Mechanics of Building Materials ABAQUS UMAT Implementation

11.11.
2014
Mechanics of Building Materials

ABAQUS UMAT Implementation
F. Wittel
Institute for Building Materials
09.09.2013
Material implementation in ABAQUS
Overview on ABAQUS structures

How subroutines interact with ABAQUS
Calling subroutines inside a model
Writing of subroutines
UMAT and VUMAT
UMAT in some detail
Examples of UMATs for plasticity
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Material implementation in ABAQUS: structures

User Subroutines:
Extension of the functionality and applicability of ABAQUS beyond the
current implementation.
Offers a powerful, flexible analysis tool by adaptation to individual needs.
Are typically written in Fortran77 code, that needs to be included into a
model for the calculation.
Can call utility routines to simplify coding.
ABAQUS User Subroutine Reference Manual describes (55) different
user subroutines for Abaqus/Standard, (21) Abaqus/Explicit subroutines,
and all available utility routines (18) in detail.

Popular user subroutines for ABAQUS/Standard (for material behavior)
CREEP: Definition of time dependent, visko-plastic material behavior. Deformations with decomposition into deviatoric
(creep) and volumetric c(swelling) part.
DLOAD: Definition of non-uniformly, distributed mechanical loads in form of surface or volumetric loads.
UEL: Definition of own finite elements, that are not contained in the element library.
URDFIL: Input of data from result files (*.fil) at the end of the increment.
USDFLD: Definition of filed properties directly at the integration point of elements. Those can depend on stresses and
strains.
DISP: Definition of boundary conditions.
ORIENT: Definition of material orientations.
UMAT: Definition of own, complex constitutive material models, that are not part of the material library of ABAQUS.
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Popular user subroutines for ABAQUS/Explicit for material behavior
VDISP: Definition of displacement boundary conditions.
VDLOAD: Definition of non-uniform loads.
VUEL: Element definition.
VUFIELD: Definition of field variables.
VUHARD: Definition of yield surfaces and hardening rules for isotropic plasticity or combined hardening models.
VUSDFLD: Definition of new field variables at the material point.
VUMAT: Definition of own, complex constitutive material models, not included in the material library of ABAQUS.
Utility routines: Obtaining values of ABAQUS environment variables, Job name, path name, output path, parallelization
information, part information, information at material points and node averages, node information, element information,
stress-/strain invariants and rotation tensor. Output to message file, and more
Material implementation in ABAQUS: Interaction with ABAQUS

Analysis start
UEXTERNALDB
Definition of initial conditions
HARDINI
SDVINI
UPOREP
SIGINI
VOIDRI
Initiation of step
Initiation of increment
Initiation of iteration
Definition of global stiffness matrix [K]

DLOAD
FILM,
HETVAL,
UWAVE
CREEP, FRIC, UEL,

UEXPAN, UGENS,
UMAT, USDFLD
Definition of loads {F}
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Go to iteration start
solve[K]{U}={F}
No
Did it converge?
Go to next increment start
Yes
Go to next step
Write output
No
Yes
End of step?

Analysis start
Increment start
Initial conditions
Calculation of field properties at integration points from

node values
Step initiation
Increment initiation
Iteration start
Iteration start
UEL
System stiffness matrix [K]
calculate
Load definition{F}
UMAT
USDFLD
FILM
HETVAL
dh / d
r /
calculate
define
load
CREEP
cr
UEXPAN
sw
th
FRIC
UGENS
N / E
x
|
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Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Using subroutines in ABAQUS
Before you can start you have to
Install Microsoft Visual Studio
Install a FORTRAN compiler
Set environment variable
Change starting properties

start of a calculation by giving the name of the user subroutine with the User parameter in the ABAQUS command shell.
Input file usage: Abaqus job=job-name User={Source-file | Object-file}
Abaqus job=Analysis User=Sample _subroutine.for

Great care while programming Conventions and guidelines have to be followed!
INCLUDE call for FORTRAN compiler and linker.
Always the first statement after the argument list:
ABAQUS/STANDARD: 'ABA_PARAM.INC
Has to be stated in all main and sub routines.
/EXPLICIT: 'VABA_PARAM.INC
'INCLUDE ABA_PARAM.INC' is the first

statement after the argument list.
Include call in sub routines
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Naming conventions:
For name of COMMON blocks or called subroutines the initial letter K is reserved (Example: SUBROUTINE KS_Eff(D_f,
Eff_val)).
Overwriting of variables:
User subroutines are not allowed to overwrite other parts of ABAQUS. Passed in variables are:
already declared variables.
Variables that need to be declares.
Variables passed in for information purposes (do not overwrite).
Output of variables (debugging):
Into the message file (*.msg) handler 7 or output file (*.dat) handler 6.
handler 15-18 and > 100 can also be used for reading/writing into files.
Write statement to standard out goes into the
*.log file in the cwd.

