
5.08
73.0
limonite
2637.0
434829.0
56.900
3.59
56.9
10.75
Carbonates
Oxidates
R2003.12.1
True Matrix
Propagation
Time
Family
Apparent
Matrix
Density
Parameter Default Value
191
Landmark
Parameter Default Value

Feldspars
orthoclase
2.577
7.545
65.879
2.52
69.0
7.6
microcline
2.582
7.555
45.000
2.53
45.0
7.6
albite
2.626
4.482
49.000
2.59
49.0
7.6
Micas
glauconite
3.390
17.366
2.86
Shales
kaolinite
2.980
5.706
62.815
2.41
212.0
8.0
chlorite
8.846
74.203
2.76
8.0
illite
2.923
10.904
2.52
8.0
montmorillonite
2.120
4.240
2.12
8.0
halite
2.327
11.966
64.485
2.04
67.0
8.2
anhydrite
2.980
15.198
50.0
2.98
50.0
8.4
gypsum
2.708
11.638
49.071
2.35
52.0
6.8
barite
4.090
1092.03
65.278
4.09
69.7
Sulfides
pyrite
4.990
84.830
39.2
4.99
39.2
Coals
anthracite
2.470
-1.303
45.984
1.470
105.0
bituminous
3.065
-5.471
66.455
1.240
120.0
lignite
3.144
-7.169
100.175
1.190
160.0
Evaporites
Setting the Matrix Response Values

Matrix response values are input in the Wellbore Parameter Editor in
two forms. Apparent matrix response values are included for the
density (ma), PEF (Uma), and sonic (tma) curves. True matrix
response values are included for density, sonic, and dielectric (TPma)
curves. MultiMineral uses the apparent matrix response values along
with a standard crossplot porosity to estimate the volume of each
mineral present. Once the mineral volumes have been calculated, they
are used (in conjunction with the true matrix response values for each
mineral) to calculate an effective porosity. When the same values are
used for the apparent and true matrix response parameters, the final
calculated porosity is the traditional crossplot porosity.
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R2003.12.1
Setting the Residual Hydrocarbon Factors

Residual hydrocarbon factors are used in the correction of the porosity
curves (neutron, density, and sonic). their calculation depends upon the
borehole fluid properties. In the Formation Fluids Grouping, you can
either
enter specific values for each hydrocarbon factor to supercede the

calculated values, or
leave the hydrocarbon factors blank.
When you leave the hydrocarbon factors blank:
Neu HCfac is calculated from HC Den and MF Sal

Rho HCfac is calculated from HC Den, MF Sal, and MF Den
Son HCfac is calculated from HC Den and Cp
Specifying Mineral Summation Order

In order for the mineral volumes to be displayed properly in the curve
track, the mineral volumes must be sequentially summed.
The Wellbore Parameter Editor provides an option that sets the order in
which mineral volumes are summed for graphical or tabular display.
Even when several mineral models are used to define the different
zones in a group of wells, the output from all models is summed in the
order of this listing.
To specify the mineral summation order,
1. Select Parameter Group: Mineral Summation Order from
within the Petrophysical Parameter Editor.
2. Highlight the Mineral field.
3. Use MB3 to to make your selection.
R2003.12.1
193
Landmark
How Minerals Are Summed

Minerals are summed according to the order in which they are listed. In
the case of the example shown on the previous page, minerals would be
summed as follows.
How Minerals Are Summed
Summed Volume
Individual Volumes
VSVquartz =
Vquartz
(quartz)
VSVcalcite =
Vquartz + Vcalcite
(quartz + calcite)
VSVdolomite =
Vquartz + Vcalcite + Vdolomite

(quartz + calcite + dolomite)
VSVanhydrite =
Vquartz + VVcalcite + Vdolomite + Vanhydrite

(quartz + calcite + dolomite + anhydrite)
Note: Individual mineral sums are designated by names beginning with "v." /
Summed volume curves are designated by names beginning with "VSV."
The summation order dictates the order in which mineral volumes are
to be plotted. The top-to-bottom order of the list translates to a left-toright order in a curve track in the Well Template Editor.
Producing a Mineral Volume Display

