132kv Airport II Hybrid Grid Station Final

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
132 KV Airport II Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead

Transmission line to Korangi East Project
October, 2009
Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited
Environmental Impact Assessment

132 KV AirportII Hybrid Grid Station and
d Transmission Line to Korangi East Project
Executive Summary
The Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC) limited incorporated in 1913 is principally
engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy to industrial, commercial,
agricultural and residential consumers of Karachi. The licensed area of KESC is spread over 6000
Km2 including entire Karachi and its suburbs up to Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh and over Hub,
Uthal and Bela in Baluchistan. The Company has been privatized in November 2005 with the
transfer of 73% shares to new management while 25 % of shares still lie with the government of
Pakistan. Karachi is a business centre of Pakistan with a wide network of power transmission but
still inadequate to meet consumer rapidly growing demand. This situation limits the national
development and economic growth of the country. To cope with the constraints, Karachi Electric
Supply Company has proposed to improve and upgrade existing power transmission infrastructure.
KESC aims to improve the electricity supply of Karachi and adjacent areas through their System
Stabilization, Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Programme. The programme is being
implemented to expand generation capacity through installation of clean and more energy efficient
gas-fired combined cycle units at existing thermal power stations on a fast track basis and up
gradation /rehabilitation of existing transmission and distribution (T&D) assets in order to reduce
the energy losses. A number of projects have been initiated to meet the targets of System
Stabilization, Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Programme. This Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study covers a portion of the rehabilitation comprising installatiohn of a 132 KV
hybrid grid station at Shah Faisal Colony (Airport II) and laying of approximately 3 km long
overhead transmission line starting from the Korangi East near Murtaza Chorangi passing over the
Malir River to Shah Faisal Colony. Grid station will maintain consistent energy supply to the
consumer through voltage stabilisation and further transmission. Overhead transmission will be for
transmission and distribution of electricity. The line will pass from a scarcely populated area of the
city where insulation to the electromagnetic field will be provided by air. The power line will be
suspended by thirteen high towers or poles, each installed at a distance of 250 meter between the
transmission lines. The project once functional will support of power transmission and distribution
network of Karachi city and facilitate the supplies by reducing loss of electricity during
transmission.
According to Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 each new development project has to
undertake Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) in
order to predict and mitigate the impacts of the development at an early stage. Based on nature,
Executive Summary
ii

132 KV Airport II Hybrid Grid Station and
Overhead Transmission Line to Korangi East Project
size, cost, legal context and associated impacts, the proposed project has been categorized for EIA
study. This report documents EIA findings and recommendations.
The EIA process of the project started with the identification of potential environmental and social
impacts resulting from the proposed projects activities their rating as slight, moderate and
negligible with the aid of an impact assessment matrix. Project activities that were likely to result
in high impacts were investigated further to validate the anticipated impact and an alternative
project activity was determined that has a medium or low-level impact. For project activities with
moderate and minor level impacts, suitable mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the impact
to a low category impact or as low as reasonably possible. Finally, for insignificant impacts, no
alternatives or mitigation measures were explored, as it is expected that the environmental
management systems in place will be sufficient to avoid or reduce those impacts.
Impact of the proposed project has been assessed for construction and operations which will be
controlled through mitigation measures. Mitigation measures are proposed mitigation through
technology change, environmental management and clean practises. The exposure of noise
generated during operations will be controlled through providing PPEs to the workers. All
vehicles, generators and other equipment used during the construction will be properly tuned and
maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission of pollutants. Vehicular
movement will be restricted to a specific time for dumping of supplies and construction material.
Effect on Flora and Fauna will be reduced through predefining the route in such a manner that
minimal clearing of the vegetation is required as to reduce the damage on large scale. Construction
activities generate considerable waste and provision for suitable separation, storage of waste in
designated and labelled areas on the camp site and near each construction area will be made.
Proper mitigation measures have been provided to reduce all the anticipated impacts of the project.
Environmental management plan (EMP) has been proposed in order to ensure that the measures
are practically implemented during the construction and operation of the project. Responsibilities
of the project proponent and the contractor has been clearly defined and allocated to ensure
effectiveness of the plan. EMP will serve as a tool for effective communication of environmental
issues between the proponent and the contractor during the construction and operations phase of
the project. Project proponent will undertake overall responsibility for compliance with EMP and
will carry out verification checks to ensure that the contractors are effectively implementing
mitigation measures.
The proposed mitigation measures will ensure that anticipated impacts of the project on the areas
natural and socioeconomic environment will be well within acceptable limits. The project
Executive Summary
iii

proponent has expressed commitment to protection of the social and natural environment from any
potential adverse impact of the project. A preventive maintenance philosophy, supported by robust
inspection plans and sound operational practices will be adopted to ensure sustainable and sound
operation of the proposed development.
Executive Summary
iv

Contents
1.
Introduction...........................................................................................1
1.1. Project Proponent........................................................................................... 2
1.2. Project Location.............................................................................................. 2
1.3. Objective of EIA Study.................................................................................... 5
1.4. Methodology of EIA Study.............................................................................. 5
1.4.1 Scoping ................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2. Baseline Data Collection ........................................................................................ 6
1.4.3. Impact Identification and Evaluation ...................................................................... 6
1.4.4. Impacts Mitigation .................................................................................................. 7
1.4.5 Environmental Management Plan........................................................................... 7
1.4.6 Documentation ........................................................................................................ 8
1.5. Limitations....................................................................................................... 8
1.6. Structure of Report ......................................................................................... 8
1.7. Point of Contract............................................................................................. 9
1.8. EIA Consultant ................................................................................................ 9
2.
Project Description.............................................................................10
2.1. Project Status and Construction Schedule................................................. 10
2.2. Capital Cost................................................................................................... 10
2.3. Project Need.................................................................................................. 10
2.4. Project Description ....................................................................................... 11
2.4.1. Hybrid Grid Station............................................................................................... 11
2.4.2. Accessories of Grid Station.................................................................................. 13
2.4.3. Overhead Electric Transmission Lines ................................................................ 14
2.5. Resource Requirement during Construction .............................................. 15

2.5.1. Water.................................................................................................................... 15
2.5.2. Solid Waste Disposal ........................................................................................... 15
2.5.3. Electricity .............................................................................................................. 15
2.5.4. Work Force........................................................................................................... 15
2.6. Project Alternatives ...................................................................................... 15
3.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ..................................17

3.1. National Policy and Administrative Framework.......................................... 17
3.2. Pakistan Environmental Protection ACT, 1997 ........................................... 18
3.3. Regulations for Environmental Assessment .............................................. 18
Contents
v

3.4. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment................................................. 19

3.5. National Environmental Quality Standards, 2000 ....................................... 20
3.6. National Resettlement Policy and Ordinance ............................................. 20
3.7. Interaction with other Agencies ................................................................... 20
3.7.1. Federal and Provincial EPAs ............................................................................... 21
3.7.2 Provincial Revenue Departments ......................................................................... 21
3.7.3 Provincial Governments ........................................................................................ 21
3.7.4 Local Government and Municipalities ................................................................... 21
3.8. Other Environment-Related Statutes........................................................... 21

3.8.1 Antiquities Act, 1975 ............................................................................................. 22
3.8.2 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001 .................................................. 22
3.8.3 Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965, and Rules, 1969 .............................................. 22
3.8.4 Factories Act, 1934 ............................................................................................... 22
3.8.5 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 .................................................................................. 22
3.8.6 Explosives Act, 1884............................................................................................. 23
4.
Environmental and Social Baseline ..................................................24

4.1. Physical Environment................................................................................... 24
4.1.1 Land Use ............................................................................................................... 24
4.1.2 Geology and Topography...................................................................................... 24
4.1.3 Seismicity .............................................................................................................. 25
4.1.4 Climate .................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.5 Rainfall .................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.6 Temperature.......................................................................................................... 27
4.1.7 Humidity ................................................................................................................ 27
4.1.8 Winds .................................................................................................................... 28
4.2. Air Quality...................................................................................................... 29

4.3. Water Quality................................................................................................. 30
4.4. Soil Quality .................................................................................................... 34
4.5. Noise.............................................................................................................. 36
4.6. Biological Environment in Karachi City ...................................................... 36
4.6.1 Flora ...................................................................................................................... 37
4.6.2 Fauna .................................................................................................................... 38
4.7. Protected areas / National Sanctuaries ....................................................... 38

4.8. Socio-economic Environment...................................................................... 38
4.8.1 Administrative Setup ............................................................................................. 38
4.8.2 Economy Status of Karachi City ........................................................................... 39
4.8.3 Demographic Distribution...................................................................................... 39
Contents
vi

4.8.4 Languages ............................................................................................................ 40
4.8.5 Education .............................................................................................................. 40
5.
Stakeholder Consultation ..................................................................42

5.1. Objectives of Stakeholder Consultation...................................................... 42
5.2. Stakeholder Consultation Process .............................................................. 42
5.2.1 Stakeholders Identification .................................................................................... 43
5.2.2 Consultation and Findings..................................................................................... 43
6.
Impacts Assessment and Mitigation ................................................46

6.1. Impacts during Construction Phase............................................................ 46
6.1.1 Topography and Land use .................................................................................... 46
6.1.2 Dust Emission ....................................................................................................... 47
6.1.3 Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust Emissions.......................................................... 48
6.1.4 Noise ..................................................................................................................... 49
6.1.5 Flora and Fauna.................................................................................................... 50
6.1.6 Solid Waste ........................................................................................................... 51
6.1.7 Traffic .................................................................................................................... 52
6.1.8 Water Quality ........................................................................................................ 52
6.1.9 Archaeological and Historical Sites....................................................................... 53
6.1.10 Health and Safety................................................................................................ 53
6.1.11Employment ......................................................................................................... 54
6.2. Impacts during Operational and Maintenance Phase................................. 54

6.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields ................................................................................. 54
6.2.2 Gaseous Emission ................................................................................................ 55
6.2.3 Noise ..................................................................................................................... 56
Solid Waste .................................................................................................................... 56
6.2.5 Property and Aesthetic Value ............................................................................... 57
6.2.6 Emergencies and Accidents.................................................................................. 57
6.3. Summary of Impacts during Construction, Operation and Maintenance

Phases of Project...................................................................................................... 58
7.
Environmental Management Plan .....................................................61

7.1. Objectives of Environmental Management Plan ......................................... 61
7.2. Role of Functionaries for Implementation of EMP...................................... 61
7.3. KESC Top Management................................................................................ 62
7.4. GM (Corporate Safety) .................................................................................. 62
7.5. HSE Officer/Engineer.................................................................................... 62
7.6. Contractor ..................................................................................................... 62
7.7. Environmental Impacts Management .......................................................... 63
Contents
vii

7.8. Environmental Training ................................................................................ 63

7.9. Environmental Monitoring............................................................................ 64
7.10.
Reporting ............................................................................................... 64
8.
Conclusion ..........................................................................................78
9.
References ..........................................................................................79
Contents
viii

Tables
Table 4.1: Rainfall Data at Karachi in mm................................................................... 27
Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Temperature (C) ................................................................ 27
Table 4.3: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity (Mean) at 1200 UTC (%)........................ 28
Table 4.4: Mean Monthly Wind Speed at 0000 UTC (Knots) ...................................... 29
Table 4.5: Mean Monthly Wind Direction at 1200 UTC (Knots).................................. 29
Table 4.6: Ambient Air Quality Standards .................................................................. 30
Table 4.7: Ambient air Quality of the Project Area ..................................................... 30
Table 4.8: WHO Drinking Water Guidelines................................................................ 31
Table 4.9: Ground Water Quality of the Project Area................................................. 32
Table 4.10: Surface Water Quality of the Project Area............................................... 33
Table 4.11: Soil Quality of the Project Area ................................................................ 35
Table 4.12: Noise Level at the Project Site ................................................................. 36
Table 5.1: Consultation Findings ................................................................................ 44
Table 6.1: Summary of Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase ........... 59
Table 6.2: Summary of Environmental Impacts during Operational and Maintenance
Phase ............................................................................................................................ 60
Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan for Construction and Commissioning
Phase ............................................................................................................................ 66
Table 7.2: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Phase ........................... 72
Table 7.3: Training Plan ............................................................................................... 76
Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan for Key Environmental Impacts ...................................... 77
Contents
ix

List of Figures
Figure1.1: Project Location .......................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2: Location of the proposed Gird Station and its adjoining vicinities..4
Figure 2.1: Power Generation and Transmission Overview ...................................... 11
Figure 2.2: Layout of the Proposed Grid Station ........................................................12
Figure 5.1: EIA(1
132 KV Airport II Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead Transmission
line to Korangi East Project) Respondents .................................................................45
Figure 7.1: The Organizational Structure of Environmental Management ................69
Contents
x

Acronyms
AIS
Air Insulated Switchgear
CU
Color Units
EIA
Environemental Impact Assesment
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EPD
Environmental Protection Department
GIS
Gas Insulated Switch Gear
JTU
Jackson Turbidity Units
KESC
Karachi Electric Supply Company
mg/l
milligrams per liter
NCS
National Conservation Strategy
NEQS
National Environmental Quality Standards
NS
No Standards
NTU
Nephelometric Turbidity Units
PEPC
Pakistan Environemental Protection Councel
PMD
Pakistan Meteorological Department
PPE
Personal Protective Equipment
Pt-Co
Platinium Cobalt Standards,
SEPA
Sindh Environemental Protection Agency
TON
Threshold Odor Number,
WHO
World Health Organization
Contents
xi

1. Introduction
This chapter of the report describes the purpose of the EIA study including a brief description of
nature, size and location of the project. A defined scope of study, magnitude of efforts and concise
description of project proponent is also included in this chapter.
In last few years Pakistan has faced the great energy crisis, especially the Karachi city. Being an
electric supply and distribution company in the city, KESC has found few solutions in order to
over come energy problems. One of this solution is the KESC System Stabilization,
Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Programme which is being implemented to expand generation
capacity by adding clean and more energy efficient gas-fired combined cycle units at existing
thermal power stations on a fast track basis and upgrade/rehabilitate the existing transmission and
distribution (T&D) assets in order to reduce the energy losses. Airport II Grid station at Shah
Faisal Colony and Overhead transmission line between Airport II and Korangi East grid station are
also the part of KESC upgradation/rehabilitation program. The objective of this project is to
enhance customer service, improve power supply reliability, and strengthen health, safety and
environmental management system. It is expected that increased power generation supported by
appropriate infrastructure will resolve the problem of power outages of the city.
This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study covers a portion of the rehabilitation, which
will include instalment of a new 132 KV hybrid grid station and laying of approximately 3 km
long overhead transmission line for Korangi East. The EIA studies covering other areas of the
System Stabilization, Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Programme have also been initiated as
part of this programme. .
Keeping in view the legal requirements of the project, KESC has engaged the services of SGS
Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. to carry out EIA. This report documents the findings of the study.
Introduction
1

