Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Report Assignment I
GROUP 20
GROUP PERSONNEL :
Dita Amelia Putri
(1206201965)
Hari Purnama
(1206202015)
(1206202034)
(1206261200)
(1206202154)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
High humidity cause Indonesia to ideal habitat for bacteria, those are
pharmaceutical product to kill bacteria in market such as ointment, antibiotic and
lotion. But each product have disadvantages likely can be used to all layer of skin,
be antibiotic resistence and expensive price. Skin is the outer part of the body which
has function protect body form microbes, But skin is a rich environment for
bacteria. Two most common type of skin bacteria which infect skin, i.e.
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenesor.
Body lotion is one of the cosmetic products in the form of emulsion.
Emulsion most common type of delivery system used in body lotion. The usual
method for choosing an emulsifiers is known as the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
(HLB) system. Some physical quality parameter of body lotion are Organoleptis,
Viscosity, Density, pH, Dispersive Power, and Adhesive Power.
Two most common methods used for collecting data are interview and
questionnaire. Costumer need classified to product performance, Material
Properties, Product Perception, and Retailing. The puprose of specifying the
product is to quantify the needs referred from the survey and convert the needs into
units that can be measured. some steps to plan the product specifications, including:
list of metrics, benchmarking, and marginal and ideal value. As explained in
specification, there are some needs with the same metrics unit, needs that related
to other needs so that the units could represent both and There are not any
antibacterial hand and body lotion products that is made purely on herbal ingredient.
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LIST OF CONTENT
COVER ............................................................................................................ i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. ii
LIST OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1
1.1. Background .............................................................................................. 1
1.2. Product Formulation ................................................................................ 2
1.3. Problem Identification .............................................................................. 2
1.4. Problem Limitation .................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 3
2.1. Skin .......................................................................................................... 3
2.3.1. Skin Structure ............................................................................... 3
2.3.2. How Skin Maintain Moisture ....................................................... 3
2.3.3. Bacteria on Skin ........................................................................... 4
2.2. Emulsion .................................................................................................. 5
2.2.1. Definition and Basic Concept ...................................................... 5
2.2.2. Emulsifier ..................................................................................... 5
2.2.3. Type of Emulsion ......................................................................... 6
2.2.4. Destabilization of Emulsion ......................................................... 6
2.3. Body Lotion ............................................................................................. 7
2.3.1. Definition ..................................................................................... 7
2.3.2. How Body Lotion Works to Maintain Moisture .......................... 7
2.3.3. Body Lotion Parameter ................................................................ 8
2.3.4. Body Lotion Basic Process .......................................................... 9
2.3.5. Skin Lotion Active Ingredient ...................................................... 10
2.3.6. Herbal Remedy as Antiseptic for Skin ......................................... 10
CHAPTER 3. CUSTOMER NEEDS ............................................................. 12
3.1. Survey ...................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1. Survey Method ............................................................................. 12
3.1.2. Survey Method Result .................................................................. 12
3.2. Costumer Needs ....................................................................................... 19
3.2.1. Determining Method .................................................................... 19
3.2.2. Grouping and Ranking ................................................................. 19
CHAPTER 4. PRODUCT SPECIFICATION .............................................. 24
4.1. List of Metrics .......................................................................................... 24
4.2. Bencmarking ............................................................................................ 26
4.3. Marginal and Ideal Value ......................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 41
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 42
APPENDICE ................................................................................................... 45
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.3.
Figure 3.4.
Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.7.
Figure 3.8.
Figure 3.9.
Figure 3.10.
Figure 3.11.
Figure 3.12.
Figure 3.13.
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1.
Table 3.1.
Table 3.2.
Table 3.3.
Table 3.4.
Table 3.5.
Table 4.1.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Indonesia is one of the country with high rainfall level. The high rain level
cause Indonesia has high humidty. Based on BMKGs data, the relative humidity
in Indonesia reaches 60-90%. In the rainy season an average humidity of 80 % and
in the dry season is 70 %. A high relative humidity in the environment is caused by
an increase of moisture.
US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) states a relative humidity of 3050% is generally recommended for homes. It means that microbe growth quickly
when humidity can be reach over 50%. Some microbes particularly bacteria, live
in human body, exactly in body and hand skin. Bacteria has been calculated about
1012 bacteria on the skin.. Most of them living on the skin are harmless. Those are
two most common bacteria on skin such as Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenesor. Sometimes potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus
aureus is found on the hands in individuals who are nasal carriers.
Activity of bacteria give some effect to skin. Staphylococcus aures cause
Epidermal infections. This can be seen in roughness characterized by dryness and
itchiness. The effects disturb human activity even productivity. So, it is to be needed
treatment that can kill bacteria, which give negative effect to skin.
Nowdays, Some of product have performance that kill bacteria. Most of
product contain
different shape such as antibiotic pil, ointment. Those shape may have different
formula, but still the main use is the same. On other hands, there are some
disadvantage of each product. Ointment can be dangerous, if it to be used to all of
layer skin and has unpleasant smell. Antibiotic pil caused allergy reaction and
antibiotic resistance.
Anti Bacterial lotion is one of the cosmetic, which has performance to kill
bacteria . It can be used as a moisturizer skin . On other hand, Most of product
cointain chemical such as alcohol. The prices of product in the market are not
affordable by the most of people in ndonesia.
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Some of Existing product such as ointment has sticky and unpleasent smell;
Some of Existing product such as sticky can be use to all layer of body;
The herbal han and body antibacterial lotion has the safest and most effective
ingredients;
Target market are people who spent time in outdoor and people who pften suffer
from itchy; and
The herbal han and body antibacterial lotion contains herbal material as the
active ingredient.
