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---

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] dw dHh dwl ai%J h' debj uJ dHh h' Vhk lwsj m df,DA[ fjnw
uV fC% yp,Dw[ hV dw WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug sg
idhSg~WdhSg WCg blyiuaj rjvg lg m lisg eiqg a'G
dViv[f ba[ hi q"lq dry iujHg RpKa[ i,tSg lisg s[ lq[G f,tj
wirjRpSj@ b,u rg dHw blyiu w"aw ridabj byjVw hg
hpwq wi w[ qjHg sjaji w"i@ qjHg t[q w"i u.cJ rjv[ rjvg@
qjHg u{ w"i ci'vg rjvg da>VJ } hpwq wgaj@ ##aplk da>DV[ ljcg
qp,ng yjfg wi' m$$ hpwq bVplji l[rj LpiP h' eHg m wpA lq[G Rpfi.a
11

dHw l.a q>cvg l[rjsji ijhk bjdebj v{ w[ siLV wiV rjla[

b>si bjHg ba[ b>si bj w[ Vqlwji wi w[ W{n eHg m Rpfi.a
WjWj ug V[ lpt bV.s fp,Ag ba[ bjRpS sj wjiV fp,DdAbj m fi
RphVJ V[ wpA y.eg ai%J dwl[ e,v sj urjW Vj ds,aj h;Pi V[
WyV wgaj@ ##lqN eH[ aplk W+hqyjig h' a[ ljc[ r,v r[t w[
devjVg wgag ] m dxi l.a Vi{S dl>z ug } WpvjdHbj@ #Wjdvbj@
dHhVJ l.aJ s[ qp,tg l.a sg Lij wijRp m$$ hpwq bVplji dul
lq[G r,Dc[ l.a sg Lij wij w[ WjWj ug sg h;Pig dry v{ w[ bjH[ m
Rpfi.a Rpl V[ WjWj ug } blyiu iPf a[ i.e dry a,w w[
l.ld*a s[ wHg lv'w fC[% WjWj ug lpS w[ h,ls[ ih[ b?gi RpKa[
bjf hg fp,A dvbj@ ##dwM hpS Wl wi a{G wg r[dtbj m$$ Rpl
V[ Vqlwji wgag dli` dHaVj hg wpA dwhj ug q[ig al,vg h'
eHg q[ig Fp,v W?L dsRp fi.aP WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##l.a
ug@ lF wpN s,l dsRp wHgbJ sj Fvj h'H[ej m$$ hpwq bVplji
Rpl qhjaqj V[ dHM s,Ddlbj qhjiju blk Wsig Vjo a'G y,Dv[
aphjcg dl`a WCg lpSg fi.aP dHo[ bj w[ r[dtbj dw V"urjV
qjHgbJ aphjcg l[rj wi ihgbJ hV r[t w[ qV dry wHg ai%J
s[ d?bjv bjH[ dwMdw blk W+hqyjig lg@ uag lg ba[ dHlaig
a'G blk dziSj wis[ lg m fi.aP bjf ug V[ d*fj wi w[ lj}
Viw dry dc,eS a'G Wyj dvbj ] m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##u' h'i r[dtbj ] Rph rg s,Dl' m$$ dxi Rpl qhjaqj V[ dHl ai%J
s,Ddlbj@ qhjiju ) ug q{G bjf ug sj ligi aJ wi'CJ lPiuJ sg
ai%J f+wjL s[ dihj r[dtbj ]@ W[b>a s[rg s[ra[ h,o W.V% w[ tC'a[
h'H[ hV m bjf ug tgi lqp>si dry dWiju ih[ h'@ L[L Vje sg
l[u ]@ qjaj v,Aqg bjf ug sg l[rj wi ihg ] m$$ w'dB s[rg
ujwRp l[rdh vdtqg bdVw Fja Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##Lp,Z ] m$$ aphjcg Ijaij lxv ] m b,De[ rjla[ w'Hg L.wj Vhk
12

wiVg m blk dwl[ i.e dry ihgH[ Rpfi.a dHhVJ qhjaqj sg

uv fjSg sg l[rj wiV Wjbs ujS sg bjdebj s[ ds,ag Rpfi.a
da>VJ qjHgbJ qjHg sjaji w"i@ qjHg t[q w"i@ WgWg u{ w"i ci'vg
rjvgbJ } qp?jaW wi w[ WyV wgaj dw@ ##s[rg aplk da>DDV[
wHg dsVJ a'G l[rj wiVg yjhp.sgbJ lg fi l.esgbJ s,l sgbJ
Vhk lg@ ujY b,u aphjcg rg dH,Aj fPig h' eHg m
qV wg dHA fpujrS hjij mm
lsj lsj ujHg Wdvhjij mm
dHAj fPiwp liW lpt sjaj
hdi uj w{ rdl ] wjqZ[Vj mm
\ZVjlig qhvj @ b>e |

\dHh f+l.e v[tw } qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

sphj dldibj wj bjdf lpbjqg mm

t[v{ dWel{ b>aiujqg mm
duaVj lqJ Fp,Dy' rjv[ ligi wiw[ l.lji dry ih[@ WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug V[ dwl[ l[rw sg l.ljiw v'C bjf fPig Vhk
wgag m dul V[ rg w'Hg W[Vag wgag@ Rpl } hpwq wi w[ Fp,Dy'
F[dubj m w'Hg h;Pig l[rw i,tSj lg aJ Rpl } rg hpwq wi
w[ F,pDy' F[dubj m dHl qdibjsj } fPi[ a"i a[ dVFjdHbj m dHl[
ai%J dHw V.Wisji wiaji dl>z b"vt f,ag wv[iJ Vei dry'G
lg m dHl } rg bjfSg qdibjsj bVplji hpwq wgaj@ ##ujh@
Fp,Dy' uj w[ hj;ig vpbj w[ bj m$$ WyV wgaj@ ##a[i[ $a[ d*fj
wi w[ a{} yiV rg xCj s[Se[ m$$ hpwq bVplji wiaji dl.z
13

Fp,Dy' fhp.dybj@ Rpl[ lq[G hg h;Pi WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[

hpwq wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ dHl } ljc[ yiV xCj s[ m$$ l.a Vi{S
dl>z ug V[ hpwq bVplji yiVJ a'G iujHg yp,w w[ V.Wisji }
yiV fwCj ds,Da[ m wiaji dl>z V[ yiVJ $a[ Vqlwji wgag m
Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##a{} yiV dwl V[ xCjH[ m$$
wiaji dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju ug@ q{} aphjc[ yiV
Vi{S dl>z Wjv[ V[ xCjH[ hV m$$ aJ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##Vhk@ Vi{S dl>z w"S hp.sj ] yiV xCjRpS rjvj m a{} yiV
qhJfpit wv[iJ rjdvbJ s[ hpwq bVplji blk xCjH[ hV m
Rpfi.a wiaji dl>z b"vt V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ lda WyV@ ngw
] m$$ Rpl lq[G bu[ lPiu dAdfbj Vhk lg m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@
##ihijlgH[ } l,Ds'@ ihijdl sj fjn lpSgH[ m$$ aJ wiaji dl>z
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##eigW dVrju@ bu[ aJ dsV tCj ]@ fjn sj
lqJ Vhk ] m$$ aJ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##duo[ blk hpS W{n[
hJ@ Rpo[ hpS hg lqJ ] m Rpfi.a ihijdl sj fjn h'dHbj@ lPiu
dAfS s[ lq[G ujVri Whpa W'v ih[ lV m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj
dw dHh w"S W'v dihj ] aJ V.Wisji wiaji dl>z b"vt V[
W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ ujVri W'v ih[ hV m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##lF bjf'~bjfSg hj;ig siejh dry vpbj ih[ hV m
Vjq ufs[ hV m$$
u' W'va ] dq+e qgV f>Dt[iP
lp dWVp hdi ujfa ] Vhg h'i mmmmmm
\qvji qhvj @ b>e |

dxi hpwq wgaj@ ##dHl } dy>a ijq sj siLV wijRp m$$

hpwq bVplji FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ dy.a ijq s[ w'v
dvuj w[ dWnj ds,aj m Vjv hg dwhj@ ##dy>a ijq ug@ wiaji
14

dl>z V.Wisji siLV wiV bjdHbj ] m$$ dy>a ijq V[ h,l w[

dwhj@ ##hJ@ wv[iJ rjv[ ditgbJ sj l[rw ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj ug
V[ sPi'G bjrj; s[ w[ WyV wgaj@ ##W,l Lp,Z ] m$$ dHl ai%J
V.Wisji Fp,Dy' dH,wg dsV dihj m dHw dsV V.Wisji wiaji dl>z
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ vpdZbjS[ dHw rjS r,BSj l.a a[
dH,w qjHg y.s' idh>sg ] m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##f+qjio
s[ f>uJ t>cJ dry'G fdhv[ t>c sj qjvw ] rjS r,BSj spdVbjrg
V"G t>cJ dry'G rg fdhv[ t>c sj qjdvw ] m$$ a[ b?gi RpKa[ WyV
wgaj@ ##b,Zg ija s[ lq[G i';jVj rjS r,BSj a[ qjHg y.s'
vpdZbjS[ w'v xv"i s[ fpv RpKa[ lj} dqvs[ hV m Rpo[ dHhVJ
V[ wg wiVj wg Vhk wiVj@ hpwq v{ w[ bjf' bjfS[ fjl[ yv[
uJs[ hV m$$ Rpfi.a wiaji dl>z b"vt } bjdebj W?L w[ a'i
ds,aj@ hpwq wgaj@ ##ujY@ qhJfpitJ sg l[rj wi' m$$ V.Wisji
V[ apiV lq[G W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ aphjc[ w'v W{n[@ u' dy,a
wi[ fp,A vHgH[@ w'Hg ci Vhk v,esj ba[ ditgbJ w'v aJ W'dvbj
hg Vhk uJsj ba[ ci rg WCj v,esj ] m ljh hg lp,Dw[ idh>Ds[
hV m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHo[ dHr[G hg ngw ]@ Rpo[ Rpl
ai%J hg ngw ] m$$ Rpfi.a bjdebj v{ w[ wiaji dl.z b"vt
dl,Zj WjWj bV.s dl>z ug fjl fhp.dybj m WjWj ug V[ ljij
lqjyji fp,A w[ f+l.Vaj W?Lg a[ l[rj dry i,t dvbj m
\dHh WyV wiaji dl>>z b"vt V.Wisji wv[iJ V[
dvtjdHbj m|

15

l[rw wg qVlj fPig FHg mm

ldaepi a[ dViqv qda vHg mm
dH,Do[ dHw epiqpt dfbjig iPh WjWj ug fjl Fp,Dy' fhp.yg@ dul
sj ligi qZij@ dyhi[ s[ i'q lj` r[tS lji WjWj ug WC[ h,Dl[ m
dHl sj Vjq@ e'a@ uja@ df>c lF wpN fp,DdAbj ba[ dHl V[
dvtjdHbj m Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ bjfS[ w'v i,t dvbj m dHl
epiqpt sj Vjq FjHg Wjrj dl>z lg ba[ df>c lh"vg s[ idhS
rjvj ijqeC%gbj dl,t lg m dHw dsV WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj@
##ljc[ v.ei rjla[ v,wCJ fjC s[ m$$ Wjrj dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@
##ug@ q{} ho"Cj ba[ A{SgbJ q>ej dsRp m$$ Fp,Dy' Vei dry'G
dqlaigbJ s[ ziJ dry'G ho"Cj ba[ A{SgbJ v{S eH[ fi.aP
RphVJ V[ Yfij W.sj ujS w[ Vj ds,agbJ m dxi dwhj dw u[ i.Pqg
rjv[ c[i[ l[rj wiVg ] aJ f{l[ s[ w[ l.s v{ uj m Rpfi.a Wjrj
dl>z V[ dHl[ ai%J hg wgaj m W[b>a v,wCJ s[ qp,T fjC w[ uq%J
wi ds,a[ m b?gi RpKa[ dHl sg l[rj $a[ WjWj ug V[ f+l.V h' w[
Wjrj dl>z } ?pLgbJ ds,agbJ ba[ Wjrj dl>z ug V[ rg l[rj
wiV Rpfi.a dqlaigbJ } ho"Cj A{SgbJ rjfl wi ds,agbJ
a[ bjfS[ f{l[ q'C dvbjdHbj m dHl ai%J Wjrj dl>z vejaji
yjvg dsV Fp,Dy' WjWj ug fjl dihj m h'i rg l[rj sj u' hpwq
hp.sj lg@ wisj dihj m apiV lq[G Wjrj dl>z } WyV wgaj@ ##a[ig
qhJfpitJ Vjv WS bjr[eg m RphVJ fjl aP. l[rj wiVg ] m$$ Wjrj
dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ q{G aJ dwl[ qhJfpit s[ w'v Vhk
16

debj@ Vj q{G dwl[ } ujSsj hg hJ m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@

##lqJ bjRpS $a[ lF wpN h' ujH[ej m$$ dHl V[ lda WyV wgaj m
Rpfi.a Rpo'G yvj debj m dxi Wjrj dl.z ug V[ ljig Rpqi wv[ik
VjVwli WjWj ug fjl hg ep;jig m
l[rwp wg YCdw dVWhg f+gda s[ rjw bVplji WyV l,a
h'dHbj m
\dHh f+l.e FjHg Wjrj dl>z ug s[ qp,t a[ dxi qjaj dfaj
fjl'G rg lpdSbj m|

sjlV sjl i[Sp sjlV wg uV wg Bhv wqjrRp

dHw rji Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ sj siLV wiV rjla[ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug qhjiju wv[iJ rjv[ bjH[ m Vjv qjN[ sg l.ea l! lpi{S
dl>z@ l! ?pLjv dl>z@ vjvj ZVfa ijH[ a[ vjvj sjl ijq Bdhv
dl.z \Lhgsj| FjHg y.sj dl>z rJ tji[ a'G ba[ dHhVJ sg qjHg
FjeS a[ h'i Whpa l.ea lg m dHl l.ea s[ fhp.yS a'G wpN lqJ
fdhvJ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##ci'vg rjv[ s'r[G
ugbJ } hj;i wi' m$$ hj;i h'S Rpfi.a hpwq wgaj@ ##qhJfpit
bj ih[ hV@ Vjv l.ea ] a[ aplk RphVJ sg l[rj wiVg ] m$$
bjf hg upea s,lg a[ WyV wgaj@ ##aplk qhJfpitJ sg l.ea
sg l[rj wiVg ] a[ Rpl r[v[ u[ w'Hg aphj} fp,DA[ aJ aplk bjfS[
bjf } VjHg wdhSj dw blk dHl lq[G rjla[ qhjiju s[ hpwq
bVplji l[rj wiVg ] m dxi aJ aphj} l[rj dqv ujH[eg@ Vjv
lisji hV@ Rph l[rj s[ s[Se[ m b{r[G l[rj Vhk dqvSg m$$ FjHg
iaV dl>z ba[ u{ w"i V[ hpwq bVplji lda WyV wgaj m Rpfi.a
l.ea lq[a WjWj V.s dl>z ug fhp.y eH[ m h;Pi V[ dHw,Dv[~dHw,Dv[
17

sj Vjq fp,AS Rpfi.a ?pLgbJ W?LgbJ m hpwq bVplji FjHg iaV

dl>z a[ u{ w"i V[ l[rj wgag m s'r[G rwa v.ei A,wS Rpfi.a
WiaV lj` wis[ ih[ m dHo[ b,De[ bjfS[ WiaV bjf lj` wiV
sj hpwq lg m l.ea s[ FJc[ qJuS lq[G dul V[ rg dHhVJ }
uja fp,Ag@ hpwq bVplji dHhVJ V[ bjfS[ bjf } VjHg hg
s,Ddlbj m dxi dwl[ V[ dHaij; Vhk wgaj@ l[rj vejaji dqvsg
ihg m dHl lq[G WjWj ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##eigW
dVrju@ sjl } w'Hg lpq,a W?L' m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ WCj dFbjVw lqJ bj dihj
]@ aplk l.FjvSj ] m epiP VjVw sj dZbjV a[ dlqiV l.ea }
wirjRpSj ] m w'Hg l.a qhJfpit Vj epiP VjVw Vjv'G r,cj ]
Vj epiP VjVw s[ WijWi ] m du>Vg zjvSj wi w[ aplk epiP VjVw
} f+a,t wgaj ]@ dHaVg dwl[ a'G Vhk h' lwSg m dul ai%J sj
liPf aplk epiP VjVw sj r[dtbj ]@ Rpl Vjv ivsj~dqvsj epiP
VjVw sj x'B' dabji wirj w[ ljhqS[ itjRp m epiP VjVw ]
aJ qV WjSg sg fhp.y a'G fi[ Vhk h' lwsj m fi aplk lqi,o
lF wpN wi~wij lws[ h' m$$ dHl lq[G wpN h'i rg WyV wga[@
dwl[ lq[G dxi l.eaJ } siLV wijH[ ujSe[ m Rpfi.a WjWj ug
V[ bjRpS sg dabjig wi w[ bjdebj q>eg m h;Pi Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ
V[ ?pLgbJ s[ w[ a'i ds,aj m Rpl lq[G dHw lisji V[ W[Vag wgag@
##qhjiju@ bjh duhC[ s'r[G ugb VjHg l.ea s[ FJc[ qJuS sg
l[rj wis[ ih[ hV@ hpwq wi' dHhVJ } wg s[HgH[ m$$ da>V rji
lisji V[ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug } W[Vag wgag@ h;Pi V[
w'Hg RpKai Vj ds,aj@ yp,f ih[ m Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[
Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ bjlS a'G Wjhi bj w[ hpwq wgaj@ ##Rph VjHg
duhC[ hV l.ea s[ FJc[ qJuS rjv[@ RphVJ } WpvjRp m$$ Rpl
lq[G l! ?pLhjv dl>z FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i } Wpvj
18

w[ v{ bjdHbj m Rpfi.a WjWj V.s dl>z ug qhjiju r[t w[ wdhS

v,De[@ ##dwM WHg@ aplk s'r[G wpN v{ vRp m$$ Rpfi.a FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg V[ h,o u'C w[ f{l[ v{S a'G dHVwji wi ds,aj ba[
W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ blk qhjiju sj hpwq q>V w[ l[rj wgag ] m$$
dxi WjWj V.s dl>z ug o'C%j duhj qplwij w[ wdhS v,De[@ ##yv'@
dHhVJ sg qi;g m$$ Vjv hg l! ?pLhjv dl>z } qp?jaW wi w[
WjWj ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##hpS aJ dHh l[rj wi
eH[@ f{l[ dHh v{Gs[ Vhk m aplk fdhvJ fp,A v{Sj lg dw dHh w"S
hV m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj ug wv[iJ rjv[ l.ea lq[a rjfl qjN[ }
yv[ eH[ m
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G f+jfa h'dHbj m|

whp wWgi dudV sgbj fvgaj

dadV a{lg Nv s[tg
hpS f+l.e fC%' dw dwl ai%J WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ epiP
VjVw ljdhW ug sj x'B' dabji wiV sg l[rj l! Fea dl.z
sg vjHg m dul lq[G Fp,Dy' rjv[ qhjiju siejh } yv[ eH[ ba[
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug VjVwli rjv[ blojV Rpfi bjlS vej
w[ l.eaJ } ajiV v,De[ m dHw rji Ljq s[ sgrjV dry WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug dWiju ih[ lV@ dHw f+[qg V[ epiP VjVw ljdhW
sj x'B'@ duhCj Rpl lq[G f+y,va lg@ LgL[ RpKa[ WpdSbj h'dHbj@
dvbj w[ WjWj ug s[ b,De[ f[L wgaj m h;Pi V[ wpN lqJ Rpl x'B'
r,v r[tS Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##V,oj dl>bJ$$@ \dHh W;pie
ueijM v'f'G s[ berjC a'G l.eg l[rw lg dHl } l.W'ZV wi
19

w[ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##FjHg@ w'Hg epiP VjVw sj x'B' dabji

wiV rjvj ] aJ aP. v{ w[ bj m dul ai%J sj blk yjhgH[@ x'B'
dabji wi s[r[ m$$ b,De'G V,oj dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ q[i[
V[C[ hg dHw dqlaig Fea dl>z wjvj dl>z sj fp,ai ] m Rph
v,wC RpKa[ y.ej w.q wisj ]@ Rpl } q{G v{ w[ bjrJej m$$ WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##y.ej@ aP. lr[i[ Vjv hg dvbjrk m$$ dHl hpwq
bVplji bev[ dsV V,oj dl>z ug wjvj dl>z a[ Fea dl>z
dfRp~fp,aiJ } v{ bjH[ m sgrjV dry bj w[ q,oj B[dwbj m Rpfi.a
l! V,oj dl>z ug V[ WjWj ug fjl W[Vag wi ds,ag@ ##ug@ ueijrJ
a'G dqlaig wjvj dl>z a[ Fea dl>z hpwq bVplji bjH[ hV m
hpwq wi' m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ dHLjij wi w[ Fea
dl>z } bjfS[ w'v l,s w[ WyV wgaj@ ##wjwj@ dul ai%J blk
s,lgH[@ dZbjV Vjv r[tk ujHk m$$ l! Fea dl>z V[ lda WyV
wgaj m WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ fdhvJ epiP VjVw ljdhW rjvj
x'B' yp,Ddwbj ba[ dHw h,o dry xC w[ sPu[ h,o sg Mev Vjv
dHLjij wi w[ s,lS v,De[@ WjWj ug Mev x[ig eH[ m
dHw,Dvj~dHw,Dvj b>e dabji wiVj s,Ddlbj@ `piqjdHbj@ ##dHw
yiV Wjhi@ dHw h,o Wjhi@ s'r[G hg b>e l,Du[ h'S@ yiV dry
fsq sj siLV h'r[ m lgl s[ df,DA[ LpVdhig f+wjL h'r[ m ldaepiP
s[ V[ai tp,Dv%[ h'S m$$ WjWj ug V[ Mevg s[ dHLji[ Vjv vwgi
rJe x'B' RpKa[ x[i w[ lF wpN lqNjdHbj m Rpfi.a l! Fea dl>z
df,DA[ l.ea dry bj w[ W{n debj m dHw~s' dsV Rpfi.a Fea
dl>z s[ dfaj l! wjvj dl>z V[ WjWj ug fjl hj;i h' w[ W[Vag
wgag@ ##qhjiju@ q[ij qp>cj ija } l"Gsj Vhk@ W{nj idh>sj ] m
q{} aJ ci ] dw dwa[ wqvj hg Vj h' ujr[ m$$ W[Vag lpSV
Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##wjvj dl>bJ@ qp>Dc[ } wpN Vhk
hp.sj d`wi Vj wi m ljc[ x'B' RpKa[ Mev Vjv vwgi x[iV $a[
20

qp>Dc[ } w'Hg V;jij dsdlbj ] m dHl } Rph qlag ]@ ij;g h'

ujH[ej m$$ wpN lq[G Rp[fi.a Fea dl>z ngw h' debj@ dHw x'B'
dabji wi w[ l! Fea dl>z dvbjdHbj m WjWj ug V[ r[t w[@
s,l w[ wpN h'i ngw wiV sj WyV wgaj m dxi v{ w[ bjdHbj@
WjWj ug V[ qV;Pig s[ ds,ag m Rpfi.a l! Fea dl>z l[rj wiV
v,e dfbj m Rpl lq[G VjVwli dry ba[ l.egbJ s[ ziJ dry
dHh x'B' fhp.y eH[@ siejhg dcRPBg Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ hpwq
bVplji WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ l! Fea dl>z sg hg vjHg m
dHl lq[G aJ dur[G WjSg dry `piqjdHbj ] ^
WjWj h'i qda h'i h'i mm
u[ lRp r[i wqjHgb{ wPC{ wPCj u'ip mmmm ihjRp mm
\dligijep qhvj @ b>e |

lF wpN h' dihj ] m

dt>Du'ajSp wi[dV dZXjSj mm
rjvg e,v ] u' bV.s l! Fea dl>z s[ WS[ h'H[ liPfJ dry
lg@ Rph hpS Vhk ]@ WSj aJ Whpa ih[ hV m blv blv hg
] a[ Wjwg lF Vwv hV m blv a'G sPi m Rpl lq[G VjVwli dry
wHg x'B' dHl ai%J s[ lV@ lji[ Vhk lV m l,Du[ t,DW[ ljhqS[ dul
fjl[ a'G h' w[ siLV wi'@ dHM qjvPq hp.sj lg dul ai%J q[i[ r,v
hg r[t ih[ hV m dHh ujS w[ Vhk WSjH[ lV@ wpsiag hg
WS[ lV m
\dHh f+l.e WjWj h;Pij dl>z ug a'G wHg rji lpdSbj@ dxi
dfbjij dl>z y,wg rjvj wv[iJ dVrjlg a'G lpdSbj m|

