FTFS Chap19 P058

Chapter 19 Forced Convection
Flow in Tubes
19-58C The number of transfer units NTU is a measure of the heat transfer area and effectiveness of a
heat transfer system. A small value of NTU (NTU < 5) indicates more opportunities for heat transfer
whereas a large NTU value (NTU >5) indicates that heat transfer will not increase no matter how much
we extend the length of the tube.
19-59C The logarithmic mean temperature difference Tln is an exact representation of the average
temperature difference between the fluid and the surface for the entire tube. It truly reflects the
exponential decay of the local temperature difference. The error in using the arithmetic mean temperature
increases to undesirable levels when Te differs from Ti by great amounts. Therefore we should always
use the logarithmic mean temperature.
19-60C The region of flow over which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the tube center is
called the thermal entry region, and the length of this region is called the thermal entry length. The region
in which the flow is both hydrodynamically (the velocity profile is fully developed and remains
unchanged) and thermally (the dimensionless temperature profile remains unchanged) developed is called
the fully developed region.
19-61C The heat flux will be higher near the inlet because the heat transfer coefficient is highest at the
tube inlet where the thickness of thermal boundary layer is zero, and decreases gradually to the fully
developed value.
19-62C The heat flux will be higher near the inlet because the heat transfer coefficient is highest at the
tube inlet where the thickness of thermal boundary layer is zero, and decreases gradually to the fully
developed value.
19-63C In the fully developed region of flow in a circular tube, the velocity profile will not change in the
flow direction but the temperature profile may.
19-64C The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are given as Lh 0.05 Re D and Lt 0.05 Re Pr D
for laminar flow, and L h Lt 10 D in turbulent flow. Noting that Pr >> 1 for oils, the thermal entry
length is larger than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow. In turbulent, the hydrodynamic and
thermal entry lengths are independent of Re or Pr numbers, and are comparable in magnitude.
19-65C The hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are given as Lh 0.05 Re D and Lt 0.05 Re Pr D
for laminar flow, and L h Lt 10 Re in turbulent flow. Noting that Pr << 1 for liquid metals, the
thermal entry length is smaller than the hydrodynamic entry length in laminar flow. In turbulent, the
hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths are independent of Re or Pr numbers, and are comparable in
magnitude.
19-66C In fluid flow, it is convenient to work with an average or mean velocity Vm and an average or
mean temperature Tm which remain constant in incompressible flow when the cross-sectional area of the
tube is constant. The Vm and Tm represent the velocity and temperature, respectively, at a cross section if
all the particles were at the same velocity and temperature.
19-67C When the surface temperature of tube is constant, the appropriate temperature difference for use in
the Newton's law of cooling is logarithmic mean temperature difference that can be expressed as
Tln
Te Ti
ln(Te / Ti )
19-68 Air flows inside a duct and it is cooled by water outside. The exit temperature of air and the rate of
heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the duct is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the duct is negligible.
19-55

Properties The properties of air at the anticipated average temperature of 30C are (Table A-22)
1.164 kg/m 3
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Te
Analysis The mass flow rate of water is
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4
(1.164 kg/m 3 )
Vm
(0.2 m) 2
(7 m/s) = 0.256 kg/s
4
As DL (0.2 m)(12 m) = 7.54 m
12 m
5C
Air
50C
7 m/s
The exit temperature of air is determined from
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
5 (5 50)e
( 9.09 )( 7.54 )
( 0.256 )(1007 )
8.74 C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat transfe r are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
T
i
s
ln
8.74 50
16.59C
5 8.74
ln
5 50
Q hAs Tln (85 W/m 2 .C )(7.54 m 2 )(16.59C) 10,6333.41 10 4 W 10,633 W 10.6 kW
19-56

19-69 Steam is condensed by cooling water flowing inside copper tubes. The average heat transfer
coefficient and the number of tubes needed are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is constant. 3 The
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (10+24)/2=17C are (Table A-15)
998.7 kg/m 3
C p 4184.5 J/kg.C
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg 2431 kJ/kg .
Steam, 30C
Analysis The mass flow rate of water and the surface area are
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
Water
10C
4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
(4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
(998.7 kg/m 3 )
24C
D = 1.2 cm
L=5m
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.4518 kg/s )(4184.5 J/kg.C )(24 10C) 26,468 W
Q
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the surface area are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
24 10
11.63C
30 24
ln
30 10
As DL (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2

The average heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q hAs Tln h
Q
26,468 W
1 kW 12.1 kW/m 2 .C
2
As Tln
(0.1885 m )(11.63C) 1000 W
The total rate of heat transfer is determined from
cond h fg (0.15 kg/s )(2431 kJ/kg) 364.65 kW

Q
total m
Then the number of tubes becomes
Q
364,650 W
N tube total
13.8
26,468 W
Q
19-57