Shading between the curves and track edges produces a mineral volume
display. All curves are plotted on a scale of 0 (left) to 1.0 (right).
Shading
Representation
Left Boundary
Right Boundary
Quartz
0.00
VSVquartz
Calcite
VSVquartz
VSVcalcite
Dolomite
VSVcalcite
VSVdolomite
Anhydrite
VSVdolomite
VSVanhydrite
Note: The distance between VSVanhydrite and the right edge of

the track represents porosity (e).
194
R2003.12.1
Note that Vcoal, Vsalt, and Vsh (the external shale volume), do not
appear on the summation list. Both coal and salt can be represented in
the volume display by plotting the curves (Vcoal or Vsalt) at the same
scale as the other mineral curves and shading from 0.00 (left) to the
curve (right).
When either coal or salt are sensed, all other mineral volumes (and
porosity) are set to zero, so that the shading covers the entire width of
the track.
When an external shale volume curve is used, its volume is the
difference between the other volumes (minerals and porosity) and
unity:
V sh = 1 e VMINERAL
The volume of shale curve can be represented in a volume track as the

difference between the total summed mineral volumes and porosity.
In the above example, the following additions are made:
In contrast to the other volumes, Plot e from 1.0 (left) to 0.0 (right)
Producing a Mineral Volume Display
Shading Representation
Left Boundary
Right Boundary
Shale
VSVanhydrite
The mineral summation order includes all minerals used in a

processing session (regardless of whether they are used in each model).
The following example contains three zones, each with a slightly
different mineralogy. With the exception of Shale Volume, the mineral
R2003.12.1
195
Landmark
order in the graphical display depends upon the summed order, which
is always the mineral volume farthest to the right.
Zone
Mineral Constituents
Shaly
calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, shale (external)
Washout
quartz, calcite, dolomite
Carbonate
calcite, dolomite, anhydrite
Three intervals of salt are also identified in the washout zone.

The following examples illustrate two different mineral volume
displays.
196
R2003.12.1
Display of Quartz, Calcite,

Dolomite, Anhydrite with
External Shale and
Interpreted Salt Stringers
Display of Anhydrite, Calcite,

Dolomite, and Quartz with
External Shale and
Interpreted Salt Stringers
R2003.12.1
197
Landmark
Porosity Flag Output Curve

The output curve Porosity Flag is an indicator of the type of logic used
to compute the porosity, e. The flags are set as follows:
Porosity Flag
Logic Used
No limits were applied to e
e limited to >=0.
e limited to <= porosity limit, limit
e limited by the bad hole sonic limit
Shale logic invoked: Vsh > Vsh Limit; no iterations done
Non-convergent logic invoked; iterations stopped after 10 passes
Mineral 1 volume computed to be negative and set to zero
Note: Porosity Flag values 15 override values 69.
Selecting Input Curves

The required input curves are automatically sensitized and set to default
curve names. You many use these curves or select other curves.
Select Curve...
Remember you can use Select Curve... (click MB3 after selecting a cell or coulmn
in WPE) to help you input existing curve names. You can display just those logs
that are common to all wells, or you can display all curves in all wells.
Specifying Output Curves

Output curves are automatically sensitized on the basis of algorithm,
logic, and other parameter selections and are set to default names. You
may use these defaults or select other names. Some output curves are
generated as inputs to other calculations; you may not wish to save
these to the database. In these cases, be sure that the Write Flag is set to
no.
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R2003.12.1
Processing the Model

When you are satisfied with your curve and parameter selections, you
are ready to run the model.
To run the model,
1. Save the currrent WPE session.
2. Return to the interpretive application window.
3. Click on the Process button to begin the calculations.
The Status window will alert you when the process is complete.
R2003.12.1
MultiMineral: Processing the Model
199
Landmark
How the Application Processes Data