21

a[ig wpsida aP] ujSdh

bRpip V sPuj ujS{ mm
dHw rji WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ FjHg iaV dl>z
ci'vg } hpwq wgaj@ ##aP. ljcg dy,ng qhJfpitJ w'v v{ uj m$$
FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg lda WyV wi w[ dabji h' debj m apiV
lq[G h;Pi WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##blk
qhJfpitJ } aji fj ds,ag ]@ RphVJ sj l[rw a{} b,De[ v{S
bj ujH[ej m$$ dHh rg dHw bV'tg iq; ] m dHw fjl[ hpwq@ blk
aji fj ds,ag ] m sPu[ fjl[ hpwq dw aP. dy,ng v{ uj m FjHg V.s
vjv ljdhW ug s[ woV bVplji ^ h' wpiWjV dfbji[ Rpa'G Rpui
Vj qPv'G yjhk m epidltg s[ sjdHi[ b>si ue%j Rpui sg Vjhk m
hpwq bVpplji qpSLg hids,a dl>z fjl'G dhljW wij w[ s'~ai`j
dwijdHbj s[ ds,aj m Rpfi.a Fp,Dy' q>cg lB[LV a'G y,v w[ Wijlaj
ZPig vpdZbjS[ a'G ueijM bj RpKai[ m h'i lF lrjigbJ aJ
bjf'~bjfS[ ila[ yvgbJ eHgbJ m FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg
dHw,vj hg idh debj m RpZi'G byjVw hg dHw dl,t dqv dfbj@
Rpl V[ fp,A dvbj@ ##FjHg@ aP. dwo'G bjdHbj ]G m a[ij Vjq wg
] a[ aP. dwl } dqvSj ] m$$ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ dwhj@
##q{G Fp,Dy' a'G bjdHbj hJ@ q[ij Vjq iaV dl>z ci'vg ] m$$ bjRpS
rjv[ dl,t V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##q[ij Vjq h;Pij dl>z ] ba[ q{G a{} hg
v{S bjdHbj hJ m q{} l.aJ V[ F[dubj ] m$$ Rpfi.a FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg a[ FjHg h;Pij dl>z s'r[G y,v w[ Ldhi'G Wjhi dAfs[
22

fjl[ r,v yv[ eH[ m b,De[ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V.a[ v'%BgH[ s[ tPh
$a[ dHw qS%[ RpKa[ W{n[ lV m lPiu dAfS sj lqJ lg@ s,tS sg
hrj re w[ blqjV RpKa[ eis yC%g h'Hg lg m FjHg iaV dl>z
ci'vg@ dur[G Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ sj hpwq lg@ dy,ng vf[B[ h'H[ wje;
dry WjWj bV.s dl>z ug s[ b,De[ i,t w[ Vqlwji wi w[ dHw
fjl[ h' eH[ m WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ Rph wjQ; faj Vhk t'v%
w[ fdC%bj uJ Vhk@ Rpfi.a FjHg h;Pij dl>z ba[ iaV dl>z
ci'vg dsV dAfS lq[G dHw fjl[ h' w[ W{n eH[ m dHw wSw ba[
q,wg sg dq,lg i'Bg b,Zg~b,Zg wi w[ tj vHg m dHw r,S sj
dlihjSj WSj w[ ija ep;jig m
iPt' F'uVp FPdq l{V
ltg df+b l.de lPdt dWhja mmmmmmmm
\wjVCj qhvj @ b>e |

bev[ dsV lr[i[ WjWj ug a'G rjfl dHw wje; Rpl[ ai%J
vf[dBbj v{ w[ rjfl Fp,Dy' fhp.y eH[ ba[ wje; h;Pi s[ yiVJ
dry i,t w[ Vqlwji wgag m Rpfi.a WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug
V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##qhJfpit ij;g ?pLg lV@ wpN W'v[ aJ Vhk m$$ FjHg
iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##ug@ ij;g ?pLg lg@ wpN W'v[ rg
Vhk m$$ dxi bev[ dsV hg hpwq wgaj@ ##dul l[rw sg wjfg
dry'G wje; fjC w[ lj} qhJfpitJ V[ dy,ng sj urjW ds,aj
]@ Rpl wjfg sg wgqa s' bjV[ ] m aP. s' bjV[ uj s[ w[ bj m$$
hpwq bVplji dHh rg w'Hg cP.zg iq; lg m aP. byiup wpsida
a[ig dWlqj hpwq bVplji s' bjV[ s[S rjla[ Fp,Dy' a'G y,v w[
ueijM bj w[ s' bjV[ s[ w[ rjfl qpC bjH[ m b{l[ bV't[ w"aw
lV WjWj ug qhjiju s[ m
\dHh f+l.e v[tw V[ dfaj ug a'G lpdSbj m|
23

lFp w'dH qgnj q>Dde s[t{

tlq Fjr{ l' wi[
l+g WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug sj dHw l[rw ws[~ws[ bj
w[ siLV wi uJsj lg m dHw rji dHl V[ WjWj ug fjl W[Vag
wgag eigW~dVrju q[ij dHw vCwj drbjhpS I'e ] m u[ bjf
hpwq wi w[ ci'vg rjv[ iaV dl.z sg vCwg sj diLaj q[i[
qp>Dc[ Vjv wirj dsY m q{G rg bjf ug s[ zi sj l[rw ba[
dHh rg bjf ug s[ l[rw hV m q[hi wi' ljcj s'hJ sj wjiu
dl,Z h' ujH[ m lpS w[ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHh vCwg e+dhlag
s[ u.ujv dry Vhk bjH[eg w.dVbj hg ih[eg m$$ Rpl f+[qg V[ dHl
iq; } Vj lqdNbj dxi wHg rji vejaji W[VagbJ wisj
dihj m b?gi us'G Rph W[Vag wiV'G Vj hdBbj aJ dHw dsV WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##v{ WHg@ aP. i'; hg wdh>sj ]G a[i[ qp>Dc[ sj
diLaj b,u ci'vg rjdvbJ Vjv f,wj wi s[HgH[ m$$ Rpl V[ ?pL
h' w[ dwhj@ ##ug wi dsRp m$$ b,De'G WjWj ug V[ h,l w[ WyV wgaj@
##v{ hpS dwa[ qp,wi Vj ujHk m$$ Rpl V[ dwhj@ ##ug Vhk qp,wisj m$$
Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##a[i[ qp>Dc[ sj dHhVJ sg vCwg
Vjv diLaj f,wj m dHl w.dVbj V[ A[ag qi ujSj ] a[ a[ij qp>cj
rg Vjv hg ujH[ej@ v{ s,l@ a{} qV;Pi ] aJ hJ wi s[ m$$ Rph
l[rw aJ WyV lpSV lji hg WjWj ug w'v'G Wjhi sPi yvj debj m
h;Pi V[ fp,DdAbj@ Vgvj dl>z Rph l[rw duhCj diLaj q>esj lg@
dwo[ ] ( W'vsj Vhk m$$ b,De'G Vgvj dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug
24

Rph aJ dwa[ c[i[ dry hg Vhk ds,lsj@ F,u debj ] m$$ Rpfi.a
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##yv' y.ej h'dHbj b,De[ i'; tdhC[ dfbj
idh>sj lg m$$ dHl a'G Rpfi.a Rpl l[rjsji V[ cis[ h'H[ c[i[
bjRpSj hg A,c ds,aj m WjWj ug sj lF l[rjsjiJ } hi i';
VrJ hpwq hp.sj lg dw b,u dwl[ fjl[ yC%s[ vdh>Ds[ r,v Rpai
s,tS fPiW f,Aq r,Dv'G ?jl a'i $a[ dHw fjl[ i'w ds>Ds[ lV m Rpl
dsV Rpl lq[G Rpl fjl[ w'Hg l[rw Vhk lg uJsj hp.sj m dHw~s'
f+[qg r[tS fitS vHg eH[ lV m RphVJ } Whpa awvg` h'Hg
lg dxi lji[ ci eH[ lV m dHw dsV h;Pi V[ dB,Dv[ s[ qei ujS
a'G lF } i'dwbj h'dHbj lg m Rpl dsV FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg
sg vCwg dul sj Vjq hiW.l w"i lg@ W,DdybJ Vjv t[csg~t[csg
Rpl fjl[ r,v yvg eHg m dB,Dv[ s[ qei dHw A,fC lg@ eiqg
sj q"lq lg@ W,DdybJ Vjv dHh vCwg VhjRpS v,e fHg m WjWj
ug sj hpwq bB,v lg@ dur[G df,DA[ l[rw } xpiqjdHbj lg m dHl
V[ b,u a'G agu[ dsV dHl w.dVbj V[ qi ujSj ] aguj dsV
rg bj debj m FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i v.ei fwjRpS
rjla[ i'; rJe df>c dry eH[ h'H[ lV m df,DA'G hg dHh hpwq ria
debj m dul lq[G v.ei fwj w[ rjfl bjH[ aJ Rpl lq[G vCwg
qig h'Hg } WjWj ug s[ hpwq bVplji A,fC a'G Wjhi w,T w[
i,Ddtbj h'dHbj lg m FuV dl>z qdhij a[ Fjeg rJsi rjv[ liWS
dl>z w'v W{n[ lV@ dul lq[G ci'vg rjv[ s'r[G ugb rjfl v.ei
fwj w[ WjWj ug sg h;Pig dry fhp.y[ aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@
##awC[ h' w[ l[rj wi' v.ei riajRp dlqiV wi'@ i'Sj Vhk@
w.dVbj sj llwji dxi wiVj m$$ hpwq bVplji dHl ai%J hg
h'dHbj ##a[ij FjSj aPh{ qVjdHdh$$ s[ WyV bVplji bjf[ Wv
W?L w[ lF wpN wijdHbj dxi WyV wgaj@ ##dHo'G lF wpN FjSj
q>VS rjv[ } hg dqvsj ] m$$ Rpfi.a FjHg iaV dl>z ba[ u{
25

w"i Whpa i"S v,e fH[ FuV dl>z qdhij a[ liWS dl>z Fjeg
rJsi rjv[ V[ WjWj ug fjl W[Vag wgag eigW dVrj; wg e,v
] b,u wHg dsV df,DA'G s'r[G ug ci'vg rjv[ dwM i'Gs[ hV aJ
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHhVJ s[ qV dry lg dw lj} vCwg
sj w'Hg q'h Vhk bjdHbj dHh rg dHw h.wji lg@ a'C ds,aj
] dvbjY Wpvj w[ m$$ h;Pi V[ bjfS[ w'v l,s w[ WyV wgaj@
##hpS dwM i'Gs[ h'@ aplk lqdNbj lj} q'h Vhk xpisj aphjcj
q'h aJ sPi wgaj lg bjfS[ bjf Vhk lg h'dHbj m$$ Rpfi.a hpwq
bVplji Lijb wirjHg eHg dxi dwa[ uj w[ wpN lpia ngw h'Hg m
b>aiujqg lFp dwAp ujV{ Rpl a[ whj AfjdHbj mm
\bjlj qhvj @ b>e |

\dHh WyV r,cj N.cj dl>z l[qJ dVrjlg a'G dqdvbj m|

Fpdvbj bjdf lqpNjdHlg

uj wRp Vsdi wi[ mm
WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug fjl W[b>a ljZP bdFbjlg bjH[@
h;Pi V[ hi q,a s[ ljZP `wgi } dl,DZ[ ila[ fjdHbj m dHl ai%J
dHw lq[G dHw ljZP bjdHbj dul sg ligiw hjva wpN qlajVg
duhg lg m Rpl } h;Pi V[ bjfSg qdibjsj bVplji lF wpN
fp,DdAbj m Lijb wijHg Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##aP. bjfSj epi q>ai
lpSj m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag@ ug q{G qPv q>ai sj ujf@ v'q@ drv'q@
igag bVplji wisj hJ m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##wi w[ lpSj m$$
Rpl V[ fC% w[ lpSjdHbj lpS w[ ljig l.ea ]ijV h' eHg m dxi
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##dHl ai%J wiV Vjv a{} wpN f+jfa
h'dHbj ($$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag ug q[i[ q,Do[ s[ dryjv[ da=DwpBg
26

rjv[ oJb RpKa[ aji[ du>Vj f+wjL ws[~ws[ hp.sj ] m fi us'G dHh
f+wjL hp.sj ] wHg~wHg dsV dli } y,wi bjMs[ idh>s[ hV m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##a{} b,u a'G Wjbs y,wi Vhk bjRpSe[
a[ f+wjL rg hi lq[G dsl[ej m fi duhCg dHl a'G bevg e,v
] Rph qhJ fpit a[i[ w'v bj w[ lF wpN wiVe[ m$$ Rpfi.a Rpl
} ?pLg W?L w[ a'i ds,aj m

\2|
dul lq[G Fp,Dy' rjv[ siejh } yv[ eH[ WjWj bV.s dl>z
ug wv[iJ rjv[ dul lq[G Wdn>Dc[ dc,eg dry wpN lqJ ndhi[ Rpl
lq[G dHw dsV WjWj ug l{i wis[~wis[ Vjv FjHg iaV dl.z
ci'vg uj dihj lg m Vdhi sg fBCg a'G fjl[ h' w[ WjWj ug V[
tC[ h' w[ dwhj@ ##ci'vg ) b"h r[t w[ bj w"S W{nj ] m$$ FjHg
ci'vg hpwq bVplji r[t w[ bj w[ s,Ddlbj@ ug w'Hg ljZP ] m
dHM lpS w[ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug Rpo[ bjf hg fhp.y eH[ a[ Rpl
ljZP Vjv wHg WyV wga[ duV%J dry wHg iq; rjv[ WyV lV m
duV%J } lpSV $a[ Rpl qhjaqj sg al,vg h' eHg m Rpfi.a Rpl
V[ Vqlwji wgag dur[G WjSg dry s,Ddlbj ^
whp wWgi eP.e{ epCp tjdHbj
fPA[ a[ dwbj whgb{ mmmmmmmm
\b>e |

ila[ dry qpCV lq[G WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ci'vg dHl }

aP. fAjdSbj Vhk m dHh ljZP dHw lq[G FpD, y' siLV wiV rjla[
debj lg RphVJ V[ b,u s[ lq[G Wji[ WyV wgaj lg dxi FjHg ci'vg
V[ rg W[Vag wi ds,ag@ ##ug ) q{} Ijs bj debj ngw ] m$$
\dHh f+l.e v[tw V[ dfaj ug fjl'G lpdSbj m|
27

lj l[rj wgag lxv ]

duap ldaepi wj qVp q>DV[ mm
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug l.ea dry WyV wis[ hp.s[ lV dw
l[rw us'G rg q"wj r[t[@ l[rj wiV sj rwa h,Do'G Vj ujS s[r[ m
qhJfpit q>DV[ Vj q>DV[@ l[rj wijr[ Vj wijr[ m dHl[ ai%J Fp,Dy'
rjdvbJ } s'~da>V WgWgbJ V[ dqv w[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@
aphjcg i;jHg s[ Ve.s[ Bp,DB[ fH[ hV m hpwq dsRp aJ blk Ve.s[
Vr[G fj s[HgH[ m$$ dwMdw h;Pi hi lq[G i;jHg sg Wp,wv qji w[
i,ts[ lV m lpS w[ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Vhk s[rg@ Lp,Z ]@
bu[ Vhk m$$ dHl ai%J wHg rji W[VagbJ wgagbJ@ fi WjWj
ug V[ l[rj Vhk W?Lg m wHg qhgV[ df,DA'G dxi W[Vag wgag aJ
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##hJ Lp,Z ]@ b,u Ve.s[ qji dsRp m fi
dHh i;jHg ljc[ bjlS a'G Wjhi Vhk w,TSg@ b>si hg i,tSg
] m$$ lF V[ lda WyV dwhj a[ WjWj ug V[ i;jHg l[rj wiV
rjla[ qjHgbJ } xCj ds,ag m Rpl lq[G qjHg sjaji w"i spbjW[
rjvg V[ W[Vag wi ds,ag@ ##qhjiju@ b>si hV[ij ]@ Ve.s[ y.eg
ai%J r,uS[ Vhk m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Vhk s[rg@ aphj} Vhk
faj ijuj dH>si dHl i;jHg } s[tSj yjhp.sj ]@ blk r[tS
Vhk ds>Ds[ m u[ Rpl V[ r[t vHg aJ fiv' bj ujr[eg m dHl i;jHg
} ljc[ bjlS a'G Wjhi Vhk dvujSj m$$ Rpfi.a qjHg t[q w"i
u.cj rjv[ rjvg@ qjHg sjaji w"i@ WgWg u{ w"i ci'vg rjvg
i;jHg } Ve.sS v,e fHgbJ ba[ WjWj ug W{n[~W{n[ byjVw
28

bjijq dry h' eH[ m Rpl lq[G qjHg sjaji w"i V[ dHw dh,lj i;jHg
sj dB,Dv[ rjv[ fjl[ qjCj duhj Wjhi wi dvbj m ngw Rpl[ lq[G
hg WC[ ;'i sj W,sv e,Ddubj m WjWj ug N,B hg RpKn w[ W{n eH[
a[ WyV wgaj@ ##aplk s[rg Rphg e,v wgag@ duhCg Vhk lg
wiVg m aplk f,vj i;jHg sj Wjhi dwM w,DdTbj m A[ag wi' lj}
i;jHg xCj dsRp m$$ dHl hpwq bVplji Rpl[ lq[G i;jHg h;Pi V[
q'C w[ RpKa[ v{ eHg m Rpl lq[G wHg Zje[ Bp,DB[ h'H[ Wjhi hg lV m
dxi wHg ljv Rph i;jHg bjfS[ w'v'G fjl[ Vhk wgag m
wrV rcjHg wdh lwRp W[b>a epVgaj mm
\dWvjrvp qhvj |

aP byiup wpsida a[ig dWlqj mm

\rch.lp qhvj |

\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

ldaepiP lsj sdHbjvp ] FjHg drSp

Fjej dwbj fjHgb{ mm
dHw rji WjWj bV.s dl>z ug Fp,Dy' siLV wiV bjH[@ Vjv
Rpl lq[G dli` da>V~yji l[rjsji lV m dHw l! u'de>si dl.z
;{vsji ejvW wvJ a'G@ w[hi dl>z lptqVgbj f,ag wv[i a'G ba[
l! dwLV dl>z b"vt wv[iJ a'G m dHl fdirji sg ;qgV hpS
VjVwli a'G w"dwbJ sg ai` ] m y.e[ i.e~Fje v,De[ h'H[ hV m
dHhVJ da>VJ } WjWj ug V[ ila[ dry lqNj ds,aj lg dw b,u
Fp,Dy' fhp.yS lq[G aplk dr,a bVplji u' li[@ q,oj B[w s[Sj@ qV;Pi
h' ujH[ej m dxi RphVJ V[ l[rj qV;Pi Vhk wiVg m dHhVJ da>VJ
29

V[ lda WyV wgaj m dul lq[G Fp,Dy' fhp.yS lq[G da>VJ V[ dHw~dHw
ipdfbj q,oj B[dwbj ba[ WjWj ug WC[ ?pL h'H[ m WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z
] m$$ Rpfi.a w[hi dl>z lptqVgH[ r,v dHLjij wi w[ WyV wgaj@
##v{ lptqVgbj@ dHw ipdfbj aP. v{ uj@ zi i,tk@ WCg Wiwa
fr[eg m$$ lptqVgH[ } dHl wiw[ WyV wgaj dw dHh VjVwli
WjWj ug fjl lptqVg ljdhW sj dHw fjn i'; V[q Vjv wisj
hp.sj lg m y,vS lq[G WjWj ug Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ hpwq wgaj@
##qhJfpitJ sg l[rj ba[ l.ea wiVg Vj A,DdcRp m$$ Rpfi.a w[hi
dl>z lptqVgH[ fjl'G h;Pi sj ds,aj h'dHbj ipdfbj dwl[ wjiV
wiw[ l.Fjdvbj Vj debj m
wi qdh b>Ddq+a bjdS dVljdiY mm
dtldi edHY FPq fdi cjdiY mm
\dHh f+l.e l.a t[q dl>z ug a'G lpdSbj m|

hdi ilp fg uV lsj da=fajl[

dryhp bjfp erjH[ mm
dHw rji Fp,Dy' WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug fjl qjHg sjaji
w"i V[ s,Ddlbj dw qhjiju wv[iJ rjv[ ditg ug s[ i[W fujqj
yPCgbJ rjvj duh' duhj Wp,TgbJ fjMsgbJ hV@ fjdHbj hp.sj
] m lpS w[ h;Pi V[ h,l w[ WyV wgaj@ ##v{ s[rg@ aP. b,De[ Vhk
s,Ddlbj@ hpS us'G bjH[ aP. lj} s,lk m$$ WjWj ug fjl Fp,Dy' bjlS
s[ dlihjS[ rjv[ fjl[ dHw a.e duhg oJ lg m dul s[ dry dHw
fjl[ hg v[dBbj uj lwsj lg@ Rpl sj Vjq LpwgV zi i,Ddtbj
h'dHbj lg@ dul } LpwgV zi sg d;>Dq[rjig ds>Ds[ lV@ Rpl sg
30

whg h'Hg e,v VhgG lg q'Cs[ m dHo'G aw dw us'G dwa[ uv fjSg

rias[ aJ fdhvJ LpwgV zi s[ l[rjsji a'G fp,A w[ Vhk aJ
Vhk rias[ m b{lg bV'tg vgv%j lg RphVJ sg m dHl wiw[ W.sj
lqN Vhk lg lwsj m lq[G bVplji us'G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug Fp,Dy'
bjH[ aJ qjHg sjaji w"i V[ h;Pi } dxi Ijs wijdHbj m
qhjiju hpS rg ditgbJ V[ i[W fujqj fjdHbj ] r[t vRp aJ
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##b,Aj s[rg@ us'G ljc[ w'v bjH[ aJ
r[tJe[ m$$ Rpfi.a dul lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[q bVplji q,oj
B[wS eH[ aJ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ Rpl[ lq[G hg fp,A dvbj@ ##qhJfpit'@
aplk i[W fujqj fjMs[ h'@ lj} aJ drtjRp m$$ b,De[ Fp,Dy' rjv[
us'G dwa[ bjf Ljhg dvWjl fdhVs[ lV aJ i[W fujqj bjf
ug rg Rpl lq[G fdhVs[ lV m lF wpN ujSs[ h'H[ F'v[~Fjb
dryis[ lV m dur[G FjHg episjl ug V[ s,Ddlbj ] ^
epi dltg epi dlt lpS
b>sihp dlbjSj Wjhihp F'vj mm
RphVJ sj riaqjV dHM lg m Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##hJ eigW dVrju@ blk i[W fujqj aJ fjMs[
hJ@ lj} ikh sj sis ] m dHl Vjv wpN bjijq idh>sj ] m$$
b,De'G Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ditg ug@ aplk ljc[ bjlS
RpKa[ yiV i,t w[ lj} i[W fujqj dstjRp m$$ dxi wv[iJ rjdvbJ
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##eigW dVrju@ sdHbj wi' m aphjc[ bjlS RpKa[
f{i i,tS rjvj q{G w"S hJ m$$ dxi Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ h,l w[ WyV
wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ aplk ;iPi ljc[ w'v q>Du[ RpKa[ f{i i,Dt'@ blk
i[W fujqj r[tSj ] m$$ wHg rji WyV wiV Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug V[ h"vg~h"vg bjfSg dHw v,a yp,w w[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[
bjlS RpKa[ q>Du[ s[ l[iP RpKa[ i,t w[ dwhj@ ##vRp eigW dVrju@
31

r[t vRp m$$ dxi Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WjWj ug s[ i[W fujq[ } yiVJ
sg b,cg w'v'G vC xC w[ h[nJ a'G Rpl sgbJ dHw,vgbJ~dHw,vgbJ
yPCgbJ deSgbJ m dxi Rpfi'G h[nJ } deSs[ eH[ m wHg rji
deSag wiV Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ]@ qhJfpit' Lp,Z ] m$$
b?gi $a[ WyV wgaj@ ##V.s' wpCg V[ lp,oS lpbjHg f"Gy[ i,t vH[
FgC[ qavW bui rlaP } ui v{Sj m$$ v[tw r,Dv'G W[Vag ]
dw ldaepiP W?L vr[@ dHh WyV h'dHbj wiw[ dvdtbj m dvt[
dWVj h'i yjij Vhk lg@ WjWj ug W?dL>s hV m ljZ l.ea ug
sjl v[tw s[ b?giv[ f+l.e hV dtqj wiVj m sjl ldaVjq dl>z m
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G lpdSbj m|

dlt wg epip spiqda qvp dhi{ mm

epi WyVg hdi Vjqp Rpyi{ mm
dHw rji WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##ci'vg
rjvj iaV dl>z ba[ Vgvj dl>z } hj;i wi' m$$ hpwq Rpfi.a
s'r[G hj;i h'H[ aJ dHhVJ } hpwq wgaj@ ##aplk s'r[G Wdn>Dc[ fhp.y'@
Rpo[ dHw i[v a'G Rpai w[ dHw fgi a[ dHw Rpl sj y[vj Vjv
]@ RphVJ } v{ bjRp m$$ hpwq bVplji FjHg Vgvj dl>z a[ iaV
dl>z ci'vg s'hJ } v{ w[ Fp,Dy' fhp.y' m dHhVJ V[ yiVJ dry hj;i
h' w[ dli NpwjdHbj Rpfi.a h;Pi V[ dHl fgi } #Vjefpi rjvj$
wdh w[ WpvjdHbj a[ lpt bV.sp fp,Ag m dHl fgi sg Rpqi Rpl
lq[G Whpa r,cg lg m dHl s[ fdhv'G WjWj ug Vjv dqvS sj f+l.e
fdhv[ dh,Dl[ dry bj yp,wj ] m dHl lq[G dHl Vjv WyV widsbJ
h'dHbJ WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##aP. bjfSg DdWiag Rpfi } yp,w blvg
32

oJb aj RpKa[ ] m duo[ aP. tCj ]G dHo[ wpN Vhk m$$ Rpfi.a dHl
RpKa[ q[hi sg dVejh h'Hg m
d*fj wBjt brv'wVp wgV' sjl wj sPtp dWsjdiY mm
Rpfi.a wpN dsV Fp,Dy' idhS a[ dHl } drsj wgaj hpwq
bVplji FjHg iaV dl.z ci'vg ba[ Vgvj dl>z dHl } Wdn>Dc[
aw A,c bjH[ m