1.1. Project Proponent

The Karachi Electric Supply Company limited was incorporated in 1913 under the Indian
Companies Act, and later it registered according to Companies Ordinance 1984. Government of
Pakistan took control of the company by acquiring major shareholding in 1952.
KESC is principally engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy to
industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential consumers. The licensed area of KESC is
spread over 6000 Km2 including entire Karachi and its suburbs up to Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh
and over Hub, Uthal and Bela in Baluchistan.
1.2. Project Location

The project comprises of the Hybrid grid station at Shah Faisal Colony (Airport II) and Overhead
transmission line, starts from the Korangi East near Murtaza round about and passes over the Malir
River to Shah Faisal Colony, Airport II. Figure 1.1 & 1.2 shows the location of the proposed grid
station and its vicinity.
Introduction
2

Figure 1.1 Project Location
EIA of Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead

Transmission Lines, Airport II Project
Introduction
3

Figure 1.2 Location of the proposed Gird Station and its adjoining vicinities.
Project Location
Co-Ordinates
240 52/ 46.27// N & 670 09/ 45.28// E
Introduction
4

1.3. Objective of EIA Study

The EIA study of proposed project is being prepared with a number of following specific
objectives:
Collection of baseline information/data for assessment of impacts;
Collation of information collected during previous investigations into a comprehensive
environmental document;
Assessment and evaluation of the actual and potential environmental impact of the proposed
development; and Development of Environmental Management Plan to identify the mitigation
strategies targeted towards avoidance, minimization and rehabilitation of impacts.
The basic guiding principles of the Environmental Impact Assessment have been:
To inform decision makers and result in appropriate levels of environmental protection and
community well being;
To apply the best practicable environmental option and best available techniques not entailing
excessive cost methodologies to minimize the environmental impact of the plant;
To provide information and outputs those assists with problem solving and are acceptable to and
able to be implemented by the KESC;
To focus on significant environmental effects and key issues;
To ensure that the EIA Team has involved appropriate techniques and experts from the relevant
disciplines and to ensure that this team has had the chance to interact on the interrelationships
between the bio-physical, social and economic issues;
To provide, as far as is possible, an objective, rigorous and balanced assessment of the issues.
1.4. Methodology of EIA Study

The Environmental Impact Assessment of proposed project has been performed in following
phases:
1.4.1 Scoping
In scoping exercise of EIA, Sectoral guidelines and checklists of likely impacts and mitigation
measures contained in Sectoral guidelines, proponents and reviewer of EIA project are considered
against adopting a mechanistic approach.
Introduction
5

Scoping is a vital early step, which identifies the issues that likely to be important during the
environmental assessment, and eliminates those that are not. In this way, time and money are not
wasted on unnecessary investigations. Scoping is a process of interaction between the interested
public, government agencies and the proponent. Scoping refers to the process of identifying, as
early as possible:
The appropriate boundaries of the environmental assessment;
The important issues and concerns;
The information necessary for decision-making; and
The significant impacts and factors to be considered.
In scoping phase, SGS Pakistan has compiled a generic description of the proposed activities
relevant to environmental assessment with the help of the proponent. Information on relevant
legislation, regulations, guidelines, and standards were reviewed and compiled. Furthermore,
potential environmental issues were identified.
1.4.2. Baseline Data Collection
The change caused by a particular environmental impact can be evaluated by comparing the
expected future state of environmental components with the predicted state of those components if
the project does proceed. Therefore, one of the first tasks involved in the detailed analysis of an
impact is the collection of information that will help to describe the baseline situation at the
expected time of implementation. Specialized knowledge is usually required to specify, and set
appropriate limits on, the data collection required to meet the needs of any analysis and ongoing
monitoring programs that may be established.
Environmental and Socio-economic experts were used by SGS for collecting the considerable
amount of baseline information on the project area. Available literature and other studies already
conducted close to the project area were also used for baseline formation. In field visits, SGS
Experts verified this information and collected some other information about the socio-economic
status of region, flora and fauna, ground water quality, ambient air and other environmental issues.
1.4.3. Impact Identification and Evaluation
The environmental, socio-economic, and project information collected was used to assess the
potential impacts of the proposed activities. The issues studied include the potential project
impacts on:
Introduction
6

Ambient air quality and ambient noise levels

Soil and Ground water qualities
The ecology of the area, including the flora and fauna
People living in immediate neighboring
Wherever possible and applicable, the discussion covers the following aspects:
The present baseline condition;
The potential change in environmental parameters likely to be effected by project related activities;
The identification of potential impacts;
The evaluation of the likelihood and significance of potential impacts;
The defining of mitigation measures to reduce impacts to as low as practicable;
The monitoring of environmental impacts including residual impacts.
1.4.4. Impacts Mitigation
One of the main tasks of impact assessment is to predict and prevent unacceptable adverse affects
through the implementation of appropriate project modifications also known as mitigation
measures. The purpose of mitigation in the environmental assessment process is to:
Look for better ways of doing things so that the negative impacts of the proposal are eliminated or
minimized, and the benefits are enhanced; and make sure that the public or individuals do not bear
costs which are greater than the benefits which accrue to them.
In evaluation of mitigation measures for proposed project, close consultation with KESC was
carried out to ensure that any significant adverse or potentially adverse impacts identified in the
project. SGS Pakistan has considered the best available techniques and practicable environmental
options in the EIA Report.
Moreover, all identified measures were discussed with KESC
Management to ensure that their implementation is technically and economically feasible.

1.4.5 Environmental Management Plan
An environmental management plan is a document designed to ensure that the commitments in the
Environmental report, subsequent review reports, and environmental approval conditions are fully
implemented. It is the technically comprehensive document, which is usually finalized during, or
following detailed design of the proposal, after environmental approval of the development
application.
Introduction
7

For proposed project, separate Environmental management plan for smooth and effective
implementation has developed and included in EIA report by SGS Pakistan.
The scope of
environmental management and monitoring included in plan is in accordance with national

regulatory requirement and severity of impacts.
1.4.6 Documentation
This report documents the environmental impact assessment process and results are prepared
according to the relevant guidelines set by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and
other international guidelines.
1.5. Limitations
The EIA document has been prepared by drawing inferences from site visits, primary data and
secondary information. The study has been conducted by the consultants in a manner consistent
with the level of care and skill ordinarily exercised by members or environmental engineering and
consulting profession.
The conclusion in this study are based on the primary and secondary data, results derived from
earlier studies, and a subjective evaluation of the possible environmental aspects that may
influence the existing environmental status of the site during construction and operations of the
proposed project. Opinions relating to the specific conditions are based upon information that
existed at the conclusions were formulated.
The mitigation measures and other recommendations put forth in this report are of the level of
conceptual design and implementation framework.
1.6. Structure of Report

This report has been structured in the following manner:
Chapter-1 of this report provides the background information, location and proponent of project.
Afterwards, it provides the EIA objective and methodology and consultant details.
Chapter-2 describes the proposed project, project need, layout plan and associated activities, raw
material details and utilities requirement.
Chapter-3 gives an overview of Policy and Legislation along with International Guidelines
relevant to electricity grid station and transmission line.
Introduction
8

Chapter-4 provides a description of the micro-environment and macro-environment of the

proposed project site. This chapter describes the Physical, Ecological and Human resources and
Economic Development, Land Use Planning etc. It also includes the quality of life including socioeconomic, aesthetic and cultural values.
Chapter-5 describes the potential environmental and social impacts of proposed project on the
different features of the micro and macro-environment, and by using the checklist method,
presents the potential environmental impacts at the designing, construction and operation stages.
This chapter also presents mitigation measures for different anticipated impacts.
Chapter-6 presents the Environmental Management Plan.
Chapter-7 summarizes the Report and presents its conclusions.
The last section is followed by the references and series of Annexure that provide supporting
information.
1.7. Point of Contract

Mr. Chander Perkash Keswani
GM (Corporate Safety)
Karachi Electric Supply Company
Karachi.
Cell # 0300-2910106
Off # 021-35647048
mailto:chander.perkash@kesc.com.pk
1.8. EIA Consultant
The EIA study was carried out by team of SGS Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. comprising of
Environmentalist, Sociologist, Environmental Chemist and Environmental Auditors with
diversified experience on local and international assignments.
Introduction
9

2. Project Description
This Section includes the description of the proposed project with a clear explanation of project
status and construction and commissioning schedule. The cost of proposed project, its need and
scope are also mentioned in this part of report.
2.1. Project Status and Construction Schedule

The proposed project has planned to commission in 04-06 months from the start date of project
and after getting permission from the Sindh Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). The land
has been procured for the Hybrid grid station in Shah Faisal Colony (Airport II) and Overhead
transmission route has been finalized in consultation with relevant departments/agencies
At this point of EIA Study, proposed project is on planning and construction mobilization stage,
work schedule for project development is tentative and will be updated during detailed planning
and implementation phases of project.
2.2. Capital Cost

The proposed Overhead transmission line and Hybrid grid station are being developed in eastern
and southern parts of Karachi city with a total capital investment of approximate
Rs. 144,040,621.857. This will include the installation and operation of project, associated
amenities and budgetary cost for utilities, civil work and equipment/machinery purchase.
2.3. Project Need

Karachi has a wide network of power transmission but the standards and conditions of the power
transmission system are inadequate to meet rapidly growing demand of electrical power. This
situation limits the national development and economic growth. To cope with the constraints, the
existing power transmission infrastructure has proposed to be improved and upgraded in proposed
System Stabilization, Rehabilitation and Loss Reduction Programme. This program will enhance
the customer service, improve power supply reliability, and strengthen health, safety and
environmental management system. The power generation and transmission system is shown
Figure 2.1.
Project Description
10

Table 2.1: Power Generation and Transmission Overview
2.4. Project Description

The proposed project is for the support of power transmission and distribution network of KESC in
Karachi city. The detail of these projects are given in following sections..
2.4.1. Hybrid Grid Station
A Grid station is an important element of the electricity transmission and distribution system. Its
function is to transform voltages from high to low or the reverse, using transformers and other
heavy-duty electrical switchgear. In Grid station, the electrical feed to the different destinations is
fed into common distribution conductors called busbars. From these busbars, electricity is then fed
into dedicated transmission lines running to specific geographic areas where the power is needed.
Transmission requirements and lines routes initially determine the general location of a Grid
station. Hybrid Grid Station is a mix of GIS (Gas Insulated Switch Gear) and AIS (Air Insulated
Switchgear) technologies. It consists of bays where some are of AIS components only and some
are mix of AIS and GIS technology, or where some are of GIS components only. Alternatively,
and more commonly, elements of AIS and GIS technology are typically mixed in the same bay of
equipment and this mixture is a hybrid of the two technologies and is applied across the complete
grid station. Under the system stabilization, rehabilitation and loss reduction Programme, KESC
has proposed to install hybrid grid station in different parts of Karachi. Which are once completed,
would be considered one of the latest and state of the art Grid stations. These pre-fabricated
stations would require very small space, while commissioning and installation of compact
machinery would be time efficient. The detail layout plan of this Grid station is given in Figure
2.2.
Project Description
11

Figure 2.2: Layout of the Proposed Grid Station
Project Description
12
,
2.4.2. Accessories of Grid Station

In Grid station, switches, protection and control equipment and circuit breakers are installed.
Circuit breakers interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. In
Grid station, line termination structures, high voltage switchgear, low voltage switchgear and surge
protection controls and metering are also installed.
By using Grid station, it is possible to de-energize a transmission line or other electrical switchgear
for maintenance or for new construction or installation. In this way it is possible to maintain the
reliability of supply during maintenance work or during the development of any fault in
transmission lines or in the associated switchgear. The brief detail of some main components of
Grid station is as under:
Transformers
It uses for step down the voltage. The winding of transformer is immersed in oil. Its a highly
refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating
properties. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant also
as it provides part of the electrical insulation between the internal live parts. It must remain stable
at high temperature over an extended period.
Formerly, Polychlorinated Biphenyl was used as it was not a fire hazard in power transformers and
it was highly stable. However PCB by-products are unstable and toxic and also accumulate in the
environment. Therefore, PCB is not permitted to use these day, and will also not be used in
transformer of proposed Grid stations.
Busbars
After passing switching components, the lines in the Grid Station tie into a common bus. This
consists of a number of heavy metal busbars, usually made of aluminium. In most cases there are
three parallel busbars; since electrical power is distributed via three-phase sub-stations that require
additional reliability often has a double bus or even a double ring of busbars, in which the bus
system is actually duplicated. Each feeder as well as each outgoing line has a connection to each
separate busbar. This is a safety measure that is required mainly for reliability so that in the case of
a failure it would not cause a large part of the system to be brought down.
Project Description
13

Buildings
Once grid station gets operational, it will not man on a 24 hours basis. Therefore, there will be no
extensive buildings and services facilities are needed. The main facilities will be provided include
a small office, storage space, and a control room to house the high voltage monitoring and control
instrumentation and equipment.
Construction of Grid Station

The first construction activity for gird station would be to clear the vegetation from the site and
level off the ground surface for those areas where the heavy electrical transformers and other
switchgear will stand. After this next activity would be concrete and building construction for
foundations for the supporting steelworks, transformers and other switchgear, storm water
drainage pipes, slabs, bund walls, the control room, building and storage areas. All open areas
between the transformer plinths and other switchgear foundations will be covered with crushed
stone. Before laying the crushed zone the ground surface will treat to strict specification with
insecticide and herbicide to prevent insect activity and the growth of weeds and other plants in the
high voltage yard. The steel work will then be erected. The transformers, circuit breakers and other
high voltage equipment will be delivered to site, erected and then commissioned.
2.4.3. Overhead Electric Transmission Lines
An overhead power line is an electric power transmission line suspended by towers or poles. Since
most of the insulation is provided by air, overhead power line is generally used in scarcely
populated area. The right of way of proposed 132 KV Over head transmission line will start from
Korangi east and end at Shah Faisal Colony (Airport II). There will be 13 towers between Korangi
East and Air Port II Grid Station. The total distance between two towers will be 250 m. Overhead
transmission line was selected for installation because the area is scarcely populated with
vegetative cover. Today Overhead lines are routinely operated at voltages exceeding 765,000 volts
between conductors, with even higher voltages possible in some cases. Overhead power
transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of voltages:
Low voltage less than 1000 volts, used for connection between a residential or small commercial
customer and the utility.
Medium Voltage (Distribution) between 1000 volts (1 kV) and to about 33 kV, used for
distribution in urban and rural areas.
Project Description
14

High Voltage (Sub transmission if 33-115kV and transmission if 115kV+) between 33 kV and
about 230 kV, used for sub-transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric power and
connection to very large consumers.
Extra High Voltage (Transmission) over 230 kV, up to about 800 kV, used for long distance,
very high power transmission.
Ultra High Voltage higher than 800 kV.
Lines classified as "low voltage" are quite hazardous. Direct contact with (touching) energized
conductors still present a risk of electrocution. A major goal of overhead power line design is to
maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent
dangerous contact with the line. This is extremely dependent on the voltage the line is running at.
2.5. Resource Requirement during Construction