Golden rules:
Develop user routines always with the smallest meaningful model and singular elements in
its simplest form (no contact ..).
Adding and modifying models requires tests before and after modification..
If possible test subroutines in a way that only node DOFs are specified. In a next step
tests of combinations e.g. with volumetric forces and node values can be made.
Attention when assigning the number of solution dependent variables (SDV) with the
*Depvar keyword. It 20 are needed but only 18 SDVs specified the consequences are
unpredictable.
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UMAT and VUMAT
Interface for defining own, complicated constitutive material laws that are not part of the material library of ABAQUSABAQUS/Standard UMAT
ABAQUS/Explicit VUMAT
What you need for UMATs
Explicit (total) stress
Stress rate (only in co-rotational framework)
Definition of time-, temperature- or field property dependence (if defined)
Definition of solution dependent state variables (SDV if defined)
Transformation of rate dependent constitutive models into incremental form with integration method (Forward
Euler (explicit); Backward Euler (implicit); Mid-point method (Semi implicit)
Incremental statement for internal SDV
Conventions of FORTRAN have to be followed
Memory allocation for SDV with *DEPVAR statement
Calculation of a consistent Jacobian matrix (UMAT)
correct variable declaration and initiation

UMAT and VUMAT
Consistent Jacobian matrix (DDSDDE):

For small deformations or large deformations with small volumetric change (plasticity) the Jacobian is:
D D SD D E : J
CAUCHY stress increment; strain increment.

Stain increments are approximated for small strains as logarithmic strain.
Jacobian can be non-symmetric, depending on the constitutive model or integration scheme.
For complicated constitutive models the Jacobian is only approximated loss of quadratic convergence.
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UMAT and VUMAT
Verification of implementations
on the simplest case: one or a few elements with input.
on calculations with prescribed displacements to test the integration algorithm for stress- and state variables..
for representative cases: Uni-axial, uniaxial under an angle, uniaxial with rotation, shear.
on calculations with prescribed load to test the accuracy of the Jacobian.
by comparing with analytical solutions or material models from ABAQUS.

UMAT variables
UMAT Variables
stresses (STRESS), strains (STRAN), and solution dependent state variables (SDVs) (STATEV) at the start of the increment.
Strain increment (DSTRAN), rotation increment (DROT(3,3)), deformation gradient at the increment start (DFGRD0(3,3)) and (DFGRD1(3,3))
Increment end.
Total time (TIME(1)) and incremental time (DTIME), temperature (TEMP and DTEMP), and user defined field properties (PREDEF and
DPRED).
Material constants (PROPS), material point positions (COORDS) and char. element length (CELENT).
Element number (NOEL), integration point (NPT) and composite layer number for shell and layered bodies (LAYER).
Present step (KSTEP) and increment number (KINC).
Hast to be updated by the UMAT:
Stress (STRESS), SDVs (STATEV), and Jacobian (DDSDDE).

Specific elastic strain energy (SSE), plastic dissipation (SPD) , creep dissipation (SCD).
Predicted new (reduced) time increment (PNEWDT).
Utility Routines:
SINV returns the fist and second invariant of a tensor.

SPRINC returns principal values of a tensor.
SPRIND returns principal orientations and values of a tensor.
ROTSIG rotates a tensor with a rotation matrix.
XIT terminates the calculation and closed all files.
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UMAT variables
Units: ABAQUS has no fixed unit system except for rotations (rad). Units have to be self- consitent.
Stresses and strains are stored in vectorial form:
Plane stress state (PS):
11 ,
22
, 12
11 , 22 , 33 , 12
11 , 22 , 33 , 12 , 13 , 23
Plane strain state (PE)/ axisymmetric:

3D elements:
Shear strain: ABAQUS always uses engineering strains.

Deformation gradient: The deformation gradient
ij ij
F ij is always stored as a
ji
2 ij
3x3 matrix.

UMAT usage
ABAQUS CAE
Part Module: Define part

Property module:
Define material. With General>Depvar number of SDVs is
defined
General>User define material parameter for

User Subroutine.
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UMAT usage
Job module: Job definition with correct path to user subroutine.