wjh[ F+qa hRp apq F=qhp V FjHg

idrbj i[ idrbj l+W ojV mmmm
dHw rji FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ h;Pi a'G zi bjRpS
sg bjdebj q>eg m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$ lr[i[ yv[
ujSj m ija WgaS Rpfi.a hpwq wgaj@ ##ci'vg rjv[ iaV dl>z
} hj;i wi' m$$ a[ dxi qpSLg hids,a dl>z } hpwq h'dHbj@
##bjRpS ujS sj dwijdHbj dhljW wi w[ s,Dl' m$$ qpSLg hids,a
dl>z V[ hpwq bVplji dhljW wi w[ lpSjdHbj m lpSV Rpfi.a
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHh o'C%j ] m h'i dsRp dHl V[ vpdZbjS[
dry'G h' w[ ujSj ] m$$ a[ dxi WyV wgaj@ ##aP. rjS r,BS[ w'v'G
h' w[ b,De[ ujSj ] m$$ b,De[ FjHg ci'vg V[ dwhj@ ug hJ ) qV
dry aJ dHr[G hg ] m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##rjS r,BSj a{}
rgh wiqJ b,De[ h' w[ dqv[ej m$$ Rpfi.a h;Pi V[ ?pLg W?Lg WyV
wgaj@ ##bjMsj uJsj dV,aV[q wisj ihk a[ zi dHw ija hg
w,BSg m$$ bjdebj dqvS Rpfi.a FjHg ci'vg Fp,Dy'G a'G e,cg yC%
w[ vpdZbjS[ Rpai[ m b,De[ V[C[ hg i[v s[ fp,v h[n Rpl \rjS r,BSj|
sj dBwjSj lg m ci'vg ug s[ fhp.yS a'G fdhvJ rjS r,BSj l.a
33

dwl[ l,Bj fp,AS rjv[ qei l'Bj v{ w[ s"dCbj lg dwMdw l,Bj

fp,AS rjv[ Whpa a.e wis[ lV m ci'vg ug s[ Rpo[ fhp.yS lq[G
l.a rjB r,BSj ug Rpo[ hg tC[ h' eH[ ba[ WyV wgaj dl,tj
fdhvj wiqJ fPigbJ wi v{ bevg e,v dxi wiJe[ m Rpfi.a
FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ wiqJ dqSgbJ@ l.a ug rg Vjv hg
deSag wis[ ih[ m dxi WyV wgaj dwM dl,tj ngw ] m a[ig
h' eHg al,vg m
sjdabJ s[ sja[ w'v'G bj w[ q>edabJ w'v wg v{S
bjdHbj ]G m
uj w' njwpip RPyj h'Hg mm
l' uVp fi zi uja V l'hg mmmm
\b>e |

ldaepi ljdhW Ac w{ q>edabJ V' q>eS ujhg mm

dHl a'G Wjbs FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg u' f+Ljs v{ debj
lg@ Rpl f+Ljs dry'G l.a ug V[ wpN v{ w[ bjf Adwbj ba[ h'i
fiqjio s[ wHg WyV wga[ m ngw dHl lq[G dHw w'Hg f+[qg l.a
ug rjS r,BS[ w'v bjdHbj m Rpl r,v r[t w[ l.a ug V[ dwhj
bu[ q{G ldaepiJ s[ l[rw Vjv e,v Wja wi dihj hJ@ aP. dxi
dwa[ bjHk m Rpfi.a Rpl f+[qg } a'i ds,aj m wpN lq[G Wjbs FjHg
aiV dl>z ci'vg } a'i ds,aj Vjv WyV wgaj dw Rph si A,c
w dwa[ FBwS sg v'C Vhk ba[ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg bjfS[
Vei ci'vg hpwq bVplji dHw ija idhS Wjbs Fp,Dy' l[rj dry
hj;i h' eH[ ba[ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ h,l w[ WyV
wgaj@ ##dwM x[i rjS r,BSj l.a wg W'dvbj ($$ hpwq bVplji
u' wpN l.a ug rjS r,BS[ V[ wdhbj lg@ b,ti~ b,ti Rpl[ ai%J
W'v w[ s,Ddlbj m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##a[ij ljij w.q h' debj
34

Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a l.a rjS r,B ug V[ u' WyV fiqjio s[ FjHg
ci'vg Vjv wga[ h;Pi V[ Rph rg s,Dl[ m dHh qhajqj lP`g q,a
sj qplvqjV ujq[ dry lg m fdhvJ dwl[ lq[G vjh"i dry rg ih[
hV m dwl[ lq[G liwjig V"wig rg wgag ] ba[ e+dhlag lV m
vpdZbjS[ dry Whpa ljv dBw[ ih[ ba[ ijqeC%gbj epispbji[
s[ w'v dHhVJ sj b>aq blojV ] m dHhVJ } xPl rjvj WjWj
ug bjt w[ v'w Ijs wis[ hV m

a[ij FjSj lFp dwAp h'r{ mm

qV hdn wgy{ b>da dre'r{ mm
Wgqji W.sj cjwBi w'v dHvju rjla[ uJsj ] m cjwBi
Rpl } Wgqjig s[ dHvju rjla[ spbjHg ds>sj ] m Vjv spbjHg
tjS sj aigwj ba[ f+h[u s,lsj ] m qig; } cjwBi sg ijdH
bVplji lF wpN wiV sg bdab.a v'C hp.sg ] m u[ Wgqji cjwBi
sg ijdH bVplji lF wpN wi[ej aJ Wgqjig hB[eg m a.siplag
bjH[eg m u[ Wgqji bjfSg qi;g bVplji y,Dv[@ cjwBi sg
Vlgha RpKa[ bqv Vj wi[@ cjwBi yjh[ dwaVj lqNsji dwM
Vj h'r[@ dw>Vg y.eg spbjHg s[r[@ Wgqji a.sipla Vhk h' lwsj m
dHl[ ai%J qhJ fpit s[ hpwq bVplji RphVJ s[ fjl idh w[ lqJ
Waga wi[ dxi udebjlP s[ sp,t awvg` hB lws[ hV m u[ dHl[
ai%J fPiV qhJ fpit sj rg u[ WyV Vj q>DV[ l.ljig ugr wpN
f+jfa Vhk wi lwsj m wWgi ug sj WyV ] ^
wWgi

ljyj ldaepip dwbj wi{ uRp dltj qdh yPw mm

dHl[ ai%J hg dHw dl,t q[rj dl>z Vjq sj lg@ dul sj Vei
w'i[ rjvj ci'vg FjHg s[ dry'G hg bjWjs h'dHbj ] m dHl FjHg
35

q[rj dl>z s[ zi dry w'Hg wpsiag hg drzV f{sj h'dHbj lg m

dul s[ Vjv ljij zi ba[ fdirji sptg lg m lF ai%J s[ dHvju
wij w[ o,w w[ dVijl h' w[ dHh l! q[rj dl>z rg FpD, y' b,fdCbj m
fdhvJ aJ FjHg iaV dl.z ci'vg sj ujSP h'S wi w[ dHl }
zi sg awvg` s,lg ba[ Vjv hg WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug
fjl bjfSg WjWa dl`jiL wiV vHg dwhj@ lpS w[ FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg V[ s,Ddlbj m q[rj dl>z dHl blojV RpKa[ dul } rg
WjWj ug l[rj ds>Ds[ hV@ lF rjla[ dHh' hg Lia hps
. g ] dwl[
V[ dwl[ sg dl`jiL Vhk wiVg m bjf WjWj ug dwl[ } i,tS uJ
a'iV dwl[ sj w.q wiV@ Vj wiV m lpS w[ q[rj dl>z V[ ]ijV
h' w[ bjdtbj dHh aJ Vrk e,v ] hi dHw s[ spt
, awvg` sj
dHhVJ } dwr[G faj v,esj ] m b,De'G FjHg iaV dl>z V[ dwhj
q[rj dl.z dHhVJ a'G Fjr Ddw WjWj ug a'G wpN Vhk FpD, dvbj dHo[
aJ b>aiujqg ujV{ mm dWVp W'va bjdf fAjS{ mmmm rjvg e,v f+at
,
riasg ] ljc[ ljhqS[ m aP. dHw rji siLV aJ wi m$$ q[rj dl>z
dul lq[G WjWj ug s[ ljhqS[ bjdHbj@ bjfS[ bjf hg WjWj ug
V[ WCg eiurk bjrj; dry WyV wgaj@ ##bj WHg w'i[ rjv[
rjdvbj q[rj dl>bJ@ FPa~f+a
[ zi dry rjC w[@ qplvqjVJ `wgiJ
Vjv vC w[ NeC w[ a{G wg lpt fjdHbj a[i[ zi s[ ug aJ sptg
h'S[ lg m fLP rg sptg hV m$$ Rpfi.a h'i rg wHg WyV epfa f+eB
zi dry h'H[ uJ h' ih[ lg lF s,Dl[ m lpSV lji q[rj dl>z sj
ligi fjSg~fjSg h' debj ba[ dHl lq[G dli Npwj w[ W{n debj
ba[ W[Vag wgag@ ##eigW dVrj; ) d*fj wi' q{G Whpa sptg hJ m$$
dxi WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##a{} yjvg dsV dHo[ idhSj fr[ej m
a[i[ zi sj spt
, sis lF w,DdBbj ujH[ej m a[i[ zi s[ dry a,agbJ
hrjrJ resgbJ hV m n.cgbJ nji h'S a'G Wjbs a{} a'iJe[ m$$
ba[ q[rj dl>z V[ lda WyV wgaj h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##LpZ
, ] m$$
36

Rpfi.a h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHl w'i[ rjvgH[ } dHw f,vg s[

dsRp Rpl rS h[n fj dsRp m$$ duo[ hpwq lg rS h[n fj ds,aj m
dHl q[rj dl>z } e,vJ wiV sj lpFjb lg dHo[ Vj w'Hg bjr[
Vj bj w[ Wpvjr[ m us'G w'Hg w'v hg Vj bjr[ e,vJ dwl[ Vjv wi
lw[ m dHo[ dWVJ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg a'G dwl[ Vjv ujS fAjS
rg Vhk lg m WjWj ug V[ lF l[rwJ } hpwq bVplji rjZP e,vJ
a'G i'dwbj lg lF } w'Hg Vj w'Hg l[rj ds,ag h'Hg lg m Rpl lq[G
dHl } dHw,Dv[ } WCg awvg` h'Hg m W'va W'va WTdh dWwjij mm
dWVp W'v[ dwbj widh Wgyjij mm s[ woV bVplji WCg qpLwv Vjv
s' wp dsV w,DB[ agu[ dsV WCj b"tj h' w[ fdhvJ FjHg iaV dl>z
ci'vg fjl debj ba[ wdhS v,ej@ ##iaV dl>bJ ) q{G WCj b"tj
hJ m$$ ci'vg V[ fpD, dAbj@ ##dwM q[rj dl>z ) a{} wg b"dtbjHg ] m$$
wdhS v,ej@ ##iaV dlbJ H[o[ yjvg dsV ws'G fPi[ h'Se[ m q{G aJ
s' dsV qlJ fPi[ wga[ hV m y,v q{} l.aJ w'v v{ y,v m$$ ci'vg
ug wdhS@ ##v,De[ q{G a[i[ Vjv Vj b,De[ apdibj hJ a[ Vj hpS ujSj
] m dwMdw lj} hpwq Vhk ] m aP. bjf[ uj w[ W[Vag wi v{ m$$
dHl a'G Wjbs bjf[ hg WjWj ug fjl debj fi wpN W'v Vj ldwbj
qpC bjdHbj m dHw~b,Zj dsV h'i w,DdBbj bev[ dsV WpZ
, rji lg
WjWj ug lF } Wpvj w[ dHw,Dv[~dHw,Dv[ } fpD, dAbj wis[ lV m aP.
l[rj dwl qV'io rjla[ wisj ] hpwq bVplji lF s,Ddlbj wis[
lV m dHl dsV dHl q"w[ RpKa[ q[rj dl>z Fg fhpy
. debj m b,De[
WjWj ug WC[ W[firjhg s[ vdh;[ dry lF } dHM Wpvj ih[ lV
dur[G fdhvJ dwl[ } ujSs[ hg Vj h'S i'; idhS rjv[ l[rwJ
} faj lg m q[rj dl>z VrJ~VrJ debj lg m dHw dHo'G' idhS $a[
qV Rpsjl lg m dHh lF wpA r[t w[ h'i rg Rpsjl ba[ ]ijV
h'dHbj m b?gi RpKa[ q[rj dl>z sg rjig rg bjHg a[ dHl } rg
Rpl[ vdh;[ dry hg ##aP. w"S ] ($$ fpD, dAbj a[ dwo'G bjdHbj ]G m
37

dwl rjla[ bjdHbj ]G ( Rpfi.a q[rj dl>z V[ df,DA[ dvt[ bVplji

bjfS[ zi sg awvg` s,lg Vjv hg wdh ds,aj m qhjiju aplk
q{} yjvg dsV dHo[ idhS rjla[ dwhj ] m q[i[ w'vG' aJ da>V dsV
hg qpLdwv Vjv w,DB[ eH[ hV m Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##hJ@ ngw ]@ a{} yjvg dsV dHo[ idhS sj hpwq aJ h'dHbj
]@ a[ig l[rj dlqiV ljc[ w'v w'Hg Vhk m dul s[ lsw[ a[ij w.q
A[ag h' ujr[ m a{} yjvg dsV fPi[ wiV[ hg f{Se[ m dxi q[rj dl>z
V[ dwhj ug yjvg dsV aJ b"t[ hV@ q{G idh Vhk lwsj m WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##b"tj l"tj w,B v{ aP. bjfs[ zi sg hjva
r[t m$$ Vjv hg WyV wgaj@ ##yjvg dsV fPi[ wi uj@ dul V[ a[i[
dry drzV fjdHbj ]@ Rph qplvqjV dHo[ bj w[ a[i[ w'vG' qj`g
q>De[ej m$$ q[rj dl>z V[ dxi rg wdhSj Vj q>DdVbj a[ wdhS v,ej
ug iaV dl>z ci'vg rjv[ s'rG[ ug FjHgyji[ dry'G q[i[ Fij~FiujHg
v,es[ hV Rph dHo[ l[rj wis[ hV m RphVJ a'G fpA
, vr' WjWj ug
V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ci'vg rjv[ s'hJ ugbJ sj FjHgyjij ljc[ Vjv
hg ] aP. bjfSj w.q wirjRpSj ] aJ wirj v{ yjvg dsV fPi[
wi v{ m$$ lF wpN r[t w[ lpS w[ q[rj dl>z sj qV idhS rjla[
Vhk q>DdVbj m Rpfi.a RpoG' RpKn bjdHbj dur[G apvlg sjl ug V[
dvdtbj ] ^
lev fsjio ] ue qjhk mm
Fje hgV Vi fjra Vjhk mm
h'i rg dwhj ] ^
FjehgV w' Vj dqv{ Fvg rla w' F'e mm
sjt f,Dw[ a[ h'a ] wjw fjw wj i'e mm
dHl a'G Wjbs zi W[b>a awvg` h'Hg duV%J V[ r[dtbj Rphg
ujSs[ hV m
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|
38

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epi filjsg Fruvp ai{ mm
dul ai%J dh,Dl[ f>ur[G s[ dry fjnw l,uS fC% y,pDw[ hV m
adhlgv yPVgbJ s[ idhS rjvj Vi{S Fea dul V[ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug sg RphVJ s[ af,Ddlbj wiV lq[G vejaji wdnV l[rj
wgag@ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug sg wdnV ba[ bap,B zjvSj r[t
w[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ siLV wiV bjdHbj ba[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ a[
Vi{S sjl \Fea| V[ WjWj ug s[ ba[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ s[ fpijS[
l.W.Z fp,DA[ m Fp,Dy' rjv[ qhjiju V[ upeJ~upeJ s[ fpijS[ l.W.Z s,l
w[ fdhvJ aJ Vi{S Fea } ]ijV wgaj ba[ dxi fC%V lpSV
rjv[ h'i rg ]ijV h'H[ m dHh l.W.Z upeJ~upeJ a'G upCs[ hV m
upeJ~upeJ a'G ljig~ljig d;>seg zjvSj hg zjvSj wiVg f{Gsg
] aJ dwa[ uj w[ fiqjio sgbJ q>Dd;vJ dli[ v,esgbJ hV a[
siejhg bhps[ qpijaW[ dqvs[ hV m Fp,Dy' rjv[ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug rg ba[ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ rjv[ rg WyV
wdibj wis[ lV m dHh rlaP dwa[ si,?aJ Vjv Vhk v,eg duo'G
W.sj a'C w[ v{ ujH[ej m dHo[ spdVbjrg fC%jHg fPig wiVg fr[
aJ W.s[ } dw>Vj lqJ lwPvJ@ wjvuJ@ IPVgridlBgbJ dry
ep;jiV[ f{Gs[ hV m dwaV[ wp W.s[ hV duhC[ y.e[ V.WiJ $a[ fjl
hp.s[ hV m u[ deSag wi' aJ Whpa z,B dqvSe[ m dHo[ spdVbjrg
fC%jHg dry aJ i'v~zy'vj f{ uJsj ] fi duo[ lqi,o qhJfpitJ
sg berjHg dry fiqjio sg fC%jHg wiVg fr[@ Rpo[ aJ ##Yo{
39

ly' hg lyp dVWC{$$ rjvg e,v hp.sg ] m WjWj ug qhJ hdiVjq

dl>z ug fjl u[ dwl[ l[rw V[ W[Vag wiVg dw qhjiju q[ij
dVaV[q wiV uJ l[rj wiV } dsv Vhk wisj uJ q{o'G l[rj
dlqiV Vhk hp.s[@ Rpl l[rw } ws[ Rpl[ lq[G hg wdhSj dw dHl
sg Li%j wijY ws[ wpN lqJ yp,f idhS df,DA'G Li%j wijRpSg m
bjfSg qdibjsj wijRpS a'G Wjbs l[rj dlqiV wiV sj bV'tj
hg RpaLjh f+jfa hp.sj lg m dHh il duV%J } dqdvbj@ Rph ujSs[
hV m dHh upeJ~upeJ sg ba[ l:jl~l:jl zjvSj wqjHg wiV sj
faj dfAv[ WyV dw qhJfpitJ sj a=[a[ upe a'G bljc[ Vjv lW.Z
]@ dhljW wi' dw a=[a[ upe a'G v{ w[ ljij spbjfi upe Wjwg
h;jiJ ri%[ wvupe sj lqJ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s,Ddlbj
wis[ lV@ ##duhCj lqJ b,u blk ds,aj ]@ dHl lq[G dwl[ l[rw
sg wgag Qvag uVqJ~uVqJ s[ y,wi dry fj s[r[eg m r[dtY
dwa[ w'Hg Fp,v Vj wdiRp m$$
dHw rji WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WjWj bV.s dl>z
ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ } `piqjdHbj@ ##aphjcj dfAvj dHw uVq
fjw fBS dry L[? W+hq sj lg m aphj} s' rjig epiP VjVw
ljdhW uj w[ dqv[ lV a[ qhJfpit'@ aplk Rpl lq[G w.Z Fuj w[
v{ eH[ lg m epiP VjVw sj siLV wiV rjla[ aphjc[ qV dry
f+Wv aJz lg m dHl a'G Rpfi.a dHw rji WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
qhjiju V[ wv[ik WyV wgaj lg dw ci'vg duV%J qhJfpitJ V[
qhjijuj iSuga dl>z sg qJ a"C[ dry fj w[ s,Wg h'Hg wTjHg
lg@ Rph Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ sj dfAvj uVq lg m dxi WyV wgaj dw
Fp,Dy' rjv[ us'G rg l.lji dry bjH[ v.qg bjiuj v{ w[ bjH[ m slr[G
fjaLjh a'G v{ w[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ sj dHh aguj ligi lg m dHhVJ
V[ hi ligi r[v[ bjfSg idhSg WdhSg dHh' duhg hg i,tg ]@
dur[G dHl lq[G ih[ hV@ dxi bjfSg WjWa dHaVj wp hg s,Ddlbj m
40

slr[G fjaLjh a'G v{ w[ b,u aw A'Bg~A'Bg bjiuj rjv[ ljc[

wHg ligi h'H[ hV m
hRp dwbj ljvjhg dwiq u.ap rcg a[ig rdcbjHg mm
\rji lPhg@ b>e 792|

q{ f[dtY ig RPyj q'hVp lF a[ RPyj mm

bjV V lqldi w'RP vje{ TP.dc ih[ hq qPyj mm
\b>e 534|

dHw rji WjWj bV.s dl>z ug qhjiju wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[

WyV wgaj lg dw b,u lj} ds=LBJa h'dHbj@ dul ai%J FpD, y'
rjdvbJ V[ ligi ZjiV wi dvbj ] a[ Rph diC%[ dxis[ hV m blk
q,oj B[dwbj a[ Rph tv' eH[ a[ blk W[Vag wgag dw eigW dVrju@
hpS dwM ligi Zjdibj aJ b,De'G Rph h,l fH[ m dxi W[Vag wgag
dw eigW dVrju@ u' aplk d*fj ljc[ RpKa[ wgag ]@ blk aphjc[
yiVJ dry i,t s[HgH[ a[ dxi Wjv~liPf FpD, y' rjv[ h,l w[ b,De[
yv[ eH[@ dxi w'Hg WyV Vhk wgaj m dHo[ VjVwli dry dHw
rji WjWj HgLi dl.z ug V[ sgrjV dry 16 dHw'aigbJ lq[G WyV
wgaj lg@ hpS duhCj qhJfpit bjdHbj@ ljo'G h;jiJ epSj r,Z
ajwa rjvj bjH[ej m dHl lq[G v[tw rg l.ea dry lg@ h'i aJ
h'i \WjWj| HgLi dl>z ug WyV wis[ lV@ blk u' wpN wgaj ]@
WjWj ug sg d*fj Vjv hg wgaj ] m dHl ai%J h'i wHg WyV WjWj
ug V[ v[tw s[ dfaj Vjv v[tw s[ ljhqS[ wga[ m ##a[ig rdcbjHg
aP] ujSsj apZp u[rcp brip V w'Hg mm$$
dHhVJ Rpfiv[ WyVJ dry'G wHg WyV v[tw } dfaj ug fjl'G@
dxi wHg WjWj h;Pij dl>z ug fjl'G a[ wHg l.egbJ fjl'G dqv[ m