This section contains
a discussion on how MultiMineral calculates results

how MultiMineral processes data.
How MultiMineral Calculates the Final Results

When calculating the final results, MultiMineral first checks for the
existence of curves based on user selected logic. It then checks the
validity of the values (non-null).
On the basis of user inputs, the application calculates borehole and
formation fluid properties, including hydrocarbon effects for the
porosity curves.
If selected, it senses the presence of coal and /or salt from the log
response, and sets level results appropriately.
In an iterative loop, MultiMineral solves for Neutron-Density and
Neutron-Sonic crossplot porosities, computes matrix parameters, and
solves for mineral volumes. It calculates porosity based on those
volumes, and calculates formation fluid saturations from that porosity
and other input data.
Multimineral checks for the convergence of several parameters. If those
parameters are outside specified limits, it returns to the top of the loop,
using the previously calculated values as input.
The loop ends when convergence criteria are met, or after a set number
of iterations has occurred.
If a sonic log is available, sonic porosity and secondary porosity index
are calculated. Formation bulk fluid volumes are calculated.
Computed values are stored and the next depth level is accessed.
200
How the Application Processes Data: MultiMineral
R2003.12.1
(1) After checking input curve selections and ensuring the data
are valid, the model checks for external Vshale curve and the
sonic discriminator selection and values.
Is mud oil based?
No
(2) If Pmf & mf have not been input, application
calculates them from Rmf and Rmf Temp.
User inputs mf.

Pmf = 0
(3) Computes U (if PEF is present) and Ufl and TP water.

Computes factors
from Pmf, mf, Cp
(4) Have hydrocarbon factors (NeuHCfac, RhoHCfac,

SonHCfac) been input?
(5) Computes Rw and Rmf at formation temperature.
Limits not met
(6) Is coal or salt present?

No
(7) Sets iteration loop values.
Yes
Sets appropriate
formation parameters
(8) Computes Neutron Density Crossplot and (if sonic is

available) computes Neutron Sonic crossplot from shale
and excavation effect corrected porosity values.
(9) Computes apparent matrix travel time.
(10) Chooses between 3-mineral and 4-mineral solution.
(11) Computes porosity from mineral solution.
(12) Porosity limit is based on the user-specified maximum
porosity input and shale volume.
(13) If sonic limit is chosen, clips porosity to limits.
Flowchart for
Computing
Three- or
Four-Mineral
Solutions in
MultiMineral
(14) If chosen, computes Sxo from EPT.

(15) Computes or selects m.
(16/17/18) Computes Sw, Sxo, and SHR.
(19) Checks to see that loop limits have been met.
(20) If sonic, computes secondary porosity index and sonic porosity from mineral volumes.
Note
Cross-reference the
numbers in this
flowchart to the steps
beginning on the
following page.
(21) Computes Bulk Volume Water Sw Sxo and Minerals.

(22) Computes Rmf equivalent and BVWIRR.
(23) Stores computed values and goes to next level.
R2003.12.1
MultiMineral: How the Application Processes Data
201
(1)
Landmark
Shale Volume and Shale Flag

MultiMineral supports specification of both an external shale volume
curve and any shale flag curve that has been created by a shale
determination routine.
The output curves Corrected Shale Volume (Vsh corr) and Shale Flag are
identical to the input curves except in the case where the Salt or Coal
limits have been met.
Shale Flag = 10
Shale Flag = 11
(2)
Coal
Salt
Oil Based Mud Option

Checks to see if the Oil Based Mud option has been selected and
calculates drilling fluid parameters.
If the Oil Based Mud option is chosen, the mud filtrate salinity (Pmf) is
set to zero, and the user is required to input the mud filtrate density
(mf).
In the non-oil based case the user has the option of entering the mud
filtrate salinity (Pmf) and mud filtrate density (mf), or having those
parameters calculated from the mud filtrate resistivity (Rmf) and its
measurement temperature (Rmf Temp). Entering values for Pmf and mf
will override their calculation.
The equations are:
Mud Filtrate Salinity (ppm/106)
P mf = 10 6 10
[ 3.562 log ( R mf 75 0.0123 ) ] 0.955
Mud Filtrate Density (gm/cc)
mf = 1.0 + 0.0007 ( P mf 10 3 ) ( TEMP 80 ) 2 10 6
202
R2003.12.1
(3)
Calculation of Formation Fluid Parameters
Volumetric Photoelectric Absorption Cross Section
U = PEF b
Formation Fluid Photoelectric Absorption Cross Section
UFL = ( P mf 4.81 ) + 0.398
EPT Propagation Time for Water (nsec/m)
TPW = f ( complex relative dielectric permittivity , formation water salinity )
(4)
Residual Hydrocarbon Factors for the Porosity Measurements (if Data Has
Not Been Input)
Residual hydrocarbon factors for the Neutron (Neu HCfac), Density
(Rho HCfac), and Sonic (Son HCfac) can be input, or they can be
calculated from the hydrocarbon density (HC Den). If calculations are
desired, Neu HCfac, Rho HCfac, and Son HCfac should be left blank.
The equations are of the form:
Neutron Residual Hydrocarbon Factor (Decimal Neutron