2.5.1. Water
Water will be required for probable used in the foundations construction for the Grid stations. The
water will be sourced from the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB), Tanker water will
also be used on a site.
2.5.2. Solid Waste Disposal
Solid waste will be collected from the different parts of construction site and will be stored
temporarily on-site until dispose off permanently in an appropriately permitted landfill site.
2.5.3. Electricity
Either KESC will provide the electricity during construction phase of Grid stations or diesel power
generators will be utilized for the provision of electricity. For operation phase, electricity will be
supplied by KESC power distribution system.
2.5.4. Work Force
There will be 80-100 people employed during different activities of construction phase of
overhead transmission lines and Grid stations. Most of the workers will be recruited from the local
areas, whereas, for operational phase the already KESC employed people will be utilized.
2.6. Project Alternatives

Location of Grid station and technology for electricity transmission, such as Overhead
transmission line will be used in proposed project, were selected according to the power
Project Description
15

requirement of the Karachi city. This project was designed to provide the consistent electricity
supply at various areas of the city. Location evaluation was carried out by KESC within the city,
rationale was to lie the transmission network in such a manner that energy is distributed evenly and
efficiently in different regions of the city. Karachi is divided into eighteen towns and the location
was evaluated according to the requirements of the city and available land. The present site was
considered as most suitable option for Grid station and the Overhead transmission route due to
availability of land, improving the transmission and distribution system between Korangi and Shah
Faisal Colonies and minimizing the losses during electricity distribution. .
Similarly, technology options were also evaluated for the proposed project, and most widely used
technology of Grid station was considered i.e. Hybrid grid station over GIS and AIS technology
for installation. This technology has been designed to cover lesser area and have minimal
environmental and health impacts.
Project Description
16

3.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The concept of sustainable development that emerged in the past few decades aims at developing a
new framework for economic and social development, while maintaining the environmental and
ecological integrity for the present as well as future generations. The concepts of sustainable
development are included in the environmental laws for the betterment of environment. This
section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation that applies to the
proposed project. The project is likely to comply with all national legislation relating to
environment in Pakistan, and to obtain all the regulatory clearances required.
3.1. National Policy and Administrative Framework

The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS) that was approved by the federal cabinet in
March 1992 is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country (EUAD/
IUCN, 1992). The NCS outlines the countrys primary approach towards encouraging sustainable
development, conserving natural resources, and improving efficiency in the use and management
of resources. The NCS has 68 specific programs in 14 core areas in which policy intervention is
considered crucial for the preservation of Pakistans natural and physical environment. The core
areas that are relevant in the context of the proposed project are pollution prevention and
abatement, restoration of rangelands, increasing energy efficiency, conserving biodiversity,
supporting forestry and plantations, and the preservation of cultural heritage.
Two organizations, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), are primarily responsible for administering the
provisions of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, promulgated by the Government of
Pakistan in 1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak-EPA. Its members include
representatives of the government, industry, non-governmental organizations, and the private
sector. The Pak-EPA is required to ensure compliance with the NEQS and establish monitoring
and evaluation systems. As the primary implementing agency in the hierarchy, it is responsible for
identifying the need for, as well as initiating legislation whenever necessary. The Pak-EPA is also
authorized to delegate powers to its provincial counterparts, the provincial EPAs (environmental
protection agencies). One of the functions delegated by the Pak-EPA to provincial EPAs is the
review and approval of environmental assessment reports of projects undertaken in their respective
jurisdictions.

17

3.2. Pakistan Environmental Protection ACT, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 empowers the Pak-EPA to:
Delegate powers, including those of environmental assessment, to the provincial EPAs;
Identify categories of projects to which the IEE/EIA provision will apply;
Develop guidelines for conducting initial environmental examinations (IEE) and Environmental
Impact Assessment and procedures for the submission, review and approval of the same;
Develop environmental emission standards for parameters such as air, water and noise;
Enforce the provisions of the Act through environmental protection orders and environmental
tribunals headed by magistrates with wide-ranging powers, including the right to fine violators of
the Act.
Under the provisions of the 1997 Act, the Pak-EPA has empowered four provincial EPAs to
manage the environmental concerns of their respective provinces. The provincial EPAs can frame
environmental regulations tailored to the requirements of their province, provided these regulations
meet or exceed the minimum standards set by the Pak-EPA. They are also required to review and
approve IEE/EIA of all development projects undertaken in their respective provinces, including
those projects implemented by federal agencies.
3.3. Regulations for Environmental Assessment

Under Section 12 (and subsequent amendment) of the 1997 Act, a project falling under any
category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339 (I0/2000), requires the proponent to file an IEE with
the federal agency concerned (the Pak-EPA). Projects falling under any category specified in
Schedule II require the proponent to file an EIA with the federal agency. Within ten working days
of the IEE or EIA having been deposited, the federal agency will confirm that the document
submitted is completed for the purpose of review. During this time, should the federal agency
require the proponent to submit any additional information, it will return the IEE or EIA to the
proponent for revision, clearly listing those aspects that need further discussion. Subsequently, the
federal agency shall make every effort to complete an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA
review within 90 days of filing.
Recognizing that the Pak-EPA has delegated powers to the provincial EPAs to enforce the
provisions of the 1997 Act, an IEE must be submitted to the following agencies for the sections of
the highway falling in their respective domains:

18

The Sindh Environmental Protection Agency

The Punjab Environmental Protection Department (EPD)
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (for federal capital territory).
At the time of application, the project proponent is also required to pay a specified fee to the EPAs
concerned.
3.4. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment

The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting environmental
assessments and the environmental management of different types of development projects. The
guidelines that are relevant to the proposed project are listed below, followed by comments on
their relevance to the proposed projectThe guidelines on the preparation and review of
environmental reports target the project proponents, and specify;
The nature of the information to be included in environmental reports;
The minimum qualifications of the IEE/EIA conductors appointed;
The need to incorporate suitable mitigation measures at every stage of project implementation;
The need to specify monitoring procedures.
The terms of reference for the reports are to be prepared by the project proponents themselves. The
report must contain baseline data on the project area, a detailed assessment thereof, and mitigation
measures.
Guidelines for Public Consultation, Pakistan Environmental Protection

Agency, May 1997;
These guidelines deal with possible approaches to public consultation and techniques for designing
an effective program of consultation that reaches out to all major stakeholders and ensures that
their concerns are incorporated in any impact assessment study;
Sectoral Guidelines: Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures,

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, October 1997;
The guidelines for major roads are structured to assist in identifying key environmental issues
related to road development projects, as well as the various mitigation measures and alternatives
that should be considered and applied accordingly. These guidelines are aimed at intermediate-

19

level projects where the impact is likely to be more significant, as opposed to minor works such as
the maintenance, repair, and improvement of existing roads.
3.5. National Environmental Quality Standards, 2000

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), 2000 specify the following standards:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial
effluents discharged into inland waters, sewage treatment facilities, and the sea (three separate sets
of numbers);
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions from
industrial sources;
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous emissions from
vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles;
Maximum allowable noise levels from vehicles.
These standards also apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents generated by batching
plants, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will apply during the
construction as well as operation phase of the project. Standards for air quality have not been
prescribed as yet.
3.6. National Resettlement Policy and Ordinance

There is no such kind of land acquisition or resettlement of Project affected persons.
Therefore, no further details have been discussed. The provisions of the Draft
Resettlement Policy are consistent with the requirements of the World Banks OP 4.12 on
involuntary resettlement.
After becoming law, these provisions will apply when
addressing the resettlement issues that arise in the project.

3.7. Interaction with other Agencies
The client is responsible for ensuring that the project complies with the laws and
regulations controlling the environmental concerns. This section describes the nature of
the relationship between the client and line departments concerned.

20

3.7.1. Federal and Provincial EPAs
The client will be responsible for providing the complete environmental documentation
required by the Pak-EPA, and Punjab EPA and remain committed to the approved project
design. No deviation is permitted during project implementation without the prior and
explicit permission of the EPAs concerned.
3.7.2 Provincial Revenue Departments
Under the national law, matters relating to land use and ownership are provincial subjects,
and the revenue department of the province concerned is empowered to carry out the
acquisition of private land or built-up property for public purposes, including on behalf of
another provincial or federal agency. For this purpose, the lead department must lodge an
application with the provincial government concerned to depute a land acquisition
collector (LAC) and other revenue staff who will be responsible for handling matters
related to acquisition and the disbursement of compensation.
The client will provide logistic support and assist in preparing the documents necessary for
notification. It will also need to liaise with the provincial departments of agriculture,
horticulture, and forestry in order to evaluate affected vegetation resources, such as trees
and crops, etc., for compensation purposes.
3.7.3 Provincial Governments
The client must ensure that the project meets the criteria of the Punjab provincial
government as related to the safe disposal of wastewater, solid waste, and toxic materials.
The client will coordinate and monitor environment-related issues.
3.7.4 Local Government and Municipalities
The client will work with local government/administration and municipalities on the
resettlement of squatters and removal of encroachments or sources of congestion. In
specific cases, the Client will frame an agreement with the municipality, local government,
or other service provider concerned on the resettlement of displaced squatters.
3.8. Other Environment-Related Statutes
This section outlines statutes apart from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, which
are relevant to the project.

21

3.8.1 Antiquities Act, 1975
The Antiquities Act relates to the protection, preservation and conservation of

archaeological/historical sites and monuments. It prohibits construction (or any other
damaging) activity within 200 m of such sites unless prior permission is obtained from the
Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums. The Antiquities Act also binds the
project proponent to notify the department should anything of archaeological value be
excavated during project construction.
3.8.2 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001
These ordinances, issued following the devolution process, establish regulations for land use, the
conservation of natural vegetation, air, water, and land pollution, the disposal of solid waste and
wastewater effluents, as well as matters related to public health and safety.
3.8.3 Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965, and Rules, 1969
The Motor Vehicles Ordinance, 1965, was extended in 1978, to the whole of Pakistan. The
ordinance deals with the powers of motor vehicle licensing authorities and empowers the Road
Transport Corporation to regulate traffic rules, vehicle speed and weight limits, and vehicle use; to
erect traffic signs; and to identify the specific duties of drivers in the case of accidents. It also
describes the powers of police officers to check and penalize traffic offenders at the provincial
level. At the same time, the ordinance also empowers the Regional Transport Authority to operate
as a quasi-judicial body at the district level to monitor road transport, licensing requirements, and
compensations for death or injury to passengers on public carriers
3.8.4 Factories Act, 1934
The clauses relevant to the project are those that concern the health, safety and welfare of workers,
disposal of solid waste and effluent, and damage to private and public property. The Factories Act
also provides regulations for handling and disposing of toxic and hazardous materials. Given that
construction activity is classified as industry, these regulations will be applicable to the project
contractors
3.8.5 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
The Pakistan Penal Code deals with offences where public or private property and/or human lives
are affected due to the intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or body of people. In
the context of environment, the Penal Code empowers the local authorities to control noise,
noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. The NEQS enforced by the EPAs supersede the

22

application of this legislation on industries and municipalities. The Penal Code, however, can
provide a basis for the client to coordinate its activities with the local authorities to ensure that its
construction activities do not become a cause of public nuisance or inconvenience.
3.8.6 Explosives Act, 1884
Under the Explosives Act, the project contractors are bound by regulations on handling,
transportation and using explosives during quarrying, blasting, and other purposes.

23

4.
Environmental and Social Baseline
The baseline information is being presented here pertain to the physical, biological and socioeconomic environment of the areas where the proposed development would be carried out.
Information available from the electronic/printed literature relevant to baseline of the area was
collected at the outset and reviewed subsequently. This was followed by surveys conducted by
experts to investigate and describe the existing socio-economic status, and physical scenario
comprising geographical, geological, ecological and ambient environmental conditions of the area.
4.1. Physical Environment

4.1.1 Land Use
This grid station will be situated in close proximity of Northern bank of River Malir in Shah Faisal
Colony. It will cover an area of 96802 yard with operational capacity of 132 KV. The proposed
project would be surrounded by residential houses from two sides whereas the third side would be
reserved for a Housing Schemes. This grid station would be connected to Korangi East Grid
Station through overhead transmission lines passing over Malir river basin covering a distance of
about 2.60 Km The 132 KV overhead transmission line would be originating from Korangi Grid
Station, situated in Korangi Industrial Area and would be terminating at Airport II grid station,
situated in Shah Faisal Colony next to the northern bank of Malir River. The length of Overhead
Transmission Line would be about 2.56 Km. Area on the path of the transmission lines is
cultivated with patches the residential region. The cultivation land is mainly covered with seasonal
vegetables. Coconut orchids, mango trees and other low land vegetative cover are common in the
area. The Overhead transmission line will be passing over Malir River, which is highly polluted
due to sewerage and industrial waste entering the river at various points.
4.1.2 Geology and Topography
Ridges, plains, and the coastal belt are the dominant topographic features of the project area.
Details of topographical features of the area follow:
Ridge and Runnel Upland in Sindh Kohistan: This is an area of rugged topography in the north. It
is an offshoot of the Kirthar mountain range and forks away in a southwest direction from the main
range at the mountain knot of Gorag at an altitude of 2,126 m, gradually decreasing in height as it
approaches the Gadap plain.

24

Plains and Plateau of Malir-Lyari Interflous: The vast tract of land lying between the Malir and
Lyari rivers forms the interflous of the drainage systems of the two rivers. This area has very little
natural drainage scars, which indicate it having a rocky base of alternating layers of consolidated
sandstone, intervened by silt and clay beds.
Plains and Hills of the Coastal Belt: The southern part of the Malir District follows the coastal
strip of the Gharo and Korangi creeks, demarcating the northern boundary of the old Indus delta.
The areas, to the south of the east-west baseline of the triangular outline of the Karachi division
subsided and were covered by the sea making a shallow basin. In the course of time the deltaic
deposits of the Indus River filled this shallow basin and the northern part of the basin, which
coincided with a fault line making the coastal edge. The terrain rises gradually northward from the
Arabian Sea, culminating in low, flat-topped, parallel hills. Sub-parallel ridges interrupted by wide
intervening plains, categorized as marine denudation plains, sand dunes, and marine terraces, are
prominent features of this area.
Soil in the project area is alluvial soil that constantly washed out and drifted during monsoon and
rainy season; because viable variety of soil released by its tributary rivers is deposited in Malir
river basin during torrential precipitation period of time. The freshly transferred alien soil brings
new type characteristics in terms of soil texture along with flora variations. The soil of Malir basin
is reasonably fertile for almost any type of vegetation with the result that this corridor present lush
green landscape not encountered in any part of Karachi. Area with more vegetative cover starts
mainly from urban Malir 15 area until its Sea-Outfall at Korangi Creek beside DHA- Marina club.
4.1.3 Seismicity
Pakistan is classified into 15 seismotectonic regions. The proposed project is believed to be located
in the Rann-of-Kutch-Karachi fault region, also known as Karachi-Jati Allah Bund fault, passes
close to the Eastern Industrial zone of Port Qasim. It has three other segments namely the Jhimpir
fault, the Pab fault and the Surjan fault. These are the infra-plate active faults that pose major
earthquake hazard in the Indus delta and the estuaries of the passive continental margin.
The orientation of the Rann-of-Kutch fault is roughly east-west oriented, and is 225 km in length.
This is the fault zone that is responsible for the production of earthquakes of considerably high
magnitude of up to 7.6 M on Richter scale and of IX to X intensity on the Modified Mercali (MM)
scale. The Pab fault on the other hand is 135 Km in length and is oriented north-south. On the
basis of the established seismic potential of the active faults viz. Rann-of-Kutch and Pab faults
over their entire length, together with analyses of historical and instrumental records of the

25

Pakistan coastal zone, the risk factor for this region is estimated at 7.7 to 8.2 M for the former and
7.2 to 7.8 M for the latter.
4.1.4 Climate
The proposed project is proposed to construct/commission in the Karachi city of Sindh Province.
It has typical climate of subtropical coastal zones lying in the monsoon region. The proposed
project will be located in city, which has dry, hot and humid conditions, and in general it is
moderate, sunny and humid. There is minor seasonal intervention of a mild winter from midDecember to mid-February into a long hot and humid summer extending from April to September.
A brief description of physical environment in the region of proposed project location is given
below.
4.1.5 Rainfall
The last five years annual rainfall data shows variation between 0 250.4 mm, and annual
maximum rainfall reported in the area is 465.6 mm during the year of 2007. The rainfall data of
Karachi city is summarized in Table 4.1.