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CHAPTER 2
BASIC THEORY
2.1. Skin
2.1.1. Skin Structure
Skin is the largest organ of the body, covering 1.6 m2 of surface area and
accounting for approximately 16% of an adults body weight. In direct contact with
the outside environment, the skin helps to maintain four essential body functions:
1. Retention of moisture and prevention of permeation or loss other molecules, 2.
Regulation of body temperature, 3. Protection of the body from micorbes and
harmful external influences, and 4. Sensation (Transdermal and Topical Drug
Delivery, 2003).
There are three layers of the skin: 1. Epidermis. The epidermis is the outer
layer of the skin. This layer contains no blood vessel and hence nutrients and waste
products must diffuse across the dermo-epidermal layer in order to maintain tissue
integrity. The outermost layer of epidermis called atratum corneum, the skin barrier
which acts as the first line of defense against the external environment; 2. Dermis.
The dermis is the layer below the epidermis. This layer contains nerve endings,
sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels. This layer is made mostly
collagen, elastin, and fibrilin which make the skin flexible and strong; 3. Fat Layer.
The fat layer is the layer below the dermis. This layer contains fat cells. This layer
helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provide protective padding, and servesas
an energy storage area (MacNeal, Robert J., 2014).
2.1.2. How Skin Maintain Moisture
It has been discusses previously that the upper layer of ther skin (epidermis)
is a protective layer which is designed to protect the delicate living cells of the
deeper layers of skin. Kertinocytes, the main type of cells in the epidermis, migrate
up from the dermis and undergo many changes to become a flat, keratin rich
corneocyte before being shed. During this progression through the layers of the
epidermis, lipids are released into the spaces between cells and the skins own
natural moisturizing factor (NMF) is generated.
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chicken pox or ulcer), burns and surgery are the common mechanisms of
compromising the skin barrier. These mechanisms permit the entry of normal skin
flora and indigenous flora from the instrument of penetration. Other routes of
penetration include contiguous spread from an adjacent infection (eg,
osteomyelitis), entry of water into skin pores (eg, hot-tub folliculitis) and, rarely,
hematogenous seeding (ie, emboli). (Vincent and Coleman, 2008).
2.2. Emulsion
2.2.1. Definition and Basic Concept
Emulsion is the most common type of delivery system used in cosmetics.
The best known cosmetic products based on emulsions are creams and lotions. If
two liquids such as water and alcohol are mixed together, a solution is formed. The
droplets of both liquids mix and mingle with each other so that there is no boundary
between one liquid and the other one. The two liquids are miscible. However, oil
and water do not mix. They stay as two separate layers with clear boundary between
them, because the attraction forces between the droplets are very different
preventing from mingling together. The forces between water particles are very
strong, whereas oil particles are only weakly held together. Thus, the oil particles
cannot stay between water particles.
An emulsion is a dispersion of one liquid in a second, immiscible oil. In an
emulsion, however, oil and water can be forced to mix. Instead of forming two
separate layers with a clear boundary between them, small droplets of one liquid
(dispersed phase) are spread throughout the other liquid (continuous phase). Hence,
an emulsion can be defined as a mixture consisting of an immiscible dispersed in
another liquid in the form of tiny droplets. Emulsions made by simply agitating
water and oil, however, will separate within a short time. Therefore, emulsifiers are
needed (MakingCosmetics Inc, 2014).
2.2.2. Emulsifier
Emulsifiers are compounds able to stabilize the dispersed droplets in the
continuous phase. Emulsifiers are molecules consisting of a water loving
(hydrophilic) part and water-hating but oil loving (lipophilic) part. With their
lipophilic part emulsifiers wrap around and incorporate oil drops thereby preventing
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them from reunite again to form a separate oily phase. In this way, the oil particles
are shielded from each other resulting in a stable emulsion.
The usual method for choosing an emulsifiers is known as the HydrophilicLipophilic Balance (HLB) system which uses a scale of 0 to 20 based on their
affinity for oil and water. Emulsifiers with low HLB-values are more lipophilic,
while higher HLB-values of 3-8 give w/o-emulsions, whereas those with values o
above 9 are more water-soluble and result in o/w emulsions (MakingCosmetics Inc,
2014).
Table 2.1. Emulsifiers Function and HLB-Values
HLB-Values
Emulsifiers Function
1-3
Antifoaming Properties
3-8
w/o-Emulsification
7-9
Wetting Properties
9-18
o/w-Emulsification
15-20
Solubilizing Properties
(Source : www.makingcosmetics.com)
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b. Humectant
Humectant is a substance that attract water when applied to the skin and
theoretically improve hydration of the stratum corneum. Example of humectant
includes glycerin, sortbitol, urea, alpha hydroxy acids (i.e., lactic acid) and other
sugars. Side effects of humectant indicated by irritation (urea, lactic acid) (Lynde,
C. W., 2014).
c. Emolient
Emollient is a substance that smooths skin by filling spaces between skin flakes
with droplets of oil and are not usually occlusive applied heavily. When combined
with an emulsifier, they may help hold oil and water in the stratum corneum.
Vitamin E is a common additive, which appears to have no effect, except as an
emollient. Examples of emollients include mineral oil, lanolin, fatty acids,
cholesterol, squalene, and structural lipids. The disadvantage of emolient is it is not
always effective to moisturize skin (Lynde, C. W., 2014).
