Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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1. Glucose is {a
monosaccharide /
soluble / doesnt need to
be digested} / eq;
2. Glucose can be quickly
absorbed into the blood
stream;
3. Can pass into muscle
(cells);
4. Can be used for
respiration;
5. To provide energy;
6. For (muscle) contraction;
Mammals have a heart and circulatory system whereas a single cell organism
(e.g. flatworm) does not.
1. Flatworm has a large surface area : volume ratio / converse;
2. Diffusion {sufficient / effective} for flatworms {needs / eq} /
converse;
3. Mammal {has higher metabolic rate / is warm blooded / eq} /
converse;
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blood flows {faster /at higher pressure / eq} (to the body) ;
blood flows {slower /at lower pressure / eq}to the lung ;
idea that this reduces risk of damage to lungs;
correct ref to more efficient {exchange /transport} of gases / eq ;
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4. all cells are close to heart so diffusion is fast enough for exchange
of nutrients
Mass flow
1. mass transport of liquids
Cardiac cycle
1. sequence of events from one beat to the next beat / eq;
2. reference to {contraction / systole} and {relaxation / diastole};
3. correct detail of sequence e.g. atrial systole ventricular systole
diastole / approx 30% of time spent in systole and 70% in diastole;
4. correct detail of electrical regulation of cardiac cycle/eq;
Coronary circulation
1. From aorta ;
2. Coronary artery ;
3. Supplies {blood / oxygen / glucose / nutrients / named nutrient} to
heart {muscle / tissue / myocardium} / correct reference to
removal of {waste products / named waste product} by (cardiac
vein) coronary circulation ;
4. Returns to right atrium;
Atrial systole
1.
2.
3.
4.
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6.
7.
Ventricles relaxed;
Atria contract;
Volume of chamber decreases and pressure increases;
(pressure) opens atrioventricular valve;
Blood is pushed into ventricles;
Ventricular pressure / chamber volume increases;
as the ventricles receive the ejected blood from the contracting
atria;
Ventricle systole
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2.
3.
4.
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Explanation
When the ventricles relax/refill the semilunar valve will close causing the
pressure to drop
The elasticity of the aorta walls and recoil in the aorta will maintain the
same pressure throughout
Left ventricle structure and valves aid in its function
1. {Valves} close;
2. (To) prevent backflow (of blood);
3. Reference to {contraction / systole} of ventricle;
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4.
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7.
A.
Artery
B. Vein
C. Capillary
Artery
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Adaptation structure
1. thick {wall / layer} of (smooth) muscle / thick elastic {layer /
wall};
allows artery to expand (elastic recoil) / withstand
pressure from the pulse of blood / eq;
2. collagen (fibres);
Provide {strength / support } / prevents bursting ;
Idea that they enable artery to withstand high blood
pressure / eq ;
3. smooth lining;
prevent resistance to blood flow / eq;
4. small lumen / eq;
to maintain high pressure / eq;
Structure of arteries relating to function
1.
2.
3.
4.
Muscular walls;
Contain elastic tissue;
Endothelium/inner lining is folded and can expand;
These features enable effective control and regulation of high blood
pressure
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Consequences of
artery
1.
narrow lumen in
narrowing
leads to higher
blood
pressure;
increases risk of
{further damage to
artery wall/ aneurysm}
2.
the
3. platelets stick to damaged wall;
4. correct reference to mast / foam cells / inflammatory response;
5. triggers blood clotting process / eq;
Vein
7.