26

Table 4.1: Rainfall Data at Karachi in mm

Year
Jan
2004
13.7 0.0
2005
Feb
Mar Apr May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
0.0
39.3 0.0
Dec
Annual
4.3
65.9
0.0
0.0
3.0
5.6
10.8 12.8 T
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.3
54.9 0.0
0.0
17.1 97.2
2006
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
66.2
148.6 21.9 0.0
3.1
61.3 301.1
2007
0.0
13.2 33.4
0.0
0.0
110.2 41.0
250.4 0.0
0.0
0.0
17.4 465.6
2008
8.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
37.5
0.0
0.0
21.0 121.6
1.1
54.0
Data Source: Pakistan Metrological Department

National Metrological Data Processing Centre
University Road, Karachi
4.1.6 Temperature
At Karachi Airport, Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) has monitoring station, which
recorded climatic data represents the all parts of Karachi city. The ambient air temperature of this
city varies from summer to winter and this change in temperature has a direct influence on the
environment of city. The hot weather during summer, deteriorate the air quality and increase the
ambient particulate matters due to drying of road payments and open soil. The mean monthly
temperature in the area varies from 17.2 to 36.8 C and annual average temperature is kept within
27.4 32.8C. The maximum temperature reaches to 36.8C during summer and minimum
temperature reaches 17.2C during winter. The mean monthly minimum and maximum
temperatures of Karachi city for last five years are given in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Mean Monthly Temperature (C)

Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May June July
2004 26.6
2005 24.9
29.9
26.2
36.2
31.4
35.4
35.3
36.8
35.4
35.6
36.1
33.5
33.2
2006 18.9
24.7
25.7
29.4
31.0
32.0
2007 19.9
23.4
25.5
30.3
31.8
2008 17.2
19.0
27.0
29.2
30.6
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov Dec Annual
32.6
33.2
32.8
34.2
33.7
35.2
30.7
33.1
29.4 32.8
28.2 32.1
31.1
28.7
30.5
30.4
26.4
20.1 27.4
32.5
31.3
30.1
30.6
28.6
26.2
20.0 27.5
32.1
30.7
29.4
30.7
29.6
25.0
21.0 26.8

4.1.7 Humidity
As the city lies near the Arabian Sea, therefore humidity levels usually remain high during entire
year. December is the driest month and August is count as most moist month of Karachi climate.
The relative humidity in project region varies from 25 to 76 %. The highest humidity in the area

27

was recorded 76%, which was in the month of August. The humidity data from 2004 to 2008 is
summarized in the Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Mean Monthly Relative Humidity (Mean) at 1200 UTC (%)
Year Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May June July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
2004 34
33
26
47
55
62
64
66
59
43
32
Dec Annu
al
25
45.5
2005 29
41
45
37
55
59
65
65
60
37
36
30
46.6
2006 31.0
37.0
38.0
49.0
62.0
59.0
68.0
76.0
61.0
54.0
38.0
40.0
51.1
2007 31.0
44.0
43.0
47.0
57.0
64.0
66.0
72.0
59.0
35.0
41.0
31.0
49.2
2008 28.0
30.0
36.0
48.0
66.0
62.0
63.0
68.0
58.0
48.0
31.0
47.0
48.8

4.1.8 Winds
Karachi weather is characterized by pleasant weather due to sea breeze, which blows all
the year excepts during local disturbances experienced sometimes in winter and summer
months. This wind has highest velocities during the summer months, when the direction is
southwest to west. In winter, winds are of low force from North to Northeast and seldom
there is stormy weather. In summer, South West monsoon prevails with wind force
ranging between 0.4 m/s and 9.5 m/s on account of low atmospheric pressure due to
disturbances. Heavy storms of severe intensity are rare but strong gusts of winds can take
place abruptly due to changes in atmospheric pressure. The data on wind speed,
experienced in Karachi region during the years 2004 - 2008 is given in Table 4.4 while
wind directions are shown in Table 4.5.

28

Table 4.4: Mean Monthly Wind Speed at 0000 UTC (Knots)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep
Oct
Nov Dec Annual
2004 2.1
2.1
2.1
3.9
8.6
9.5
5.5
2.3
0.4
2.4
4.4
2005 2.1
3.7
3.1
4.3
5.5
8.6
7.1
5.1
1.7
0.7
0.8
3.9
2006 1.5
1.6
1.6
4.3
7.2
6.7
6.6
5.9
4.0
3.0
0.9
1.6
3.9
2007 0.8
1.4
2.3
2.3
3.9
3.9
3.5
4.5
4.1
1.1
0.6
1.7
2.5
2008 1.5
2.3
2.3
3.4
7.7
4.9
6.6
6.3
5.2
2.2
1.3
2.1
3.8

Table 4.5: Mean Monthly Wind Direction at 1200 UTC (Knots)

Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2004
N27E
S46W S53W S49W S52W S54W S54W S62W S56W S47W S45W N86E
2005
N63E
S51W S50W S52W S63W S48W S54W S49W S87W S54W S52W N23W
2006
S48W S62W S50W S57W S64W S60W S67W S78W S51W S53W S49W N79E
2007
S30W S62W S47W S55W S58W S47W S41W S55W S60W S48W S46W N45E
2008
N45E
S47W S54W S51W S52W S39W S50W S52W S46W S39W S38W N
4.2. Air Quality

Air of this section is viably clean and is free from air borne contaminants mainly caused by
vehicular traffic and nearby Korangi Industrial Zone located at Southern bank of Malir River.
Wind speed remains fairly higher due to formation of Malir river channel where northeastern
bound see-breeze is dominant. Some ground-extracted water from basin is used for irrigation as
well as for drinking purpose.
Mobile air quality station was installed at a location near project site for 24 hours. The ambient air
quality was monitored for the priority pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide
(SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM10). The monitoring was carried out

29

using state of the art equipment and USEPA approved methods. All equipments were calibrated
prior using to get the accurate data. The world health organization (WHO) standards and draft
NEQS for ambient air quality are provided for reference in Table 4.6. The summary of air quality
data results at two locations is given in Table 4.7. The results of air quality monitoring indicate
that the concentration of CO, NO2, SO2 and PM10 are well within range of the WHO and PakEPA Standards while the concentration of PM is higher than range which is expected to be due to
the windy weather at time of monitoring.
Table 4.6: Ambient Air Quality Standards

Draft Pak-EPA Standards(NEQS)
Pollutant
Standard
Average Time
WHO Standards
Standard
Average Time
CO
5 mg/m
8 hour
35 ppm
1 hour
NO2
80 g/m
24 hours
106 ppb
1 hour
SOx
120 g/m
24 hours
134 ppb
1 hour
PM10
250 g/m
24 hours
70 g/m
24 hours
Table 4.7: Ambient air Quality of the Project Area

Parameter
Unit
Duration
LDL
Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
ppb
24Hours
1.0
3.81
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
ppb
24 Hours
1.0
0.548
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
ppm
24 Hours
0.01
2.082
mg/Nm3
24 Hours
160.03
PM10
4.3. Water Quality

Ground bored water extraction is common in the area for commercial selling .The ground water
characteristics of this section is sweet in character because of Malir river proximity. Total of 2
Groundwater and one surface water sample was collected from project corridor.
Ground Water
Analyses of groundwater samples indicate that its PH value is well within limits as defined by
WHO in its drinking water guidelines. A copy of WHO standards is given in Table 4.8.

30

Table 4.8: WHO Drinking Water Guidelines

#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Parametric Tests (mg/L)

Aluminium
Ammonium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Coliforms, total /100ml
Coliforms,E.Coli/100ml
Color
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Hardness
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrate/Nitrite, total
Nitrates(NO3)Nitrites(NO2)Odor
pH
Phosphorous
Phenols
Potassium
Selenium
Silica Dioxide(SiO2)
Silver
Solids, Total dissolved
Sodium
Sulfate
Turbidity(Non-microbial)
Zinc
WHO
0.2
1.5
0.005
0.01
0.7
0.3
0.003
250
0.05
0
0
15cu
1-2
0.07
1.5
NS
0.3
0.01
0.1- 0.5
0.001
0.07
0.02
NS
50
3
NS
6.5 - 8.5
NS
NS
NS
0.01
NS
NS
1000
200
250
5 NTU
3.0
Ref: Hach Product Guide, USA, Vol 2003.

NS=No Standards, JTU=Jackson Turbidity Units, NTU=Nephelometric Turbidity Units, CU=Color
Units, MPN Coliforms, Total or E.Coli/100ml, Pt-Co = Platinium Cobalt Standards,TON=Threshold
Odor Number,*mg/l (milligrams per liter) except where notified.

31

Major anionic concentration in terms of sulfate and chlorides are exceeding the limit of 250mg/l
defined by WHO directives in its drinking water guidelines. Bi-carbonate contents of both samples
are fairly higher causing increase of total alkalinity and hardness and increasing the buffering
capacity of both the samples. Characteristic determining parameter TDS of both samples is also
exceeding the criteria limit as defined by WHO. Among Alkali metals Sodium surpassing the
WHO guideline limits of 100mg/l for both samples. Strictly defined toxic metals such as
As,Ba,Cd,Cr,Hg,Se,Mn and Ag remained below detection limit of the instrument and as such are
not causing any sort of hazard to groundwater ecology. Overall perspective of analyses trait
indicates that chemically both the samples are not complying the limits as defined by WHO in its
drinking water Guidelines and the water is being used by communities under compulsion. The
results of the Ground water analysis are provided in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9: Ground Water Quality of the Project Area

WS-1
WS-2
Parameters
LDL
Near Old Grid

Station, Murtaza
Crossing
Near Air Port

Grid Station,
Sikka Factory
Temperature
32
32
pH at 25 C
7.08
7.11
Conductivity, Electrical
3520
2170
Solids, Total Suspended (TSS)
<5.0
Solids, Total dissolved (TDS)
2400
1528
Turbidity
0.2
2.6
<0.2
Total Hardness
0.05
694.99
481.72
Alkalinity, Total as CaCO3
417.64
560.96
Chloride
698.45
355.43
10
Sulfate (SO4)
333.31
293.81
11
Bicarbonates (HCO3)
509.52
684.37
12
Calcium (Ca)
0.02
90
28
13
Magnesium (Mg)
0.02
114
100
14
Potassium (K)
0.2
16
15
Sodium (Na)
400
319
16
Arsenic
0.005
<0.005
<0.005
17
Barium
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
18
Cadmium
0.002
<0.002
<0.002
19
Chromium
0.02
<0.02
<0.02
20
Copper
0.02
<0.02
<0.02

32

WS-1
WS-2
Parameters
LDL
Near Old Grid

Station, Murtaza
Crossing
Near Air Port

Grid Station,
Sikka Factory
21
Iron
0.02
0.06
0.2
22
Lead
0.01
0.03
<0.01
23
Manganese
0.02
<0.02
<0.02
24
Mercury
0.001
<0.001
<0.001
25
Nickel
0.02
0.03
<0.02
26
Selenium
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
27
Silver
<1.0
<1.0
28
Zinc
0.05
<0.05
<0.05
Surface Water
One Sample of surface stream was collected from Malir River. Analyses trait of this sample
indicates its most parameters showing acute presence of pollutants in the form of BOD, COD,
TSS, NH3 and TDS. Oxygen demanding substances adds load in the form of BOD and COD at 512
and 1002mg/L respectively. Strictly defined toxic metals such as As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, Mn and
Ag remained below detection limit of the instrument and as such are not causing any sort of
Hazard to surface water ecology. Other significant pollutants such as Phenolics, Cyanides and
Phosphorous were also found in reasonable amount in the surface stream. The results of surface
water analysis are provided in Table 4.10.
Table 4.10: Surface Water Quality of the Project Area

WS-2
Parameters
LDL
Temperature
pH
10.07
Solids, Total Suspended (TSS)
44
Solids, Total dissolved (TDS)
5008
Turbidity
0.2
19
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
512
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
1002
Oil & Grease
Chloride
694.32
10
Sulfate (SO4)
74.07
11
Ammonia (NH3)
0.2
3.49
Malir River, Korangi

33

WS-2
Parameters
LDL
12
Phenolic Com. (as Phenol)
0.01
0.011
13
Phosphorus
0.05
2.88
14
Cyanide
0.01
<0.01
15
Arsenic
0.005
0.01
16
Barium
0.01
<0.01
17
Cadmium
0.002
<0.002
18
Chromium
0.02
<0.02
19
Copper
0.02
<0.02
20
Iron
0.02
0.2
21
Lead
0.01
0.06
22
Manganese
0.02
<0.02
23
Mercury
0.001
<0.001
24
Nickel
0.02
<0.02
25
Selenium
0.01
<0.01
26
Sulphide
<1.0
27
Silver
<1.0
28
Zinc
0.05
0.06
Malir River, Korangi
4.4. Soil Quality

Total of 3 soil samples were collected from project and its adjoining sites. Three soil samples
referred to as SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 were collected from Project site and its adjoining vicinity. One
sample was collected from KESC old grid station in Korangi and second one collected from
Cultivated land in the malir river basin and the third one collected from new grid station located in
Shah Faisal colony also referred to as Airport II grid station. The results of the soil analysis are
provided in Table 4.11.
Analysis pattern of three samples indicates that its PH value is lying well within reasonable limits,
and possessing reasonable productive soil character. Major nutrients in the form of Nitrogen,
Phosphorous and Potassium were found in reasonable ranges whereas organic matter was found at
0.8, 2.29 and 1.16 % in sample No: SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 respectively, indicating the soil is
reasonably fertile in character. Strictly defined toxic metals remained at reasonably lower limits to
cause any type of hazard to soil environment. Iron and Manganese were, however, found at
elevated levels because of its large scale distribution on earth crust. Overall perspective of
Analyses pattern on three soil samples indicates that the soil is reasonably productive and human