2.3.3. Body Lotion Parameter
Body lotion is caracterized by easy to flow, speed to be absorped, and
stickiness when rub into skin.Here some physical quality parameter of body lotion:
a. Organoleptis
Organoleptic is an early recognition process using five senses such as color,
odor, taste, and form.
b. Viscosity
Viscosty is one of bulk properties, defined as a liquids resistance to flow. The
stronger intermolecular force of attraction within a liquid, the larger viscosity. Body
lotion viscosity is influenced by severalfactors such as emulsion size, concentration,
and temperature. A goodbody lotion has viscosity approximately 12 cP.
c. Density
Density is one of physcial property of matter, defined as how tightly matter is
crammed together. Denser object has less empty space in them, less holey. Usually,
body lotion has density approximately 0.9 to 1.0 kg/L.
d. pH
pH is a meassure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions
with a pH less than 7 are acidic solutions and solutioswith a pH more than 7 are
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CHAPTER 3
CUSTOMER NEEDS
3.1. Survey
3.1.1. Survey Method
The process of collecting data may vary. Two most common methods used
for collecting data are interview and questionnaire. Both methods have their own
advantages and disadvantages. Below is a table giving comparison between those
methods:
Table 3.1. Comparison Between Interview and Questionnaire
Interview
Deep and vary
Information
Questionnaire
As deep as questions
Method
7 minutes
No.
Category
Intervals
1.
Infancy
0 - 5 year
2.
Childhood
3.
4.
Late Adolescence
5 - 11 year
12
17 - 25 year
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No.
Category
Intervals
5.
Early adulthood
26- 35 year
6.
Late adulthood
36- 45 year
7.
46- 55 year
8.
56 - 65 year
9.
Future Elderly
65 - older
However, we only target people from late adolescence group until elderly period end
group as our interview and questionnaire respondents. The data on figure 3.3 is our
respondent based on age:
36- 45 year
2%
46- 55 year
4%
56 - 65 year
5%
26- 35 year
9%
17 - 25 year
26- 35 year
36- 45 year
17 - 25 year
80%
46- 55 year
56 - 65 year
From the data on figure 3.1, we can see that the highest number of our respondent is
from the 17 25 year group (80%), the second being from the 26 35 year group (9%),
the third being from the 56-65 year group (5%), the fourth being from the 46-55 year
group (4%), and the last being the 36-45 year group (2%). The reason why we only chose
those groups for our respondents target is because we think that our product is not
suitable for the age before 17 and after 65.
b. Based on Sex
Nowadays, hand and body lotion is not only consumed by female. Therefore, we also
search for males to become our respondent. The data on figure 3.2 is the distribution of
our respondent based on sex:
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Male
20%
Male
Female
Female
80%
From the data on figure 3.2, we can conclude that our respondents are mainly female
(80%) while the rest are male (20%). The reason why female dominates in our survey is
because female is more likely to buy hand and body lotion than male.
c. Based on Occupation
People who work on different environment will have different needs regarding their
skin. The data on table 3.5 is the respondents category based on occupation:
House Businessman Retired State Housewife
Assistant
1%
1% Employee
7%
1%
3%
Housewife
Employee
Employee
27%
Student
60%
Student
Businessman
Retired
State Employee
House Assistant
From the data on figure 3.3, we find that most of our respondents are student (60%),
followed by employee (27%), housewife (7%), state employee (3%), and finally a tie
between house assistant, businessman, and retiree (both at 1% each).
d. Based on Hobby
Hobby is the type of activity that people are looking to do on their spare time. We
asked our respondents about their hobby. Each respondent gives different amount of
hobby. The data on figure 3.4 is the bar chart of hobbies that our respondents like to do:
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15
Others
16
88
Playing Music
13
Dancing
12
Sports
30
17
Traveling
61
Swimming
32
Gardening
From the data on figure 3.4, we found that our respondents mostly love doing
nonphysical activities (88 answers), followed by traveling (61 answers), and swimming
(32 answers). We asked our respondents hobbies because we would like to know if there
is any correlation between their hobbies and their skin conditions or their needs of using
hand and body lotion.
e. Base on Skin Condition
This classification is based on our respondents skin condition. This classification
gives us idea on the type of skin that they have. The data on figure 3.5 is the data gathered
from our survey:
Oily
20%
Dry
33%
Dry
Normal
Sensitive
14%
Sensitive
Oily
Normal
33%
From the data on figure 3.5, it can be seen that our respondents skin condition is
distributed almost evenly, the highest being a tie between normal and dry (33%), followed
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by oily (20%), and finally sensitive (14%). From here, we can conclude that no matter
what their occupation or hobby is, they may have different skin type.
f. Based on Skin Problem
We ask our respondent if they have ever had itch problem. The result is represented
on figure 3.6 below:
No
7%
Yes
No
Yes
93%
We then ask further the cause of their itch problems. The data on figure 3.9 is the list
of the responds:
Bugs
14
17
Fungus
Virus
29
27
7
43
Dirty Environment
62
48
Cold Temperature
28
27
Allergy
53
We asked our respondents this question in order to know if they have ever had itch
problems caused by chemical products. But most of the respondents say that the cause of
their itch is dirty environment, allergy, and sweat.