Limestone Units)
4 2.5 hc
PNH = 9 hc ---------------------------
16 2.5 hc
[ mf ( 1 P mf ) ] PNH
NeuHCfac = ----------------------------------------------------- mf ( 1 P mf )
R2003.12.1
203
Landmark
Density Residual Hydrocarbon Factor (gm/cc or kg/m3)
10 2.5 hc
hc app = 2.0 hc ---------------------------
16 2.5 hc
RHOHCFAC = 1.07 [ ( 1.11 0.15P mf ) mf hc app ]
Sonic Residual Hydrocarbon Factor (usec/ft or usec/m)
(5)
Son HCfac = 0
hc 0.25
Son HCfac = Cp 1
hc < 0.25
Son HCfac 0
limited by program
Converts formation water resistivity and mud filtrate resistivity from

measured temperature to formation temperature using Arps equation and
the previously calculated temperature curve (TEMP)
Arps equation:
R t ( T Rt + 6.77 )
R corr = -----------------------------------------( T + 6.77 )
(6)
Coal and/or Salt Logic

If you are testing for Coal and/or Salt Logic,
NPHI > Neu Coal and RHOB < Rho Coal

NPHI < Neu Salt and RHOB < Rho Salt
204
Coal is present
Salt is present
R2003.12.1
At this time, the parameters shown in Table 32 are also set:

Parameter
(7)
Coal
Salt
Coal Volume, Vcoal
1.0
Salt Volume, Vsalt
1.0
Shale flag, CLF
10
11
Shale Volume, Vsh corr
Water saturation, Sw
Flushed zone saturation, Sxo
Porosity, e
Mineral Volumes 14
Matrix density, ma corr
999
999
Matrix cross section, Uma corr
999
999
Matrix travel time, tma corr
999
999
Iteration Loop
The loop counter is set to 0. The residual hydrocarbon saturation (SHR)
and porosity are set to 0, and the water saturation is set to 1. Based on
the available data and user input, the program computes
corrected porosities
apparent matrix values
mineral volumes
saturations
Looping continues until porosity (e) and water saturation (Sw) values
converge or until the loop has run a specified number of times. See step
19 at the end of the loop for more details.
(8)
Porosities
The input neutron porosity curve (N) is corrected for shaliness,
hydrocarbon effect, and excavation effect. Shaliness and hydrocarbon
R2003.12.1
205
Landmark
corrected porosities are derived from input bulk density (b) and sonic
travel time (t). The user selects the specific sonic equation.
The basic equations are
Neutron
N ( V sh NeuClay + Exca ) NPHIMA
N corr = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 ( KNeu NeuHCfac Srh )
Density
ma ( 1 V sh ) b + V sh sh
D corr = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ma + ( RhoHCfac SHR ) ( SHR mf )
Sonic (Wyllie Time Average Equation)

t V sh t sh t ma ( 1 V sh )
S corr = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cp [ t fl ( 1 + SonHCfac SHR ) t ma ]
Sonic (Hunt-Raymer Equation)
SPHIc = KHR { 1 t ma [ t V sh ( 1 t ma t sh ) ] }
Each porosity type (neutron, sonic, and density) is solved for the three
basic lithologies (sandstone, limestone, and dolomite) together with
those values used to determine neutron-density and neutron-sonic
crossplot porosities.
(9)
Apparent Matrix Values (RHOMAapp, UMAapp, DTMAapp)

After the crossplot porosities have been computed, apparent matrix
values (RHOMAapp, UMAapp, DTMAapp) are computed using the
following equations:
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R2003.12.1
Apparent Matrix Density

b V sh sh PHINDxp ( mf RhoHCfac SHR )
ma corr = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 PHINDxp V sh
Apparent Matrix Photoelectric Absorption Cross Section
U PHINDxp V fl ( 1 SHR ) V sh U ma sh
U ma corr = --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 PHINDxp V sh
Apparent Matrix Travel Time (Wyllie Time-Average)

t V sh t sh PHINSxp Cp t fl ( 1 + SonHCfac SHR )
t ma corr = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 V sh PHINSxp Cp
Apparent Matrix Travel Time (Hunt-Raymer)

t t sh KH R ( 1 V sh ) PHINSxp
t ma corr = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------KHR ( t sh V sh t sh )
R2003.12.1
207
(10)
Landmark
Calculates mineral composition.