34

friendly in all of its characteristics and is free from Organo/Inorganic based noxious pollutants.
The results of the soil analysis are provided in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11: Soil Quality of the Project Area

SS-1
SS-2
SS-3
Near Hydrant
Opposite to
KESC Old Grid
Station
Sikka Factory,
At Center of
Near Airport
Malir River,
Agricultural Land Grid Station
Parameters
LDL
pH at 25 C
8.75
8.5
8.76
Moisture
2.17
1.78
0.95
Electrical
Conductivity
139.6
369
399
Organic Matter
0.8
2.29
1.16
Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen (TKN )
162.2
432.54
297.37
Nitrogen Ammonia
0.1
0.59
0.83
0.66
Total Phosphorus
0.05
9.6
16
22.4
Potassium
0.2
700
2900
3200
Chloride (Cl-)
227.3
537.27
185.98
10
Sulfate (SO4)
223.03
431.46
563.76
11
Nitrate
0.003
0.29
0.58
0.47
12
Nitrite
0.005
0.22
0.47
0.034
13
Oil & Grease
20
10
20
14
Barium
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
15
Iron
0.02
10600
22200
22800
16
Manganese
0.05
200
385
450
17
Molybdenum
0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
18
Zinc
10
50
30
19
Arsenic
0.005
<0.005
<0.005
<0.005
20
Cadmium
0.003
<0.003
<0.003
<0.003
21
Cobalt
0.03
20
20
10
22
Copper
0.02
20
25
20
23
Chromium
0.02
20
30
20
24
Nickel
0.02
20
35
40
25
Lead
0.01
20
25
40

35

SS-1
SS-2
SS-3
Near Hydrant
Opposite to
KESC Old Grid
Station
At Center of
Sikka Factory,
Malir River,
Near Airport
Agricultural Land Grid Station
Parameters
LDL
26
Selenium
<1.0
<1.0
<1.0
27
Silver
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
28
Mercury
0.001
0.56
0.675
0.55
4.5. Noise
The proposed project would be located inside the city where day to day human activities are source
of noise generation. The noise levels monitored at the project site are given Table 4.12. The WHO
standards indicate that the noise levels should not exceed 65 dB during day time and 60 dB during
night time in residential area. The results indicate higher noise levels due to human activities in the
project area.
Table 4.12: Noise Level at the Project Site

Sr. #
Time
Leq(dB)
Lmax(dB)
Lmin(dB)
11:00
60.9
65.2
51.3
12:00
60.2
66.6
52.8
13:00
61.6
68.1
51.2
14:00
62.8
67.9
54.0
15:00
59.1
64.3
52.6
16:00
59.2
66.5
52.7
17:00
58.7
65.2
51.4
18:00
59.1
65.4
53.9
19:00
58.1
66.9
52.7
10
20:00
58.6
67.5
53.3
11
21:00
57.2
69.7
52.6
12
22:00
58.0
68.1
51.3
4.6. Biological Environment in Karachi City

It is difficult to survive for natural environment under harsh climatic conditions, accentuated by
drought, and multiplied by land clearance activities demanded by the forces of urbanization.

36

Natural areas vegetation is restricted all over the urban area to depression areas where moisture
would be available for greater part of the year and longer period of time. The native vegetation is
of the desert scrub type comprising a wide variety of bushes and shrubs, including capris aphylia
(karir), Acacia nilotica (babul), Acacia Senegal (khor), Salvadora oleoides (khabar) and prosopsis
Senegal (kandi), Acacia Arabica (kikar), Tamarix gallica (lai), tamarix aphylla, willo or baban
(populus euphratica, Aerua javanica, Maerva arenaria, Abutilou sp, Amaranthus viridis, Cordia
gharaf, Rhazya sticta, Karil (capparis aphyila), acacia or siris (acacia lebbek), papal (ficus
religiosa) and tamarind (tamarindu indica).
4.6.1 Flora
The biodiversity of vegetation on sandy plains and low hills or urban Karachi is characterized by
ephemeral species plus trees and shrubs, including prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica, Tamarix
aphylla, Lycium shawii, Salvadora oleoides, Zizyphus sp., Calligonum polygonoides and
Leptadenia pyrotechnica. Species on calcareous hills in Gulistan-e-Johar, for example include
Vernonia cinerascens, Commiphora wightii, Grewia tenax and Euphorbia caducifolia. The shallow
slopes with varied soils on recent and subrecent substrates at low altitutes chiefly on plains have
the trees Zizyphus nummularia, Salvadora oleoides, and Capparis deciduas, and shrubs Grewia
tenax, Seddera latifolia, and Rhazya stricta that are the most commonly found species, together
with the grasses Ochthochloa compressa, Cymbopogon jawarancussand Aristida funiculate.

With prosopis cineraria, Indigofera oblongifolia and Euphorbia caducifolia, the above combination
of species makes up most of the total vegetation coverage of Karachi city district.
The two principal habitat types on the course of Lyari and Malir Rivers to central areas of Karachi
city district are arid hills, and low lying sandy areas. Vegetation of the hill slopes and hillsides
comprise mainly camelthorn (Prosopis spicigera) wild caper (Capparis Decidua) and large
succulents such as Euphorbia caudicifolia. The sandy areas are typically vegetated with a sparse
cover of small trees such as Acacia Senegal, Zizyphus nummularia and prosopis cineraria, and
shrubs and shrublets such as leptadenia pyrotechnica, Colotropis procera, Rhazya stricta, inula
grantioides, Zygophyllum, simplex and Sueda fruticosa.
In the upper sections of Keamari town, Orangi town, North Karachi town, Gadap town, and bin
Qasim town the land has been cleared to make room for growing vegetables, for construction of
poultry sheds, poultry estate and dairy farms and above all for urban construction.

37

4.6.2 Fauna
The impoverished as well as degraded environment resulting from non-availability of surface as
well as groundwater and discharge of untreated wastewater into Lyari and Malir Rivers
irreversibly reduced the biodiversity of the indigenous as well as introduced vegetation and hence
it offers very little chance for the survival/growth of fauna in the macro environment of Karachi
city district. There are even otherwise, no habitats of large and small animals, birds or reptiles
within Karachi city district. Domestic livestock, particularly goats, sheep, and camels are found
grazing in the suburban towns.
There are a number of characteristic bird species that have adapted to the agricultural environment
in the outskirts and suburban areas of Karachi. These include Indian Roller, Common mynah,
pigeon, and house sparrow.
4.7. Protected areas / National Sanctuaries

In Pakistan there are several areas of land, devoted to the preservation of biodiversity through the
dedication of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. However, this kind of areas is not found near
the project site.
4.8. Socio-economic Environment

This section describes the socioeconomic environment of Karachi city. The detail of this status is
discussed in following sections:
4.8.1 Administrative Setup
According to new devolution plan in 2000, the five districts of Karachi have merged into a new
city district, structured as a three-tiered federation, with the two lower tiers composed of 18 towns
and 178 union councils. The towns are governed by elected municipal administrations responsible
for infrastructure and spatial planning, development facilitation, and municipal services, with some
functions being retained by the city district government. The third tier 178 union councils are each
composed of thirteen directly elected members including a Nazim and Naib Nazim. The UC
Nazim heads the union administration and is responsible for facilitating the CDG to plan and
execute municipal services, as well as for informing higher authorities about public concerns and
complaints.

38

4.8.2 Economy Status of Karachi City

Karachi city is the financial hub of Pakistan. According to Federal Board of Revenue 2006-2007
book, tax and customs units in Karachi was responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65 % of
federal excise tax and 23.38% of domestic sales tax. It also accounts for 75.14% of customs duty
and 79% of sales tax on imports.
Karachi produces about 30% of value added in large-scale manufacturing. It has been purported
that Karachis GDP is 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan. According to Coopers study released in
2007, that survey GDP of the top cities in the world, Karachis GDP is around $ 55 billion, which
shows Karachi status as Pakistans largest economy. Textile, Cement, Steel, Heavy machinery,
Chemicals, Food, Banking etc. in Karachi several industrial zones as SITE, Korangi, Northern
Bypass, Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi, are major sectors contribute to Karachis
GDP.
Most of Pakistanis public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi, while most major
foreign multinational companies operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi.
4.8.3 Demographic Distribution
The demographic distribution in Karachi has undergone numerous changes over the past few
decays. Government and other sources have anticipated that Karachis current population is about
16-18 million. The current population rate is about 5% per year. It is because of rural-urban
internal migration.
Before partition (1947), Karachi had communities of Sindhis, Balochs, Pashtuns,Parsis, Hindus,
Christian, Jews, Goans, Armenians, Lebanese and Gujaratis. After independence of Pakistan, a
large number of Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs left the city for India and were replaced by
Muslim refugees also known as Muhajirs. The Muhajirs migrated from different parts of India
however the majority of them spoke Urdu language. Currently, Karachi has a cosmopolitan mix of
many ethno-linguistic groups from all over Pakistan and refugees from neighboring countries.
According to last census of Pakistan, which was conducted in 1998, the religious breakdown of the
city is as follows.
Muslim (96.45%)
Christian (2.42%
Hindu (0.86%)

39

Ahmadi (0.17%)
And Other (0.10%) Other religious groups include Parsis, Sikhs, Bahai, Jews and Buddhists).
4.8.4 Languages
The most commonly spoken language in Karachi is Urdu, the national language. However Sindhi,
Punjabi, Pashto and Balochi are also widely spoken in the city. As per the census of Pakistan 1998,
linguistic distribution of the city is:[49] Urdu (48.52%), Punjabi (13.94%), Pashto (11.42%) ,
Sindhi (7.22%), Balochi (4.34%), Seraiki (2.11%) and Other (12.44%). (Other languages mainly
include Gujarati and Memoni with other minor languages like Dari, Brahui, Makrani, Hindko,
Khowar, Burushaski, Arabic, Persian and Bengali).
4.8.5 Education
The education in Karachi is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle
(grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate);
intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and
university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. Karachi has both public and private
educational institutions from primary to university level. Most educational institutions are gender
based from primary to university level. The most famous and prestigious school in Pakistan,
Karachi Grammar School is located at Karachi. It is the oldest school in Pakistan and has educated
many Pakistani businessman and politicians.
The Narayan Jagannath High School at Karachi was the first government school established in
Sindh. It was opened in October 1855. Karachi has well known educational institutes of
international standards. Most universities of Karachi are considered to be amongst the premier
educational institutions of Pakistan. For 2004-05, the city's literacy rate was estimated at 65.26%,
Highest in Pakistan with a GER of 111%[54]. The other well know schools are Little Folks
Secondry School, Habib Public school etc.
The University of Karachi, simply referred as KU, is the largest university in Pakistan having one
of the largest faculities in the world. Coincidentally it is located beside the NED University, the
oldest engineering institute of Pakistan. Karachi is also host to the Institute of Business
Administration (IBA), founded in 1955 is the oldest business school outside North America,
Alumni of IBA include former Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz. Pakistan Navy Engineering College
(PNEC) a part of NUST (National University of Sciences and Technology), offering a wide range
of engineering programs including Electrical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Pakistan

40

(Pakistan Engineering Council ranking), is also located in Karachi. Karachi is also home of Head
Office of Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, which is the most prestigious institute of
country producing Chartered Accountants who are leading the corporate sector of the country. The
Institute was established in 1961 and has since produced over 5,000 members. Leading medical
schools of Pakistan like The Aga Khan University and Dow University of Health Sciences have
their campuses in Karachi.

41

5.
Stakeholder Consultation
The participation of project stakeholders in project planning, design and implementation is now
recognized as an integral part of environmental impact assessment universally. The Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997 (Section 12(3)) highlights that every review of an
environmental impact assessment shall be carried out with public participation.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992 endorsed the
process of stakeholder participation and consultation as one of the key documents of the
conferenceAgenda 21. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive strategy for global action on sustainable
development and deals with issues regarding human interaction with the environment.
It
emphasizes the role of public participation in environmental decision-making for the achievement
of sustainable development.
This section of the report outlines the stakeholder consultation approach adopted for this EIA
study, identifies the concerned groups of stakeholders, and describes the consultation process
carried out as part of this study.
5.1. Objectives of Stakeholder Consultation

The overall objectives of the public consultation process were as follows:
To provide information related to proposed project activities to stakeholders;
To facilitate and maintain dialogue and gain the consent of all stakeholders on carrying out project
activities in the area;
To seek participation of all interested parties and identify stakeholder interests and issues;
To create solutions for addressing these concerns and integrating them into project design,
operations, and management;
To enhance the project by learning from, and incorporating, the expertise of individuals,
professionals, communities and organizations; and
To encourage transparency and inculcate trust among various stakeholders to promote cooperation
and partnership with the communities, local leadership, and NGOs.
5.2. Stakeholder Consultation Process

Stakeholders consultation is a continuous process that does not stop with the submission or
approval of the EIA but continues into the project execution stage. Involving communities and all
other stakeholders values and recognizes the stakeholders right to information about the project,
42

as well as their right to voice their views and concerns. In keeping with this belief, consultations
were conducted in the project area not only to satisfy the legal requirements of the EIA process in
Pakistan but also to improve and enhance the social and environmental design of the project.
Various steps involved in the consultation include following:
5.2.1 Stakeholders Identification
The identification of stakeholders is important for the sustainability of a development project and
helps to evaluate and envisage the role of stakeholders. The influence or impact of stakeholders on
the project can be elaborated in the form of a matrix and the mitigation measures are proposed
accordingly. People, groups or institutions directly effected by the project and can influence the
project outcome are stakeholder of the project. The stakeholders that are likely to be influenced by
the project activities or would like to participate in the project will include residents of the
surrounding areas. The residents of the area surrounding the project site were identified as
stakeholders of the project.
5.2.2 Consultation and Findings
Stakeholder consultation is a two-way flow of information and dialogue between the project
proponent and stakeholders, specifically aimed at developing ideas that can help shape project
design, resolve conflicts at an early stage assist in implementing solutions and monitor ongoing
activities. Various techniques are used world wide to carry out the stakeholders consultation that
includes discussions, meetings and field visits. Concerns of the primary stakeholders of the
proposed project were solicited and collected in the following manner:
1. A field visit was arranged to contact the communities within 5 Km of the project
area with a team of three personnel accompanied with a local person from Airport
II Grid Station area..
2. The team was completely aware of the processes and environmental issues related
to the proposed project.
3. A brief description of the proposed project was provided verbally to the
stakeholders and they were asked to express their concerns regarding the proposed
project.
4. Concerns, complaints and suggestions were recorded in the written form.
The concerns of stakeholders are included as Table 5.1 of the report.