19-70 Steam is condensed by cooling water flowing inside copper tubes. The average heat transfer
coefficient and the number of tubes needed are to be determined.
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of (10+24)/2=17C are (Table A-15)
998.7 kg/m 3
C p 4184.5 J/kg.C
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg 2431 kJ/kg .
Steam, 30C
Analysis The mass flow rate of water is
D 2
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
Water
10C
4 m/s
(0.012 m) 2
(4 m/s) = 0.4518 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer for one tube is
(998.7 kg/m 3 )
24C
D = 1.2 cm
L=5m
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.4518 kg/s )(4184.5 J/kg.C )(24 10C) 26,468 W
Q
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
24 10
11.63C
30 24
ln
30 10
As DL (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2

The average heat transfer coefficient is determined from
Q hAs Tln
Q
26,468 W
1 kW 12.1 kW/m 2 .C
2
As Tln
(0.1885 m )(11.63C ) 1000 W
The total rate of heat transfer is determined from
cond h fg (0.60 kg/s )(2431 kJ/kg) 1458.6 kW

Q
total m
Then the number of tubes becomes
Q
1,458,600 W
N tube total
55.1
26,468 W
Q
19-58

19-71 Combustion gases passing through a tube are used to vaporize waste water. The tube length and the
rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 Air properties are to be used for exhaust gases.
Properties The properties of air at the average temperature of (250+150)/2=200C are (Table A-22)
C p 1023 J/kg.C
R 0.287 kJ/kg.K
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg 2257 kJ/kg .

Analysis The density of air at the inlet and the mass flow rate of exhaust gases are
Ts=110C
P
115 kPa
0.7662 kg/m 3
RT
(0.287 kJ/kg.K)( 250 273 K)
150C
Exh. gases
250C
5 m/s
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
(0.03 m) 2
(5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer is
(0.7662 kg/m 3 )
D =3 cm
m
C p (Ti Te ) (0.002708 kg/s )(1023 J/kg.C )(250 150C ) 276.9 W
Q
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q hAs Tln
150 250
79.82C
110 150
ln
110 250
As
Q
276.9 W
0.02891 m 2
hTln
(120 W/m 2 .C)(79.82C)
Then the tube length becomes
As DL L
As
0.02891 m 2
0.3067 m 30.7 cm
D
(0.03 m)
The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

Q
(0.2769 kW)
evap h fg m
evap
Q m
0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h

h fg
( 2257 kJ/kg)
19-59

19-72 Combustion gases passing through a tube are used to vaporize waste water. The tube length and the
rate of evaporation of water are to be determined.
thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 Air properties are to be used for exhaust gases.
Properties The properties of air at the average temperature of (250+150)/2=200C are (Table A-22)
C p 1023 J/kg.C
R 0.287 kJ/kg.K
Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg 2257 kJ/kg .

Analysis The density of air at the inlet and the mass flow rate of exhaust gases are
Ts =110C
P
115 kPa
0.7662 kg/m 3
RT
(0.287 kJ/kg.K)( 250 273 K)
150C
Exh. gases
250C
5 m/s
Ac Vm
m
4 Vm
(0.03 m) 2
(5 m/s) = 0.002708 kg/s
4
The rate of heat transfer is
(0.7662 kg/m 3 )
D =3 cm
m
C p (Ti Te ) (0.002708 kg/s )(1023 J/kg.C )(250 150C ) 276.9 W
Q
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q hAs Tln
150 250
79.82C
110 150
ln
110 250
As
Q
276.9 W
0.05782 m 2
hTln
(60 W/m 2 .C)(79.82C)
Then the tube length becomes
As DL L
As
0.05782 m 2
0.6135 m 61.4 cm
D
(0.03 m)
The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

Q
(0.2769 kW)
evap h fg m
evap
Q m
0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h

h fg
( 2257 kJ/kg)
19-60

19-73 Water is to be heated in a tube equipped with an electric resistance heater on its surface. The power
rating of the heater and the inner surface temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner surfaces of
the tube are smooth.
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature of
(80+10) / 2 = 45C are (Table A-15)
990.1 kg/m 3
(Resistance heater)
Water
10C
3 m/s
k 0.637 W/m.C
/ 0.602 10 -6 m 2 /s
C p 4180 J/kg.C
D = 2 cm
80C
L
Pr 3.91
Analysis The power rating of the resistance heater is

V (990.1 kg/m 3 )(0.008 m 3 /min ) 7.921 kg/min 0.132 kg/s
m
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.132 kg/s )(4180 J/kg.C)(80 10)C 38,627 W
Q
The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are