UMAT for kinematic hardening
Constitutive relations
Elasticity:
: Lames constants
In Jaumann (Corotational) rate form:
The Jaumann incremental form is integrated into the scheme of corotational formulation:
10
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Constitutive Relation
Plasticity:
Loading function with von MISES stress (J2)
S ij , ij
: Deviatoric stress and strain tensor

(back stress)
Equivalent plastic strain rate
Plastic flow rule
: Yield stress
Prager-Ziegler linear kinematic hardening in rate form:
h:
Material property

Integration procedure:
1. Elastic predictor: equivalent stress with purely elastic deformation is calculated:
2. If the equivalent predictor stress > yield stress plastic low sets in.
The backward Euler integration scheme is used for integration of the equations.
ij0 :
Back stress tensor at increment start
3. Equivalent plastic strain increment:
11
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Update of back stress, stress and strain tensor:
Direction of the plastic strain increment (normality condition)
Back stress tensor increment
Plastic strain increment
Stress at increment end
Cel : Elastic stiffness matrix
ne l 1 ne l
el
ne l (
pl
n 1
C e l en l 1
|

Jacobian matrix
D D SD D E : J
Definition of a consistent Jacobian
k: bulk modulus
k E
3 (1 2 )
Detailed documentation in the ABAQUS Users manual
12
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User Subroutine UMAT header and argument list:

Definition and memory allocation for local variables:
13
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Definition of LAMEs constants and of the stiffness matrix (=Jacobian for elastic deformation):

Calling and rotating strain tensors (elastic and plastic) and of back stress tensors for large displacements
and deformations.
Renaming initial values for stress and strains (el. + pl.).
Calculation of predictor stress and elastic strain.
14
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Calculation of equivalent von MISES stress based on predictor stress.

Comparison of equivalent von MISES stress with yield surface.

Calculation of deviatoric part of the predictor stress.

Calculation of direction of the plastic strain increment with normality condition.
Calculation of equivalent plastic strain increment with consistency condition ( equivalent stress
= yield stress).
15
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Update of back stress tensor, elastic and plastic strain tensors and stress tensor for incremnt end. (Note *2
for shear stain components since engineering definition is used in ABAQUS).
Calculation of plastic work or dissipation:
S P D 1 2 ( n 1 n )( p l )

Calculation of the consistent Jacobian (material tangent stiffness matrix):
16
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Update of SDVs with values at the increment end.

Output request write to *.log file(optional for debugging)

UMAT for isotropic hardening
Constitutive relations
Elasticity:
: Lames constants
In Jaumann (Corotational) rate form:
The Jaumann incremental form is integrated into the scheme of corotational formulation:
no difference to kinematic hardening

17
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plasticity:
constitutive relation
Loading function with vonMISES stress (J2):
equivalent plastic strain in rate form:
Yield rate:
:
S ij :
y
Yield stress
Deviatoric stress

Integration procedure:
1. Elastic predictor: equivalent stress calculated with purely elastic deformation:
2. If the equivalent predictor stress > yield stress plastic flow.

The backward Euler integration scheme is used for integration the equation.
y (
3. In general non-linear equation in
f
pl
d (
pl
pl
pl
):
Hardening rule
e.g. solved via Newton method
) 0
f : Yield function
18
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Algorithms for solving non-linear equations

x n 1 x n
Newton Raphson method:
f ( xn )
f ( x n )
Newton Raphson method multi dimensional:
x n 1 x n ( J ( x n )) 1 f ( x n )
Jacobian-matrix:
J ( x n ) : f ( x )
fi
x j
xf 1
1
f2
x1

f n
x1
f1
x2
f2
x2

fn
xn
f1
xn
f1
x1
f1
x1
x n : ( J ( x n ) ) 1 f ( x n )
LES:
J ( xn ) xn f ( xn )
x n 1 x n x n
|
Modifizierte Newton
Raphson method:
Newton Raphson method:
x n 1 x n
f ( xn )
f ( x n )
Very accurate results.