41

bjfS{ FjS{ u' yv{

FjHg drApdC y'Bj tjr{ mm
WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ lq[G v.ei dabji wiV rjv[
} lF } dhsjdHa hp.sg lg dw bjBj ep.V%S lq[G@ sjv WSjMs[
lq[G@ xpvwj fwjMs[ lq[G ba[ w'dvbJ RpKa[ ijC%s[ lq[G qP>h b,De[
w,fCj i,tSj a[ w'Hg rjZP e,v Vhk wiVg m r,Z a'G r,Z WjSg
fC%' m v.ei dabji wiV lq[G FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i
sg l[rjsji } WjWj ug a'G hpwq v{ w[ dul Vjq h;Pi V[ v{Sj
Rpl } Vjv v{ ujSj m ws[ Fjeg rJsi rjv[ liWS dl>z ba[
dV,wj dl>z uJ Vgvj dl>z ws[ FuV dl>z qdhij dl,t Vjv v{
ujSj ws[ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug qhjiju V[ WyV wiVj@
##aplk s'r[G ugb ujY m$$ hpwq bVplji dHl[ ai%J hg hp.sg lg m
dHw rji v.ei dabji wiV ujS lq[G hpwq bVplji FuV dl>z
qdhi[ dl,t } Vjv v{ eH[ m Rpo[ v.ei dabji wiV r[v[ FuV
dl>z V[ e,vJ wiVgbJ LpiP wi ds,agbJ Whpa dyi e,vJ dry
v.zj ds,aj m b>aiujqg WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ Vgvj dl>z
} hpwq wgaj@ ##Vgvj dlbJ@ aP. v.ei dabji wiV rjdvbJ
w'v uj@ RphVJ Vjv v.ei dabji wirj dihj FuVj lF } e,vJ
dry vjHg dxisj ] Rpl } hBj w[ dHo[ z,v s[ m$$ hpwq bVpljij
FjHg Vgvj dl>z ug v.ei dabji wiV rjvg oJb RpKa[ fhp.y
w[ bjf v.ei dabji wirjRpS v,e fH[@ Vjv hg FuV dl>z
} hpwq wgaj m$$ FudVbj a{} WjWj ug V[ WpvjdHbj ] m aP. c[i[
42

fhp.y uj m FuV dl>z Rpo'G aJ y,v dfbj@ dwl[ wjiV wiw[ c[i[
Vj fhp.dybj m dHl s"ijV v.ei dabji h' w[ fhp.y debj m h;Pi
s[ fjl fhp.yS Rpfi.a FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i }
qp?jdaW wi w[ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dwM FuV[ Vjv i,u w[
e,vJ wi vHgbJ us'G aphj} hpwq lg dw v.ei dabji wiV
lq[G rjZP e,v Vhk wiVg aJ aplk FuV[ } yp,f dwM Vhk
wijdHbj m$$ Rpfi.a hpwq h'dHbj dw FuV[ } hj;i wi' m dHl
s"ijV FuV dl>z c[i[ fhp.y debj cisj WjWj ug s[ ljhqS[
Vj h'r[ h;Pi V[ eCwrk bjrj; dry WyV wgaj@ ##FudVbj@
ljhqS[ bjRpSj fr[ej m$$ FuV dl>z cisj ba[ ldhdqbj
h'dHbj WjWj ug s[ ljhqS[ hj;i h' debj m ##Zdi hdi w.f{ Wjvj
ugRp mm Vj ujVj dwbj wilg fgRp mm$$ WjWj ug V[ FuV dl>z
} lqNjdHbj@ ##ljHk v'wj@ aP. b{cg Qvag wgag@ v.ei sg
qdibjsj sj@ a{} faj ] dHo'G sj f,Ddwbj v.ei dwo[~dwo[
fhp.ysj ] m dwV%j~dwV%J W?LgbJ iPhJ s[ qP>h dry f{Gsj ] m b,u
v.ei f,ws[ dry'G u[ a{} dry'G Vj hBjMs[ aJ ljij uPnj h' ujSj
lg ba[ lF V[ Fp,Dt[ idhSj lg m FudVbj hpwq a'G Wjhi w'Hg
w.q a[ e,v Vj wi' m FudVbj blk a{} dHw e,v lpSj w[ dl,Ddtbj
s[ ih[ hJ@ aplk lji[ lpS vr' m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z
ug qhjiju V[ dHw A'Bg duhg ljtg lpSjHg@ ##dHw qhJ fpit
dfAv[ lq[G dry h'dHbj ] m Rpl sj dHw l[rw l[rj wiV dry
WCj dlbjSj lg a[ Rph qhJ fpit rg l[rw sg l[rj $a[ WC[
?pL lV m dHw rji Rph l[rw bjfS[ epiP sg bjdebj a'G Wjhi
h' w[ dwa[ ydvbj debj m Rpl s[ ujS df,DA'G dwl[ V[ l.ea dry
fp,DdAbj@ ##qhjiju@ Rph l[rw dwo[ ] aJ qhjaqj wdhS v,De[
dw Rph dwa[ RpKn debj ] m aJ qhjaqj wdhS v,e[ Rph debj
Rpl sg qi;g@ ljcj wpN Vhk dredCbj m Rpl sj hg wpN
43

dredCbj ]@ dur[G fagW+aj dHlaig fag s[ hpwq a'G Wjhi dwa[

yvg ujH[ aJ Rpl s[ fagW+aj Ziq RpKa[ wv.w v,esj ] h'i
wpN Vhk m$$ h;Pi V[ dHh ds=LBJa qjai ljtg lpSjHg a[ WyV
wgaj@ ##FudVbj dHh e,v Ijs i,tk aP. dwa[ b,De[ rjla[ dHh'
duhg Qvag Vj wik dHw Qvag uVqJ~uVqJ sg dr,o fj ds>sg
] m l'y lqN w[ y,vk m Rpfi.a FuV dl>z V[ Fp,v q>Vg aJ dwa[
uj w[ qj`g dqvg@ Rph rg WCg s[i Wjbs m
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

lj l[rj wgag lxv ]

duap ldaepi wj qVp q>DV[ mm
dwl[ lq[G sg wgag l[rj hg i.e vj ds>sg ] m dHw lqJ hp.sj
] m Whpaj lqJ l[rj wiVg f{Gsg ] m dHw rji WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug W[ig h[n W{n[ lV m lr[i sj rwa lg Vei sj dHw
dl,t w'v sg v.dzbj bjrj; ds,ag w"S ] ( RpKai dry Rpl
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ q{G y.VS dl>z Njx[ wj hJ m w'Hg l[rj
s,Dl' m hpwq wgaj@ ##v,lg dvbj lwsj ]G ($$ Rpl lq[G sp,Z z,B
lg m Rpl[ lq[G hg y.VS dl>z zi bjdHbj awigWV l[i wp sp,Z
zi lg m dHh ljij hg v{ debj m Rpfi.a dHl dry WjWj ug V[
l[i wp fjSg fjdHbj ba[ A,w eH[ m Rpfi.a y.VS dl.z wHg dsV
l[rj wisj dihj m lqJ bj debj dwa[ dHh y.VS dl>z bjf
hg bjfS[ fp,ai s[ Qp,Dl[ dry bj w[ bjf hg v,a qji W{nj ba[
fp,ai qi debj WjSg dry WyV ] m #bedV *'Z y.cjv$ ep,lj
b{lg hg yg; hp.sg ] df,DA'G W.sj flyjajf wisj ] m dxi i'Gsj
44

h'dHbj dxi[ t[a } ujr[ aJ i'r[ dHw dsV i'Gsj h'dHbj c[i[ w'v
sg v.dzbj WjWj ug V[ bjrj; s[ w[ fp,DdAbj@ w"S i' dihj ] (
ug@ q{G y.VS dl>z Njx[ wj hJ m q[ij dHw fp,a lg Rph qi debj m
q[ig Qvag Vjv m hpS q[i[ w'v i'S a'G dlrjH[ w'Hg yjij Vhk m$$
dxi dHw s' dsV i'Sj lpVS a'G Wjbs WyV wgaj@ ##hpS Vhk
i'Sj m q,zi a[ u,ei s' bj ih[ hV m$$ Rpl lq[G qV } Zgiu
rg h' debj dxi i'dHbj Vhk lq[G dli s' fp,ai rg h'H[ m
lj l[rj wgag lxv ] duap ldaepi wj qVp q>DV[ mm
uJ ldaepi wj qVp q>DdVbj aj fjf wl.qv F.V[ mm
\rji eRpCg qhvj @ b>e |

\dHh f+l.e Fp,Dy' wvJ a'G l.ea a'G dqdvbj m|

ijq ijdH h'dh W{s WVrjig

l[rj wiV rjdvbJ s[ sp,t dwr[G sPi wis[ lV m dHl sj
dHw f+l.e dHo[ fC%[ dHh dl`aJ WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug
qhjiju dry lV m dHw rji byjVw hg W{n[~W{n[ WjWj ug V[
WyV wgaj@ ##w'Hg hj;i ] m$$ Rpl lq[G FuV dl>z qdhij dl,t
l[rj dry hj;i lg m Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ q{G FuV dl>z
hj;i hJ m$$ Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##h'i w"S hj;i ] m$$ ##ug@
dHw r,cj N.cj dl>z l[q[ rjvj hj;i ] m$$ aJ WyV wgaj@ ##Rpl
} idhS s[ aP. dHw,vj hg ljcgbJ v,aJ yiVJ a'G RpKa[~RpKa[ zp,B
s[ yiVJ } h,o Vhk vjRpSj m$$ Rpfi.a hpwq bVplji FuV dl>z
l[rj wiV v,e dfbj m dHl lq[G v.ei fwjRpS ujS sj lqJ
lg m FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg s[ zi'G byjVw Wgqji h'S wiw[
v.ei sg l[rj dry dwl[ } Vjv v{ ujS rjla[ bjdebj v{Sg
45

lg dw dwl } v{ w[ ujrJ bjdebj v{S rjla[ h;Pi s[ yiVJ

dry fhp.y eH[ ba[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju ) q{G iaV dl>z ci'vg
rjvj W[Vag wi dihj hJ m q[i[ zi'G byjVw hg dT,vg h' eHg
] ( v.ei fwjRpS ujSj ] m dwl } bjdebj ] Vjv v{ ujS
sg m$$ Rpfi.a h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##blk b,u WgqjiJ rjla[
spbjHg r.c ih[ hJ@ aP. l[rj wi v{@ Rph ij;g h' ujH[eg m$$ hpwq
bVplji FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg l[rj wiV v,e dfbj m awigWV
z>Bj wp Fi l[rj wiV df,DA'G h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ujY s'r[G
ugb hg b,u v.ei dabji wi' m Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg dul rwa l[rj wiV a'G Wjbs qpC w[ bjH[ wg
r[dtbj dw u{ w"i } dwo[ b,De[ bjfS[ bjf sg h'L Vhk lg
V"G~Wi~V"G a.sipla lg m v.ei fwjRpS vHg ujS sg dabjig wi
ihg lg Rpl dsV s'r[G uS[ uj w[ v.ei dabji wi w[ v{ bjH[
i'; sg ai%J l.ea dry ridabj m dul lq[G v.ei sg l[rj Rpfi.a
WjWj ug fjl h;Pig dry bjH[ aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dwM
s[rg@ Wgqjig hB eHg m$$ Rpfi.a u{ w"i V[ yiVJ dry Vqlwji
wgag aJ WyV wgaj@ ##s[rg f,yg fjn ufp ug ljdhW s[ lj}
lpSj m$$ Rpfi.a f,yg fjn lpSjH[ m
dxi Ap,Bg dqvg hpwq h'dHbj@ ##Lp,Z ]@ uj w[ bjijq wi' m$$
uVq uVq w[ sPt dVrji{ lPwj qVp ljZji{ mm
silVp F[Ba h'a dVhjvj hdi wj Vjqp Wgyji{ mm
\b>e |

\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

46

Fea qpt{ a[ W'vs[ l[ ryV h'r.s[ mm

dHw dsV WjWj l+g qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug ljHk i.e~i,Da[
bejZ[@ bWjZ[@ bV.sg@ liPf[@ bjfS[ liPf dry qeV W{n[ siLV
s[ ih[ hV m byjVw hg WyV wgaj@ ##w'Hg hj;i ] ($$ Rpfi.a
l.a Vi{S dl>z ug qdhdSbJ rjv[ h;Pi s[ bjlS s[ Wjhi hg
hi r[v[ ljrZjVaj s[ iPf dry q"uPs idh>Ds[ lV a[ b,u rg tC[
lV@ V[ N,B hg bjrj; ds,ag@ ##qhjiju@ q{G Wjvj hj;i hJ m$$
h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##L,pZ ] Wjdvbj@ dsV ] dw ija ($$ aJ
l.a Vi{S dl.z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhjiju@ dsV sg spfdhi
] m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ ci'vg rjv[ s'hJ ugbJ }
hj;i wi' m$$ Rpl[ lq[G l.a Vi{S dl>z ug FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg
ba[ u{ w'i } Wpvj w[ v{ eH[ m s'hJ V[ Vqlwji wgag@ W[Vag
wgag@ ##qhjiju@ ci'vg rjv[ hj;i hV m$$ aJ h;Pi V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$ aphj} blk dHw WyV dvtj ih[ hJ@ dvt
vr' m$$ dxi dvtjdHbj ba[ dvtjRpS Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##dHl
} Rpl rwa fC%Vj@ dul lq[G W[b>a wLB h'r[ a[ ligi Whpa
sptg h'r[@ da>V rji fC% vr' uJ dwl[ } lpSj dsRp m lF sp,t
awvg` sPi h'H[eg m dHl WyV } l.Fjv w[ i,tSj m$$ Rpfi.a dul
lq[G FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg lq[a u{ w"i wv[ig WjWj bV.s dl>z
ug fjl l[rj dry bjH[ m dHw rji N.e qdzbjS[ \fjdwlajV|
s[ dHvjw[ df>c WjeJ dry lV m Rpl rwa WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
wv[iJ rjdvbJ sj ligi dT,vj h' debj m dHw dsV WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##ci'vg@ w'Hg Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ sj WyV lpSj m$$
47

ci'vg ug V[ dHw ljtg lpSjHg a[ WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##Vhk@ h'i m$$

a[ dxi dHw h'i ljtg lpSjHg m Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ lf,LB a"i
$a[ WyV wgaj@ ##a{} Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ w'Hg WyV sp,t wLB r[v[
fC%V rjvj dvtjdHbj ] m$$ aJ ci'vg ug V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ Rph
dvtjdHbj ]@ q[i[ zi rjvg s[ w'v wjfg ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj ug
V[ ajCVj s[ iPf dry dwhj@ ##Wp,ZP bjsqg Vj h'r[@ a[i[ Vjv'G aJ
Rphg dlbjSg ] m WyV aJ dvt w[ l.Fjdvbj ]@ aP. aJ Ijs
hg Vhk wgaj a[ hpS[ uj@ uj w[ WjegG epispbji[ dry'G v{ w[ bj
a[ lj} lpSj m$$ Rpl lq[G ija s[ debjiJ ru[ lV m ci'vg ug
A[ag~A[ag WjegG epispbji[ bjH[ a[ Rph dvdtbj h'dHbj WyV
v{ w[ WjWj ug fjl dFCwg fhp.y[ m Rpl lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dvbjRp@ dHw yjsi ljc[ dlihjS[ r,v
drAjRp m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj HgLi dl>z ug V[ dHw yjsi drAjHg m
l+g WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##WHg ci'vg@ epiPbJ sj
WyV ]@ dHl s[ RpKa[ W{n w[ lpSj m$$ Rpfi.a Rph WyV da>V rji
fdC%bj@ lpVS Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug RpKn w[ W{n eH[ ba[
WyV wgaj@ ##v{ WHg@ ligi aJ dHM h' debj dur[G ws[ Wgqji
h'H[ hg Vhk hp.s[ m$$

\2|
sPug rji epidsbjv dl.z siug dl,t wv[iJ rjvj us'G
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug fjl wv[ik wgiaV wisj hp.sj lg m dHw
rji dHl s[ r,cg qjaj \y[yw| dVwv bjHg m epidsbjv dl>z
s[ zi'G WgWg V.s w"i V[ WjWj h;Pij dl>z ug ijhk WjWj ug fjl
bi; wgag dw w,v } fPiVqjLg ]@ epidsbjv dl>z s[ qjaj
dVwv bjHg ]@ Rph Whpa b"tj ] m W[Vag lpSV Rpfi.a WjWj
48

bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj dw h;Pij dl>bJ@ Rph WgWg } Fjr

dw V.s w"i } wh' wv[ik df>c ci'vg s[ zi rjvg w'v Fp,Dy'
rjdvbJ sj dvtjdHbj WyV ] m Rph WyV da.V rjig lpS vr[@
qjaj sj Vjq~dVLjV Vhk idhSj m Rpfi.a WgWg V.s w"i wv[ik
qjHg u{ w"i w'v bjHg m WjWj ug sj hpwq lpSjdHbj m WgWg u{
w"i V[ WjWj ug s[ hpwq bVplji Rph WyV FjHg epidsbjv dl>z
} lpSjdHbj u' dw WjWj ug sg d*fj Vjv wpN z>DdBbJ dry
hg a.sipla h' debj m Rph FjHg epidsbjv dl>z b,u aw q"uPs
] m dHh Rpfivj WyV qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj a[ h[nvj 2 V.Wi
WyV epidsbjv dl>z V[ bjf dvtjdHbj m
dHl a'G Wjbs dHw lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ
V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##ci'vg@ us'G aphj} Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ l[rj ds,ag lg@
wg WyV wgaj lg ($$ ci'vg ug V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##ug@ RphVJ V[ WyV
wgaj lg dw aplk da>V uVq a'G ljc[ Vjv bj ih[ h'@ dHl wiw[
l[rj ds,ag ] m$$ lpSV Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ
rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHh u' WyV Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ a{}
dvtjdHbj ]@ aP. dHl } dHM lqN dur[G a[ig da>V uVq sg
l[rj a'G Wjbs a{} W?dLL dqvg ] m dHl } l.Fjv w[ i,Dt'@ b{r[G
Vhk i'vSj m dwl[ rwa w.q bjH[ej m$$
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

49

u[rcp ljdhWp a[rc sjag

s[ s[ wi[ iujHg
qhJ fpitJ sg W?dLL faj Vhk dwl lq[G a[ dwl Rpfi h'Hg
] dHw rji lisg sg q"lq dsV sj lqJ lg h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@
##Wjdvbj@ Vgvj dl>z } hj;i wi' m$$ hpwq bVplji Vgvj dl>z
V[ hj;i h' w[ W[Vag wgag m qhjiju ) q{G Vgvj dl>z hj;i hJ@
hpwq wi' m aJ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Vgvj dlbJ@ aP. dwv%[
w'v duhCj tPh ] Rpo[ fhp.y Rpo[ s' W[i r[yS rjvgbJ W{ngbJ
hV RphVJ } Wpvj w[ v{ bj m$$ hpwq bVplji s' \y.eCVgbJ|
W[i r[y ihgbJ lV m RphVJ w'v uj w[ Wpvj w[ v{ bjdHbj dHw
aJ Rpl[ lq[G hg Vjv api fHg sPlig wpN s[i Wjbs y,v fHg m
Rpfi.a Vgvj dl>z c[i[ b,fC debj m WjWj ug w'v W[Vag wi
ds,ag@ ##qhjiju@ W[i r[yS rjvg hj;i ] m$$ dxi qpSlg hids,a
dl>z } hpwq wgaj@ ##qpSLg fdhvJ dHl s[ W[iJ sj dhljW wi
w[ f{l[ dsRp m$$ duaV[ wp f{l[ WS[ s[ ds,a[ Rpfi.a hpwq wgaj@
##dHl sj dB,Dv[ s[ V[C[ u' avjb A,fC lg Rppo'G f>u dHLVjVj
wij w[ dvbjRp m Rpfi.a Rpl sj qP>h h,o Z'S a'G Wjbs dul
rwa hpwq bVplji ljhqS[ tCg wgaj m Rpl qjHg V[ h[ ijq
ug@ h[ f+F ug@ h[ izpfag wHg ai%J s[ VjrJ Vjv WjWj ug }
l.W'ZV wgaj a[ h,o u'C w[ tCg ihg Wjbs dry dxi Rpl V[
q,oj B[dwbj m Rpl lq[G l.a HgLi dl>z ug i'Cg T.cjv rjv[ duhC[
WjWj t[q dl>z ug a'G fdhv[ lV m dHh RpKV sgbJ qjvj WjWj
50

ug s[ hpwq bVplji WSj w[ dvbjMs[ lV m dHw RpKV sg qjvj

v{ w[ Rpl } s[ w[ WyV wgaj@ ##uj Whpaj i"vj Vj fj uj w[
bjfSj w.q wi m Rpfi.a Rph qjHg qjvj v{ w[ yvg eHg m
u[rcp bjdf a[rc a[ig sjda mm
dudV dsVp wdi w{ wgag ijda mm
dHl ai%J W?dLLJ r.dcbj wis[ lV m WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug qhjiju m
\dHh f+l.e r,cj N.cj dl>z l[qj dVrjlg a'G dqdvbj m|

epiWjSg l.ea dWVj sPug YB Vhg ] ijHg

dHw l[rjsji WjWj ug fjl sp,Z v{ w[ bjMsj hp.sj lg m Rpl
V[ dHw rji W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ dHw W.sj q[i[ w'v'G RpZji
v{ w[ qp,wi debj ] ds>sj Vhk wHg qhgV[ h' eH[ hV m d*fj
wi' q[ij wjiu ijl wi' Rpfi.a h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aP. l+g epiP
e+.o ljdhW sj ljZjiV fjn wirj s[ a[ij wjiu ijl h'
ujH[ej m$$ hpwq bVplji Rpl l[rjsji V[ ljZjiV \ldhu| fjn
wirj ds,aj dHw qhgVj WgaS Rpfi.a Rpl V[ dxi W[Vag wgag
qhjiju q[ij w.q Vhk hd'Hbj aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##fjn
wiV rjvj fjng fjn dry'G A,c debj ] aJ a[ij wjiu ijl
Vhk h'dHbj aP. dwl[ dsV fjng } ljc[ w'v v{ w[ bjHk m$$ Rpfi.a
Rph l[rjsji Rpl fjng } Vjv v{ w[ bjdHbj ba[ WjWj ug fjl
W[Vag wgag qhjiju fjng hj;i ] m WjWj ug V[ Rpl lq[G hg
fjn wiV rjv[ } bjfS[ ljhqS[ tCj wi w[ eC%wrk bjrj;
dry fp,DdAbj@ ##dwM WHg@ l,y W'vg fdhvj f>u l" b>e a'G v{
51

b,n l" aw@ dxi V"G l" a'G v{ w[ debjiJ l" aw aP. b{Vj fjn
A,Ddcbj ] u[ qp,wdibj aJ a{} hpS[ hg wLB h' ujH[ej@ A[ag
s,l m$$ Rpfi.a Rph dl>z bjfSg Qvag q>V debj Fp,v rg q>Vg
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ]@ uj m$$ hpS spWjij fjn wi dxi
Rpl dl.z V[ sPug rjig fjn wgaj m Rpfi.a dHh dl>z sp,Z v{
w[ i'; rJe l[rj dry bj dihj lg m ila[ dry dHw qplvqjV
`wgi qS%[ Rpfi W{nj lg Rpl sj dHw qpigs Rpo[ q"uPs lg Rph
`wgi bjfS[ y[v[ } wdhS v,ej dGHl dl,t s[ duhCj w'B fjdHbj
] aP. vjh w[ v{ bj m Rpl V[ dHl[ ai%J hg wgaj Rpfi.a dHl
l[rjsji } yv[ ujS vHg dwhj m dHh api dfbj a[ dxi df,DA'G
bjrj;J s[ w[ dHl sj w'B dHl } q'C ds,aj m Rpfi.a dHh
l[rjsji WjWj ug fjl Fp,Dy' b,fdCbj api.a hg h;Pi V[ fp,A dvbj@
##b,u dxi ijh dry dwr[G h'Hg ($$ dHl dl,t V[ w'B v{S rjvg
a[ dxi q'CV rjvg whjSg lpSjHg aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##uj
dHw sq A[ag zi fhp.y s[S rjvj a[i[ zi bjdHbj W{nj ] m$$
hpwq bVplji dHh zi bjdHbj b,De[ duhC[ q>De[ a'G Vhk lg ds>sj
Rph lS[ drbju q'C w[ debj Vjv[ bjfSg Qvag q>Vg m Rpfi.a
dHl l[rjsji V[ s,Ddlbj@ Fijrj@ aP. rg b,De[ rjvj hg ]G ba[
q{G rg Rphg hJ m dHh lF d*fj iP.qg rjv[ qhjiju ug sg ] m
dHh e,v lpS w[ Rpl V[ dwhj dw q{} RphVJ s[ siLV wij m
dxi Rph rg dHl s[ Vjv dqv w[ siLV wiV bjdHbj m bjRpS
lq[G hg WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dwM WHg@
dHl a'G fdhvJ aP. dw>DV[ W.dsbJ sgbJ bqjVaJ tjZgbJ hV m$$
Rpl V[ l,y~l,y s,l ds,aj a[ bjdtbj@ ##qhjiju@ q{G ljig d;>seg
duo[ rg sjb v,e lwsj lg lF ai%J wi w[ vjdHbj ] m$$ Rpfi.a
Rpl } WyV h'dHbj@ ##dHh fjfJ s[ v,Ds[ h'H[ e,Dc[ ws'G dVW[C[Gej
ypijlg v,t uPV FpeaSg fH[eg dwa[ T'Hg Vhk dqvSg m
52

fjf wqjrdsbj a[ij w'dH V W[vg ijq mm

Rpfi.a Rpl V[ qj`g q>eg aJ WyV wgaj@ ##aP. lda WyV
sj bdZwjig Vhk WSVj a[ij w.q Vhk h'Sj m$$ dHl a'G Wjbs
Rpl } a'i ds,aj m
\dGHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

wv[iJ sg l.ea V[
Fp,Dy' siLV wiV bjRpSj
dHw lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ wv[iJ a'G l.eg Wpvj w[
hpwq wgaj@ ##aplk lji[ Fp,Dy' uj w[ siLV wi' m Rpo[ bjf fiq[Li
W{nj ] m$$ ljZ iPf bjfSj aV Zjdibj m dHl hpwq bVplji wpN
f+[qg l.ea s[ iPf dry dHw,Dn[ h' w[ api fH[ m FjHg epidsbjv
dl.z ijeg@ FjHg qhJ dl>z u{s@ FjHg dqhi dl>z debjVg u{s@
FjHg y.VS dl.z wv[i@ l! HgLi dl>z lif>y@ lpsjei dl>z eje[
sj dfaj@ FjHg q[rj dl>z ijeg m dHaV[ hg Vjq dqv[ hV m h'i
rg wHg f+[qg lV@ WyV dl>z b"vt sj vCwj dVi.uV dl>z
T'vwg dyqB[ Vjv LWs fC%s[ h'H[ Fp,Dy' fhp.y[ m dul lq[G Fp,Dy' Vei
s[ V[C[ fhp.y[@ l.ea V[ dxi wgiaV bji.F wi ds,aj m
q{G l'Fj lpS w[ bjdHbj@ RpKyj si WjW[ VjVw sj m
RPy bfji W[b>a lpbjqg wRpSp ujS{ epS a[i[ mm
u'BgbJ Vjv LWs fC%s[ h'H[ WjWj ug s[ blojV s[ V[C[
fhp.y[ m fdhi[sji V[ LWs wgiaV lpS w[ WjWj ug w'v W[Vag
wgag@ ##ug@ wv[iJ rjdvbJ s[ l[rw LWs y"Gwg wis[ bj ih[
53

hV m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##bjRpS dsRp@ dur[G bj ih[ hV m

Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a hpwq wgaj@ ##dHhVJ s[ T'vwg dyqB[ hpS rjvg
w'ng dry itj w[ b,De[ dvbjRp m$$ dHl ai%J wiV Rpfi.a lF
l.ea V[ h;Pi s[ b,De[ uj w[ Vqlwji wgag m api.a hg WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##r[t V.egbJ avrjiJ@ dWLV' F,u eHg m$$
da>V rji dHh WyV wgaj Fjr dw qjdHbj iPfg dWLV' Feag
iPfg avrji s[ b,De[ Vhk ndhi lwsg m
wjdT tCep epi debjVp wijij
dWtp A[ds A[ds ilp fgu{ mm
\ije wdvbjV qhvj @ b>e |

ija } v.ei dry'G f+Ljsj A,w w[ lF V[ bjijq wgaj m dxi

bev[ dsV lF l.ea } bjf'~bjfS[ Vjq dvtjRpS sj hpwq
h'dHbj m ija } lF l.ea V[ bugW dwlq sj i,Wg w"aw
s[dtbj m b,Zg ija } cJe~l'B[ sj tCjw@ xC vRp@ qji vRp@
awC[ h' ujRp sgbJ bjrj;J c[i[ a'G Wjhi@ dxi h'i V[C[~V[C[
bj eHgbJ m c[i[ dry bj eHgbJ m b?gi RpKa[ lF l.ea dHw
rji aJ ci w[ RpKn W{ng m byjVw hg dHh bjrj;J W.s h'
eHgbJ m Rpfi.a lF l.ea b,De[ rJe hg l"G eH[ m wpN lq[G Wjbs
dsV ydC%bj@ lF RpKn W{n[ m Rpfi.a FjHg epidsbjv dl>z ijeg
dsV yC%[ c[i[ s[ b>si Wjhi r[tsj dxi[ m dHo[ ija WCj i"vj
dfbj lg@ fi.aP w'Hg faj Vj v,De[ ba[ W[b>a ?pLW' rg yji~ypx[i[
a'G bj ihg lg m dHl c[i[ dry dHw FjHg w[li dl.z Vjq sj
epidl,t duhCj dw l"~c[T l" fjn ufp ug ljdhW sj i';jVj wisj
hp.sj lg m dur[G epirjw ] ^
b>DZ[ H[dh Vj bjtgbdV duV qpdt v'dHS Vjdh mm
b>DZ[ l[Hg VjVwj tlqhp zpo[ ujdh mmmm
\rji ijqwvg qhvj @ b>e |
54

dHh WyV dHl epiqpt RpKa[ fPij Tpwsj lg m Rph dHl

epidsbjv dl.z ijeg } wdhS v,ej@ ##wjwj@ wg r[tsj ]G ($$
b,De'G epidsbjv dl>z ijeg V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ ija dHo[ c[i[ dry
vCjHg WCg h'Hg lg@ i"vj WCj dfbj lg m hpS aJ w'Hg Yfij
W.sj V;i Vhk bj dihj m Rph q{G r[t dihj hJ m$$ b,De'G FjHg
w[li dl>z V[ dwhj@ ##wjwj@ Rph vCjHg Vhk lg@ Rph aJ b,Zg
ija s[ lq[G Lhgs dl>z u'L Vjv eawj t[cs[ bj ih[ lV m
Rpfi.a hpwq bVplji Rph bjH[ a[ yv[ eH[ m bjh r[t duhCg
rjLVj \lpe.Zg| bj ihg ]@ dHh lF RphVJ V[ iPh~dwRpCj
dACdwbj ] m$$ Rpfi.a bev[ dsV lF V[ Vjq dvtjH[@ WjWj ug
V[ lF } ?pLgbJ W?L w[ drsj wgaj a[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpitJ
sg l.ea wis[ idhSj m$$
\dHh WyV FjHg epidsbjv dl>z ijeg wv[iJ dVrjlg a'G
dqdvbj m|

dul V' ljdhWp rcj wi[ l'Hg rc ujSg mm

aP. zdB zdB dHwp riasj lyp ljdhW yva{ mm
dul epiP fjl'G sjaJ vHgbJ@ Rpl sj LpwijVj dwr[G wiVj
]@ qjS~rdcbjHg f+jfa wi w[ dxi epiP b,De[ dli Npwj w[ bjf
rg LpwijVj wiVj@ l.ea } dHw,vg } Fp,Dy' F[uSj m us'G bjf
rg ujSj l.ea r,Z a'G r,Z Vjv v{ w[ ujSj m dHh dl`aJ WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug qhjiju dry lV m sjl v[tw aJ dHh wpN wh[ej@
dHh fPiV[ rg WjWj bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ hg fjH[
hV m dHl lq[G WjWj ug wv[iJ rjv[ qjN[ s[ dHvjw[ dry'G bjH[ m
Vjv l.ea rg qjN[ sg lg m du>DV[ wp Vjq dqv[@ Rph f+[qg dHh
55

lV_l! lpi{S dl>z@ l! ?pLhjv dl>z@ vjvj sjlP ijq@ f,Da' q.cg
a'G y.sj dl>z@ dHl sg qjaj FjeS@ rJ tjiJ a'G vjvj ZVfa
ijH[@ yPVgbJ a'G l! iAfjv dl.z@ WdhCrjv a'G qjHg q'wv ba[
dHl sg }h@ h'i rg f+[qg lV ba[ WjWj ug qhJ hdiVjq dl>z
ug } lF V[ rjig~rjig Vqlwji wgag m Rpl lq[G FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg WjWj ug } dVaV[q bVplji lptqVg ljdhW sj fjn
lpSj ih[ lV m liW,a l.ea V[ rg fjn lpdSbj m Rpfi.a WjWj
qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ lF l.ea sg hj;ig dHw,Dv[~dHw,Dv[ sj
Vjq v{ w[ vpbjHg m dxi WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ wv[iJ
rjv[ WjWj ug } qp?jaW h' w[ WyV wgaj@ ##dwM qhJfpit'@ ljcj
fjng y.ej fjn wisj ] ($$ wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ RpKai dry W[Vag
wgag@ ##eigW dVrju@ aphjcj lF wpN y.ej hg ] m$$ aJ Fp,Dy'
rjdvbJ V[ RpKai ds,aj@ ##Vhk qhJfpit'@ fjng Wji[ fp,DdAbj ]@
dw fjng dwh' duhj ] m aplk fjng RpKa[ q'hi vjRp m$$ Rpfi.a
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##us'G aplk q'hi vjHg@ lF
sg v,e eHg m$$ aJ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ Lp,Z
] m$$ Rpfi.a ljig l.ea } w'ng s[ WiJc[ dry ba[ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug } dB,Dv[ RpKa[ bjlS vjRpS sj hpwq h'dHbj m l! ?pLhjv
dl>z } fdhi[ sj hpwq h'dHbj m dxi v.ei fwj w[ FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i v{ bjH[ m qdibjsj lji[ v.ei sg h'S
Rpfi.a l.ea V[ v.ei Adwbj m dxi WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug
V[ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg } l,s w[ hpwq wgaj@ ##aplk s'r[G ugb
uj w[ qhJfpitJ } q,oj B[w' m$$ hpwq bVplji l! ?pLhjv dl>z
ijhk bjdebj v{ w[ Vqlwji wgag m b,De'G wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[
WyV wgaj@ ##aplk dHo[ wg v{S bjH[ h'@ hpS ujRp m$$ Rpfi.a
s'r[G dB,Dv[ a'G h[nJ bj eH[ m dul rwa WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z
ug fjl bjH[ aJ RphVJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##uj bjH[ qhJfpitJ w'v (
56

RphVJ V[ wg WyV wgaj m$$ aJ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ RphVJ V[ WyV

wgaj dw aplk dHo[ wg v{S bjH[ h' ($$ b,De'G WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug V[ o'C%j duhj h,l w[ WyV wgaj@ ##aplk wdhSj lg dw
aP. dHo[ wg v{S bjdHbj ]G ($$ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ W[Vag
wgag@ ##blk wpN Vhk W'v[ m$$ dxi Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@
##Lp,Z ]@ qhJfpitJ b,De[ W'vSj rg Vhk yjhgsj m$$ dHl[ lq[G WjWj
ug s[ siLV wiV rjla[ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ bjdebj q>eg
aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##bj ujS dsRp@ Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug V[ l.ea lq[a bj w[ Vqlwji wgag a[ W{n eH[ m
Rpl lq[G h;Pi V[ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg } hpwq wgaj@ ##aP.
lptqVg sj fjn tCj h' w[ lpSj@ a[i[ zi'G s[rg f,tj wi[ m$$ ljij
fjn WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ lq[a WjWj ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ
s[ l.ea dry W{n w[ lpdSbj m fjn sg lqjfag Rpfi.a WjWj
ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ s[ dHLji[ Vjv sjlP ijq f,Da' q>cg rjvj
Rpdnbj m Rpl V[ dHw qvqv sj ojV RpKa[ wpN ipfH[ i,t w[ WjWj
qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ yiVJ RpKa[ i,t w[ Vqlwji wgag m Rpl[
lq[G WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ dHh
wg ] ($$ RpKai dry wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##eigW
dVrju@ vjvj sjlP ijq V[ qvqv s[ ojV RpKa[ ipfH[ i,t w[
Vqlwji wgag ]@ qV;Pi wi' m$$ b,De'G l+g WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##yp,Dw'@ A[ag wi' m Whpa qjCj w.q h' debj m
ditg ug@ fdhvJ fp,A v{Sj lg m b,u qvqv sj ojV a[ vjv[
sg F[Bj Vhk lg v{Sg m WjSgbj v{ debj m$$ da>V rji dHh WyV
wgaj@ Vjv qvqv sj ojV a[ ipfH[ q'C ds,Da[ ba[ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##eigW dVrju@ ljo'G Fp,v h' eHg@ lpq,a
W?L' m$$ b,De'G l+g WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##ditg ug@ epiP VjVw sg d*fj ]@ u' wpN siejh'G hpwq riaSj
57

hp.sj ]@ ldaepiP V[ lj} dHo[ F[dubj ] m dq+a~q>cv dry

dWnjdHbj ] m Rph hpwq aJ fiq[Li sj y,vsj ]@ fi dwl[ rwa
ljo'G fp,A w[ rg riasj ] m
hdi ugRp l'Hg widh du Fea a[i[ ujydh H[hp a[ij dWisp mm
\ije bjlj qhvj @ b>e |

b,u iju sg r.c h' ihg lg blg W[Vag wis[ lg@ h[ ldaepiP
iju~Fje dwl[ Ziqg W.s[ } W?L' m ditg ug@ ljig Rpqi blk
t,si hg ridabj ]@ qvqv Vhk riag m Ljhg dvWjl ws[~ws[
fdhVs[ hJ@ Rph rg bjf WjsLjhg wiVg wiw[ m hpS b>ei[;
a'G Wjbs WjSgbj dxi v{ debj m aplk fp,A w[ F[Bj i,tSg lg m$$
dHh WyV awigWV 1924~25 l.V s[ hV@ b,u fia,t ria
ih[ hV m hpS lrjv f{sj hp.sj ] dw wg WjSgH[ Ziqg Vhk hV m
WjSg dry `piqjV ] ^
Vjdv dwijCj s'lag wPC{ wPCg fjdH mm
\lv'w rjiJ a[ rZgw qhvj @ b>e |

dwijC uJ WjSgH[ a'G Fjr ] bjfS[ dh,aJ } v'C a'G r,Z

b,De[ i,t w[ lF w.q wiVj~wijRpSj m dHl lq[G lF oJ $a[ lF
w.qJ dry b{lg qV'~dWiag rjv[ v'w hg f+ZjV hV m Rpl lq[G
WjWj ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug@ blk Fp,vShji
hJ@ W?L vr' m hq FPvh apq lsj bFPvj hq fdaa apq fdaa
RpZigbj mm dHl eigW sg wpN F[Bj aJ qV;Pi wi' m$$ hpwq
bVplji bjfS[ ?;jV[ dry'G ipfH[ q>ej w[ dVejh wi w[ sjlP
ijq } s[ w[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m ?;jV[ dry i,tS[@ ZV sg
a'B Vhk bjH[eg m$$ dHh ipfH[ b,u aw Rpl fdirji w'v hV m
dHh fdirji b,u wv% wjVfpi IP!fg! dry r,lsj ] m
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|
58

epi wg dlt w' drivj v[r{ mm

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fi RpaVj hg Rph RpvB ujS rjvj lg m Feaj a{ l{ljigbj u'Cp
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a'G dHh fdirji rg fhp.y debj m F'e a'G Rpfi.a dq+aw s[ xp,v
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qhjiju a'G hpwq v{ w[ ujrJej m Rpo[ dHl } rg q[i[ Vjv ujSj
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drdobj s,l w[ bjdebj q>eg aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ]@
ujRp fi bjfSg qdibjsj wi w[ m$$ r,cj N.cj dl>z V[ aJ Rpl[
r[v[ ljig Li%j wirj vHg fi.aP Rph f+[qg Vj q>DdVbj m WjWj ug
fjl dHh e,v fhp.yg aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ljcg qdibjsj
wirjH[ dWVJ blk Vhk ujS s[Sj m$$ dxi N.cj dl>z V[ Rpl }
lqNjdHbj u[ aJ q{} Vjv v{ ujSj ] aJ aP. bjfSg Li%j wirj
59

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bSq>DV[ duh[ dy,a Vjv wijHg m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@
WZj yBg u' Fi[ Vj epSp V Rpfwjip mm
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\lv'w qhvj @ rji lPhg@ b>e |

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WyV dwhj a[ y,v fH[ m e.ej x,pv aji w[ ija idhS rjla[ liJ
dry uj ih[ lV m Ljq } dHl V[ r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z } dwhj dw
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dry Rpcgw dihj ] m dHh dHo[ ijh Fp,v w[ apdibj dxisj ] m$$
dHl V[ dHh e,v lpSg aJ ]ijV h' debj m fp,AS v,ej dw aphj}
dHhVJ ljigbJ e,vJ sj dwr[G faj v,ej aJ RphVJ V[ b,De'G urjW
ds,aj dw lj} lF faj ] m Rpfi.a Rph s'r[G Rpo[ hg tC' eH[ m
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60

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bj w[ r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z } ljig e,v s,lg m r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z V[ h,l
w[ dwhj@ ##dHh aJ w'Hg Av ] m$$ a[ ljig ija cis[ a[ ujes[
h'H[ V[ Waga wgag m dsV yC%[ e.ej $a[ dHLVjV wiV eH[ m Rpo[
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hg e.ej s[ dwVji[~dwVji[ Rpl fjl[ } h' apdibj m v'wJ sg
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61

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fhp.y eH[ m h'i lF RPn b,De[ v.z eH[ ba[ dfAv[ RPn V[ v,a
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dry fjHg m wpN lq[G Wjbs V"urjV aJ h'L dry bj debj fi.aP
dHh Rpo'G hg df,DA[ qpC bjdHbj m bjRpS lji hg r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z
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a'G Wjbs r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z V[ bjfSj ba[ bjfS[ ljog sj Vjq
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q{} lqN Vhk bjHg m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aP. b,u sg ija
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ihk m Rpfi.a lF l[rjsji aJ hpwq bVplji WiJc[ s[ bev[ fjl[
62

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ija bu[ o'C%g eHg lg dw b,De[ wpN dHM dsl dihj ]@ e.ej
sj dwVjij ]@ h'i lF u.ev RpujC ] m qjqPvg duhg i"LVg ]@
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i'dwbj@ dwMdw hi dHw } yiVk h,o Vhk lg vjRpS ds>Ds[ m
l.ea V[ dwhj dw qj`g q>e v{ m qj`g q>eS Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@
##r[t dvbj lF wpN@ bu[ rg lqJ ] m$$
63

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dHl V[ W[Vag wgag ^
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ujf m ujfa ] b{l[ u{l[ Zla uja hP. q{ m wi wi Ijs
qV WyV *q wi[ fjf m fjf wi w[ a[i[ si f{ fpwji[
wi[ ijt' bVjo Vjo spt sis hi' bjf m
Rpfi.a hpwq h'dHbj dw rjdhepiP~rjdhepiP udfbj wi m Fv[
w.q wdibj wi m dHo[ hj;ig Fdibj wi m dxi l[rj dlqiV rg
wisj dihj m
\dHh f+l.e r,cj N.cj dl>z l[q[ dVrjlg a'G lpdSbj a[
dvdtbj m|

l' WpN{ dulp bjdf WpNjH[ mm

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yjvP wgaj lg m l.a~l[rg lpFjb sj h'S wiw[ dHl V[ WjWj qhJ
hdiVjq dl>z ug sg dl`a lpSg m siLV wiV bjdHbj@ fdhi[sji
ijhk bjdebj dqvS Rpfi.a b>si bjdHbj m Rpl lq[G WjWj ug
sg h;Pig dry v.ei f,w w[ bjdHbj lg a[ V[q bVplji v.ei
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wHg rji f+Ljs[ } Whpa V[C[ wi wi w[ r[dtbj m ##W+dhq debjVg
wg ds=ldB bdq=a Wilg$$ s[ woV bVplji ljig qdibjsj l.fiP V
64

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h'dHbj m Rpl lq[G cjwBi qoij sjl rg f>ea dry W{n w[ v.ei
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> dry bJc[
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##Lp,Z ] m$$ dxi bjdebj dqv eHg m
\dHh WyV f>ca h.l iju Fp,Dy' wvJ a'G dqdvbj m|

wgaj v'Cdh l' widh

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65

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sg dvta rjvj wje; hg ] m$$ qhjijSg V[ h,o u'C w[ W[Vag
wgag@ ##ug@ dlbjS dvbj ] m$$ dxi WjWj ug V[ h,l w[ WyV
wgaj@ ##hpS uj w[ v.ei dry'G b>V%fjV wi' m dxi bjdebj ]@
lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a FuV dl.z qdhij dl,t a[ h'i l[rw hj;i lV@
RphVJ V[ blvgba ujSV rjla[ W[Vag wgag m Rpfi.a hpwq
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u[ b,u q"wj Vj l.Fjvs[@ dibjla Fjvg Vhk lg dobjRpSg m$$
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dry dwl[ V[ T.e Vjv w'i[ wje; RpKa[ sl?a wirj vH[ lV m
slq fjaLjh sj WyV ] ^
qs wdi q,a FH[ u[ ijuj mm daV w[ eH[ b{l hg wjuj mm
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66

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bjdf wijrV s'lp V v{Vj mm
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\eRpCg lptqVg qhvj |

bjfdh lPtq bjfdh bloPvj mm

vtg V ujHg VjVw v%gvj mm
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wgaj@ ##qhJfpitJ s[ Vei dry ldaepiP l+g epiP e+.o ljdhW ug
sg dwl[ spLB V[ W[bsWg wgag ] m$$ Rpfi.a dul ai%J lV@ Rpl[
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72

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73

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74

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75

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76

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##eigW dVrj;@ Rpl V[ q[i[ wh[ Vhk q>VSj m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##aP. ujh@ Rpl V[ aJ bjf[ hg a[i[ b,De[ v,e w[ api f{Sj
]@ dl,Zj agi riej wi w[ a'iJe[ m$$ hpwq bVplji dul r[v[
Rpl } Vjv y,vS rjla[ dwhj@ Rph b,De[ yp,f yjf h' apdibj m
Rpfi.a s'r[G h;Pig dry fhp.y[ m h;Pi V[ eC%wrk bjrj; dry
WyV wgaj@ ##dwM WHg@ aP. aJ dHl w.dVbj } qjiVj lg ( aP.
lqdNbj dw dHl sj w'Hg Vhk m$$ dHl s[ Vjv hg Rpl V[ Fp,v
q>e vHg m WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$ dxi hpwq Vjv s'hJ sg Li%j
wijHg ba[ b>Ddq+a ds,aj m dHl[ s"ijV fdBbjv[ rjvj vjvj
77

dsvlpt ijdH wPuj dqlig sj f+Ljs v{ w[ fhp.y debj m Rpl f+Ljs

dry'G dHw wPuj Rpl w.dVbj sg N'vg fj w[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHw
ljv s[ b>si~b>si a[ig e'sg vjv t[c[ej m$$ ?pLgbJ s[ w[ a'i[ m
ljv s[ b>si W,yj h'S Rpfi.a dur[G qjaj~dfaj s'hai[ s[ uVq
a'G leV wis[ hV@ lF wijH[ m Rpl vCwg sg qJ V[ W[Vag wgag@
##qhjiju@ q{G eigWSg aphjcj s[S dwo[ s[RPGeg m$$ aJ WyV
wgaj@ ##WgWg@ bu[ aJ blk bjfSj Fji hg vjh ih[ hJ m dHl
w.dVbj V[ df,DA[ dwl[ lq[G ljcg WCg l[rj wgag ] m$$ dHl a'G
Rpfi.a dHl fdirji V[ W[b>a l[rj wgag m
\dHh f+l.e r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z l[qj dVrjlg a'G dqdvbj m|

zdi a a[i{ lFp dwAp ] dulp s[dh lp fjrH[ mm

bjlaw ba[ Vjlaw bjds wjv a'G hg l.lji dry ih[ hV
ba[ idhSe[ rg m epirjw ] ^
duldh dstjvj rjBCg daldh Fpvjr{ wRpSp mm
duldh FpvjHg f>Z dldi daldh dstjr{ wRpSp mm
\ijqwvg wg rji|

WjWj ug s[ lq[G dHw qjv fBrjig dul sj Vjq FjV dl>z

ug@ FjHg w[ y,w dcRPBg wisj lg m zi dry b"vjs sg zjB
lg m dHl sj dfAvj Vei v.c[ w[@ q'e[ s[ V;sgw hg lg m dHl
s[ zi'G qjHg V[ WjWj ug sgbJ dl`aJ lpSgbJ dw dHl zi'G w'Hg
dVijl Vhk qpdCbj m qV dry d?bjv bjdHbj dw dwr[G WjWj
ug sg l[rj ba[ siLV wigH[ m zi'G qjHg V[ wHg rji zi dry
e,v wgag@ ##lisji ug@ bjfJ Fp,Dy' iP.qg WjWj ug fjl bjfS[
78

zi WjWa bi; wigH[ m$$ fi.aP lisji fBrjig ug Vhk lV

q>Vs[ m wHg rji qjHg V[ bjdtbj@ fi.aP fBrjig ug hi rjv
e,v Bjv ds>Ds[ m b?gi fBrjig ug s[ zi'G qjHg V[ bjfS[ V"wi
Vjv e,v wgag dw q{G a{} sp,Z y'b w[ dsbJeg aP. yp,f yjf
iP.qg rjv[ c[i[ fpyj s[rk@ fi lisji ug } Vj faj v,De[ m V"wi
q>V debj m Rpfi.a qjHg V[ sp,Z y' w[ WjvBg Fi w[ V"wi }
a'i ds,aj m V"wi s,pZ v{ w[ Fp,Dy' c[i[ b,fC debj m l[rjsji V[
WjWj ug fjl W[Vag wgag dw qhjiju y,wJ a'G fBrjig sj V"wi
sp,Z v{ w[ bjdHbj ] m wg hpwq ] ( h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##sp,Z
v{ w[ dqSag wi w[ qp,v s[ dsRp m$$ V"wi V[ qp,v v{S a'G VJh
wi ds,ag m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ljcg qdibjsj dHh' ]@ blk
qp,v dWVJ wpN Vhk v{Gs[ uJ a.P sp,Z q'C w[ v{ uj m$$ V"wi bj?i
} qp,v v{ w[ qpC debj m zi qjHg } ljig e,v uj s,lg m ?{i
bev[ dsV qjHg V[ V"wi } dxi sp,Z s[ w[ F[dubj m Vjv ajwgs
wgag dw f{l[ Vhk v{ w[ bjRpS[@ us'G sp,Z sg dqSag wiV v,De[@
aP. WjvBg A,c w[ F,u bjrk m bev[ dsV V"wi sp,Z v{ w[
bjdHbj m h;Pi V[ V"wi } r[t w[ dwhj@ ##aP. WjvBg A,c w[ Vj
F,uk m blk sp,Z sj sp,Z hg q'C dsbJe[ m$$ Rpfi.a V"wi WjvBg
A,c w[ Vhk debj m WjvBg v{ debj@ u' dHo[ s,pZ q'CV sj WyV
WjWj ug V[ wgaj lg@ Rph rg qjHg } uj s,Ddlbj m qjHg V[ e,v
lpS w[ bSlpSg wi ds,ag m LjqJ h'HgbJ aJ qjHg V[ sp,Z rjvg
wjC%Vg r[tg a[ ]ijV h' eHg m Rph Fig h'Hg lg sp,Z Vjv m l'dybj
q{G aJ lr[i sj sp,Z Fp,Dy' F[dubj lg@ dHo[ sp,Z dwo'G bjdHbj m
dxi bJT~epbJT a'G faj wgaj@ Vj dwl[ sp,Z ds,aj lg Vj hg
w'Hg s,l ldwbj m N,B hg qjHg } Ijs bj debj dw WjWj ug
V[ sp,Z q'CV vHg WyV wgaj lg@ Rphg WyV lda h'dHbj ] m
79

ija } qjHg V[ cidsbJ~cidsbJ fBrjig w'v ljig drdobj

lpSjHg a[ dwhj dw bjfJ siLV wiV y,vgH[ m sdibj dwVji[
W{n w[ dahjH[ Vj qigH[ m lpS w[ fBrjig W'dvbj@ ##aP. sp,Z i';
z,v dsbj wi@ y,vJe[ dwa[ dxi m$$ fi.aP dlsw a'G ?jvg hg lg m
bjfSj vjdHbj dfiqp V veHg u[ v'y{ lFp w'dH mm
H[hp dfiqp dfbjvj tlq wj u{ Fjr{ a{ s[dH mm
\lv'w xigs ug@ b>e |