3.1.2.2. Interview Result Analysis
a. Based on Hand and Body Lotion Usage Purpose
This classification is based on the purpose of using hand and body lotion. We would
like to know their basic purpose of using hand and body lotion. Respondents may state
more than one reason. The dataon figure 3.8 is their responds:
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UV Protection
Reduce Itch
9
14
Brighten
51
Moisturize
114
Figure 3.8. Bar Chart of Respondents Purpose of Using Hand and Body Lotion
(Source: Reproduced from questionares and interviews, 2015)
From the data on figure 3.8, we can see that people mostly buy hand and body lotion
to moisturize their skin, brighten skin, reduce itch, and UV protection respectively. This
data will be our consideration in making hand and body lotion.
b. Based on Hand and Body Lotion Price
This group categorizes peoples expenditure on hand and body lotion. We ask them
to say the price of their body lotion, equivalent to 100 ml. The data on figure 3.9 is the
table of the result:
> IDR 100.000
8%
Figure 3.9. Pie Diagram of Respondents Spending On A 100 Ml Hand And Body Lotion
(Source: Reproduced from questionares and interviews, 2015)
From the data on figure 3.9, people tend to choose the middle price of hand and body
lotion. That means that people are willing to spend more money on hand and body lotion
as long as it fulfills their needs.
c. Based on Expected Features
This group categorizes features that respondents expect to be in a hand and body
lotion products. The data on figure 3.10 shows the responds:
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126
103
79 72 83
88
44
52
116
95
66
78
60
70
39
1 1 2 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1
From the data on figure 3.10, their top five features on a hand and body lotion are
moisturizing, non-sticky, contains SPF, does not cause allergy, and easy to carry.
However, all of the features have relatively high demand, aside from anti-aging, nontoxic, non-paraben, does not stimulate hair growth, and cool sensation. All of those
features will be our consideration in making our product.
d. Based on Lotion Packaging
This group categorizes the type of packaging of hand and body lotion that our
respondents use. The data on figure 3.11 is the table representing their answers:
Cylinder Others
8%
5%
Sachet
1%
Sachet
Bottle without
Pump
Bottle
with Pump
32%
Bottle
without
Pump
54%
Figure 3.11. Packaging of Hand And Body Lotion That Our Respondents Us
(Source: Reproduced from questionares and interviews, 2015)
From the data on figure 3.11, we can see that people mostly use hand and body lotion
of which packaging is bottle without pump, followed by bottle with pump, cylinder,
others, and sachet. This will be our consideration in making hand and body lotions
packaging later.
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Gathering Data
Interpret Data
Needs
Give rank to
needs
Select priority
needs
Specifications
Need
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
Statement
Moisturize
Not Sticky
Contains SPF
Does not cause
allergy
Soothes itch
Easy to carry
Nice aroma
Need Description
Frequency
126
116
103
95
44
88
83
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Need
Number
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Statement
Whiten skin
Quickly absorbed
by skin
Longlasting
aroma
Good consistency
Non pungent
smell
Made from
organic materials
Interesting
packaging
Waterproof
Wide storage
temperature range
Cheap price
Non-paraben
Does not
stimulate hair
growth
Unisex scent
Beneficial to
health
Can be used for
sensitive skin
Can be reduce
hair growth
Useful
information on
packaging
Cool sensation
Does not burn the
skin
Need Description
Frequency
79
78
72
70
66
60
52
39
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
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spread them into groups in order to ease our data interpretation process. The groups to
which we divide the needs into are:
Table 3.4. Group of Needs
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Grouping
Product Performance
Material Properties
Product Perception
Retailing
Regulation
We took a look at the needs that weve gathered, and we see their similarities. After
that, we see if they have something in common and group them. The next step is giving
ranks in every needs. We rank based on the needs and our own judgment. The data on
table 3.5 is the groups ranking with reasons of each ranking:
Table 3.5. Rank of Needs and Their Reasons
Need
Number
1
2
6, 18
11
12
15
16
20
24
5
Grouping
Ranking
Product Performance
Hand and body lotion can
5
moisturize the skin
Hand and body lotion can reduce
3
pruritus (itching)
Hand and body lotion protects the
4
skin against UV light
Hand and body lotion can be
5
easily absorbed by skin
Hand and body lotion is made
2
from organic materials
Hand and body lotion is
3
waterproof
Hand and body lotion is non2
stimulant to hair growth
Hand and body lotion can reduce
1
hair growth
Hand and body has cooling
3
sensation
Hand and body lotion has
4
whitening agents
10,19,25
22
Reason
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Need
Number
13
14
7
8
9
17
3
4
21
23
Grouping
Ranking
Material Properties
Hand and body lotion is non4
sticky
Hand and body lotion has great
4
consistency
Product Perception
Hand and body lotion has long
4
lasting perfume
Hand and body lotion has great
3
scent options
Hand and body lotion has mild
3
scent
Hand and body lotion has
2
unisex scent
Retailing
Hand and body lotion has
5
compact packaging
Hand and body lotion has an
3
attractive packaging
Hand and body lotion has
4
cheaper price
Hand and body lotion's
packaging provide useful
4
information
Regulation
Hand and body lotion has
4
whitening agents
10,19,25
22
Reason
The customers needs above also can be arranged into a mind map diagram to ease
us what needs that should be kept in our mind. The figure 3.13 below represents the needs
which has been arranged by its priority.
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Stickiness
Viscosity
Specific gravity
Product
Material
Product
Retailing
Properties
Perception
Packaging type
Price
Packaging content
Attractive packaging
Aroma duration
Scent option
Mild scent
Unisex scent
Product
Performance
5
Moisturizing agent
Cooling agent
Non irritant
Antimicrobial agent
Preservative
pH range
Water solubility
Absorbency time
Chemical content
Whitening agent
Figure 3.13. Mind Map Diagram for Customers Needs with Ranks
(Source: Reproduced from questionares and interviews, 2015)
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CHAPTER 4
PRODUCT SPESIFICATION
After we conduct the survey, recapitulate and group the results, we finally form
a list of consumers needs based on their responses. The next thing we do is that we
specify the product. The puprose of specifying the product is to quantify the needs
referred from the survey and convert the needs into units that can be measured, so
that we could assign some quality control over our finished product later on. Below
are some steps to plan the product specifications, including: list of metrics,
benchmarking, and marginal and ideal value.