43

Table 5.1: Consultation Findings

S.No
Interview Date
Name
Age
Occupation
Location
Comments
1.
03-Jul-09
Abdul Ghaffar
24
Labor
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Education, health and basic amenities are available in the area. The
respondent doesnt know about the project but he feels its beneficial
and will not face any problem from this project.
2.
03-Jul-09
Arif
15
Student
3.
03-Jul-09
Allah Baksh
22
Labor
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Education, health and basic amenities are available

respondent doesnt know about the project but he feels
will not face any problem from this project.
4.
03-Jul-09
Sajjad
21
in the area. The

its beneficial and
in the area. The
its beneficial and
Labor
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Education, health and basic amenities are available in the area. The
respondent doesnt know about the project but he feels its beneficial and
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali
Malir UC-1,
Gulshan-eGhazali

5.
03-Jul-09
Shah Nawaz
18
Labor
6.
03-Jul-09
Hussain
33
Farming
7.
03-Jul-09
Ahmed Ali
26
Farming
8.
03-Jul-09
Muhammad
Nadeem
24
Labor
in the area. The

its beneficial and
in the area. The

its beneficial and
in the area. The
its beneficial and
in the area. The
its beneficial and
44

Figure 5.1 : EIA(1

132 KV Airport II Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead
Transmission line to Korangi East Project) Respondents
ABDUL GHAFFAR
ARIF
ALLAH BAKSH
SAJJAD
SHAH NAWAZ
HUSSAIN
AHMAD ALI
MUHAMMAD NADEEM

45
45

6.
Impacts Assessment and Mitigation
This section of report identifies the significant potential environmental, socio-economic, and
health and safety issues which could arise during the complete life cycle of the proposed Project.
The appropriate environmental management measures to handle these issues are also discussed in
this report.
There are several methods used for identifying the environmental impacts including the Checklists,
Thinking through the stages of the project, Matrices, Networks, Overlays and GIS and Computer
Expert Systems. These all methodologies are commonly employed to ensure that all significant
impacts are identified. In this report, we will use the Checklist method for impact identification
and assessment, which is the most common method. This method is used to visually express the
changes in environmental impacts in terms of their:
Nature
Magnitude
Consequence
Significance
6.1. Impacts during Construction Phase

The most probable impacts may be expected due to the construction of Overhead transmission
lines and Grid stations are given below along with their subsequent and practicable mitigation
measures:
6.1.1 Topography and Land use
The construction site for the proposed grid station is plain consisting of open space with brick kiln
next to the site and households of Shah Faisal Colony in the vicinity. The area opposite to the site
is left for housing colony by government Department which is presently used for agricultural
purpose. The construction of the proposed grid station and overhead transmission line will not
involve major change in landscape and topography. The proposed transmission line passage is a
scarcely populated area with cultivation land and fruit orchid. The topography of the soil is uneven
with high and low plains covered with agricultural fields and wild vegetation at places. The only
change in land use during installation of the overhead transmission and towers will be at the
position of tower installations where the vegetation will be removed to make it clears for

46

installation of towers. The impact on topography and land use will be minimal as the existing
landscape will be utilized for the proposed project.
Mitigation Measures
The proposed project will make use of existing topography not deforming the landscape of the
project area.
The over head transmission lines will be kept at a standard distance from the earth surface to
reduce its impacts.
The vegetation cover of the project area will be protected to the extent possible and offsets will be
provided at the high-density vegetative area.
Construction workers will be provided instructions not to damage plants unnecessarily near the
tower locations and transmission line.
6.1.2 Dust Emission
Construction activities such as soil excavation and removal may result in deterioration of ambient
air quality and be a nuisance to anyone exposed to it. After removal of top soil and vegetation
cover, soil does tend to have erosion and dispersive potential which is proportional to
environmental risk.
Impact Evaluation
During construction of grid station and overhead transmission line, site preparation activities
(excavation work, earth works, storage of exposed piles, truck dumping, hauling and vehicle
movement) would be carried out which will remove the vegetation cover from the proposed
development areas and expose the soil. As the said activities would be limited to construction
phase and will be performed according to Environmental Management Plan (EMP) included in
this report, therefore there would be insignificant rise in fugitive dust emission and alteration of
soil quality from removal of top soil.
The quantity of dust that may generate on a particular day of construction phase will depend on the
magnitude and nature of activity and the atmospheric conditions prevailing on that day. Due to the
uncertainty in values of these parameters, it is not possible to calculate the quantity from a
bottom-up approach, that is, from adding PM10 emissions from every activity on each
construction site separately.

47

Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures would be implemented in construction areas to control the dust
emissions:
1. Water will be sprinkled when there is an obvious dust problem on all exposed surfaces to
suppress emission of dust. Frequency of sprinkling will be kept such that the dust remains
under control;
2. Dust emission from soil piles and aggregate storage stockpiles will be reduced by
appropriate measures. These may include keeping the material wet by sprinkling of water
at appropriate frequency, and erecting the windshield walls on three sides of the piles;
3. Vehicular movement will be restricted to a specific time for dumping of supplies and
construction material;
4. Workers and drivers should wear dust masks and safety goggles, especially during dry
and windy weather conditions to avoid health risk.
6.1.3 Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust Emissions
Exhaust
emissions
due
to
combustion
process
in
vehicles
and
other
construction
equipments/machines may affect the ambient air quality of the project site and surrounding areas
and may be injurious to human health.
Impact Evaluation
The impact of gaseous emission on project workers and other people in vicinity will be small, as
construction vehicles and machineries operations will be limited to construction phase and as soon
as construction activities would be ended, this impact will minimize. During construction phase,
following will be the sources of gaseous emission:
Emission from the exhaust of vehicles
Emission from the construction equipment, power generators and moving plants/equipments.
The pollutants that may generate from the combustion of hydrocarbon may include the CO, CO2,
SOx, NOx and PM10. These pollutants could cause adverse effect to human health if in high
concentration and may also cause vegetation damage by clogging the photosynthesis process in
plants.
There is no justification to measure the above mentioned gaseous emissions in the absence of
information such as engine rating, number of units and operation hours for both continuous and
intermittently operating equipment.

48

Recently Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency has set the draft standards for industrial and
vehicular gaseous emission. These standards and current practices for gaseous emissions will be
used as criteria of compliance during construction phase of project.
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures will be incorporated to prevent any adverse impact on the
ambient air quality:
1. All vehicles, generators and other equipment used during the construction will be
properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize
emission of pollutants;
2. Emissions from the machinery and vehicles will be monitored on regular basis to
ensure compliance to NEQS.
3. Occupational health, Safety and Environment policy of KESC will be followed.
4. Masks will be provided to construction workers by the contractors.
5. Standby generators for power supply will be kept away from pathways and will be
placed at locations where probabilities of human intervention are limited.
6. The stack height of the generators used, if any, will be at least 3 m above the
ground.
6.1.4 Noise
Noise is also one of the aspects which may cause hearing impacts on workers associated with
construction activities and communities in immediate vicinity, especially during early morning and
night time construction work activities.
Impact Evaluation
It is anticipated during impact evaluation process that activities associated to Overhead
transmission line and Hybrid grid station construction will be for short span of time, therefore
noise impact would be very small. During construction phase, noise may emit from the following
activities.
Material loading/offloading vehicles and other transport used by Contractors
Construction and excavation work such as heavy earth moving equipments, pilling works,
welding, cuttings, drilling, grinding etc;

49

Back-up power generators for supply of electricity;

Use of pressure horn.
According to World Bank guidelines, sound level should not exceed 70 dB (A) in the
industrial/commercial areas and 55 dB (A) in the residential areas during day time. Similarly it
should not exceed 70 dB (A) and 45dB (A) respectively, during night time. The area for overhead
transmission lines is scarcely populated with cultivation land and fruit orchids. The impact of noise
will only be due to the construction of grid station as the settlements are nearby the project site for
grid station This impact will be moderate because it is not a large construction activity involving
widespread area. The mitigations mentioned below will be followed to keep the noise levels within
limits.
Mitigation Measures
The following measures will be followed by project management in order to minimize the impact
of noise on construction workers and people in close proximity.
1. Manage the specific daytime working hours for movement of earth moving equipment and
other machinery for construction;
2. Site labor working in high noise area such as where noise level exceeds 80 dB (A), should
wear earplugs.
3. The stationary sources of noise such as concrete mixers, batching plant, power generators
and pumps will be selected and segregated from work area;
4. Use of adequate muffler for all exhaust systems will be mandatory;
5. Blowing of horn by the project related vehicles will be strictly prohibited;
6. Occupational health, safety and environmental procedures of KESC and Environmental
management plan for proposed project would be followed.
6.1.5 Flora and Fauna
Construction and maintenance activities of overhead transmission line and hybrid grid station may
destroy the plants and animals or may alter their habitat so that these activities become unsuitable
for them. For example, trees used by rare birds for nesting may be cut down or soil erosion may
degrade rivers and wetland that required habitat.

50

Impact Evaluation
In order to find the impacts of proposed project on flora and fauna, field investigations have been
undertaken around the proposed grid station and along the ROW of overhead transmission line,
with specific focus on endangered species of ecosystem. The endangered species of ecosystem is
not found along the proposed areas of construction, however, some species of flora and fauna of
common nature were found.
Construction of proposed project may slightly damage the ecosystem on and around the
construction areas of proposed project, however this impact would be moderate as all activities
would be limited and strictly carried out on the transmission lines ROW and designated areas of
grid station.
Mitigation Measures
The following mitigation measures would be taken in order to minimize the impact on flora and
fauna:
1. The route will be marked in such a manner that minimal clearing of the vegetation is
required as to reduce the damage on large area;
2. The animals encountered during the construction will not be harmed and will be dragged
back to their environment.
3. Birds will not be affected as they will move to adjacent suitable habitats.
4. By using the best practice for vegetation clearing and disposal practices will minimize the
environmental risk associated with clearing and disturbance of vegetation communities.
5. Restricting vegetation clearing to only that necessary for safe construction, operation and
maintenance of the proposed projects.
6.1.6 Solid Waste
Solid waste may be generated during the construction activities of project. The nature of
construction waste could be metal and wooden pieces, pieces of wires, excavated soil, plastic
sheets, used oil etc. This waste if not disposed of properly in environmental friendly manner,
would cause some nuisance to living environment.
Impact Evaluation
Solid waste during development of proposed project may be generated from the following
activities.

51

Debris, vegetation, excavated soil, scraps metal from the equipment fabrication;
Recyclable waste such as cartons, wooden pieces, copper or aluminum wires pieces, iron pieces
etc.;
Waste of domestic nature from the worker activities in construction camps.
Mitigation Measures
The above mentioned waste will be handled through the following mitigation measures:
1. Construction activities generate considerable waste and provision must be made for suitable
separation and storage of waste in designated and labeled areas on the camp site and near
each construction area;
2. Collection of waste by third party contractors and disposal at the Landfill sites;
3. Any hazardous waste should be separated and stored in areas clearly designated and
labeled, and disposal in environmental friendly manner.
4. Workers should be trained on how to dispose of food and drink containers emphasizing the
need to protect the areas in vicinity of projects.
5. Construction camps along the ROW of proposed overhead lines and hybrid grid stations
must be adequately equipped with portable toilets.
6.1.7 Traffic
The Overhead transmission line will pass through the scarcely populated area not encountering
excessive traffic flow. The access to the proposed grid station would also be from the same dirt
track and Shah Faisal colony which is populated settlement. The construction material supply
vehicles will follow the route of less busy road to avoid any major impact on traffic flow.
Therefore, there will be minimal impact on traffic flow at the route of transmission lines.
6.1.8 Water Quality
Clearing of vegetation and the subsequent exposed soil during construction activities have greatest
potential risk to water quality.
Impact Evaluation
The proposed Overhead transmission lines construction activities may slightly affect the water
quality of Malir River. There will be slight offsite movement of soil during excavation and
vegetation removal activities of transmission lines, which will be constructed along the Malir
River.

52

Construction activities of Hybrid grid station will not affect the water quality in the vicinity as
these activities will be limited to designated areas of grid station and will not close to Malir River.
Malir River is highly polluted with sewerage and industrial waste. The contribution of the
pollution by construction of Overhead transmission line will be minor not affecting the water
quality significantly.
Mitigation Measures
There will be minimal clearing of riparian verges for the overhead transmission line, and any
crossing of drainage lines by machinery/vehicles to access construction areas will be in accordance
with proposed EMP to ensure that water quality is not compromised.
1. There will be no excavation or fill placement activities will be carried in any waterway;
2. KESC will use the backfill, resurface and contouring methods for gully erosion, to
provide the erosion resistance and reduce overland flow velocity;
3. Different strategies will be utilized to minimize the release of sediment to waters. These
strategies shall include but not limited to the construction of diversion banks/drains,
where necessary, along the elevated perimeter of the works to prevent uncontaminated
storm water from contracting areas of disturbance and installation of temporary sediment
fences below areas of earthworks.
6.1.9 Archaeological and Historical Sites
No archaeological and historical sites were found during survey of proposed project, located in
their close proximity.
Mitigation Measures
No mitigation is required.
6.1.10 Health and Safety
Construction workers may get injured during construction activities. There may be either minor or
major accidents due to different activities of construction phase.
Mitigation Measures
The following measures will be adopted in order to minimize the above impact:
1. A lead person should be identified by the contractor concerned and appointed to be
responsible for emergencies occurring on the ROW and grid station construction site. This
person should be clearly identified to the construction workers.

53

2. Make prior arrangements with the health care facilities such as a Health Centre in
proximity, a private doctor or Hospital to accommodate any eventualities.
3. Emergency response plan should be prepared by the contractor and implemented during
entire phase of construction.
6.1.11Employment
During this phase, an average of approximately 150-200 persons will be employed on contract
basis which will put the positive impact on the socio-economical status of Karachi city.
6.2. Impacts during Operational and Maintenance Phase

The most focusable area in the impact assessment process of proposed project is operation and
maintenance activities of Overhead transmission line and Hybrid grid station as impacts may
generate during these phases may have long term and continuous affects. During scoping exercise,
following probable impacts have been evaluated with their appropriate mitigation measures:
6.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields
Electromagnetic field (EMF) is the term used to describe electric emanations and the resultant
magnetic fields caused by the movement of electrical current. The magnetic fields depend on many
parameters like height and tower configuration for over head line and depth and cable arrangement
for underground cable.
Generally, the maximum magnetic field under an overhead line and above a buried cable are of the
same order of magnitude, the difference being that distance causes it to decrease much more
slowly for the overhead line (OHL) than for the buried cable. The field is at its maximum closet to
the conductor and the intensity drops away from the conductor. EMF is both a natural phenomena
and a consequence of anthropogenic sources (e.g. electrical generation, transmission, distribution
and use of electrical equipment). According to some research that EMF can have number of
adverse health effects. These include but are not limited to childhood leukemia, Alzheimers adult
leukemia, breast cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, miscarriage and clinical depression.
Impact Evaluation
In Hybrid grid stations, the impact of electric field will be blocked by most of the objects around
them such as walls, trees and distance from the living object. The overhead transmission line is
installed in scarcely populated area, for areas with high population density underground
transmission line is selected. The project area for the line comprise of cultivation land with hardly
any population. The effect EMF reduced with distance, the line is installed at a reasonable distance

54

(according to best practises worldwide) from the earth surface to reduce the impact. The
transmission line is also arranged in such a manner that the magnetic fields created cancel out
effect of each other and do not reach the ground level, hence, reducing electromagnetic fields.
Mitigation Measures
1. Adopt the principles of careful avoidance to ensure exposure levels are well below of
generally accepted standards.
2. Design the transmission line to ensure that electric and magnetic fields are minimised,
given the voltage and load requirements.
3. Liaise with nearby residents and undertake EMF monitoring with them.
6.2.2 Gaseous Emission
The main air impacts during the operational phase of any project could be the gaseous emissions
from the employees vehicular exhaust, distant industrial facilities, projects different operations
and standby power generators.
Impact Evaluation
The hybrid grid station is generally called no man grid station. There will be no source of
atmospheric pollution from the proposed overhead cable and hybrid grid station except emissions
from the KESC employees vehicles and vehicles will be used for project maintenance. These
emissions in contrast with the emissions emit by the vehicular traffic on road of Karachi city will
be very low. It will also well dissipate in the open atmosphere and there will be no cumulative
effect from the project.
Mitigation Measures
1. All vehicles, power generators and other equipment used during the maintenance work will
be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize emission
of pollutants;
2. Emissions from the machinery and vehicles will be monitored on regular basis to ensure
compliance to NEQS.
3. Masks will be provided to maintenance workers.