lF wpN dstj w[ dlsw a'G ?jvg i,tSj@ dHh rg a[ij dHw

dVijvj hg w"aw ] m bev[ dsV V"wi dxi s,pZ v{ w[ hj;i
h'dHbj@ hpwq bVplji sp,Z sg dqSag wgag eHg m u' s' bjV[
WS[@ h;Pi V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ dHw vgi $y s' bjV[ W.V%
w[ lj} xCjRp m blk fBrjig } fhp.yjrJe[ m$$ Rpl[ lq[G s' bjV[
vjv i.e sg vgi $y W.V% w[ bjfS[ h,o $y xC vH[ m Rpfi.a
V"wi } yv[ ujS sj hpwq h'dHbj m V"wi V[ zi bj w[ fBrjig
s[ w'v ljig hwgwa s,lg dw WgWg ug@ q[i[ ljhqS[ lF wpN
h'dHbj ] m sp,Z rg i,t dvbj ]@ Rpl lq[G fBrjig zi hg lg m
Rpl V[ rg e,v lpSg@ lisg sg ip,a lg@ fBrjig t[aJ dry t[aJ
sg eis"ig wi dihj lg@ Vjv y"Gwgsji lg m Rpl lq[G l! FjV
dl>z de,v dHw RpKy[ dB,DW[ RpKa[ tCj h' w[ sPi aw dVejh wi
w[ eis"ig wi dihj lg m h,o dry eis"ig rjvj idulBi lg m
byjVw hg idulBi RpKa[ vjv i.e sg vgi dry W.V%g h'Hg w'Hg
yg; dc,eg a[ tCjw h'dHbj m Rpl[ lq[G l! FjV dl>z } bjfS[
dli RpKa[ wpN fiAjr[G rieg yg; dslg m Rpl lq[G Vgrk dVejh
wi w[ dvt dihj lg m Rpfi r,v dVejh wgag aJ wpN V;i Vj
bjdHbj m Rph vgi W,Zg h'Hg Rpl[ ai%J hg u[W dry fj vHg a[
eis"ig qpwj w[ zi bj w[ t'v%g a[ r[dtbj aJ dry'G s' bjV[
80

dVwv[ a[ qV } wpN al,vg h'Hg m Rpfi.a s'r[G ugb siLV wiV

bjH[ m sp,Z sg hg F[B wgag m h;Pi V[ dxi rg qp,v s[ w[ sp,Z
f+rjV wgaj ba[ WyV wgaj@ ##a[ig F[Bj qp,v s[ w[ hg f+rjV
h'H[eg m$$ wHg rji W[Vag wiV $a[ rg Vhk q>DV[ m dHl[ qV'wjqVj
fPig h'S sg dHh dVLjVg lg@ dul sg F[Bj qp,v s[ w[ i,tS@ lqN'
q>e fPig Vhk h'Hg m dHl[ ai%J lq[G s[ s"ijV qhjiju aJ l.ljig
ugrJ a'G Yhvj wi eH[ Fjr dw siejh } yv[ eH[ m dxi fp,ai
dwo'G a[ dwr[G dqdvbj ( dHl f+l.e V.Wi 2 dry fC%'@ dul lq[G
l+g WjWj bV.s dl>z ug VjVwi dry lq[G sg l.Fjv wi~wij
ih[ lV m Rpl lq[G wv[iJ df>c a'G l! iaV dl>z b"vt h;Pig
l.egbJ dry'G qp,t l.eg lg m l! FjV dl.z fBrjig a[ l! iaV
dl>z b"vt dHw,Dn[ fC%s[ ih[ lV m l! FjV dl>z V[ bjfSg wpN
l[rj wv[iJ vHg xCj w[ l! iaV dl.z } dwhj dw q[ig dHh
l[rj WjWj ug fjl fpyj s[Sg ba[ fBrjig FjV dl>z bjf Rpo'G
yvj debj m iaV dl>z b"vt b,De[ rg dHh w.q wisj lg a[
fBrjig sg l[rj l+g WjWj bV.s dl>z ug sg h;Pig dry i,t
w[ l! iaV dl>z b"vt V[ W[Vag wi ds,ag@ ##ug@ dHh l[rj q[ij
hq~uqjag dHw fBrjig ] v.c[ dwbJ a'G FjV dl>z r,Dv'G ] m$$
Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ f,pDdAbj@ ##fBrjig dwo[ ] ($$ b,De'G iaV dl.z
b"vt V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ Rph aJ dwa[ w.q yvj debj ]@ dHo[ Vhk
] m$$ b,De'G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aP. dWVJ s,Dl[
a'G l[rj dwM xCk ($$ iaV dl>z b"vt V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##ug@ q[ij
hq~uqjag h'S wiw[ q{G Rpl } ujSsj hJ@ aJ hg l[rj xCg
] m$$ b,De'G l=g WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##Rph aJ fp,a q>esj ]@ hpS
s[ s[h m$$ iaV dl>z V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ Fp,v h' eHg m$$ WjWj ug V[
s,Ddlbj@ ##Rph aJ v{ debj@ dul sg l[rj aP. xC vHg@ hpS aP.
81

hg Rpl s[ zi y,vk m$$ Vjv hg WyV wgaj dw dHh fBrjig

Fp,Dy' rg l[rj wisj dihj ] m Rpfi.a iaV dl>z b"vt V[ Wji~Wji
Fp,v sg qj`g q>eg aJ WyV wgaj@ ##u[ Vhk aJ bjfsj qp>cj
s[ m dHw e,v h'RPeg m$$ dxi iaV dl>z b"vt } quWPig~r,l
q>VSj dfbj m dHl WyV bVplji iaV dl>z sj r,cj vCwj
qdibj a[ l! FjV dl>z s[ zi fp,ai h'dHbj@ dul sj Vjq hiW.l
dl>z ] m dHh bu[ aw q"uPs ] ba[ WyV rg hiW.l dl>z fjl'G
hg lpdSbj a[ dvdtbj ] m

l.t[f ba[ ;iPig

ZgiRp s[dt apqji[ i.ej mm
dHl blojV RpKa[ qjHg sjaji w"i njS[sjiVg fag lq[a
l[rj wisg lg m lpFjb sg wpN wpi,?a h'S wiw[ dwl[ } y.ej
Vhk lqNsg lg m #LpwgV zi$ dHw Li%j wiV rjvj ?jl oJ lg@
Rpl s[ dry dHl } bjeP wgaj h'dHbj lg m h;Pi sg vgv%j hg
blyiu lg u' dHl oJ sj bjeP hp.sj@ WjWj ug hi e,v Rpl
} fp,A w[ wis[ lV m dHo'G aw dw sp,Z AwS r[v[ rg Rpl sg
lvjh v{Gs[ lV m u[ Rpl sg hJ ] aJ A,w dvbj@ Vhk aJ Vhk m
wHg rji sp,Z AwS sg dabjig wi w[ W{n ujSj ba[ sjaji
w"i V[ wHg l[rwJ sj Vjq v{ w[ wdhSj dw dHhVJ } lga f+ljds
Vhk s[Sj m h;Pi V[ wdhSj@ ##s[rg@ lga f+ljs ;iPi dsbJe[ m$$
sjaji w"i V[ wdhSj@ ##aJ dxi sp,Z hg Vj Aw' m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##Vhk Aws[@ Lp,Z ] m$$ ljqjV ypwj s[Sj m wHg rji
vejaji dHM hp.s[ idhSj@ wHg~wHg h`a[ v.z ujS[ m
82

\2|
dHw rji dHl qjHg V[ WjWj ug w'v W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@
u[ hpwq h'r[ aJ q{G q>ev dl.z ap.erjvg rjv[ sj qp>cj qp,v v{
vrJ ($$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##s[rg@ Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a dHl
qjaj V[ q>ev dl>z Vjv e,v wi w[ qp,v qpwj dvbj m Rpl[ dsV
Ljq } ihijdl s[ fjn Rpfi.a ipfHgH[ s[S v,De[ m h;Pi s[ ljhqS[
hg yJsg s[ ipfHgbJ sg deSag h' ihg lg b?gi a[ n.cj h"wj
v{ w[ sjaji w"i V[ dwhj@ ##dwlqa sg e,v ]@ q{G W[b"vjs h'Sj
lg@ a[i[ W[bwv u,B sg b"vjs V[ q[i[ zi bjRpSj lg m$$ q>ev
dl>z V[ q'CrJ RpKai ds,aj@ ##a[i[ riegbJ F[cJ s[ zi b"vjs
h' hg Vhk lg lwsg m$$ dHM wdh w[ yp,w w[ W,DZ[ h'H[ ipfHgH[ Rpl
s[ b,De[ lp,B ds,Da[ m Rpfi.a h'i vCjHg bji.F h' eHg m
rZsg~rZsg Whpa rZ eHg@ WjWj ug wpN Vhk W'v[ m dry'G
ws[~ws[ wpN WyV wgaj aJ ujS dsRp hpS W,l wi' m Rpfi.a
yp,f h' uJs[ ih[ m awigWV b,Zg ija a'G rg r,Z lq[G aw dHh
dlvdlvj ujig dihj m
bfVg qjdHbj bjdf fljig bjfdh s[tVhjij mm
\ije dWhjeCj qhvj @ b>e |

rjvj WyV f+a,t lg m dsV yC%V a'G Wjbs Rpv%jq[ s[ iPf

dry WjWj ug } sjaji w"i V[ dwhj@ ##qhjiju@ aplk q[i[ Vjv
ija w'v W{n w[ y.eg wijHg m$$ RpKai dry WjWj ug V[ dHw
iq; s[ iPf dry WyV wgaj@ ##s[rg@ us'G blk dB,Dv[ RpKa[ hp.s[
lg@ Rps'G ljc[ Vjv rg dHr[G h.psg lg@ blk Rpl s[ u'C[ NjC w[
Rpl s[ b,De[ i,t s[S[ m$$ us'G rg sjaji w"i V[ e,v Ijs wijRpSg@
83

h;Pi V[ Rpfivj RpKai s[ w[ yp,f h' ujSj m dHh rg dHw iq;

lg@ dul } sjaji w"i Wji~Wji WyV wiV $a[ rg lqN Vhk
lg ihg m

\3|
dHw lFijrJ Vei sj dl>z lPiqj~dl,t lg m dHl s[ f>u e+.og
;WjVg Ijs lg m ws[~ws[ dHl a'G dHl sj fjn lpSs[ hp.s[ lV m
wHg rji vejaji dHw a'G Wjbs dHw lpSs[ idhSj m
dHw rji dHl } WyV wgaj dw a[i[ wpN h'i rg Ijs ] (
RpKai dry Vj;i dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ dHw rvg
w.Zjig sj f>uj ljdhW sj f+l.e Ijs ] m ws[ Rph rg lpSVj m$$
us'G dHl } l,sSj aJ WyV wiVj@ ##l,Ds'G dZ=aijLBi } m$$ Vjq
Vhk lg v{Gs[ m

\4|
dHw rji qpSLg hids,a dl>z } WyV wgaj@ ##w'Hg b>a
sg q>e q>e v{ m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##q[ig aphjc[ yiVJ dry
dVF ujr[ m$$ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$

\5|
ws[~ws[ qjvj x[iV rjla[ q>eSg aJ WyV wiVj@
##Wjdvbj@ fpijS[ dl,DB[ hdobji yp,wgH[ m$$ Rpfi.a wpN lqJ x[is[
idhSj m ws[ Rpl[ lq[G@ ws[ ndhi w[ WyV wiVj@ ##v{ Wjdvbj@
dHl aj ujqV ZiP r,v wi w[ B.e dsRp@ lp,Z ] m$$
84

\6|
dHw rji WyV wgaj ##us'G blk bjfS[ epiP } epiq>ai
s[S rjla[ dwhj aJ Rpl V[ dwhj dw Vj aP. l[rj wgag@ Vj ljc[
w'v wpN dyi dihj a[ hpS[ hg epiq>ai q>esj ]G m$$ blk b,De'G
RpKai ds,aj@ ##blk bjfSj qeu bjf[ fjC vrJe[ aP. epiq>a=
s[ s[ m$$ dxi Rpl V[ epiq>a= ds,aj@ blk b,De[ } yv[ eH[ m

\7|
dHw lq[G l.ea dry WyV wgaj@ ##blk l'vJ v,t l'vJ h;ji
fjn Vidl>z wry sj wgaj ] m$$

\8|
dHw rji WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit wv[iJ rjdvbj a'G wHg rji
blk epiq>ai dvbj ba[ wHg rji ds,aj ] hpS aw dHhVJ sg
wqjHg rZsg~rZsg rZ eHg m hpS s' bjV[ Fi wqjHg blk w'v'G
fj w[ l'vJ bjV[ fPig wi ds,ag ]@ Lp,Z ] m$$
fPi[ wj wgbj lF dwAp fPij zdB rdZ dwAp Vjhg mm
VjVw epiqpdt b{lj ujS{ fPi[ qjdh lqjhg mmmm
\lv'w rjiJ a[ rZgw qhvj @ b.e |

\9|
dHw lq[G l.ea dry WyV wgaj@ ##bjadqw f+jfag aJ
dul s[ b>si wh'e[ Fi dsbJe[@ u[ cp,v eHg aJ fjHgsj w'Hg
lp,t Vhk m$$
85

\10|
ws[ WyV wgaj lg@ ##blk epiP VjVw sg d*fj Vjv da>V
f+wji s[ ljZP WSjH[ hV_#sjV[ wv[iJ rjv[@ sgrjV[ l.a Whjv
sjl ug@ qlajV[ l.a dy>a ijq ug_bjf' bjfSg oJ hi w'Hg
y.ej ] m$$

\11|
Rpfi.a ws[ WyV wgaj lg dw duhCg brloj wv[iJ rjv[
ditg ug sg ]@ b{lj qhJfpit dHl lq[G W.ejv dry ]@ u' slr[G
fjaLjh s[ lq[G a'G v{ w[ b,u aw ]@ dul lq[G ditgbJ V[ awC[
h' w[ lqJ l.Fjdvbj@ Rph dxi siejh } ujH[ej m

\12|
dHw rji WyV wgaj@ ##blk dHM dViepS dry'G f{sj h'H[
hJ dur[G dwl[ } f[B zi'Cg sj W,yj h'r[ m l' blk i,W } f[B
zi'Cg rJeP. u.q[ hJ m$$

\13|
dHw rji da>V ljZP duhC[ I'ej~bdFbjlg lV@ siLV wiV
bjH[ m RphVJ Vjv wHg f+wji s[ RpKai f+LV wiV a[ RphVJ
} dB,Dv[ RpKa[ idhS sj hpwq h'dHbj m dul lq[G b,Zg ija h'Hg@
h;Pi V[ da>V rji #hP.@ hP.@ hP.$ Rpl r[v[ dHM Fjlsj lg@ dur[G
Ziag a[ bjwjL w.W ih[ h'S@ duhCg l.ea lp,ag lg@ RpKn W{ng@
wi w[ WyV wgaj@ Rpfi.a yp,f h' eH[ m dul lq[G dsV ydC%bj
aJ Rph da>DV[ hg qhjaqj WjWj ug b,De[ h,o W.V% w[ tv' eH[@
86

qj`g q>eS v,De[ m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##l.a ug@ dHo[ aJ

Lwag sj fC fjdBbj ]@ r[t vr'@ dwa[ aplk Fjv[ a'G rg Vhk
v,FSj@ dHh lF epiP VjVw sg d*fj ] m$$ Rpfi.a Rph qhjaqj
yv[ eH[ m
b>a V b>aj lsj W[b>aj whp VjVw RPy' RPyj mm
\dWvjrvp qhvj @ b>e |

\14|
WjWj ug s[ lq[G qdibjsj lg dw ija } l"S r[v[ lF sg
dHw,Dv[~dHw,Dv[ sg Vjq v{ w[ hj;ig v,esg hp.sg lg m dxi dul
} du,Do[ bjijq wiV sj hpwq h'Sj@ Rpl V[ Yo[ uj w[ bjijq
wiVj dxi WjWj ug s[ wqi[ sj sirj;j W.s wiVj m dHw rji
b,Zg ija s[ lq[G aw lF W[bjijq ih[ m WjWj ug V[ bjrj; ds,ag@
##Wjdvbj@ lF l.ea W[bjijq ]@ lj} rg W[bjijqg h' ihg ] m
wg e,v ]@ faj wi' lF sg deSag wi' m$$ hpwq bVplji deSag
wgag@ dHw W.sj deSag dry rjZP lg m WjWj ug w'v W[Vag
wgag@ ##ug@ dHw W.sj Yfij ] m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Rpl
} hpS[ Wjhi w,DT'@ Rpl V[ bjfS[ zi rjvg tPh dry dl,B w[
qjig ]@ dul s[ W,yj h'S rjvj lg@ qhJ fjfg ] m$$ Rpfi.a Rpl
} Wjhi w,T w[ L[i dl>z Fjeg rJsi rjv[ } fdhi[ $a[ tCj
wgaj m dxi l.ea bjijq dry h'Hg m

\15|
dHw l[rjsji fhPvg s[ Vei dry'G sp,Z v{ w[ bjMsj hp.sj
lg m Rpl V[ zi'G apiV lq[G qP>h RpKa[ spf,Bj W.V% v{Sj@ sp,Z sj
WiaV dli RpKa[ i,t w[ api f{Sj m c[i[ fhp.y w[ sp,Z rjvj WiaV
87

aJ l[rwJ V[ xC v{Sj@ Rpfi.a Rpl V[ w'ng s[ WiJc[ dry WjWj

ug s[ ljhqS[ W{n ujSj ba[ h,o u'C w[ dHw B,w WjWj ug s[
dyhi[ RpKa[ dVejh dBwjHg i,tSg m h'i w'Hg l[rw VrJ fpijSj
Vhk lg r[t lwsj@ h;Pi s[ dyhi[ sj a[; dHaVj lg m dHw dsV
Rpl s[ W{n[ a'G WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##w[lij@ dwr[G wigH[ (
l[rj aJ Whpa h' eHg ] fi bu[ lqJ Vhk bjdHbj@ ljcj lqJ
o'C%j ] m$$ w[li dl>z V[ dwhj@ ##qhjiju@ bjf lF wpN ujSs[
h' m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m dxi us'G lqJ bjdHbj@ dHl
sj fdhvj V.Wi i,t dsbJe[ m du>Vg yg; f,w w[ dqv[@ YVg y.eg
hp.sg ] m ngw ] Vj w[lij )$$ w[li dl>z V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ ngw
] m$$ Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$
h'ip ligwp h'r{ w'Hg a[ij dalp be{ apZp bjtJ mm
apZp be{ apZ{ ljvjhg q{ b>DZ[ VjRp lpujtj mm
\lv'w qhvj @ b>e |

WiaV dqvS $a[ Rph l[rw yvj debj m u[ W?L[G aJ idhq

a[ij@ Vj W?L[G aJ dLwjdHa dwbj m a[i[ dHVwji a'G lsw[@ a[i[
dHwiji a'G lws[ m
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dHw dl,t WjWj ug s[ lq[G ihijdl ljdhW sj fjn wisj
hp.sj lg m h;Pi dHl dl>z } bjq a"i #ihijlgbj$ wdh w[ Ijs
wis[ hp.s[ hV@ Vjq aJ dHl sj FjHg wfPi dl>z lg m WjWj ug
dHl } wpN qjdHbj s[ ds>Ds[ lV m FjHg wfPi dl>z V[ dHw rji
wpN qjdHbj q>eg aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##wpN b,De[ rjla[ rg
i,t v{ m$$ FjHg wfPi dl>z dHl WyV } lqN Vj ldwbj m
rji~rji ipfH[ q>esj dihj m Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##blk qiV
} oJ Fjvs[ hJ@ dHh ipfH[ q>esj ] m$$ dHl a'G Wjbs Rpl V[
qjdHbj Vhk q>eg m
88

\17|
WjWj ug duhCj u'Cj fdhVs[ lV@ Rph V'w rjvj hp.sj lg m
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj lg dw Fp,Dy' rjv[ V'w rjvj
spt,vj u'Cj fdhVs[ lV@ blk z'Vj a[ w,fC[ sj WdSbj fjdHbj
] m r,DdcbJ sg WijWig Vhk wiVg ba[ fdhvg rji hg fdhVS
lq[G Rpl sgbJ b,cgbJ dWnj w[ dn,Wj wi v{Gs[ lV m bjfS[ i.e
$y W{n[~W{n[ ws[ Rpl dry yiV fj v{S[ ws[ w,T v{S[ m dsV
dry wHg~wHg rji dHM wis[ lV m u[ dwl[ l[rw V[ fp,ASj aJ
RpKai dry s,lSj@ ##dHh ljcg qdibjsj ] m blk Rph qdibjsj
wis[ hJ m$$ dxi yp,f h' ujSj m
\dHh lji[ l.t[f WyV qjaj~dfaj fjl'G v[tw } dqv[ m|

q{ f[dtY ig RPyj q'hVp lF a[ RPyj mm

WjWj l+g qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ lq[G u{lj w'Hg fpiL siLV
wiV bjdHbj@ Rpl Vjv Rpl ai%J sj hg riajRp wgaj m fiqjio
rjdvbJ } fiqjio sg l'Ng W?Lg m lF ai%J Vjv lF s[ L.w[
Vdria wga[@ dVigbJ e,vJ Vjv hg al,vg Vhk wirjHg@ lF
wpN f+a,t iPf dry dstj w[ lF s[ zi fPi[ wi w[ a'dibj m WjWj
ug s[ lq[G dHw epidl,t epiP VjVw sg W.l dry'G@ duhVJ sj Vjq
#W[sg wiaji dl>z$ lg@ fdhv[ Rpl sj dHw l[rjsji bj w[
bjdebj v{ debj@ Vjv hg W[Vag wi debj dw qhjiju RphVJ
s[ Vjv l.ea rg ] m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ]@ bj ujr[ m$$
l[rw s[ ujS Wjbs FjHg y.sj dl>z bjdsw l.egbJ } hpwq
89

wgaj@ RphVJ sg dihjdHL rjla[ l.a sv dl>z rjv[ epispbji[

dry W.s'Wla wiV sj hpwq wi ds,aj m Rpfi.a wpN dsVJ Wjbs
hg W[sg wiaji dl>z ug rg fhp.y eH[ m lF a'G fdhvJ siLV
wiV vHg WjWj ug fjl c[i[ fhp.y[ m b,De[ dHw l[rw fdhi[sji
tCj lg m Rpl s[ ijhk b>si W[Vag fhp.yjHg@ b,De'G h;Pi V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##Rpl s[ h,o dry wg ] ($$ aJ fdhi[sji V[ W[Vag wgag@
##qhjiju@ Rpl s[ h,o dry l'V[ sg qp,n rjvg r,cg dwifjV ] m$$
aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##u[ siLV wiV[ hV aJ dwifjV Wjhi
i,t w[ bjr[ m$$
l[rw V[ dHh' hpwq W[sg wiaji dl>z ug } uj lpSjdHbj
aJ RphVJ V[ Rpl[ lq[G hg bjfS[ l[rw } dwifjV xCj w[ WyV
wgaj@ ##dul ai%J RphVJ sj hpwq@ Rphg q>VS dry Fvj ] m$$
a[ W[sg wiaji dl>z ug siLV wiV rjla[ b>si bj eH[ m dul
rwa W[sg ug WjWj ug s[ ljhqS[ bjH[ aJ bjf~qphji[ V[ai
Fi w[ W'v RpKn[@ ##w'Hg aphj} wg ujS[ m$$ WjWj ug V[ aawjv
hg W[sg ljdhW } WyV wgaj@ ##W[sg ljdhW@ yp,f ih' m b,De[ Vhk
ujSj m$$ Rpfi.a W[sg wiaji dl>z ug yp,f h' eH[ m wpN spr,vg
lp,t~bjV.s fp,AS Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##aphjc[ bjijq
wiV a[ ndhiV rjla[ l.a sv dl>z ug s[ c[i[ ue%j WSjHg
]@ aplk ba[ l.ea Rpo[ ndhi' m bevg e,v dxi wiJe[@ hpS
bjijq wi' m$$ Rpfi.a W[sg ljdhW ug l.ea lq[a l.a sv dl>z
ug s[ blojV RpKa[ yv[ eH[ m dHo'G hg i'; bjRpSj a[ rjfl
yv[ ujSj m W[sg ug vejaji dH,wg dsV ih[ m
hi ai%J dryji h'H[ m duhVJ sj fPij r[irj aJ Vhk
dqdvbj m Rpl lq[G v[tw s[ qjaj a[ dfaj rg l[rj dry hj;i
lV m ws[~ws[ e,vWja s"ijV q"w[ $a[ rg hj;i hp.s[ lV m Vj
90

hj;i h'S sj dHh rg wjiV ] dw dul l[rw } hj;i h'S sj

hpwq hp.sj@ Rphg Rpo[ W{n lwsj lg m dHl[ lq[G dry WjWj ug V[
`iqjdHbj@ ##W[sg@ epiP VjVw } lF epiPbJ V[ WjSg RpyjiV
lq[G rg bjf a'G sjdhV[ i,Ddtbj ] m$$ W[sg V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##ug@ dwl
ai%J ($$ WjWj ug V[ `piqjdHbj@ ##a[iJ LWs@ w'Hg s' b,tiJ $y
w'Hg da>V uJ yji b,tiJ dry ]@ dul T.e Vjv veJ qjaiJ
epiP VjVw V[ WjSg dry riagbJ hV@ h'i ldaepiJ V[ veJ
qjaiJ dry `iw i,Ddtbj ] m blk lqNs[ hJ dw dHh epiP VjVw
sj ldawji hg wgaj ] m$$ Rpfi.a W[sg ug wpN lqJ yp,f h' eH[ m
dyhi[ a[ WCg e.Fgiaj bj eHg dxi dwhj@ ##lda ] ug@ qhjiju
lda ] m$$ dxi dlqiV bdFbjl Wji[ dryji h'Hg m Rpl Wji[ WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##W[sg ug@ blk aJ WjSg dur[G ufpug ljdhW
uJ lptqVg ljdhW ]@ dHl sj bdFbjl bji.F dry wijMs[ hJ m
dxi qPv q>ai sj m
ldaepiP lda liPfp ] dZbjV qPvp epi qPida ujS{ mm
ldaVjqp wiaj fpitp qPv q>a= dlqiSp firjS{ mm
\FjHg episjl ug@ rji @ fRpCg |

dlqiV wis[~wis[ dHh ilVj a'G dWVJ bjfS[ bjf bji.F

hp.sj ]@ b>si'G dHw il f+jfa hp.sj ] m Rpl il } dlqiV wiV
rjvj hg bVpFr qdhlPl wi lwsj ]@ dVij x'wgbJ e,vJ rjvj
Vhk m Rpl il dry qeV h' w[ dlqiV wiV rjvj qla h' uJsj
] m W[sg@ a{} faj ] dhis[ dry wqv xp,v rieg dHw yg;@
dul } xp,v wqv wi w[ hg s,Ddlbj uJsj ]@ qPv q>ai s[ dlqiV
lswj dHh wqv fp,Dn[ a'G dl,Zj h' uJsj ] fi dl,Zj h' w[ tp,v%sj
Vhk m Rpl } f+wjLrjV wiV rjla[ rjdhepiP #rjdhepiP epiq>a=
] ufp hRpq{ t'Hg m$ \FjHg episjl ug|
91

rjdhepiP q>a= ufjHgsj ] m #rjdh$ lrjl b>si bjRpS lq[G@

#epiP$ ljl ujS lq[G m dHl ujf Vjv wqv xp,v dl,Zj h' w[
f+wjLrjV h' uJsj ] m
epi f+ljds RPiZ wqv dWejl mm b>Zwji qdh FdHbj f+ejl mm
\e'Gc qhvj @ b>e |