The following set of linear equations is used to determine the mineral
volumes (V1, V2, V3) of a three-mineral solution:
ma = ( ma app1 V 1 ) + ( ma app2 V 2 ) + ( ma app3 V 3 )

If PEF is input...
U ma corr = ( U ma corr app1 V 1 ) + ( U ma corr app2 V 2 ) + ( U ma corr app3 V 3 )
If t is input...
t ma corr = ( t ma corr1 V 1 ) + ( t ma corr2 V 2 ) + ( t ma corr3 V 3 )

1 = V1 + V2 + V3
The following set of linear equations is used to determine mineral

volumes (V1, V2, V3, V4) of a four-mineral solution:
ma = ( ma app1 V 1 ) + ( ma app2 V 2 ) + ( ma app3 V 3 ) + ( ma app4 V 4 )

If PEF is input...
U ma corr = ( U ma corr app1 V 1 ) + ( U ma corr app2 V 2 ) + ( U ma corr app3 V 3 ) + ( U ma corrapp4 V 4 )
If t is input...
t ma corr = ( t ma corr1 V 1 ) + ( t ma corr2 V 2 ) + ( t ma corr3 V 3 ) + ( t ma corr4 V 4 )

1 = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4
When negative mineral percentages are calculated, they are set to zero.
The other percentages are then changed proportionally so that the
balance equation still holds.
(11)
Calculates porosity (e) using the Bulk Density log, the Sonic Residual
Hydrocarbon Factor equations shown in Step 4, where the Matrix Density
(ma), which is Vsh and Density Shale Response, is calculated from the
following equation:
ma = ( ma true 1 V 1 ) + ( ma true 2 V 2 ) + ( ma true 3 V 3 ) + ( ma true 4 V 4 )
(12)
Porosity Limits
The porosity is limited to the maximum porosity (max) which is itself
limited by the shale volume (Vsh) of the processing level. If the shale
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R2003.12.1
volume is greater than the upper limit of shale volume (Shale Volume
Limit, V0), max is severely reduced.
The equations which constrain the maximum porosity are
limit = max ( 1 V sh )
V sh V 0
limit = max ( 1 V sh ) 10
10 ( V sh V 0 ) 1.6
V sh > V 0
The effective porosity (e) is limited by the following test:
0 e limit
The following plot demonstrates the effect of the max and V0 on e

limits.
0.4
0.3
Example:
max = 0.30
V0 = 0.50
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Vsh
Effect of max and Vsh Limit on e Limits
R2003.12.1
209
(13)
Landmark
Bad Hole Sonic Limit Logic

Effective Porosity (e) in zones where the Neutron or Density logs
may be affected by washouts, hole rugosity, or other environmental
effects.
When the Sonic Limit Logic is set to "yes," a user specified
discriminator curve is compared to upper and/or lower limits. These
limits can be specific numerical values, or they can be curves against
which the discriminator curve is tested. If the discriminator curve falls
outside the limits, a sonic porosity (S max) is calculated from the user
input matrix travel time (tma bad hole) and fluid travel time
(tfl bad hole).
If the effective porosity (e) is less than or equal to S max, e retains
its value. If e is greater than S max, S max is substituted for e.
Fluid saturations (Sw and Sxo) are calculated with the resulting value of
e.
effective porosity (e) in zones where the Neutron or Density logs may
be affected by washouts, hole rugosity, or other environmental effects.
The application computes the sonic porosity limit from one of the user
selected equations below:
Wyllie Time Average

t t ma bad hole ( 1 V sh ) ( V sh t sh )
S max = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cp ( t fl bad hole t ma bad hole )
Raymer-Hunt-Gardner
S max = k [ ( 1 t ma bad hole t ) V sh ( 1 t ma bad hole t sh ) ]
210
R2003.12.1
(14)
Calculates Flushed Zone Water Saturation (Sxo) from EPT

When Sxo is calculated from the TPL curve of the EPT log, the
following equations are used:
Matrix propagation time:
TP ma = TP ma1 V1 + TP ma2 V2 + TP ma3 V3 + TP ma4 V4
Flushed zone water saturation:

TPL V sh TP sh ( 1 e V sh )TP ma e TP hc
S xo = ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( TP water TP hc ) e
(15)
Cementation and Saturation Exponents

If the cementation exponent, m, is to be calculated from the EPT, then
the equations in section 17 are solved for m, and Sxo is an input from
section 14, above. The user chooses the saturation equation, and
specifies whether the saturation exponent (n) is a fixed value, or a
variable, in which case n = m+constant.
The cementation exponent can be a constant, an input curve, or it can
be calculated in the following ways:
From the Shell equation:
m = 1.87 + 0.019 e
In the parameter group "Factors," you can set a Clay Volume Limit
(V0). If Vsh is greater than V0, and the variable m option is selected,
the following equation will be used to determine the value of the
saturation exponent m as a function of V0 and Vsh
Variable with Vsh when Vsh > V0):
m = m 10
R2003.12.1
( V sh V 0 )
211
Landmark
The saturation exponent can be a constant, or can be a variable of the

form:
m+constant:
n = m + ( m+ )
(16)
Water Saturation
Water saturation (Sw) is calculated from one of the following user
selected equations. (For background information, Appendix A: Water
Saturation Equations Used in Shaly Formations on page 285.)
Indonesian (Poupon-Leveaux):
[1 (V 2)]
sh
( V sh )
em 2
1
--------- = ----------------------------------------- + ---------------------------- ( S ) n 2
w
R sh
a R w corr
Rt
Simandoux:
em ( S w ) n V sh S w
1
----- = ----------------------- + -------------------Rt
a R w corr
R sh
Modified Simandoux:
em ( S w ) n
V sh S w
1
----- = ---------------------------------------------- + -------------------Rt
a R w corr ( 1 V sh )
R sh
212
R2003.12.1
When variable m with Vsh is set to "yes," the value of m will be

increased when Vsh > Vsh Limit to drive the value of Sw to 1.0.
(17)
Calculates flushed zone water saturation

If Sxo Logic is set to Rxo Input Curve, Sxo is calculated from one of the
following user selected equations:
Indonesian (Poupon-Leveaux)
1 (V 2)
sh
( V sh )
em 2
1
------------- = ------------------------------------- + ----------------------------n2
R xo
R xo sh
a R mf corr ( S xo )
Simandoux
em ( S xo ) n V sh S xo
1
1
--------- = --------- = ------------------------- + --------------------R xo
R xo
a R mf corr
R xo sh
Modified Simandoux
em ( S xo ) n
V sh S xo
1
--------- = ------------------------------------------------ + --------------------R xo
a R mf corr ( 1 V sh )
R xo sh
The computed Sxo will be limited by the following equation:
EXP
S w S xo S w
(18)
Residual Hydrocarbon Saturation (SHR)

Residual hydrocarbon saturation is now:
SHR = 1 S xo
R2003.12.1
213
Landmark
If no Rxo device is available, residual hydrocarbon saturation (SHR)

must be computed from Sw by the following empirical equation:
1
SHR = -------------- ( 1 S w )
1 + IF
The following plot shows the relationship between SHR, Sw, and
IFSwSxo.
0.0
Values of
IFSwSxo
5
0.2
2
SHR when
Sxo = Sw
SHR
0.4
1
0.75
0.6
0.50
0.8
0.25
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Sw
Plot of SHR vs Sw with Various Values of IF
214
R2003.12.1
(19)
Iteration process
The porosity log data (Neutron, Density, and Sonic) are corrected for
shale and hydrocarbons in each iteration loop using the SHR computed
in the previous loop.
The iteration loop continues until the change in water saturation from
the previous loop is 0.005 and the change in porosity from the
previous loop is 0.002, or until 10 iterations have occurred.
After 10 iterations, the last e, Sw, and Sxo are used, and the Porosity
Flag is set to 5.
There are three cases where no looping occurs:
(20)
Wet Logic: When SHR = 0 at the end of the first loop. The level is
considered wet (not hydrocarbon bearing) and no convergence test
or looping is done.
Shale Logic: When Vsh > V0, (where V0 is the Clay Volume Limit
from the parameter group "Factors," no looping is done.
Porosity Limit Logic: When porosity has been limited by any of

the porosity limit logics, this indicates problems with the log data
and no iterations or hydrocarbon corrections are done.
Secondary Porosity Index