55

6.2.3 Noise
Pumps, high speed compressor, fans, back up power generators, transport vehicles and
maintenance activities could be the sources of noise emission during operational phase in any
project area.
Impact Evaluation
The hybrid grid station do not emit noise levels reaching outside the site boundary. Maintenance
activities during operational phase of project could produce noise emissions, however, this impact
would be minimum and within the permissible limits of WHO and NEQS, as maintenance
activities would be carried out for short period of time.
Mitigation Measures
The recommended measures for reducing the impact of noise are given below:
1. Ensure vehicles and other maintenance equipments comply the NEQS and other
international standards for noise and are maintained to meet standards;
2. Compressor should be regularly tested and monitor for any mechanical fault, as
mechanically unfit or un-maintained compressors generally cause high noise;
3. Back-up power generators should be maintained regularly as they will use to facilitate the
maintenance work of overhead transmission lines.
Solid Waste
The operation and maintenance activities of proposed project may generate solid waste which, if
not disposed of properly could have adverse impacts on the environment.
Impact Evaluation
The operational phase of proposed project will generate some waste which if not disposed of
properly could have impacts on surrounding. These wastes will include the wires, transformer oil,
wild vegetation, excavated soil and domestic waste of maintenance workers.
Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures for above impact could be:
1. Ensure that all solid waste collected during operational or maintenance work is disposed of
in an appropriate disposal site in the locality;

56

2. Municipal waste should also be collected by third party contractor through carts/dump
trucks and then disposed of in landfill site.
6.2.5 Property and Aesthetic Value
Post construction issues such as aesthetics and property values are usually a concern for overhead
lines as they pose a viable effect on the landscape thus posing impact on property and aesthetics of
the area after construction. The land on which the grid station to be constructed and land
surrounded by grid station is a valuable due the presence of residential area close to it. However
the area is already disturbed due to presence of brick kiln and human activity. In the case of
proposed project, this impact would be moderate as the residing population is impoverished and
current land users in Karachi city generally do not rely on the visual and aesthetic environments.
However, the passage of the overhead transmission line has a lush green landscape due to presence
of cultivation land and fruit orchids, the over head line passing over the area will devalue the
property at the passage.
Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures could be used to reduce the potential visual impacts is following:
1.
The construction area must be rehabilitated and re-vegetated immediately after the
completion of construction activities. Progressive reinstatement should be applied.
2. To reduce the visual intrusion, the colour selected for roofing and walls must be of a
nature, which will help to visually break up the surfaces of the buildings. Matt finishes
must be used. Importantly, the roofs of buildings must not reflect or deflect sunlight or
artificial light during the day or night by their colour or texture.
3. The removed vegetation should be restored at the passage way to provide a reflective look
to the area.
6.2.6 Emergencies and Accidents
Emergencies and accidents with the electrical equipment may occur at the grid station, for example
transformer can become overloaded and blow up and switchgear equipment can explode. Each of
these kinds of incidents can have knock on effects and can place humans, animals and the natural
environment at risk. The risks related to fire, natural disasters, invasion due to political instability,
vandalism and oil spillage from the transformer may have devastating impacts.

57

Mitigation Measures
The proposed mitigation measures for said impact are following:
1. A repair on live grid station is possible as the station is fitted with busbars via which
current can be redirected, thereby minimizing interruptions to the transmission network.
2. In the case of an explosion, unless on site within the grid station, the risk of human or
animal injury is small. Apart from the security fence, no additional mitigation measures are
required.
3. Oil containing equipment in the grid station should be fitted within a bunded oil sump of
sufficient size to capture all oil within a particular piece of equipment.
4. The grid stations operational controls will be well maintained to avoid impacts of the
natural disaster or fire.
5. The watch guard will be provided training for the emergency response in case of any
unusual situation.
6.3. Summary of Impacts during Construction, Operation and Maintenance

Phases of Project
According to impacts discussed in previous sections, the proposed project has both positive and
negative impacts. Summary of these impacts in terms of their nature, magnitude, consequence and
significance are presented in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2.

58

Table 6.1: Summary of Environmental Impacts during Construction Phase

Impacts
Nature
Magnitude
Consequences
Significance
Dust emission
Negative
On-site and
in vicinity
Air quality and

health effects
Slight
Vehicle and equipment

exhaust emission
Negative
On-site and
in vicinity
Air quality and

health effects
Slight
Noise
Negative
On-site and
in vicinity
Health effects
to workers
Slight
Flora and Fauna
Negative
Onsite and
in vicinity
Effect on flora
and fauna
Slight
Solid Waste
Negative
On-site
Effects on
workers and
microenvironment
Slight
Traffic
Negative
On-site and
close
proximity
Road accidents
and wastage of
fuel
Slight
Water Quality
Negative
Onsite and
vicinity
Surface and
ground water
contamination
Slight
Archaeological and
Historical sites
None
None
None
None
Health and Safety
Negative
On-site and
in vicinity
Effects on
workers and
property
Significant
Employment
Positive
Local
Socio-economic Significant
benefits

59

59

Table 6.2: Summary of Environmental Impacts during Operational and

Maintenance Phase
Impacts
Nature
Magnitude
Consequences
Significance
Negative
Onsite and
neighborhood
Health problems
to workers and
people live in
neighborhood
Slight
Gaseous Emission
Negative
On-site and in
vicinity
Air quality and

health effects
Slight
Noise
Negative
On-site and in
vicinity
Health effects to
workers
Slight
Slight
Electrical and
magnetic field
Solid Waste
Negative
On-site
Nuisance to
microenvironment and
health problems
to workers
Property and
Aesthetics Value
Negative
Close vicinity
Impact on
property value
Slight
Emergencies and
Accidents
Negative
On-site and its

vicinity
Damage to health
and property
Moderate

60

60

Transmission Line to Korangi East Project
7. Environmental Management Plan

This section provides an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for managing and monitoring
the environment related issues and describes the institutional framework for environmental
management and resource allocations to be carried out by the Karachi Electric Supply Company
Limited for mitigating the negative impacts of the proposed project.
7.1. Objectives of Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan will address the upcoming adverse environmental impacts
of the proposed project, enhance the projects overall benefits and introduce the standards of good
environmental practice. The primary objectives of the EMP are to provide:
A framework to mitigate any potential environmental impacts of the construction, maintenance or
operation phase of the Project, through environmentally aware planning and design strategies;
Define the responsibilities of the Project proponents in accordance with the three phases
(construction, operation and maintenance);
Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures by providing the technical details of
each Project impact, and proposing an implementation schedule of the proposed mitigation
measures;
Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all
proposed mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented;
Identify training requirements at various levels and provide a plan for the implementation of
training sessions;
Identify the resources required to implement the EMP and outline corresponding financing
arrangements.
7.2. Role of Functionaries for Implementation of EMP

This sub section describes the role of functionaries for the implementation of EMP. In these
functionaries, the executing agency of the Project would be KESC. In KESC, the environmental
performance is supervised by Top management while the daily management is performed under
the direction of GM (Corporate Safety). Under Top management, environmental management
during different phases of proposed project would be performed by contractors and KESC project
implementation team will monitor the performance of the project contractor. The EMP will be
made a part of the construction activities and the contractor will ensure that all activities during
construction stage are in compliance with the EMP and NEQS. The brief Organizational structure
for Environmental management is given in Figure 7.1.
Environmental Management Plan

61

7.3. KESC Top Management

Top management of KESC would perform the following role and responsibilities:
To react the issues and consider the solutions proposed by the Corporate Safety Department;
To cooperate and consult with relevant environmental agency in order to perform in better
way;
To evaluate the progress of development and implementation of this management plan;
To approve any change in decision making and authorities in consultation with GM Corporate
Safety, if appropriate.
7.4. GM (Corporate Safety)

In management plan, HSE team role is always considered vital. They make an EMP successful.
Hereunder some roles and responsibilities of HSE team are provided:
To improve the coordination and exchange of information between top management,

employees, contractors etc.;
To identify issues and where possible propose solutions for inclusion in the management plan
review process;
To ensure that the points of views of staff, contractors HSE officers/engineers are considered
and placed in the EMP accordingly;
To review EMP every year, tracking issues and change the EMP accordingly with the
solutions and suggestions;
To contribute towards the actions to deliver the management plan and ensure its continued
development;
To monitor the progress of development and implementation of this management plan.
7.5. HSE Officer/Engineer

HSE officer or engineer always works under the oversight role of corporate safety. The role of this
position in any environmental management plan could be following:
To provide professional guidance on questions relating to the environment management and

issues raised by contractors/relevant personals;
To integrate the aims and objectives of different users within an agreed plan;
To maintain a balanced, holistic approach to the solution of concerned issues in accordance

with the compliance to the legislative requirements;
To progress the EMP process through development towards implementation.
7.6. Contractor
The contractor is responsible for following points:

62

To conduct their activities in accordance with relevant legislative requirements of the country,
project EMP and any pertinent licences or agreements;
To exercise a duty of environmental care and notifying the GM (Corporate Safety) or Project
Construction Manager of any environmental incident;
To nominate a site HSE officer with the authority to ensure that the EMP is implemented with
respect to any activity for which they are entirely responsible;
To inform the project construction manager immediately of any complaints received in

relation to the construction activities from Statutory Authorities or other stakeholders and local
residents.
To ensure that all site staff have attended an Environmental induction.
Note: The Contractor is not directly responsible for complaint resolution and should direct any
complaints or inquiries from stakeholders (government or stakeholders) to the Project Manager.
However, the Contractor shall comply with the reasonable directions of the Project Manager or
OHSE Head to resolve any complaints.
7.7. Environmental Impacts Management

The environmental impacts management is a key component of the EMP. It ensures that the
project is designed, constructed, implemented and maintained in the manner described in the EIA
report. The impacts management for the proposed project activities in AirportII Hybrid Grid Station
is presented in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2. The contents of these tables would be following:
Impacts: Identified impacts that may occur if not managed appropriately;
Mitigation Measures: Actions that will be implemented to achieve the objective and performance
criteria;
Monitoring Frequency: Frequency for monitoring mitigation measures
Responsibility: Responsibility for undertaking control measures.
7.8. Environmental Training

Environmental impacts from the proposed Project would be managed by qualified and experienced
personnel. All staff would receive the environmental induction training prior to commencement of
work on Grid station. This training program will help in ensuring that the requirements of the EIA
and EMP are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel throughout all phases of
project. In induction training plan, Pakistan environmental policy/regulations, EMP and other
environmental duties will be focussed.
All level of staff, ranging from the top management and supervisory to the skilled/unskilled
categories will be covered in this training plan. The construction/commissioning staff will be

63

provided induction training through their managers. The tentative environmental training program,
which will be finalized before the commencement of project is provided in Table 7.3.
7.9. Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring of all project activities will be undertaken to determine the impact on the environment
as a consequence of construction, operation and maintenance of the proposed project. Therefore,
self monitoring techniques will be adopted to carry out the monitoring as per EPA rules and
regulations. General monitoring will be conducted weekly throughout the construction stage;
inspections will be conducted annually during the operation and maintenance phase.
During monitoring activities, HSE officer or engineer from the contractor side will coordinate with
the GM (Corporate Safety), who will be responsible for monitoring procedures. HSE team will
identified the monitoring techniques and the frequency of selected parameters, monitoring will be
conducted according to monitoring plan, given in Table 7.4. Corporate Safety will keep the record
of all non-compliances observed during monitoring and will report these along with the actions to
higher management for further action.
Any recommendations relating to construction activities during monitoring process would be
considered by the contractor.
Staff will be responsible for undertaking the environmental monitoring, will maintain all
monitoring and non compliance records and be responsible for scheduling follow up inspections
to ensure that corrective actions are being implemented for any non-compliance detected.
7.10. Reporting
The monitoring department would present its data and findings in the form of formal report to the
top management at a frequency as deemed fit by the management. The purpose of reporting would
be essentially to provide necessary information enable effective decision making by the
management. The monitoring report presented to the project management and may take any formal
format, however, in terms of content, it must contain the following:
Summary of the environmental impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring record;
All incidents and their remedial measures recorded to ensure that the emergency situations
are responded in accordance to the Emergency response plan.
Based on this information, the project management and local environmental agency would take
decisions for performance improvement. In every subsequent monitoring report, the performance
and efficacy of measures undertaken by the management in the previous review process would
also be evaluated.

64

Figure 7.1: The Organizational Structure of Environmental Management
Top Management
Coordination
Coordination
Technical
Manager
Waste Contractor
GM (Corporate Safety)
3rd Party
Monitoring Lab
Safety Officer/ Engineer
EIA Consultant
Construction
Contractor
Training
Coordinator
Incident
Commander
Other Support
Staff
Emergency
Response Team
Construction
Crew

65

Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan for Construction and Commissioning Phase
Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Dust and Gaseous Emission
Responsibility
In order to suppress the dust emission on exposed surfaces, water will be sprinkled daily with an Daily and as per
requirement
appropriate frequency.
Contractor
Dust problem in soil and stock piles will be reduced by erecting the windshield walls on three Daily and during
windy conditions
sides of the piles.
Contractor
Vehicular movement will be restricted to a specific time for dumping of supplies and
Air Quality
Monitoring
Frequency
Daily
construction material.
Contractor HSE
Officer
Workers and drivers should use the dust masks and safety goggles, especially during dry and Daily and as per
requirement
windy weather conditions to avoid health risk.
Contractor HSE
Officer
For controlling the emission of pollutants from the generators and other equipments, they will
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
At time of
installation
Contractor HSE
Officer
At time of
installation
Contractor HSE
Officer
be properly tuned and maintained in good working condition.