RpvdB wqvp b>Ddq+da Fdibj

dHhp qVp wahp V ujdH mm
\qhvj @ b>e |

b>a dry dHw,vj rjdh~rjdh sj ujf hg idh uJsj ]@ epiP

W.s h' uJsj ] m
rjhp rjhp bjdf btjdHsj epi lWsg lyp l'dH mm
rjhp rjhp dlxda lvjh ] epiqpdt WPN{ w'dH mm
rjhp rjhp WjSg lyp ] ldy dqvjrj h'dH mm
VjVw rjhp rjhp widabj
f+DFp fjdHbj widq fijfda h'dH mm
\b>e 514|

o'C%j duhj qplwij w[ W[sg lj} aJ H[Vj wp faj ] m lpS

w[ dxi W[sg ug V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ h'i L.wj ] m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##s,Dl' m$$ dxi W[sg ug V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##WjSg dry rg s,Ddlbj
] dw fiq[Li a[ qjdHbj dHw,Dn[ hg idh>Ds[ hV m `piqjV ] ^
spagbj sph wdi ujV{ b>e mm qjdHbj W+hq iq{ lF l.e mm
\ije eRpCg doag wWgi ug@ b>e |

slq fjaLjh sj WyV ] ^

AjdHbj iPfg h'dH w{ dWyia l+g e'fjv mm
\l+g liW v'h|
92

u[ qhjiju@ dHh qjdHbj fjiW+hq Vjv dHM dqvg ] aJ

dHh b,c~b,c dwr[G hp.sg ] ($$ aJ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj ##W[sg@
u[ dHh wpN wdhS lpSV a'G Wjhi hg ]@ Rpl lq[G faj vesj
] us'G lF wpN h' uJsj ] m$$
l' ujV{ dudV yjdtbj hdi Vjqp bq'vj mm
wgqda whg V ujHgb{ dwbj wdh qpdt W'vj mmmm
\dWvjrvp qhvj @ b>e |

aJ WyV wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ dHo'G dHw vgCj yp,w w[ ljc[ w'v

drAj s[ m$$ l.a Vi{S dl.z ug V[ hpwq bVplji drAj w[ W[Vag
wi ds,ag@ ##ug@ drAj ds,aj ] m$$ dxi hpwq wgaj@ ##W[sg@ H[o[
Rpn w[ ljc[ w'v dHl bjlS RpKa[ W{n' m$$ hpwq bVplji W[sg
ljdhW RpKn w[ bjlS RpKa[ W{n eH[ m wg r[dtbj a[ bVpFr@
qdhlPl wgaj@ dHh aJ W[sg ug a[ uJ WjWj ug ujVS@ r[tS
dry dHaVj hg bjdHbj dw Rpl lq[G W[sg ug sgbJ b,tJ W.s
a[ eisV dHw fjl[ Npwg h'Hg lg m dHl lq[G sjl \v[tw| s[
qjaj~dfaj s'V'G hg hj;i lV m wpN hg lq[G Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[
W[sg ug } q'T[ a'G xC w[ dhvjdHbj a[ dwhj@ ##W[sg ug@ awC[
h'r[ m$$ Rpl lq[G W[sg wiaji dl>z Rpn hg ih[ lV m qV b>si
sg lqN w[ WjWj ug V[ dwhj@ ##W,l@ idhS dsRp W[sg ug@ blk
aJ epiP VjVw s[ sjl hJ m$$ Rpfi.a WyV wgaj@ ##hpS aplk s,Dl'
W[sg ug@ aplk wg r[dtbj ( wg dHo[ qjdHbj a[ W+hq dHw,Dn[ wh'e[
dw b,Dc'~b,c ($$ Rpai dry W[sg ug V[ dwhj@ ##ug@ q{G aJ u'
wpN lpS w[ bjdHbj lg@ Rpl a'G r,Z hg r[dtbj ] m aplk W[b>a
a'G rg W[b>a h' m$$
lpdS rcj bjt{ lFp w'dH mm w[rcp rcj cgnj h'dH mm
\ije bjlj qhvj @ b>e |
93

##W[sg ug@ hpS aplk bjfS[ bjlS $a[ uj w[ bjijq wi' m

Wjwg e,v bev[ Fvw[ wiJe[ m$$ Rpfi.a W[sg wiaji dl.z ug
l.a sv dl>z ug s[ c[i[ l.ea lq[a bj eH[ m bev[ dsV W[sg
wiaji dl>z WC[ RpaLjh Vjv siLV wiV l.ea lq[a bjH[
a[ W{nS lji hg W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ dHw h'i L.wj Vdria
wi' m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##s,Dl' m$$ dxi W[sg ug V[ fp,DdAbj@
##ug LWs dry dZbjV fdhv[~fdhv dBwjRpSj b"tj ] m w'Hg
l"tj T.e s,Dl' m$$ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##W[sg ug@ epiP VjVw
ljdhW s[ yiV dry fsq ]@ Rpl sj dZbjV wi' m dHw,Dv[ fsq
sj dZbjV widsbJ~widsbJ ljij liPf fsq s[ dry'G hg
dsl[ej m dlqiV wis[ idhSj dVejh fsq RpKa[ dBwjHg i,tSg@
b,tJ W.s h'S $a[ Rphg fsq b>si dsl[ej m bevg brloj dry
ldaepiP WyV rg wiVe[@ lpSVe[ rg@ urjW rg s[Se[ m Rpo[
hV[i[ yjVS sg fit Vhk h'H[eg m dlqiV aJ bjfS[~bjf hg
hp.sj ih[ej m$$ dry'G hg l.ea dry'G dHw f+[qg W'dvbj@ ##ug@ Rpl
fjl[ r,v Fjr alrgi r,v r[t w[ ujf Fp,Dv[ej m$$ aJ WyV wgaj@
##Rph liPf aJ hi r[v[ ljhqS[ ih[ej a[ ujf rg Vhk Fp,Dv[ej m
w'Hg wi w[ r[t[ aJ faj v,De[@ le'G qV dBw[ej m lpida dHw
dHwjeiaj bjH[eg@ lpiag dWiag lphjeS h'H[eg m epirjw ] ^
yiV wqv dZbjV Fgadi zdB zBdh lpbjqg lpN{ mm
\w[sjij qhvj @ b>e |

##W[sg ug@ lWs lpida sj ilaj b"tj ]@ fdhv'G hi dHw

Vhk wi lwsj@ yiVJ s[ dZbjV rjvj ilaj l"tj ] m$$ Rpfi.a
W[sg wiaji dl>z } WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##W[sg@ aP. dwl[
lq[G l{GwC[ h;jiJ s[ iPf dry fp>V sjV wgaj m Rph fp>V sjV
wga[ aP. uVq Zji w[ tj dihj ] a[ hpS aP. v,tJ s[ iPf dry
fp>V wi dihj ]G a[ dxi uVq dxi uVq ZjiVj fr[ej m dHM
94

aJ uVq~qiV Vhk dqBsj m y,wi hg y,wi rZsj ] m hpS a[i[

zi W,yj rg Vhk h'dHbj m dHaV[ fp>V dwl[ s[ ] Vhk@ a[i[ w'Hg
dwr[G bjr[ aP. v'wJ } aJ fp,a ds>sj ] fi a[i[ bjfS[ dHl[ wiw[
Vhk h' dihj m ija ljc[ w'v dHw iPh bjHg ] m u[ dH,Aj ] aJ
Rpl } a[i[ zi F[u ds>Ds[ hJ@ hpS s,l m$$ Rpfi.a W[sg ug V[
wdhbj@ ##ug@ b"vjs sg dy>aj Vj q{} fdhvJ lg a[ Vj hpS
] m hpS d*fj wi' m$$ aJ WyV wgaj@ ##u[ Vhk dy>aj aJ Lp,Z
] m Vjq uf' ufjY m dH,Aj a'G idha h' w[ dHo'G aw dw qpwag
sg rg dH,Aj Vj wi' m b?gi $a[ WyV wgaj ^
doip zdi W{lhp hdi uV dfbji[ mm
ldaepdi apqi[ wju lrji[ mm
\ije eRpCg qhvj @ b>e |

hpwq bVplji biuV dl>z Tkclj fjng y.sj dl>z RphVJ

} drsj wiV eH[ m ila[ dry W[sg ug V[ dHhVJ f+[qgbJ }
dwhj dw lj} qjvPq hp.sj ] dw qhJfpitJ sj ligiw a"i $a[
lqJ o'C%j hg ] m u[ w'Hg FjSj ria[ aJ lj} ?Wi wi s[Sg m
h' ldwbj aJ b>av[ siLV ba[ l[rj sj lpFje lj} dqv ujr[ m
b{l[ qhJfpit l.a WjS[ dry upeJ~upeJ a'G Wjbs hg dwa[ bjMs[
hV m$$ dHl a'G Rpfi.a W[sg ug V[ bjfSj c[hijsPV sj b{ci{l
s[ w[ faj wiV sg ajwgs wi ds,ag m Rpfi.a W[sg ug yv[ eH[ m
\dHh f+l.e wjwj u'de>si dl>z dT,Dv'G fjl'G dqdvbj m|

95

qjdHbj qqaj q'hSg

dudV drSp s.aj uep tjdHbj mm
qjdHbj dHw b{lg qV q'hSg rlaP ] WC[~WC[ af,lrg ljZP
lF v'w dHl V[ bjfS[ r,l wi i,Dt[ hV WjSg dry `piqjV ] ^
fjdH neRpvg lFp uep u'dhbj mm
W+hqj dWlVp qhjs[Rp q'dhbj mm
epiqpdt Vjdq ve[ l[ l'dhbj mmmm
\bjlj qhvj @ b>e |

v,tJ IaV wiV $a[ rg W.sj Ap,B Vhk lwsj dHw lq[G dHw
l.a WjWj ug s[ siLV wiV bjdHbj h;Pi V[ bjfSg qdibjsj
bVplji fp,DdAbj@ ##siLV ] dw f+LV m$$ Rpl V[ W[Vag wgag ug
f+LV rg ] aJ WyV wgaj@ ##f+LV rg wi vr' m$$ aJ l.a V[
W[Vag wgag qhjiju q{G r,Dc[~r,Dc[ bhpdsbJ $a[ w.q wgaj ] ljig
d;>seg dry q{G bjfS[ w'v v,t ipdfbj uqJ Vhk r[dtbj m Rpfi.a
WyV wgaj@ ##a{G qjdHbj wg wiVg ] ep;ji[ u'eg hg dqv[ aJ
y.eg ] aP. W.seg wi w[ uVq lxv wi v{ m$$ ?{i@ Rph ljZP
Wji~Wji dHh' q>e wi[ dw s' wp dsV bjfS[ w'v i,tS Rpfi.a
Rpl } l.a Whjv sjl ug w'v f" rjvg u,lg F[u ds,aj Vjv
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Wjbs s' qhgV[ l.a Whjv sjl ug w'v Rpl V[ vjH[@ Rpo[ rg
Vj idh ldwbj bjd?i } Fp,Dy' hg fhp.y debj m bjfS[ qV sg
drdobj lpSjHg@ lpSj w[ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj Vjv dHw w'Hg LWs
96

s,l w[ Rpl sg ljig qdibjsj lqNj w[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHl qjdHbj

} v{ w[ ws[ dwl[ V[ lpt Vhk r[dtbj l,yj ZV fiq[Li sj Vjq
hg ] m
H[ qV dHhp ZVp Vjqp ] duap lsj lsj lptp h'dH mm
a'Bj qPdv V bjrHg vjhj ls hg h'dH mm
tjZ{ tidyb{ a'dB V bjrHg lsj lsj Rhp s[dH mm
lhlj qPdv V h'rHg hjSa ws[ V h'dH mm
VjVw epiqpdt fjHgb{ uj wRp Vsdi wi[dH mmmm
\dWvjrvp qhvj @ b>e |

dHl WyV } Rph Vj lqN ldwbj a[ yvj debj u' WjWj

ug V[ Rpl } upea s,lg a[ Rpl V[ Rpl bVplji LWs sj ujf
wi dvbj wpN lq[G Wjbs qjdHbj y.eg bjRpS v,e fHg Vjv
sg Vjv hg Rph qjdHbj bjfS[ dHw dq,ai duhCj uv.Zi idh>sj
lg@ Rpl s[ fjl uq%J wisj dihj m wpN lq[G Wjbs dq,ai a'G
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uV FeaV w' wh' V qjV' wgY bfV' fHg] m
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rjvg e,v rjfig m

w'dB dWzV dhi[ dtV qjdh mm

WjWj ug qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ lq[G dwl[ l[rw } w'Hg
ligiw sp,t awvg` u[ bjHg aJ dwl[ Fp,v wjiV bjHg m h;Pi
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sj wjiV s,l w[ b,De'G a'G ljrZjV wi ds,aj m dHw rji FjHg
iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i s'r[G aguj FuV dl>z v.ei dabji
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wgaj@ ##aplk dwl[ s[ zi'G dWVJ hpwq a'G dwM wpN dvbj ba[
tjZj m$$ Rpfi.a FjHg wfPi dl>z } lptqVg sj fjn lpVjRpS sj
hpwq wi w[ bjfSg h;Pig dry fj dvbj m Vgvj dl>z } v.ei
dabji wiV rjla[ F[u ds,aj m v.ei dabji h' w[ bjRpS aw
h;Pi V[ iaV dl.z ci'vg } Rpnj w[ bjfSg l[rj dry vjdHbj
h'dHbj lg m v.ei dabji h' w[ bj debj m i'; sg ai%J ljig
qdibjsj h' eHg lF l.ea V[ v.ei A,w dvbj m Rpfi.a h;Pi
V[ lF l[rw bjfSg h;Pig dry Wpvj w[ FuV dl>z@ FjHg iaV
dl>z ci'vg a[ agug u{ w"i dHhVJ } Wpvj w[ iaV dl>z ci'vg
} fp,DdAbj@ ##a{G f+Ljs dwM dvbj a[ tjZj ($$ iaV dl>z ci'vg
V[ s,Ddlbj@ ##qhjiju@ q{G aJ dHh lqdNbj dHh aJ epiP wg s[e
] F'e v,Ddebj ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHhVJ
v'wJ V[ Vj dHLVjV wiV r[v[ WjSg fC%Vg@ Vj s[e WSjRpS
r[v[@ qV~qi;g sgbJ e,vJ wig ujSgbJ Vj ldaepiP } F'e
vjMs[ hV Vj epiP sg s[e WSsg ] m b,De[ a'G b{lg s[e } Vj
epiP wg s[e lqNSj Vj v{Sj m$$ wCjh f+Ljs sg qdibjsj
idhaVjq[ dry siu ] m sjl v[tw r,Dv'G dvdtbj uj dihj ] m
98

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v[fV bje{ Whpwi sgu{ mm qjuV wi FjuV Z'rgu{ mm
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VraV wp.F fPi uv v[dh mm e'dW>s dl.z lxv daV s[dh mm

bjlj qVlj lF a[ig q[i[ lpbjqg u{lg aP.

bjl wijrdh a{lg w' bjl wijHg
WjWj l+g qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug qhjiju ug sg l[rj dry
v,DdebJ u' wpN V;ji[ qjaj~dfaj V[ b,tk s[t[ uJ idhS rjv[
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RphVJ da>VJ sg qdibjsj u' WjWj ug V[ lqNjHg Rph rg epfa
] ba[ ih[eg m dHw WyV uJ LWs u' h;Pi V[ dvtjdHbj@ sp,t
awvg` r[v[ da>V rji lpSjRpSj@ Rph rg WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
s[ hpwq bVplji epfa hg ] m dHaV[ V;ji[ r[t w[ dHh rg Fp,v
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dry lvjh wgag dw u[ bjfJ } wv[iJ rjv[ ditg ug sg l[rj
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qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ bjrj; ds,ag@ ##Wjdvbj@ ci'vg rjv[
s'hJ ugbJ } hj;i wi' m$$ hpwq bVplji l.a Vi{S dl>z ug
99

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V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aplk s'hJ dry'G dHw uSj lj} fjn lpSjY a[
sPuj f,Dt[ sg l[rj wi' m$$ lr[i[ sj v.ei dabji wiV sj rwa
h' debj m dxi l.a Vi{S dl>z V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ v.ei
sj lqJ h' debj ] m$$ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Lp,Z ]@ ci'vg rjv[
s'r[G ug v.ei dabji wiVe[ m$$ a[ dxi hpwq wgaj@ ##ujY@ v.ei
dabji wi'@ duhCj xpiVj ditgbJ sg l[rj sj wgaj ] Rph aJ
y.ej ]@ h'i Vj wdiY m$$ Rpfi.a iaV dl>z ci'vg a[ u{ w"i
V[ W[Vag wiVg yjhg aJ hpwq wgaj@ ##duhCj xpiVj wi dvbj@
Rph aJ fPij wiVj fr[ej@ lj} rg a[ aphj} rg m bevg e,v
dxi wiJe[ m$$ v.ei dabji wiV lq[G qp,T a'G v{ w[ b?gi aw
qV dry dHh e,v Wji~Wji bjMsg ihg dw blk xpiVj wi w[
Qvag wi W{n[ hJ m v.ei dabji wi w[ v{ bjH[ m i'; rJe
ljig qiIjsj rg h' eHg m v.ei rg ria debj m qV dry Rphg
e,v bjMsg ihg m Ljq } ihijdl ljdhW s[ fjn a'G Wjbs dxi
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fPij wiV v,De[ aJ aplk F,pv q>VS v,e fH[ m da>V uVqJ sj l.W.Z
aphjcj ljc[ Vjv a[ qhJfpitJ Vjv ] m blk a[ qhJfpit dHw,Dn[
hg ih[ hJ m aplk rg da>V uVqJ a'G Vjv hg bj ih[ h' m$$ iaV
dl>z ci'vg V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##ug qhjiju@ RphVJ r,v r[t w[
aJ ci WCj bjMsj ] m ug@ aphjc[ w'v u' qi;g fp,AgH[ m$$ aJ
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##RphVJ s[ ci V[ uVqJ~uVqJ s[ ci
vjh s[S[ hV a[ aplk dwM cis[ h' m u' wpN wiVe[@ Fvj wiVe[ m
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100

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idhSj m v.ei dabji wi w[ bjRpS lq[G riajRpS a'G AwjRpS
lq[G aw sj lqJ s[Sj@ df,DA'G dxi Wpvj w[ ufp ug ljdhW a[ ws[
lptqVg ljdhW sj fjn vejaji lpSs[ idhSj m dfAv[ fdhi aw
dxi ws[~ws[ ija } rg fjn lpSVj a[ WyV wiVj@ ##Lp,Z ] m$$
dsVp ijag bjijZhp dfbji' dVqtp V wgu{ Tgvj mm
l.a l[rj wdi FjrVg vjHgb{ dabjde qjVp hngvj mmmm
\ePuig qhvj @ b>e |

rjvg hjva WS eHg m vejaji i'; fjn wiV Vjv ligiw

t[yv r,Z eHg m WjWj ug b>aiujqg ujS eH[ dw ligiw
awvg` Whpa h' eHg ] m dxi h;Pig dry l,s w[ WyV wgaj@
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WyV wgaj@ ##W'v' rjdhepiP~rjdhepiP m$$
dxi wg r[dtbj a[ bVpFr wgaj m epirjw ] ^
zi qdh zip s[tjdH s[dH
l' ldaepip fpitp lpujSp mm
f>y lWs ZpdVwji ZpdV ah Wju{ lWsp VgljSp mm
sgf v'b fjajv ah t.c q>cv ]ijVp mm
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bwo woj Wgyjigb{ qVlj qVdh lqjdH mm
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101

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\qvji qhvj @ b>e |

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dul r[v[ bjrj; s[ w[ ljrZjV wgaj ba[ WyV wgaj@ ##dwM
r[dtbj bjV.s w{lj ] m dHh ] blv bjV.s m u[ aplk xpiVj Vj
wis[ aJ aphj} dHh A[ag dqv ujSj lg m$$ Rpl lq[G ligiw
awvg` a[ owjrB sPi h' yp,wg lg m ligi hvwj xp,v riej lg@
b?gi $a[ WyV wgaj@ ##hpS aphjcg qhJfpitJ Vjv f,wg e.T
f{ eHg m dHo[ du>Vg l[rj h' lw[@ wi' m Lp,Z ] m$$
\dHh f+l.e qjaj~dfaj fjl'G dqdvbj m|

H[wp aP h'di r[l Whp a[i[ mm

VjVwp ujS{ y'u V a[i[ mm
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WjWj ug s[ bjlS RpKa[ dvBs[ idhSj m dHw dsV FuV dl>z
V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju@ dHh bjvj w"S ] ($$ b,De'G WjWj ug
V[ WyV wgaj@ ##dHh bjvj ljcj Fij ]@ us'G blk A'Bg Rpqi
102

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v.qj fj ds>sj lg m us'G blk r,Dc[ h' w[ Wjhi af,Ddlbj wiV
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dHh q'i WS debj a[ hpS ljc[ w'v bj debj ] m b,De[ rjla[
dHl sj v[tj lj`@ hpS siejh ujH[ej m$$ wpN dsVJ a'G Wjbs
dHw dsV lr[i lji us'G qhjiju s[ bjlS sj sirj;j t'dv%bj@
l.ea q,oj B[wS rjla[ bjHg m lF V[ Vqlwji wiV Rpfi.a
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b,De[ i'; W{nsj lg@ Rpo[ uj w[ r[dtbj aJ q'i ;qgV $a[ dc,ej
dfbj lg m Fjeg rJsi rjv[ dV,wj dl>z V[ r[t w[ s,Ddlbj@
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fjn lpSjRp m$$ fjn LpiP h' debj@ lqjfag s[ Vjv hg q'i \bjv[|
V[ ligi dabje dsaj m Vjv hg WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##debj
siejh }@ W?dLbj debj m$$ da>V rji WyV wgaj m
duV wRp d*fj wig ueugrdV hdi Rpdi ZjdiY qV qjNj mm
Ziq ijdH sdi wjes xji[ uV VjVw v[tj lqNj mmmm
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103

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lPiqj bW uPNV w' sjRp mmmm
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dHh l.a l.a't dl>z ug sj uVq Vei Fp,Dy' wvJ hg ] m WcPrjvj
dHhVJ s[ VjVw[ lV m wpN lqJ WcPrjv idhS wi w[ WcPrjv
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dHhVJ sj Vjq qp,t ] m dHhVJ sj bjfSj blojV Fp,Dy' wvJ
dry dwvj ljdhW s[ Vjq wiw[ epispbjij q"uPs ] m u{a' s[
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104

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rjv[ lV m
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u' aP widh wijrdh lpbjqg

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105

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ujl hpwq wi beV b] lF wjlB qjhg mm
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106