Secondary porosity index (SPI) is
SPI = e = SPHIc
Where sonic porosity is calculated from Wyllie or Hunt-Raymer

(see step 8) with matrix travel time (tma) from:
t ma = t ma1 V1 + t ma2 V2 + t ma3 V3 + t ma4 V4
R2003.12.1
215
Landmark
The final value of SPI is limited as follows:
SPI = SPIU 0
This allows the user to use the unlimited value of SPI (SPIU) as a
quality check for the proper computed values such as shale volume,
porosity model, hydrocarbon corrections, and others, to obtain a better
quality final computed log.
(21)
Bulk Volume Water

Bulk volume water in the undisturbed and flushed zones is calculated
by:
Undisturbed zone:
BVW = e S w
Flushed zone (if Sxo is computed):
BVW Sxo = e S xo
(22)
Bulk Volume Minerals

The amount of each mineral as a portion of the entire rock
(matrix+shale+porosity) volume is calculated by:
BVV1 = V1 ( 1 e V sh )
BVV2 = V2 ( 1 e V sh )
BVV3 = V3 ( 1 e V sh )
BVV4 = V4 ( 1 e V sh )
where V1, V2, V3, and V4 are the volumes of the minerals 1, 2, 3, 4 as
a fraction of the matrix volume.
216
R2003.12.1
If no external shale volume curve is used, Vsh = 0.

(23)
Rmf Equivalent and Bulk Volume Irreducible Water

If Sxo is calculated from the EPT and a fixed cementation factor is used,
and if the Rxo measurement is available, then the following calculations
are performed:
A: Rmf equivalent (RmfE) is calculated from the equations in section 17
where the equations are solved for Rmf, using Sxo from the EPT.
B: Bulk volume irreducible water (BVWIRR). BVWIRR is calculated
from the following equation:
R w R mf R mfE
BVWIRR = e S xo ------------ ----------------------------
R mfE R mf R w
Its value is limited by
BVW BVWIRR 0
R2003.12.1
217

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Landmark Graphics Corporation

Progressive Interpretive Applications

Uma, apparent photoelectric absorption cross section

New Features for PetroWorks

Landmark Graphics Corporation

Progressive Interpretive Applications

MultiMineral input curves and output curves along with alternative

Output Curves (aka)

Effective Porosity (PHIE, e)

Water Saturation (Sw)

Unlimited Water Saturation (Swu)

Photoelectric Absorption** (PEF)

Secondary Porosity (SPI)

Clay Volume (VSHMIN, Vsh min)

Unlimited Secondary Porosity (SPIU)

Clay Flag (CFL)

Flushed Zone Water Saturation (Sxo)

Formation Resistivity* (RT, Rt)

Unlimited Flushed Zone Water

Flushed Zone Resistivity (Rxo)

Porosity Flag (PHIFLAG)

Corrected Clay Volume (Vsh corr)

EPT Travel Time (TPL)

Clay Flag (CFL)

Bulk Volume Water (BVW)

Bulk Volume Flushed Zone Water

U Matrix Apparent Corrected (UMAC)

RHO Matrix Apparent Corrected

* Bolded curves are required.

Dt Matrix Apparent Corrected

***If the temperature curve is in degrees Celsius, it will

Bulk Volume Irreducible Water

****Note: You must enter a curve name in the

MultiMineral also creates mineral

Rmf Equivalent (RMFE)

For a list of all MultiMineral parameters, defaults, descriptions, and

New Features for PetroWorks

Use of Apparent and True Matrix Values

Landmark Graphics Corporation

Progressive Interpretive Applications

New Features for PetroWorks

Before You Start

Before You Start: MultiMineral

Landmark Graphics Corporation

Progressive Interpretive Applications

Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor

Setting Petrophysical Parameters

the mineral model you select

New Features for PetroWorks

This section provides tables of these different parameter groupings, as

2. Select Water Saturation Equation (for background information, see

3. Select Input Choice for Sxo Equation:

Rxo Input Curve curve is input from the MultiMineral

IFSwSxo Formula requires the input of the Rxo and Vsh

Interacting with Wellbore Parameter Editor: MultiMineral

Landmark Graphics Corporation

Progressive Interpretive Applications

Algorithm Group Parameters and Effects

You must set...

Sonic Equation Type

(g) Fluid Transit

For all selected

True Matrix Travel