V
(8 10 3 / 60) m 3 / s
0.4244 m / s
Ac
(0.02 m) 2 / 4
Vm
Re
Vm D h
(0.4244 m/s)(0.02 m)
14,101
0.602 10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are roughly
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.02 m) 0.20 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the duct. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD h
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(14,101) 0.8 (3.91) 0.4 82.79
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k
0.637 W/m.C
Nu
(82.79) 2637 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.02 m
Then the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the exit becomes
hA (T
Q
T )
s
s ,e
38,627 W ( 2637 W/m .C)[ (0.02 m )(7 m )](Ts 80)C

T s ,e 113.3C
19-61

19-74 Flow of hot air through uninsulated square ducts of a heating system in the attic is considered. The
exit temperature and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 80C since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-22)
0.9994 kg/m 3
k 0.02953 W/m.C
Te
2.097 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1008 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7154
Analysis The characteristic length that is the hydraulic

diameter, the mean velocity of air, and the Reynolds number are
Dh
10 m
70C
4 Ac 4a 2
a 015
. m
P
4a
Vm
Re
Air
85C
0.1 m3/min
V
0.10 m 3 /s
4.444 m/s
Ac
(0.15 m) 2
Vm D h (4.444 m/s)(0.15 m)
31,791
2.097 10 5 m 2 /s
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.15 m) 1.5 m
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(31,791)0.8 (0.7154)0.3 83.16
k
k
0.02953 W/m.C
Nu
(83.16) 16.37 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.15 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air,
As 4 aL 4(0.15 m)(10 m) = 6 m 2
V (0.9994 kg/m 3 )(0.10 m 3 /s) = 0.09994 kg/s
m
Te T s (T s Ti )e
Cp )
hA /( m
70 (70 85)e
(16.37 )(6 )
( 0.09994 )(1008)
75.7C
Then the logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air becomes
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
75.7 85
9.58C
70 75.7
ln
70 85
Q hAs Tln (16.37 W/m 2 .C)(6 m 2 )(9.58C) 941 W

Note that the temperature of air drops by almost 10C as it flows in the duct as a result of heat loss.
19-75
19-62

"GIVEN"
T_i=85 "[C]"
L=10 "[m]"
side=0.15 "[m]"
"V_dot=0.10 [m^3/s], parameter to be varied"
T_s=70 "[C]"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
C_p=CP(Fluid$, T=T_ave)*Convert(kJ/kg-C, J/kg-C)
k=Conductivity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
Pr=Prandtl(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
rho=Density(Fluid$, T=T_ave, P=101.3)
mu=Viscosity(Fluid$, T=T_ave)
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=1/2*(T_i+T_e)
"ANALYSIS"
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
A_c=side^2
p=4*side
Vel=V_dot/A_c
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is turbulent"
L_t=10*D_h "The entry length is much shorter than the total length of the duct."
Nusselt=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^0.3
h=k/D_h*Nusselt
A=4*side*L
m_dot=rho*V_dot
T_e=T_s-(T_s-T_i)*exp((-h*A)/(m_dot*C_p))
DELTAT_ln=(T_e-T_i)/ln((T_s-T_e)/(T_s-T_i))
Q_dot=h*A*DELTAT_ln
19-63

V [m3/s]
0.05
0.055
0.06
0.065
0.07
0.075
0.08
0.085
0.09
0.095
0.1
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
0.125
0.13
0.135
0.14
0.145
0.15
Te [C]
74.89
75
75.09
75.18
75.26
75.34
75.41
75.48
75.54
75.6
75.66
75.71
75.76
75.81
75.86
75.9
75.94
75.98
76.02
76.06
76.1
Q [W]
509
554.1
598.6
642.7
686.3
729.5
772.4
814.8
857
898.9
940.4
981.7
1023
1063
1104
1144
1184
1224
1264
1303
1343
76.2
1400
1300
75.9
1200
Te
Te [C]
75.7
1000
900
75.3
800
700
75.1
600
74.8
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
3
V [m /s]
19-64
0.12
0.14
500
0.16
Q [W]
1100

19-76 Air enters the constant spacing between the glass cover and the plate of a solar collector. The net
rate of heat transfer and the temperature rise of air are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the spacing are smooth. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and estimated average temperature of 35C are (Table A-22)
C p 1007 J/kg.C
1.146kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
Pr 0.7268
1.655 10 -5 m 2 /s
Analysis Mass flow rate, cross sectional area, hydraulic diameter,

mean velocity of air and the Reynolds number are
Glass
cover
20C
V (1.146 kg/m 3 )(0.15 m 3 /s ) 0.1719 kg/s