4.1. List of Metrics
The needs that have been graded are now specified by scientific quantities that
can represent the quality of the needs. The metric units on each needs might be
different. The list of metrics for herbal anti-bacterial hand and body lotion product
is provided in table 4.1.
From the table 4.1, we could see that some of the needs cannot be measured in
exact number. In order to form the right unit for those kinds of needs, we define the
metrics based on subjectivity, represented by the star symbol (*) with more star
means the more it aims to the specification. In the case of needs that requires
confirmation to assess the metrics, we happened to define the needs by y/n unit.
From table above we can also see that there are some needs with the same metrics
unit. It happened because there are needs that related to other needs so that the units
could represent both.
Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product
Need
Number
1
2
6, 18
Costumer Needs
Rank
Specification
Product Performance
Hand and body lotion can
Concentration of
5
moisturize the skin
moisturizing agent
Hand and body lotion can
Concentration of
3
reduce pruritus (itching)
antimicrobial agent
Hand and body lotion
Concentration of
protects the skin against UV
4
sunscreen agent
light
Metric
Unit
w/w
w/w
w/w
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Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product (Contd)
Need
Number
11
12
15
16
20
24
5
10,19,25
10,19,25
22
14
14
7
8
9
17
Costumer Needs
Rank
Specification
Product Performance
Hand and body lotion
can be easily absorbed
5
Absorbency time
by skin
Hand and body lotion is
Concentration of organic
made from organic
2
contents
materials
HLB (Hydrophile
Hand and body lotion is
3
Lipophile Balance )
waterproof
Value
Hand and body lotion is
Concentration of hair
non-stimulant to hair
2
growth stimulant
growth
Hand and body lotion
Concentration of hair
1
can reduce hair growth
growth depressant
Hand and body has
Concentration of cooling
3
cooling sensation
agent
Hand and body lotion
Concentration of
4
has whitening agents
whitening agent
Hand and body lotion is
Concentration of irritant
5
non-irritant
and allergent substances
Hand and body lotion is
5
pH range
non-irritant
Hand and body lotion is
Concentration of
3
non-paraben
preservatives
Material Properties
Hand and body lotion
4
Viscosity
has great consistency
Hand and body lotion
4
Specific gravity
has great consistency
Product Perception
Hand and body lotion
4
Aroma duration
has long lasting perfume
Hand and body lotion
3
Scent
has great scent options
Hand and body lotion
3
Scent
has mild scent
Hand and body lotion
2
Scent
has unisex scent
Metric
Unit
Seconds
w/w
Unitless
w/w
w/w
w/w
w/w
w/w
Unitless
w/w
Subjective
Unitless
Subjective
Subjective
Subjective
Subjective
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Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product (Contd)
Need
Number
Costumer Needs
Rank
Specification
Metric
Unit
Retailing
3
4
21
23
5
10,19,25
10,19,25
22
Packaging type
Subjective
Packaging type
Subjective
Price
Packaging content
IDR/100
mL
Regulation
Type of harmful
4
whitening agents
Allowed limit of irritant
Hand and body lotion is
5
and allergent substances
non-irritant
concentration
Hand and body lotion is
5
Allowed pH range
non-irritant
Allowed limit of
Hand and body lotion is
3
preservatives
non-paraben
concentration
Hand and body lotion
has whitening agents
Subjective
Regulation
Regulation
Regulation
Regulation
From table 4.1, we could see that some of the needs cannot be measured in
exact number. In order to form the right unit for those kinds of needs, we define the
metrics based on subjectivity, represented by the star symbol (*) with more star
means the more it aims to the specification. In the case of needs that requires
confirmation to assess the metrics, we happened to define the needs by y/n unit.
From table above we can also see that there are some needs with the same metrics
unit. It happened because there are needs that related to other needs so that the units
could represent both.
4.2. Benchmarking
After we specify the metric units of each needs, the next step is to do
benchmarking. Benchmarking is done by comparing the quality of other competing
products based on our list of needs and metrics. The necessity to conduct
benchmarking is vital, it is useful to do so because we can establish a quality basis
to later determine the superiority of our product than any other existing products
that are similar in the market.
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28
Competitor
Need
Number
Grouping
Hand and
body lotion
can
moisturize
the skin
Hand and
body lotion
can reduce
pruritus
(itching)
6, 18
Hand and
body lotion
protects the
skin against
UV light
Concentration
of sunscreen
agent
11
Hand and
body lotion
can be
easily
absorbed by
skin
Absorbency
time
Rank
Specification
Concentration
of moisturizing
agent
Concentration
of
antimicrobial
agent
Metric
Unit
w/w
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
5 Humectant (5
Glycerin)
2,5 Emollient
(0,5
Dimethicone, 2
Petrolatum)
15 Antimicrobial
agent (5 Calamine,
10 Zinc Oxide), 2
Antihistamine (2
Dipenhydramine
HCl)
0,1
Antimicrobial
agent (0,1
Benzethonium
chloride)
200 seconds
w/w
0,6 Antimicrobial
agent (0,3
Phenoxyethanol,
0,3 Triclosan)
w/w
0,5 Antioxidant
(Tocopheryl
acetate,
Hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose)
10 UV Absorber (10
Zinc oxide)
Seconds
192 seconds
105 seconds
320 seconds
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Competitor
Need
Number
Grouping
Rank
Specification
Metric
Unit
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
Milk Extract,
Pachyrrhizus
Erosus Root
Extract
Product Performance
12
Hand and
body lotion
is made
from
organic
materials
15
Hand and
body lotion
is
waterproof
16
20
Hand and
body lotion
is nonstimulant to
hair growth
Hand and
body lotion
can reduce
hair growth
Concentration
of organic
materials
w/w
2 Jojoba oil
5 Calamine,
Camphor qs.