Emissions from the machinery and vehicles will be monitored on regular basis to ensure
compliance to NEQS.
Standby generators for power supply will be kept away from pathways and will be placed at
locations where probabilities of human intervention are limited.
The stack height of the generators used, if any, will be at least 3 m above the ground.
66

Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan for Construction and Commissioning Phase (Contd.)
Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Monitoring
Frequency
Damage to Flora and Fauna in Project Area
Flora and Fauna
Vegetation should be cleared on phase basis in order to save the large project area from
At the start of
construction
damage.
activities
Where possible, verges should be replanted with trees and shrubs for providing of airshed After construction
activities
functions of purification.
Trees of national interest, flowering trees, shrubs and habitat suitability should be considered After construction
activities
during plants selection for landscaping.
The appropriate measures during construction activities would help in protecting the plant and
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
HSE Officer
/Project Manager
KESC
Contractor HSE
animal communities in immediate neighboring.

Birds will not be affected during construction phase and they will relocate to adjacent suitable
Responsibility
Officer
N/A
N/A
At the start of
construction
activities
At the start of
construction
activities
Contractor HSE
habitats.
Restricting vegetation clearing to only that area necessary for safe construction, operation and
maintenance of the proposed project.
By using the best practice for vegetation clearing and disposal practices will minimize the
environmental risk associated with clearing and disturbance of vegetation communities.
Officer
Contractor
HSE Officer
67

Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Disturbance to Workers and People Live in Vicinity
Noise
Stationary sources of noise such as concrete mixers, batching plant, power generators etc.
will be segregated from the work area.
Ear plugs and other noise protecting equipments will be used by workers, operate in high
Monitoring
Frequency
Responsibility
At the start and

during construction
activities
Contractor HSE
Daily
Contractor HSE
noise emitted areas such as 85 dB (A).

Manage the specific daytime working hours for movement of earth moving equipment and
Officer
Daily
Contractor HSE
Officer
other machinery for construction.

Use of adequate muffler for all exhaust systems will be mandatory.
Blowing of horn by the project related vehicles will be strictly prohibited.

Occupational health, safety and environmental instructions / procedures of KESC would be
followed. strictly
Officer
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
Daily
Contractor HSE
Officer
Daily
Contractor HSE
Officer

68

Area
Aspect
Water Quality
Water Quality Impact
Mitigation Measures
No mitigation measure is required for this impact.
All construction waste would be segregated and stored in designated and labeled areas on the
Monitoring
Frequency
N/A
N/A
Weekly
Solid Waste Generation and Disposal
Solid Waste
construction site.
Waste will be collected by certified third party contractors and disposed of at the landfill site.
Any hazardous waste should be separated and stored in areas clearly designated and labeled,
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
Weekly
Contractor HSE
Officer
Weekly
to protect the areas in vicinity of project.

Construction camps in project area would be adequately equipped with portable toilets.
Contractor
HSE Officer
and dispose of in environmental friendly manner.

Workers should be trained on how to dispose of food and drink containers emphasizing the need
Responsibility
Contractor HSE
Officer
At the start of
construction
activities
Contractor HSE
Officer

69

Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Truck and other equipment movement during construction activities would be limited to the
Monitoring
Frequency
Responsibility
Daily
Corporate
working hours 0800 am to 04:30 pm per day.
Traffic Management Problems
Traffic
Heavy equipment would be transported early morning (I am to 5 am).

Appropriate road signs should be erected to warn road users around the site of proposed
Safety/Contractor
Daily
Corporate Safety
/Contractor
Weekly
Contractor
Daily
Contractor
Weekly
Corporate Safety
project. For instance, reduce speed near the entrance roads.

Raw materials within the trucks should be adequately covered in order to prevent any
release into the air along the roadway.
Traffic management plan should be developed and implemented during the construction
phase.
Vehicles will be maintained regularly to reduce the exhaust emissions.
Any complain launched by community member should be responded and appropriate action
will be taken to avoid it in future.
(KESC)
Weekly
Daily
Contractor
Corporate Safety
(KESC)

70

Aspect
Socioeconomic Impact on Archaeological
and Historical Sites
Impact
Employment
Archaeological and
Historical Sites
Area
Mitigation Measures
No archaeological and historical sites were found during Grid station survey, therefore no
mitigation is required.
This impact is positive; therefore no mitigation is required for this impact.
Health and Safety Issues
Health and Safety
A lead person should be identified and appointed to be responsible for emergencies occurring in
the construction site. He/She will also be introduced to construction workers.
Make prior arrangements with the health care facilities such as Health Centre in proximity, a
private doctor or Hospital to accommodate any eventualities.
Emergency response plan should be prepared and implemented during entire phase of
construction.
Monitoring
Frequency
Responsibility
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Weekly
N/A
Monthly
Contractor HSE
Officer
Contractor
Contractor HSE
Officer

71

Table 7.2: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Phase
Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Monitoring
Frequency
In order to bring the exposure levels of EMF well below the accepted standards, appropriate
Impact on Living Environment
Electromagnetic Field
measures would be taken.
Engineering
Quarterly
Distance of Grid station from living environment will provide a reduction in EMF exposure.
Quarterly
EMF.
Division (KESC)/
Project Manager
At the time of
installation
Liaise with nearby residents and undertake EMF monitoring with them. Further, maintain the
complaints register and supply up to date information to the community upon request regarding
Division (KESC)
Engineering
Design the Grid station in such a way to ensure that EMFs are minimized by adjusting the voltage
and load requirements.
Responsibility
Engineering
Division (KESC)
Engineering
Monthly
Division (KESC)

72

Area
Aspect
Gaseous Emission
Impact on Ambient Air
Table 7.2: Environmental Management Plan for Operation Phase (Contd.)

Mitigation Measures
Monitoring
Frequency
Equipments and vehicles used during the operation and maintenance works will be
properly tuned and maintained in good working condition in order to minimize the
Fleet management/G&T
Quarterly
gaseous emissions.
Disturbance to Workers and People Live

in the Vicinity
Noise
Operational and maintenance staff should wear mufflers/earplugs while working in

high noise emission areas.
All noise complains should be recorded and investigated;
Monthly
If possible, all noise generating equipments are locked up by acoustic barrier to

minimize the extent of impact area;
(KESC)
Transmission Division
Quarterly
(KESC)
Monthly
Restrict noise generating activities to within the hours of 7:30 pm to 06:30 am,
Monday to Saturday.
(KESC)
It will make sure that all vehicles and other maintenance equipments should
comply the NEQS and other international standards for noise.
Responsibility
(KESC)
Monthly
At the time of
installation
(KESC)
(KESC)

73

Solid Waste Generation
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
It will make sure that all solid waste during operational and maintenance phase will be disposed
of in an appropriate landfill site in the locality.
If sewerage waste transportation system is not exist in the locality then all municipal waste should
be collected by third party contractor and then disposed of in Landfill site.
Monitoring
Frequency
Quarterly
Quarterly
Responsibility
Transmission
Division (KESC)
Transmission
Division (KESC)
After
Progressive reinstatement should be applied, for instance construction area should be rehabilitated
Impact on Property Values
Property Values and Aesthetics
Waste Impact
Area
and re-vegetated immediately after the completion of construction activities.
completion of
Transmission
construction
Division (KESC)
activities
To reduce the visual intrusion, the colour selected for roofing and walls must be of a nature,
which will help to visually break up the surfaces of the buildings. Matt finishes must be used.
Importantly, the roofs of buildings must not reflect or deflect sunlight or artificial light during the
day or night by their colour or texture
Right after
construction
activities
Transmission
Division (KESC)

74


Area
Aspect
Mitigation Measures
Monitoring
Frequency
Responsibility
Due to presence of busbars, grid station would be secured as busbar will help in
Health and Safety Issues
Impact on Soil and Groundwater
Quality
Soil and Ground Water
Emergency Situation
redirecting the current at the time of live Grid station repairing and this is how
Quarterly
Project Engineer
interruptions to transmission network would minimum.

The risk of human or animal injury in Grid station would minimum in the case of fire
or explosion, unless someone present on site. There is no additional mitigation
N/A
N/A
measures are required beside the security fence.

Oil containing equipment in the Grid station should be fitted within a bunded oil sump
of sufficient size to capture all oil within a particular piece of equipment.
Area around transformer should be paved before Grid station operations for avoiding
infiltration of oil into soil and groundwater
Transformer should be installed or fitted within a bunded oil sump of sufficient size to
capture all oil during any leakage or spill.
Before operations of
Grid station
At the time of
installation and during
operation phase
Wastewater generates after fire fighting will be handled through drains and disposed of
in environmental friendly manner.
Project Engineer
Quarterly
Transmission
Division(KESC)
Project Engineer
Transmission
Quarterly
Division(KESC)

75

Table 7.3: Training Plan

Staff
Responsibility
Project staff from KESC and
Contractor
Contractor
/Project management
Areas
Findings of EIA
Mitigation Measures
EMP
Waste disposal procedures
Camp Operation
Social and Cultural values of the Project
Schedule
Prior to start of Project activities
areas
KESC Staff
Drivers
Camp Staff
Safety Officer/Engineer
Fleet management
(KESC)
Safety Officer/Engineer
Environmental sensitivity of the Project area
Flora and Fauna of the area
Mitigation Measures
Emergency Response Plan
Community Issues
Social and Cultural Values
Road safety
Road restrictions
Defensive driving
Waste Disposal
Housekeeping
Prior to start of the Project

activities
Before and during field operations
Before and during field operations

76

Table 7.4: Monitoring Plan for Key Environmental Impacts

Monitoring
Parameters
Monitoring Locations
Dust
Construction Site
Contractor Camp Site
Noise
Vehicular
Emissions
(Smoke, CO)
Frequency
Monitoring
Method/Equipment
Project Phase
Responsibilities
Weekly
Visually/Particulate Matter
Measurement
Construction
Contractor
Monthly
Noise Meter
Construction
Contractor HSE Officer
Vehicles at the Construction Site
Monthly
Gas Analyzer
Construction
Contractor HSE Officer
Solid Waste
(Domestic and
other waste)
Collection, Handling & Disposal

Areas
Monthly
Visually
Construction
& Operation
Contractor /HSE Officer
Electromagnetic
Field
Near Electrical equipments and at

boundaries of Grid station
Quarterly
EMF Meter
Operation
Grid & Transmission

Dept. (KESC)
Occupational
Health & Safety
Grid station different units

installation time
Loading & offloading of
Equipment
Project Operations
As per requirement
during construction
phase and monthly
during operation
phase
Visual observation and by

accident records checking
Construction
& Operation
Ambient Air
Construction Site
At Source
Vehicle/Equipments

77

8. Conclusion
This Environmental Impact Assessment study was carried out to identify the environmental and
socioeconomic soundness of the proposed Hybrid Grid Station and overhead transmission lines.
This study was done in keeping the views of Pakistan international legislation and guidelines.
During study, environmental and socioeconomic baseline information was collected from variety
of sources including visit of project area, previous environmental reports and studies conducted in
the area, published literature and field surveys. All these information were used to compose the
profile of the physical and biological environment of the area which is likely to be affected by the
proposed project activities. Information for the project description was provided by the project
management and their contractor.
On the basis of baseline and project description, potential environmental impacts were identified
on the projects physical, biological and socioeconomic environments. The potential impacts
during the construction phase of the proposed project were included the dust and gaseous
emissions, noise, waste, water quality, flora and fauna, health and safety and socioeconomic
benefits. Similarly, the key environmental and social issues during the operation phase were
included the Electromagnetic field, gaseous emissions, waste, soil and ground water quality
deterioration, aesthetic and property values and emergency situation.
After assessing above potential impacts, it has been concluded that if all project activities are
carried out as described in this report and suggested mitigation measures and Environmental
management plan are implemented, the project will not have the significant impact on the project
areas physical, biological and socioeconomic environments. The project will also comply with all
the statutory requirements pertaining to project and NEQS.
Conclusion
78

9. References
Ali, W and J A Aziz. 1999. Water Pollution from Municipal and Industrial Wastewater.
Proceedings of the 39th Annual Convention of the Institution of Engineers. April 13-15, 1999.
Lahore.
Ali, W and K Ahmad, 1994. Pakistan Country Report. Presented at WHO Training Course on
GEMS/Water Quality Monitoring, Amman, Jordan, June 4-15, 1994.
El Dorado County's Air Quality Management District (AQMD), 2002. Guide to Air Quality
Assessment:
Determining Significance of Air Quality Impacts Under the California
Environmental Quality Act. First Edition.<http://co.el-dorado.ca.us/emd/apcd>

Environmental Protection Department, 1997. Ambient Air Quality in Punjab Urban Centres.
Environmental Protection Agency, Punjab: Lahore.
Faisal Aslam, 2006 Environmental Impact Assessment in Pakistan Overview, Implementation
and Effectiveness
Government of Pakistan Gazette Notification SRO 339(1)2000, Government of Pakistan
Government of Pakistan Economic Survey of Pakistan 2000-2001, Government of Pakistan.
Government of Pakistan Population Census Organization, District Census Report for Karachi.
Iqbal, S M et al. 2001. Forests and Forestry in Pakistan. A-One Publishers: Lahore.
Power, P. B. February 2005. New Taweelah B Extension Project Environmental Assessment.
Punjab Forest Department. 1999. Statistical Handbook of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries
Departments. Government of Punjab: Lahore.
Social Policy and Development Centre. 2000. Social Development in Pakistan Towards Poverty
Reduction. SPDC.
World Bank. 1995. Natural Habitats. Operational Policy 4.04. The World Bank: Washington
DC.
World Bank/ IFC. 2006. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines, The World Bank
World Bank: 1999. Environmental Assessment. Operational Policy 4.01. The World Bank:
Washington DC.
References
79

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

132 KV Airport II Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Impact Assessment

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

2.5. Resource Requirement during Construction .............................................. 15

2.6. Project Alternatives ...................................................................................... 15

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ..................................17

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

3.4. Guidelines for Environmental Assessment................................................. 19

3.8. Other Environment-Related Statutes........................................................... 21

Environmental and Social Baseline ..................................................24

4.2. Air Quality...................................................................................................... 29

4.7. Protected areas / National Sanctuaries ....................................................... 38

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Stakeholder Consultation ..................................................................42

Impacts Assessment and Mitigation ................................................46

6.2. Impacts during Operational and Maintenance Phase................................. 54

6.3. Summary of Impacts during Construction, Operation and Maintenance

Environmental Management Plan .....................................................61

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

7.8. Environmental Training ................................................................................ 63

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Air Insulated Switchgear

Environemental Impact Assesment

Environmental Protection Agency

Environmental Protection Department

Gas Insulated Switch Gear

Jackson Turbidity Units

Karachi Electric Supply Company

milligrams per liter

National Conservation Strategy

National Environmental Quality Standards

Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Pakistan Environemental Protection Councel

Pakistan Meteorological Department

Personal Protective Equipment

Platinium Cobalt Standards,

Sindh Environemental Protection Agency

Threshold Odor Number,

World Health Organization

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

1.1. Project Proponent

1.2. Project Location

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment

Figure 1.1 Project Location

EIA of Hybrid Grid Station and Overhead

Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited

Environmental Impact Assessment