Close to the solution quadratic
convergence.
Only few iterations needed.
Iterative solution with adapted tangent.
Large computational cost within one
iteration.
x n 1 x n
Quasi Newton method:
f ( xn )
f ( x o )
Iterative solution with identical tangent

(from predictor step) in each increment.
Accurate results.
Low computational cost within one
iteration.
Slow convergence.
high number of iterations needed.
x n 1 x n
f ( xn )
B ( xn )
Inverse of the Hesse matrix is only

approximated.
low computational cost
Good convergence.
Approximation of the Hesse matrix can
be costly.
Diverse approaches for the
approximation.
19
11.11.2014
Algorithms for solving non-linear equations

Arc-length method
Extension of the classical Newton-Raphson method.
Usage of arc-length for the approximation progress.
Introduction of a loading parameter as pre-factor (Load step control)
Displacements and loads are iterated simultaneously.
Usable for calculating snap-through and snap-back problems. Also fro singular tangent stiffness matrices in buckling / post-buckling
Fast convergence for implicit solution and autonomous control.
Can work deal with local and global extreme without stopping.
More complicated solution, since the equation system becomes unsymmetrical band structure gets lost.
Unusable for contact problems, visko-elastic material and bifurcation problems.
|

Update of stress and strain tensor
Direction of the plastic strain increment (normality condition):
Equivalent plastic strain increment:
pl
) k 1 (
pl
) k d ( (
pl
))
Plastic strain increment:
Stress at increment end:
Cel : Elastic stiffness matrix
el
n 1
el
n
el
el
n
pl
n 1
el
en l 1
|
20
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Jacobian
D D SD D E : J
Definition if the consistent Jacobian
k: bulk modulus
k E
3 (1 2 )
Detailed documentation in ABAQUS Users manual

User Subroutine UMAT header and argument list:
21
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Definition and memory allocation for local variables:

Definition of LAMEs constants and the stiffness matrix (=Jacobian for elastic deformations)
22
11.11.2014
Materialimplementierungen in ABAQUS
Calling and rotating strain tensors (elastic and plastic) for large displacements and deformations.
Calculating predictor stress and elastic strain
Calculation of equivalent vonMises stress from predictor stress

Calculation of yield stress that correspond to the present equivalent plastic strain via the UHARD subroutine.
Comparison of equivalent vonMISES stress with the present yield stress to check for yielding.
Calculation of the flow direction.
23
11.11.2014

UHARD: User subroutine for defining yield surfaces and hardening parameters for isotropic or combined hardening
models.
User Subroutine UHARD header and arguments
H a r d (1)
pl
y
H a rd (2 )
p l
H a rd (3)

Definition of present yield values as function of the equivalent plastic strain and isotropic hardening parameters.
24
11.11.2014

Calculation of equivalent plastic strain increments and extension of consecutive yield surfaces with the iterative NEWTON
Method and UHARD.
Plastic material behavior is defined as multi-linear curve by pairs of material strength and corresponding equivalent plastic
strain.
pl
d (
pl
)0

Update of the stress tensors, elastic and plastic strain tensor and equivalent plastic strain at increment
end.
Calculation of plastic work or dissipation:
S P D 1 2 ( S y n 1 S y n )( p l )
25
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Calculation of the consistent Jacobian (material tangent stiffness matrix)

Update of SDVs with values at the increment end.

Output request output to *.log file (optional for debugging purposes)
Radial return mapping
26
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Thank you for your attention.
09.09.2013
53
27

Mechanics of Building Materials ABAQUS UMAT Implementation

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11.11.

Mechanics of Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS

Overview on ABAQUS structures

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS: structures

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS: structures

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS: structures

Material implementation in ABAQUS: Interaction with ABAQUS

Definition of initial conditions

Definition of global stiffness matrix [K]

CREEP, FRIC, UEL,

Definition of loads {F}

Material implementation in ABAQUS: Interaction with ABAQUS

Go to next increment start

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS: Interaction with ABAQUS

Calculation of field properties at integration points from

System stiffness matrix [K]

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Install Microsoft Visual Studio

Install a FORTRAN compiler

Set environment variable

Change starting properties

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Has to be stated in all main and sub routines.

'INCLUDE ABA_PARAM.INC' is the first

Include call in sub routines

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

already declared variables.

Variables that need to be declares.

Variables passed in for information purposes (do not overwrite).

Output of variables (debugging):

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

What you need for UMATs

Explicit (total) stress

Stress rate (only in co-rotational framework)

Definition of time-, temperature- or field property dependence (if defined)

Definition of solution dependent state variables (SDV if defined)

Incremental statement for internal SDV

Conventions of FORTRAN have to be followed

Memory allocation for SDV with *DEPVAR statement

Calculation of a consistent Jacobian matrix (UMAT)

correct variable declaration and initiation

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Consistent Jacobian matrix (DDSDDE):

CAUCHY stress increment; strain increment.

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Institute for Building Materials

Material implementation in ABAQUS:

Hast to be updated by the UMAT:

Stress (STRESS), SDVs (STATEV), and Jacobian (DDSDDE).

SINV returns the fist and second invariant of a tensor.

Institute for Building Materials