HLB
(Hydrophile
Lipophile
Balance )
Value*
Unitless
5,26
(Emulsifier not
listed in ingridients)
7,77
5,01
Concentration
of hair growth
stimulant
w/w
2 Jojoba oil
Concentration
of hair growth
depressant
w/w
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Competitor
Need
Number
24
Grouping
Hand and
body has
cooling
sensation
Rank
Specification
Concentration
of cooling
agent
Metric
Unit
w/w
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
5 Calamine,
Camphor qs.
Material Properties
13
14
14
Hand and
body lotion
is non-sticky
Hand and
body lotion
has great
consistency
Hand and
body lotion
has great
consistency
Concentration
of chelating
agents
Concentration
of thickener
(rheology
modifier)
Specific gravity
w/w
w/w
0,2 Thickener
(Acrylates/ C10C30 Alkyl Acrylate
Crosspolymer)
Unitless
1,06
1,01
0,97
1,01
360
480
400
0,9 Thickener
(0,9 Cetearyl
alcohol)
Product Perception
Hand and
body lotion
has long
lasting
perfume
Aroma
duration
Seconds
600
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Competitor
Need
Number
17
Grouping
Hand and
body lotion
has great
scent options
Hand and
body lotion
has mild
scent
Hand and
body lotion
has unisex
scent
Rank
Specification
Scent
options
Metric
Unit
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
Product
variety
Mild scent
Subjective
*****
***
**
****
Unisex scent
Subjective
***
***
**
***
Retailing
3
Hand and
body lotion
has compact
packaging
Hand and
body lotion
has an
attractive
packaging
Product
Dimesion
/100 ml
LxWxH
in cm
3,5x2x12,5
5x2x14,5
7x4x14
3,5x11x4,5
Attractive
packaging
Subjective
***
***
****
**
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Competitor
Need
Number
Grouping
21
Hand and
body lotion
has cheaper
price
23
Hand and
body lotion's
packaging
provide
useful
information
Hand and
body lotion
has
whitening
agents
Rank
Specification
Price
Informative
content on
packaging
Metric
Unit
IDR/100
ml
Content
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
24500
18000
7000
76000
Functions,
Ingridients, Nettom
Producer
Functions,
Ingridients,
Composition,
Contraindication,
How to use,
Warnings, Storage
methode, Producer
Function, How to
use, Warnings,
Ingridients,
Producer
Function, How
to use,
Warnings,
Ingridients,
Producer
1 Whitening agent
(1 Niacinamide)
Regulation
Concentration
of whitening
agent
w/w
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Competitor
Need
Number
10,19,25
10,19,25
22
Grouping
Hand and
body lotion
is nonirritant
Hand and
body lotion
is nonirritant
Hand and
body lotion
is nonparaben
Rank
Specification
Concentration
of irritant and
allergent
substances
pH range
Concentration
of preservatives
Metric Unit
Caladine Lotion
Pure Works
Antibacterial
Lotion
w/w
0,3
Phenoxyethanol
2 Diphenhydramine
HCl
0,4
Phenoxyethanol
Benzethonium
chloride,
Phenoxyethanol
Unitless
5-7
9-10
4,1-6,5
5-7
w/w
0,5 Preservatives
(Methylparaben,
propylparaben,
ethylparaben,
butylparaben)
0,3 Preservatives
(0,2
Methylparaben, 0,1
propylparaben)
2,3
Preservatives (2
Diazolidinyl
urea, 0,2
Methylparaben,
0,1
Propylparaben)
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Based on the benchmarking activity that we have done with results represented
in table above, we could see that the only lotion that has no antimicrobial function
is the Citra Body Lotion. We benchmark this product as a basis to know what is
the ordinary ingridients and compositions that the usual product of hand and body
lotion consists of. Apparently, there are slight differences if we compare the
ordinary hand and body lotion with the antibacterial one.
The difference is that, first, ordinary body lotion usually contain whitening
agents such as niacinamide. Second, ordinary body lotion also contain chelating
agents that used to make the product less adhere to other materials, it made Citra
Body Lotion has a less sticky after-use feel than any other products. Third, ordinary
body lotion also has less HLB value than antibacterial lotion, it means that it is more
soluble to water that any other product that we benchmark. Fourth, it has contains
more thickeners than any other products. Thickener made Citra Body Lotion
emulsion much more consistent than others. Last, ordinary body lotion has more
attractive packaging, more variant of scent, and a significantly cheaper price. The
last difference may be done in order to increase their selling rate by providing the
consumer with higher level of product perception.
Three other products, excluding Citra Body Lotion, are of the same kind of
product. However, all of them still has more benefits than other in some
specifications.Caladine Lotion is a well-renowned product of antibacterial lotion in
Indonesia. It can easily be distinguished by the pink-colored substance, the distinct
smell, and the after-use cooling sensation. Based on the table above, we see that
Caladine Lotion consists of some relatively unfamiliar compound in body lotion
formulation, such as calamine, and dipenhydramine HCl. We could note that
Caladine Lotion has no chelating agents, preservatives, and thickener that is listed
in their ingridients list. The deficiency of such substances make Caladine Lotion
the most inconsistent product substances. The deficiency can also make Caladine
Lotion more susceptible to product contamination, since it contains no preservatives
at all. Gwendolyn Anti-Bacterial Hand Lotion is a new brand of hand lotion. This
antibacterial hand lotion is the most similar kind of product to our antibacterial hand
and body lotion product. This lotion has the disadvantages of high level of
stickiness, longer aroma duration, and more specific gravity than any other
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35
products. The last product is the Pure Works Anti-bacterial Lotion. In reality,
because of the time limit, we cannot really benchmark this product since it has to
be imported from America, but, we can obtain the data from the Pure Works
website. This product has the disadvantages of having no organic substances added
in the ingridients. no sunscreen agents. The advantage of this product is that it has
less HLB values. The less HLB value means that this product is less soluble in
water, thus it is more water-resistant than any other product that we benchmark.