Capillary
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A
d
a
p
tation
1. {squamous / pavement / flattened /thin / eq } cell /
endothelium;
2. Wall (only) one cell thick;
3. small lumen present /(capillary) small diameter;
4. pores present / gaps present / eq;
Function
Force fluid out to form tissue fluid at arterial end
NOTE:
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Explained:
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Atherosclerosis/Atheroma
1. damage to {endothelial cells / epithelial cells /cells lining artery
(wall)} ;
2. reference to inflammatory response ;
3. reference to (accumulation of) white blood cells in (damaged
area) ;
4. {build up / eq} of cholesterol (in damaged area) ;
5. reference to build up of {calcium salts / fibrous tissue / fibrin /
platelets} ;
6. reference to formation of {atheroma / plaque} ;
7. reference to {loss of elasticity (of artery) / narrowing of lumen} /
eq ;
Thrombosis
1. (Blocks) coronary artery / artery supplying heart muscle / tissue /
cells;
2. Reduces blood supply
3. Reduces oxygen / glucose supply (to heart muscle / tissues / cells);
4. less oxygen; anaerobic respiration;
5. build up of {lactic acid / lactate} (causes pain);
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gender
smoking
genes / inheritance / eq
stress
high LDL level / LDL to HDL ratio / high blood cholesterol
reference to inappropriate diet such as high {salt / fat / cholesterol /
calorie} intake / eq
High Blood
Cholesterol
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Fatty deposition in
artery walls / plaque
formation;
Atheroma formed;
Increased blood
pressure;
Lumen of (coronary)
arteries narrowed /
reduced elasticity of
artery wall / eq;
Correct reference to
LDLs;
Smoking
1. Increases blood
pressure;
2. Increases risk of
aneurysm;
3. Less antioxidants /
more free radicals;
4. Increases {number /
activation} of
platelets;
5. (Leading to)
increased risk of
blood clot blocking
coronary arteries;
Age
1. older increases risk, {arteries {become less elastic / more easily
damaged / blood pressure increases} with (increase in) age ;
Gender
1. {women less likely to develop CVD than men / oestrogen offers some
protection to women against CVD } (pre menopause) / eq ;
HDLS
1. Mainly protein;
2. Activate more cholesterol receptors on the liver, so more is brought in
(where cholesterol is recycled);
3. Reduces total blood cholesterol when level is too high
4. Opposite for LDLs - with LDLs being mostly lipid
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3. (Which leads to) reduced {blood flow / oxygen / eq) to heart muscle /
increased blood pressure (in coronary circulation) / reference to
thrombosis;
4. High {salt / Na+} intake;
5. High blood pressure / hypertension;
6. (Which leads to increased) {risk / eq} of {heart attack / heart failure /
myocardial infarction};
High fat diet and inactivity
1.
2.
3.
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5.
Carbon monoxide;
Joins with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin;
Reduces amount of oxygen transported;
Reduces oxygen available to tissues;
{Heart muscle / tissues / cells} unable to respire;
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10.Nicotine;
11.Increases stickiness of platelets;
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ANTIHYPERSENITIVES:
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8.
BENEFITS:
RISKS:
PLANT STATINS:
1. Stanols / Sterols;
2. Reduce blood cholesterol;
3. Reduces amount absorbed by the gut;
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BENEFITS:
RISKS:
ANTICOAGULANTS:
1. Reduces blood clotting;
2. Artery walls less likely to get damaged;
BENEFITS:
RISKS:
BENEFITS:
RISKS:
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Risk factor
1. Anything that {affects / raises} the chance of harm / eq;
Reduce the development of heart disease
1. {people more aware of the dangers / better health education} /
appropriate named example /eq ;
2. less stress /eq ;
3. {better / more} screening / eq ;
4. better treatments / eq ;
5. more exercise being taken / eq ;
6. changed diet / less obesity / eq ;
7. less alcohol intake / eq ;
8. decrease in smoking ;
9. change in population genetics / eq
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M.H
Structure of a triglyceride
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2.
3.
4.
made of C, H, O;
glycerol / propan (1, 2, 3) triol;
three fatty acids;
correct location of ester {bond / link};
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Saturated lipids
Found in animal fats
Single bonds in
hydrocarbon tails
Melt at higher
temperatures
Unsaturated lipids
Found in plants
Some double bonds (which causes a
kink in the chain)
Melt at lower temperatures
Function
Energy stores;
Protection / mechanical
insulation;
Waterproofing;
Electrical insulation;
Heat insulation;
Buoyancy;
Making beeswax;
Membrane fluidity;
Cell membrane structure;
Reference to hormones;
Source of metabolic water;
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Detail
{More than / twice as much as)
carbohydrate OR Insoluble / compact /
minimise mass OR Subcutaneous /
adipose / blubber;
Around {organs / named organ} OR
Reference to adipose tissue OR Ear
wax giving protection against
infection;
Of skin / fur / feathers / insect cuticle /
ear wax OR Hydrophobic / insoluble /
repels water;
Reference to myelin sheath / nerve
cells / neurones / axons / dendrons OR
Non-polar;
Subcutaneous / adipose / blubber OR
Prevents heat loss from body;
Less dense than {water / muscle};
Formation of honeycomb;
Reference to cholesterol;
Reference to phospholipids;
As steroids;
Reference to respiration OR Desert
adaptation
Saccharides
1. Monosaccharaides one sugar molecule
2. Disaccharides two sugar molecules joined by condensation
3. Polysaccharides many sugar molecules joined by condensation
Role of starch
1. store energy in plants
Structure and function of starch
1. Contains amylose and amylopectin;
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12.Insoluble;
13.so water doesnt cause it swell via osmosis
Structure and function of Glycogen
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Amylopectin;
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds;
many/lots of side branches;
(so) glucose can be released quickly;
Insoluble;
(so) doesnt swell by osmosis;
Large molecule so can store lots of energy
Compact / eq;
{Polymer / eq} of glucose;
Can be (easily) hydrolysed / can be broken down to release energy;
Insoluble / does not affect osmosis / eq;
Will not diffuse out of cells / will remain in cells;
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Causation:
Correlation:
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