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107

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apis[@ dxis[@ W{n[@ fH[ a'G r,usgbJ idhS m wHg rji ija }
sirj;j W.s wi w[@ s'~s' da>V~da>V wqdibJ dry uj f{Sj@
i'CgbJ dxi rg r,uSgbJ m xPl q>cg Vei a[ VojSj s' VeiJ
dry Rpl sg diLa[sjig lg m dHl fjf ba[ fjf~wiq s[ xv
V[ Rpl sg ujV v{ vHg m dlbjdSbJ sj woV ] ^
ljZ sptjH[ agV hjV@ Ziq@ bio@ bi W.l m
agV' w' hg s[t v{@ ijrV@ w{i'G@ w.l m
\dHh WyV qjaj~dfaj a[ dxi h.l qpVg ug u,lg f" rjvg
rjv[ c[i[ a'G dqdvbj m|

u{lg bjlj a{lg qVlj mm

u{lg qVlj a{lg slj mm
l+g WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug s[ siLV u{lg qVlj wi
w[ dwl[ V[ wga[ wHg rji aJ aawjv hg xv dqvsj lg m s'
d;qksji qhgbJ sj rfji wis[ lV m qhgbJ ?igs w[ qpCs[
h'H[ qhgbJ Wjhi W.V w[ siLV wiV bjH[ m b,Zj wp z>Bj W{n
w[ bjdebj v{ w[ Wjhi bjH[ aJ qhgbJ r[tgbJ duhCgbJ
W[rwa W,Dy[ dl,Bg W{ngbJ lV@ ljij lPbj hg W[wji h' debj Vj
hg q,NJ drwSgbJ lV@ ljig iwa dli Bp,B eHg lg@ dVijL h'
w[ dxi WjWj ug w'v qhgbJ rjvg drdobj uj s,lg m lpS w[
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aplk s'r[G siLV wiV bjRpS sg lvjh
wis[ h'H[ bjts[ lg ljZ rjvj rg w,Bj~w,Bg rg w,T y,vgH[ ljHk
108

v'w' ljZJ s[ aJ w,Bg~w,Bj Vhk hp.s[ w,DB[~w,BgbJ aJ qhgbJ s[

hp.s[ hV@ RphVJ s[ dVwv eH[ hV m aphjcg qVlj sj hg xv
] m$$ Rpfi.a Rph s'r[G f+[qg Rpsjl duh[ qV Vjv rjfl qpC eH[ m
\dHh WyV vjF dl>z l[rjsji qjSP w[ dVrjlg fjl'G
dqdvbj m|

dHdV qjdHbj uesgl epljHg

apqi[ yiV dWlji[ mm
FjHg iaV dl.z ci'vg ba[ u{ w'i V[ W[Vag wgag@
##qhjiju@ blk zi ujSj ] m w.q ]@ lj} bjdebj dsRp m$$ h;Pi
V[ bjdtbj@ ##Vhk@ w'Hg bjdebj Vhk m zi blk bjf[ a'i
dsbJe[ m$$ Rpfi.a wHg rji bjdebj q>eg@ WjWj ug hi rji
urjW s[ ds>Ds[ ih[@ fi.aP Whpaj wdhS a[ WyV wgaj@ ##da>V
LiaJ $a[ bjdebj dqv[eg u[ Vj ujY aJ y.ej ] m
1! df>c uj w[ ci'vg df>c sg uPh a'G Wjhi Vhk dVwvSj m
2! dHw ija a'G r,Z zi Vhk idhSj a[ dVaV[q Vhk A,cSj m
3! aphjc[ bJT~epbJT w'Hg u.q[@ w'Hg qi[@ aplk dwl[ s[ zi
Vhk ujSj m Vjv hg WyV wgaj@ ##blk ?pLg Vjv Vhk a'i
ih[@ Vj ujY aJ y.ej ] m$$
dHl a'G Wjbs FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg a[ u{ w"i zi bj
eH[ m b,De[ avr.cg FjHg wg a'G dWLV dl.z Vjq sj dl>z bjdHbj
W{nj lg m Rph bjfS[ w.q #ljxP rjv[$ Vei Vjv v{ debj m dul
109

lq[G ci'vg sg uPh a'G f{i Wjhi w,DdTbj aJ l,f vC debj m

Rpl[ r[v[ hg quWPiV rjfl df>c qpCVj dfbj m ija } epbJT
Ligw[ dry'G dHw vCwg qi eHg@ Rpo[ u{ w"i yvg eHg m s'hJ
sj hg dVaV[q Bp,B debj m ngw Rpl[ rwa hg F,pDy' rjv[ WjWj
ug V[ r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z } F[u w[ dHw ejiCP } l,s dvbj m da>V
dsV ejiCP } Fp,Dy' i,Ddtbj@ ujS Vhk ds,aj m u[ ejiCP w.q fp,DA[
aJ WyV wiVj@ ##aP. q>ai fC%g y,v m$$ agu[ dsV iaV dl.z
ci'vg a[ u{ w"i qpC bjH[ dxi ejiCP } a'dibj@ Vjv WyV
wgaj@ ##hpS ljc[ W.s[ bj eH[ hV@ aP. uj lwsj ]G m$$ dul rwa
iaV dl>z ci'vg a[ u{ w"i V[ l[rj q>eg aJ hpwq wgaj@ ##aphjcg
l[rj hpS wv[ik qhJfpitJ w'v yvg eHg ]@ Rpo[ h'H[eg m$$ dxi
Whpaj lqJ l[rj Vhk ds,ag a[ Vj hg qpC w[ zi } a'dibj m
bjfS[ w'v hg i,Ddtbj m
FPvdh Wjdiw bdVw vt Wigbj
bV nRpi Vjhg uh ujaj mmmm
\qvji qhvj @ b>e |

u[ bda *'f wi[ wdi ZjdHbj mm

aj Fg ygda V ijtdl qjdHbj mm
\bjlj wWgi ug@ b>e |

FPv yPw bfVj Wjdiwp Wtdlbj fjiW+hq FerjVj mm

\bjlj qhvj @ b>e |

110

u' apq wihp l'Hg Fv hqi{ f[dt

VjVw lpt yiVji{ mm
l[q[ rjvj fdirji s' Fij r,cj N.cj dl>z a[ A'Bj N.cj
dl>z dHhVJ sj dfaj bai dl>z sjsj epids,a dl>z da>V
fgC%gbJ a'G l[rw lV m r,Dc[ N.cj dl>z s[ lhpi[ df>c rjdvbJ
rjvg lV ba[ dHhVJ lhpdibJ sg e'a l'hg lg@ l.W.Zg sj Vjq
epids,a dl>z ug m dHw rji N.c[ h'iJ s[ dfRp[ V[ WjWj ug w'v
W[Vag wgag@ ##qhjiju rjdvbJ rjvg rjv[ l'hg sg ;qgV blk
v{ vHgH[ m$$ WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##Vhk v{Sg@ l'hg sg ;qgV
dry eZ[ dvBSe[ m$$ riaS rjvj FjSj fdhv[ hg s,l ds,aj
a[ l[rwJ sg i,Ddtbj h' eHg m dxi epids,a dl>z l'hg V[ y,w
xa[ dl>z u'de>si dl>z } ;qgV s[ ds,ag@ bjfSg F{S w'v
dihjdHL wi vHg ;qgV r[y w[ bjfSg F{S } f{l[ s[ ds,a[@
wpN bjf LijW fg ujSg m l'hg V[ bjfSg ljig ;qgV dHl[ aiJ
hg epbjHg l'hg rjvg ;qgV s[ f{dlbJ a'G duhCg y,w xa[ dl>z
hr[vg rjdvbJ V[ ?igsg@ Rpl dry eZ[ hg dvBs[ ih[ m lF wpN
f+a,t h' debj m
bfpV[ l[rw wg bjf[ ijt{ bjf[ Vjqp ufjr{ mm
\dHh WyV r,cj N.cj dl>z l[qj dVrjlg a'G dqdvbj m|

111

whp FgtV spdH V{V l.a't[

uh s[tj ah l'Hg mm
dHw rji WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ FjHg ci'vg Vjv WyV
widsbJ s,Ddlbj dw ci'vg blk dHw rji Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ w'v
W[Vag wgag dw qhjiju lj} Vidl>z sj siLV wijY aplk
l[rwJ } wijdHbj ] lpS w[ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ ajCVj Fi[ vdhu[
dry WyV wgaj@ ##qhJ fpit'@ epiP VjVw r[t w[ Vidl.z sg wg
v'C ] r[tS sg@ Rph aJ ljcg bjfSg t[c ] dHh' duhgbJ t[cJ
blk v'wJ Vjv wis[ hJ@ aplk bV.s ih'@ u[ wh' aJ drtj ds>Ds[
hJ m$$ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ s,Ddlbj Rpfi.a blk qj`g q>e
vHg dxi blk b,De[ d;wi hg Vhk a'dibj m
b{lj Vjqp iaVp dViq'vwp fp>DdV fsjiop fjdHbj mm
bdVw uaV wdi dhis{ ijdtbj
iaVp V Af{ AfjdHbj mmmm
hdi epV wha[ whVp V ujHg mm
u{l[ eP.e[ wg dqdnbjHg mmmm ihjRp mm
ilVj iqa lpVa lptp l+rVj dya y[a[ lptp h'Hg mm
whp FgtV spdH V{V l.at[ uh s[tJ ah l'Hg mmmm
\l'idn FgtS ug@ b>e |

\dHh WyV v[tw } dfaj ug fjl'G dqdvbj m|

112

yjwip whgb{ tlq wj lRph[ Rpai s[dH mm

ruhp erjH[ bjfSj atda V W{ldh l[dH mm
u[ l[rw lda WyV sj bdZwjig Vj WS[ l[rj dlqiV Fjr[G
dwaVj rg wi[ wgag h'Hg wqjHg } xv Vhk v,esj m dHl[ ai%J
WjWj ug s[ dHw f+[qg lg dul s[ Vjq sj ba[ Vei sj faj
Vhk v,Ddebj dHl V[ l[rj a[ dlqiV W[b>a wgaj lg@ fi hi
lq[G WjWj ug s[ wga[ WyV RpKa[ dw>aP wisj idh>sj lg m dHl
aiJ dHl } wis[ r[t w[ wHg l[rjsjiJ V[ WjWj ug } wdhSj@
##qhjiju@ dHh b{V[ lrjv~urjW dwM wisj ] m$$ b,De'G h;Pi
V[ RpKai s[Sj@ ##ljc[ Vjv lrjv~urjW wi w[ ljcj `jdHsj
hg wisj ] u[ dHh lda WyV sj bdZwjig WS w[ ih[ aJ dHl
} Whpa wpN s[Sj fH[ej dHh bjfS[ w.q } bjf[ hg drejCg
uj dihj ] m aplk yp,f ih' m$$
lvjqp uWjWp s'r{ wi[ qp>Thp zpoj ujdH mm
VjVw s'r{ wPCgbj ojdH V wjHg fjdH mm
\qhvj @ b>e |

113

FH[ d*fjv lpbjqg q[i[ ugRp mm

fdaa fdra vde epi w[ f{i[ ugRp mm
F=q FRp wjdB wgH[ dVir{i[ ugRp mm
epi qV wg bjl fPijHg ugRp mm
epiP VjVw W?dL>s@ dul V[ l,uS n,e@ w"c[ ijtL a[ FPqgH[
y'i duh[ W?L[ m slJ ldaepiJ V[ W[b>a fjfg aji ds,Da[ m Rphg
epiP VjVw sj Vjq dul dhis[ dry r,Ddlbj@ Vjq s[ f+ajf wi
w[ Rpl qhJfpit V[ lF } W?dLbj m dHl[ ai%J WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug V[ lF } W?dLbj m dHl lq[G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug qjN[
r,Dv'G wpN l.egbJ lq[a siLV wiV bjH[ m wpN l.ea aJ w'ng
s[ WiJc[ dry hpwq bVplji dBw eHg m wv[iJ rjv[ WjWj ug
sj bjlS dB,Dv[ RpKa[ wij ds,aj debj m dHw rji l.ea dry
W{dnbJ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ fdBbjv[ rjvj ijuj
] Vj@ Rpl V[ ljcj dHw WyV rg Vhk q>DdVbj@ blk Rpl sg
ba[ Rpl s[ iju sg wHg rji i,Ddtbj wgag ] m u[ aJ Rph
WyV q>V v{Gsj aJ lji[ epVjh W?L ds>Ds[ m hpS Rpl sj b>a
aplk l.FjvSj ] m Rpl s[ wga[ fjf lji[ Rpl s[ ligi RpKa[ Fpeaj
w[ b{V b>av[ lrjl r[v[ aplk Rpl s[ fjl fhp.ySj@ ujSj rg
Rpl r[v[ ] us'G Rph w'Hg q>e wiV u'ej Vj ih[ m Rpl } h'i
lrjl dqv eH[ aJ dxi rg Rpl V[ qjC[ w.q Vhk A,cS[ m$$ b,De'G
WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##QigW dVrju@ aphjcj
114

hpwq h'r[ aJ sjl Viw dry ujS } dabji ]@ fi Rpo[ lF

wpN fjf sj b>V@ ZV@ fjf hg fjf ] m bjf rg ujSs[ h' m$$
b,De'G l+g WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ditg ug@
aphjcg dVejh dry epiP VjVw@ aphjc[ dhis[ dry epiP VjVw@
ilVj dry epiP VjVw@ aphjcg b>Ddq=a iPf dVejh duo[ eHg@
;dhi a'G rg b>Ddq+a WS ujH[ej m Rpl sj dHh q"wj l.FjvSj
] m$$ b,De'G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ lda WyV wi ds,aj m WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ Lp,Z ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z
ug V[ bjdebj q>eg aJ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##bjdebj
b,u a[ lr[i[ Vhk dqvSg@ fil'G a'i dsbJe[ m$$ Vjv hg WyV
wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ b{cg wjhvg dwM wis[ h' ($$ dry'G dHw l.eg
W'v dfbj@ ##ug@ eiqg WCg ] m$$ WjWj ug V[ h,l w[ WyV wgaj@
##vY bjfJ n.c wi v{Gs[ hJ m$$ Rpl[ lq[G n.cg hrj y,v fHg@
eiqg a'G lisg WS eHg m
afa qjdh njdT riajHg mm bVsp FdHbj spt Vjn[ FjHg mm
\eRpCg lptqVg qhvj @ b>e |

ljij rjajriS Wsv debj m Rpfi.a WjWj bV.s dl>z ug

dB,Dv[ Rpfi yv[ eH[ m h;Pi V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ ci'vg
rjdvbJ s'hJ ugbJ } hj;i wi' m$$ hpwq bVplji l.a Vi{S
dl>z ug Wpvj w[ v{ bjH[ m hj;i h'S Rpfi.a WjWj ug V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##lr[i[ blk qhJfpitJ } aphjcg WJh xCjrJe[ m s[rg@
us'G qhJfpit a[i[ fag sg WJh xCV@ aP. RphVJ s[ yiVJ $a[
q,oj B[w s[rk m$$ dHhVJ V[ lda WyV wgaj m bev[ dsV WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug h;Pig l[rw ijhk bjdebj v{ w[ dxi siLV wiV
bjH[@ Vqlwji wgag m lF l.ea W{ng lg@ h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@
##qhJfpit'@ aphjcj dWh.eqg njn ] m lF dWh.eq hg idhSe[@
115

ljcj w.q ivrJ ] m ljc[ w'v ci'vg rjv[ s'r[G ugb idh>Ds[ hV m
dHh b,De[ a'G aphjc[ Vjv idhSe[ m$$ b,De'G WjWj bV.s dl>z ug
V[ lda WyV wi ds,aj m dxi bjf ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ditg
ug@ ljc[ ljhqS[ WJh xC' m$$ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@
##QigW dVrju@ aphjcj hpwq dli q,Do[ $a[ ] m$$ aJ dxi Fp,Dy'
rjv[ qhjiju V[ h,l w[ WyV wgaj@ ##Vhk@ ljc[ ljhqS[ WJh
xC w[ drtjY m$$ dHl ai%J WyV wi w[ iaV dl>z ci'vg }
hpwq wgaj@ ##dvbj WHg@ WJh xCj m$$ ci'vg V[ WJh b,De[ wi
ds,ag@ WjWj ug qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ WJh xC w[ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug } xCj w[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ WJh xCg sg vju
i,tSg@ dqhi wiVg m$$ hpwq bVplji u{ w"i V[ yiVJ $a[ q,oj
B[w ds,aj m WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##bjh wg h'
debj ($$ b,De'G Fp,Dy' rjv[ qhjiju ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##ngw ]
qhJfpit'@ u' h' debj ngw ]@ L,pZ ] m$$ Rpfi.a WjWj qhJ hdiVjq
dl>z ug V[ fp,DdAbj@ ##qhJfpit'@ bjlS dwo[ f,wj vjdHbj ] ($$
aJ b,De'G wv[iJ rjdvbJ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhjiju@ dHw
ue%j wv[iJ a[ yPhC y,w wjMw[ s[ dryjv[ ueijrJ sg ;qgV
W[~bjWjs ] m ws[~ws[ Rpo[ uj dBwgsj ] m$$ Fp,Dy' rjv[ qhjiju
V[ WyV wgaj@ ##Rpo[ f,wj bjlS vj vr'@ Lp,Z ] m$$ h'i wHg
f+wji s[ WyV~dWvjl h'H[ m Rpfi.a Fp,Dy' rjv[ qhjiju V[ WyV
wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ w'Hg q>e q>De' m dH>si@ Rpdf>si@ xdV>si@
qdV>si@ aphj} wg WSjHgH[ m$$ WjWj bV.s dl>z ug V[ W[Vag
wgag@ ##QigW dVrju@ w'Hg q>e Vhk m$$ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ dxi
WyV sphijdHbj@ ##Vhk@ w'Hg q>e q>De'@ WyV ?jvg Vj ujH[ m$$
l'y~l'y w[ WjWj ug V[ q>e q>eg@ ##da>V v'w dry lPHg s[ V,Dw[
du>Vg ue%j RpKa[ q[ig q[i Vj h'r[ m$$ Fp,Dy' rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@
116

##qhJfpit'@ aplk fdhv wi eH[ m aphjcj zi fdhvJ WS[ej@ df,DA'G

ljcj m b,De[ ljcj fdhvj WSVj lg@ hpS aphjcj fdhvJ ljcj
df,DA'G m aphjcj zi f,wj@ l.eqiqi@ l'Vj v,De[ej m$$ WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug V[ W[Vag wgag@ ##QigW dVrju@ ljcj aJ i';j ] m$$
b,De'G h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##aphjcj i';j hg ih[ej@ df,DA'G WS
ujH[ej@ WS[ej ;iPi m ditg ug@ aphjcg l[rj } bqgi~r;gi@
iju[@ qhjiju[ q>e~q>e w[ v{Se[ m$$ dur[G epiWjSg dry ljdhW
V[ `piqjdHbj ] ^
duaV[ fjdaljh ljh iju[ tjV Rpqijr dlwsji hdh
daaV[ ldF hdi w[ wgH[ mm
u' dwAp hdi wijr{ lp YdH widh
ldF hdi w[ biogH[ mm
l' b{lj hdi lFVj wj f+DFp ldaepi w{ rdv ]
dadV ldF riV yjh[ tjSg
lF dl+ldB e'v[ wdi
ldaepi be{ wji wqjrS wRp sgH[ mm
\dW! rji@ b>e |

qhJfpit'@ aphjc[ dhis[ dry epiP VjVw sj dVrjl ] m duo[

epiP VjVw Rpo[ lF wpN bjfS[ bjf hg bj uJsj ] m$$ b{lg
fiq~RpKy brloj rjv[ epidl,t qhjaqj qhJfpit lV WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug wv[iJ rjv[ m dHl ai%J s[ W[b>a WyV bLgirjs
s[ iPf dry uJ Fdr,ta s[ iPf dry h'H[ m dHl a'G Rpfi.a WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug dHw ija h'i dBw[ m agli[ dsV drsj wga[ m W[b>a
?pLgbJ W?LgbJ m ujS lq[G FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{ w"i
} hpwq wgaj@ ##qhJfpit uj ih[ hV@ drsj wi w[ bjY m$$ hpwq
bVplji wpN sPi s'r[G uS[ Vjv eH[ m b,De[ uj w[ WjWj ug wv[iJ
117

rjdvbJ V[ i'w ds,Da[ ba[ fp,DdAbj@ ##hpS aplk dHo[ wg l[rj wis[
h' ($$ FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg V[ ljig rjiaj df>c ujS rjvg
lpSj w[ dwhj@ ##ug@ Rpl dsV a'G ljcg l[rj W.s ] m$$ lpS w[
WjWj ug wv[iJ rjdvbJ V[ WyV wgaj@ ##hpS aphj} l[rj dqv
ujH[eg m awC[ h' w[ l[rj wi' m h'i lF wpN dqv ujH[ej@ fi
dHh l[rj sj q"wj dxi h,o Vhk bjRpSj m aplk zi uj w[ Fp,v
wgag ] m$$
lpap bfijZ wia ] u[a[ mm uVVg ygda V ijtdl a[a[ mm
\bjlj wWgi ug@ b>e |

dHh ljij LWs dHl q"w[ Vjv q[v tJsj ] m Rpfi.a WjWj
bV.s dl>z ug b,De[ yv[ eH[ m FjHg iaV dl>z ci'vg ba[ u{
w"i df,DA[ qpC bjH[ m dul lq[G v.ei fwjRpS sj lqJ bjdHbj@
WjWj qhJ hdiVjq dl>z ug V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##Wjdvbj@ b,u ci'vg
rjdvbJ } qhJfpit l[rj s[ eH[ hV@ v.ei dHh dabji
wiVe[ m$$ dHl f+wji wi w[ bjf hg l[rj t'hg ba[ dxi sPug
rji dHl WhjV[ ds,ag m dHl LWs Vjv dHh f+l.e ?aq h'dHbj m
dxi vejaji b,De[ rJe l[rj y,vsg ihg m
bje{ hg a[ lFp dwAp hPbj brip dw ujS{ debjVj mm
FPv yPw bfVj Wjdiwp Wtdlbj fjiW+hq FerjVj mmmm
ldaepip q[ij lsj sdHbjvj q'dh sgV wRp ijdt vgbj mm
wjdBbj i'ep qhj lptp fjdHbj hdi b>Ddq+ap qpdt Vjqp sgbj mmmm ihjRp mm
\bjlj qhvj @ b>e |

\dHh f+l.e dfaj ug fjl'G dqdvbj m|

118

dulp Fjr{ dalp bjfV VjdH vjr{ mm

dulp Fjr{ dalp t[v dtvjr{ mm
dfAv[ dh,Dl[ dry fjnw fC% yp,Dw[ hV dw WjWj l"S dl>z
dT,Dv'G dHl lji[ fdirji RpKa[ dwaVg dwaVg WjWj ug sg d*fj
lg@ wHg rji dwl[ l.eg l[rw sg dl`jiL rg l"S dl>z wi ds>sj
aJ WjWj ug q'Cs[ Vhk lV m dHw rji dwl[ l[rw V[ W[Vag wgag@
##qhjiju@ aplk l"S dl>z sg dl`jiL q>V v{Gs[ h'@ h'i dwl[ l[rw
} dwl[ sg dl`jiL wiV sg qVjhg ] m dHM dwM m$$ b,De'G WjWj
ug V[ RpKai ds,aj@ ##l"S dl>z Vjv ljcj fpijSj dwl ai%J sj
l.W.Z ] dwl[ } wg faj ] dHl[ wiw[ dHl sg dl`jiL Vhk
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VjVw[@ sjsw[ lF l.W.ZgbJ s[ Vjq dvtj ih[ lV m VjVdwbJ
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WjWj ug } dwhj@ ##qhjiju@ wWgvsji W.dsbJ V[ wHg ai%J sj
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dxi wpN lqJ VjVw[ u[ dwl[ V[ s,l ds,Da[ aJ dvtj vH[ Vhk
aJ Vhk m
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e,v } Rphg ujVS m epirjw ] ^
119

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NjCP bjdsw x[i w[ l`jHg wijHg eHg m dHw dsV WjWj bV.s
dl>z ug rg fhp.y eH[@ Vjv wpN l.ea rg lg m Rpl lq[G WjWj
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120

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l.a dy>a ijq ug sg ljig l[rj wiV Rpfi.a dy>a ijq ug V[
h,l w[ WyV wgaj@ ##FjHg iaV dl>z@ b,u q{} qhjiju V[ Ijs
wgaj ]@ yv' y,vgH[ m$$ b,De[ rg dul lq[G WjWj ug Ijs wis[
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ci'vg V[ WjWj ug fjl W[Vag wi ds,ag@ ##qhjiju@ dy>a ijq
hj;i ] m$$ h;Pi V[ hpwq wgaj@ ##w'ng s[ WiJc[ dry dWnj
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bVplji ljhqS[ tC[ wga[ eH[ m h;Pi V[ bjfS[ s'r[G h,o qv w[
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h' w[ W{n eH[ m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj@ ##qhJfpit'@ dw>DV[ ljv h'
121

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sjl ug aJ bjfS[ Wlai Vjv Wji~Wji qp,t lj` wi ih[ lV m
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wg h'dHbj ($$
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b,tJ bjf qphjigbJ cp,v% fHgbJ m
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bV.s dl>z ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##fdhvJ lj} a'i'@ df,DA'G u' i;j
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v{ w[ qjN[ r,v } yv[ eH[ m
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122

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123

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\qjiP qhvj @ b>e |
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fgC eHg dxdi Vhg sph[vg m
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124

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dl>z e+.og ]ijV h' eH[ m qV dry IwgV bj debj dw hpS
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125

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ljij LWs dHo[ dvdtbj uj dihj ] ^
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126

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sj woV ] ^
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dHhp bRplip wa fHg ] mmmm
\ije ePuig Fea wWgi ug@ b>e |

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V[ dvtjdHbj m|

127

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fjl ] m$$ dHl hpwq } lpS w[ Rph f+[qg apisj~apisj Fp,Dy' fhp.y
debj m dul lq[G dHl dl>z V[ fdhi[sji ijhk bjdebj v{ w[ WjWj
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128

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h' lwsj ] m$$ RpKai dry WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj@ ##q[ig al,vg
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