4.3. Marginal and Ideal Value
After we do benchmark, we can set the marginal and ideal value. By comparing
it to the grouping and ranking table of needs that we have obtain before, we can
specify how much each needs have to be quantified in order to maximize the
costumers satisfaction. Marginal value is the limit how the product can be accepted
by the consumer. Ideal value is the best value for the needs from the range of
marginal value that is expected to be provided in our product. The table of marginal
and ideal value is provided in table 4.3 below:
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Need
Number
Grouping
Rank
Specification
Metric
Unit
Ideal Value
Marginal Value
Product Performance
Hand and body
lotion can
moisturize the
skin
Hand and body
lotion can reduce
pruritus (itching)
Hand and body
lotion has
whitening agents
Hand and body
lotion protects
the skin against
UV light
Concentration of
moisturizing
agent
w/w
2 10 Humectant, 0.02-5
Emollient
5 Humectant, 4.5
Emollient
Concentration of
antimicrobial
agent
w/w
5 Antimicrobial Agent
Concentration of
whitening agent
w/w
1 Whitening agent
(1 Niacinamide)
Concentration of
sunscreen agent
w/w
10 UV Absorber, 0.5
Antioxidant, 6.5
Reflector
10,19,25
Concentration of
irritant and
allergent
substances
w/w
11
Absorbency time
Seconds
105
6, 18
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Need
Number
Grouping
Rank
Specification
Metric
Unit
Ideal
Value
Marginal Value
w/w
Unitless
10 20
5.36
w/w
w/w
1 20
0.3
w/w
5 Calamine
w/w
4.1 10
57
w/w
0.1
w/w
0.5-10
2.4
Unitless
0.97
1.06
0.97
Product Performance
12
15
16
20
22
24
13
14
14
Concentration of organic
content
HLB (Hydrophile
Lipophile Balance ) Value*
Concentration of hair
growth stimulant
1
3
3
4
4
4
Concentration of hair
growth depressant
Concentration of
preservatives
Concentration of cooling
agent
Material Properties
Concentration of chelating
agents
Concentration of Thickener
(Rheology Modifier)
Specific gravity
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Need
Number
Grouping
Rank
Specification
Metric Unit
Ideal Value
Marginal Value
Product Perception
7
8
9
17
Aroma duration
Subjective
600
Scent option
Subjective
Mild scent
Subjective
*****
Unisex scent
Subjective
***
Retailing
3
4
21
23
Packaging type
Subjective
3.5 x 2 x 12.5
Attractive
packaging
Subjective
****
Price
IDR/100 mL
7000
Functions, Ingridients,
Composition, Contraindication,
How to use, Warnings, Storage
methode, Producer
Packaging
content
Subjective
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Need
Number
Grouping
Rank
Specification
Metric Unit
Ideal Value
Marginal
Value
Regulation
No FDA
regulation for
niacinamide
because it is
only vitamin
B3
1 Whitening
agent (1
Niacinamide)
Unitless
4.1 10
57
Regulation
<0.08%
<0.08%
Regulation
Type of harmful
whitening agents
10,19,25
pH range
22
Allowed limit of
preservatives
concentration
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Based on the literary reserach that we have done, up until now we have not
found a product that have the exact same concept of herbal antibacterial lotion with
our product. Thus, we chose patent number US 6383505 B1 titled Fast-acting
antimicrobial lotion with enhanced efficacyas a basis to determine the marginal
value in this benchmarking activity. Consideration regarding the patent we chose is
because the patent has the most resemblance in regards of product ingridients and
composition to our product. It composed of moisturizing agent , antibacterial agent,
and it has the similar range of pH value with our product.
In the regulation parts of the benchmarking table, we merge the needs of irritant
and allergent substances allowed limit and the paraben concetration limit because
based on the regulations for all the ingridients we benchmark, the most dangerous
and commercial substances is paraben. The regulations for allowed limit of paraben
is based on Commission Regulation (EU) number 358/2014 of April 9th 2014. Also,
we have not found the regulation for Niacinamide as whitening agents. The reason
may be because that Niacinamide is just B3 vitamin that is not harmful if used
excessively, unlike other whitening agents, such as mercury or hydroquinone.
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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous chapter that has been discussed before, it can be
concluded that:
1. Skin is the outer part of the body as the protecion from mocrobes and harmful
external influences;
2. Epidermis needs to stay moisturized to protect the deepper layers;
3. To keep moisture of epidermis, the skin produces Natural Moisturizing Factor
(NMF);
4. If NMF has disruption, it can lead to dry skin which has high potential for
bacterial developing;
5. Nowadays, most people use body lotion to moisturize the skin and no one use
body lotion to reduce bacteria on the skin;
6. Based on responses of the costumers, there are certain features that are highly
desirable to be featured in body lotion, including: sun protection, stickiness
level, allergen content, and compact packaging; and
7. There isnt any antibacterial hand and body lotion products which is made from
herbal ingredients.
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REFERENCE
2014.
Making
Emulsions
For
Cosmetics.
Online:
42
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43
Dersonolo, Nova Gupita. 2012. Skripsi : Formulasi Sediaan Hand Body Lotion.
Online : ui.ac.id, Monday 16th February 2015, 08.00 WIBDobos, Kelly. 2014.
How do Skin Moisturizers Work ? Online : chemistscorner.com, Monday 16th
February 2015, 08.10 WIB;
Keithler, W. M. R. 1956. The Formulation of Cosmetics and Cosmetics Specialtics.
Drug and Cosmetic Industry: New York;
Latifah, Fatma and Tranggono, Retno I.S. 2007. Buku Pegangan Ilmu Pengetahuan
Kosmetik. Gramedia: Jakarta;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. September 14, 2010. Antibacterial Hand Cream
with Beads. Patent : CL-H0019(LA);
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. March 9, 2011. Asian Beaty Skin Brightening
Cream. Patent : O-0020(AP);
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 15, 2012.Fresh and Silky Body
Moisturizer.Patent : B-0076(AP);
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 15, 2012. Luxurious Moisturizing
Body Cream. Patent : B-0077(AP);
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. May 21, 2013. Nourishing Body Lotion with
Shea Butter. Patent : B-0079;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. February 26, 2009. In-Shower Body Lotion.
Patent : B- 0058;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. May 31, 2012. Moisture Drench Body Lotion.
Patent : B- 0040;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 20, 2007. SPF 30+ Sunscreen Lotion
Very Water Resistant. Patent : SU-0016;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. December 5, 2007. Skin Moisturizing Lotion.
Patent : B- 0030;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 5, 2007. Hand and Body Lotion.
Patent : B- 0021;
Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 14, 2012. Mild Facial Cleanser with
Jojoba Beads. Patent : CL-F0031(AP);
Lynde, C. W. 2014. University of Toronto : Moisturizers, What They Are and How
They Work. Online : skintherapyletter, Monday 16th February 2015, 08.20 WIB;
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44
2013.
Kandungan
dan
Manfaat
Daun
Sirih
Hijau.Online
Universitas Indonesia
APPENDICE
APPENDICE A
List of Question for Questioner and Interview
Here are some questions which our group uses for interview:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
..
Apakah Anda memiliki riwayat penyakit kulit ?
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, apa jenis penyakit kulit yang pernah Anda alami ?
..
Apakah Anda memiliki alergi yang berhubungan dengan kulit ?
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, apa penyebab alergi tersbut ?
(Dapat dipilih lebih dari 1)
o Makanan
o Suhu lingkungan
o Lingkungan kotor
o Bahan pakaian
o Lainnya :
.
.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Apa bentuk obat yang biasa Anda beli untuk menghilangkan gatal
tersebut ?
(Dapat dipilih lebih dari 1)
o Obat minum antibiotik
o Salep
o Body Lotion
o Suntikan
o Lainnya :
.
....
Apa yang Anda tidak sukai dari porduk pengurang rasa gatal di
kulit yang sudah ada di pasaran ?
o Mahal
o Lengket
o Berbekas putih setelah pemakaian
o Baunya menyengat
o Terhapus jika terkena air/keringat
o Kemasannya sulit dibawa
o Lainnya :
..
..
Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan bahan herbal atau tradisional
untuk menghilangkan gatal pada kulit ?
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, jelaskan bahan herbal atau metode tradisional seperti
apa ?
..
Apakah hobi Anda ?
(Dapat dipilih lebih dari 1)
o Berkebun
o Berenang
o Traveling
o Menjelajahi alam (hutan, naik gunung, dsb)
Olahraga
Menari
Marching band
Bermain alat musik
Melakukan aktivitas non fisik (membaca, menulis, main game,
tidur, makan)
o Lainnya :
.
.
Apakah Anda sering berkeringat ?
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, apa penyebab Anda sering berkeringat ?
.
Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan tempat Anda tinggal ?
o Cenderung kering
(Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
o Cenderung lembab
(Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
o Biasa saja
(Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan tempat Anda bekerja ?
o Cenderung kering
o (Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
o Cenderung lembab
o (Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
o Biasa saja
o (Spesifikasi
tempat : ....................................................................................)
Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan hand body lotion ?
o
o
o
o
o
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
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20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, seberapa sering Anda menggunakannya ?
o Setiap hari
o Seminggu satu kali
o Lainnya :
..
..
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
26. Bagaimana bentuk produk body lotion yang biasanya Anda beli?
o Sachet
o Botol tanpa penekan
o Botol dengan penelan
o Wadah silinder
Lainnya
..
..
27. Bagaimana kemasan body lotion yang Anda inginkan ?
..
..
28. Menurut Anda, apa kekurangan dari hand body lotion yang sudah
ada ?
..
..
29. Hand body lotion seperti apa yang Anda inginkan ?
o
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30.
31.
32.
33.
..
..
Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan hand body lotion anti
bakteri ?
o Ya
o Tidak
Jika ya, apa merek hand body lotion tersebut ?
..
..
Jika ada hand body lotion anti bakteri yang terbuat dari bahan
herbal, apakah Anda berminat untuk membelinya ?
o Ya
o Tidak
o Sebutkan alasannya :
..
..
Berapa harga yang pantas untuk hand body lotion herbal anti
bakteri tersebut ?
o < 5000
5000 10.000
10.000 20.000
20.000 50.000
50.000 100.000
>100.000
Lainya :
..
..
34. Apa yang Anda tidak sukai dari porduk pengurang rasa gatal di
kulit yang sudah ada di pasaran ?
o Mahal
o Lengket
o Berbekas putih setelah pemakaian
o Baunya menyengat
o Terhapus jika terkena air/keringat
o Kemasannya sulit dibawa
o Lainnya :
..
..
o
o
o
o
o
o
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