m
Ac (1 m)(0.03 m) 0.03 m 2
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.03 m 2 )
0.05825 m
P
2(1 m 0.03 m)
V
0.15 m 3 / s
Vm
5 m/s
Ac
0.03 m 2
Re
Air
30C
0.15 m3/min
60C
Collector plate
(insulated)
V m D h (5 m/s)(0.05825 m)
17,606
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
Lh Lt 10 Dh 10(0.05825 m) 0.5825 m
which are much shorter than the total length of the collector. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire collector, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
and
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(17,606 )0.8 (0.7268)0.4 50.45
k
k
0.02625 W/m.C
Nu
(50.45) 22.73 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.05825 m
The exit temperature of air can be calculated using the average surface temperature as
As 2(5 m)(1 m) 10 m 2
Ts,ave
60 20
40 C
2
hAs
Te T s ,ave (Ts ,ave Ti ) exp
m
Cp
40 (40 30) exp 22.73 10 37.31C
0.1718 1007
The temperature rise of air is

T 37.3C 30C 7.3C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the heat loss from the glass are
Tln, glass
Te Ti
37.31 30
13.32C
T s Te
20 37.31
ln
ln
20 30
Ts Ti
2
2
Q
glass hAs Tln (22.73 W/m .C)(5 m )(13.32C) = 1514 W
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the heat gain of the absorber are
19-65
Tln,absorber
Te Ti
37.31 30
26.17C
T s Te
60 37.31
ln
ln
60 30
Ts Ti
Q absorber hATln (22.73 W/m 2 .C)(5 m 2 )(26.17C) = 2975 W

Then the net rate of heat transfer becomes
Q
net 2975 1514 1461 W
19-66

19-77 Oil flows through a pipeline that passes through icy waters of a lake. The exit temperature of the oil
and the rate of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surface temperature of the pipe is very nearly
0C. 3 The thermal resistance of the pipe is negligible. 4 The inner surfaces of the pipeline are smooth. 5
The flow is hydrodynamically developed when the pipeline reaches the lake.
(Icy lake, 0C)
Properties The properties of oil at 10C are (Table A-13)

893.5 kg/m 3 ,
2.325 kg/m.s,
C p 1838 J/kg.C,
k 0.146 W/m.COil
10C
2591 10 -6 m 2 /s
0.5 m/s
Pr 28750
D = 0.4 m
Analysis (a) The Reynolds number in this case is
Te
L = 300 m
V D
(0.5 m/s)(0.4 m)
Re m h
77.19
2591 10 6 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar, and the thermal entry length is roughly
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D 0.05(77.19)(28750)(0.4 m ) 44,384 m

which is much longer than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow,
and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hD
0.065( D / L) Re Pr
3.66
3.66
k
1 0.04 ( D / L) Re Pr 2 / 3
and
0 .4 m
0.065
(77.19)(28,750)
300 m
0 .4 m
1 0.04
(77.19)(28,750)
300 m
k
0.146 W/m.C
Nu
(24.47) 8.930 W/m 2 .C
D
0.4 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of oil
As DL (0.4 m)(300 m) = 377 m 2

D 2
(0.4 m) 2
Vm (893.5 kg/m 3 )
V Ac Vm
m
(0.5 m/s) = 56.14 kg/s
4
4
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
0 (0 10)e
(8.930 )( 377 )
( 56.14 )(1838 )
9.68 C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the oil are
Te Ti
Tln
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
9.68 10
9.84C
0 9.68
ln
0 10
Q hAs Tln (8.930 W/m 2 .C)(377 m 2 )(9.84C) 3.31 10 4 W 33.1 kW
19-67
2/3
24.47

19-78 Laminar flow of a fluid through an isothermal square channel is considered. The change in the
pressure drop and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined when the mean velocity is doubled.
Assumptions 1 The flow is fully developed. 2 The effect of the change in Tln on the rate of heat transfer is
not considered.
Analysis The pressure drop of the fluid for laminar flow is expressed as
P1 f
L Vm 2 64 L Vm 2
64 L Vm 2
L
32 Vm 2
D 2
Re D 2
Vm D D 2
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
P2 f
L (2 Vm ) 2 64 L 4 Vm 2
64 L 4 Vm 2
L
64 Vm 2
D
2
Re D 2
2 Vm D D 2
D
L
Their ratio is
P2 64
2
P1 32
Laminar flow
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
k
k
Q 1 hAs Tln
NuAs Tln
2.98 As Tln
D
D
When the effect of the change in Tln on the rate of heat transfer is disregarded, the rate of heat transfer
remains the same. Therefore,
Q 2
1
Q
1
Therefore, doubling the velocity will double the pressure drop but it will not effect the heat transfer rate.
19-68

19-79 Turbulent flow of a fluid through an isothermal square channel is considered. The change in the
pressure drop and the rate of heat transfer are to be determined when the mean velocity is doubled.
Assumptions 1 The flow is fully developed. 2 The effect of the change in Tln on the rate of heat transfer is
not considered.
Analysis The pressure drop of the fluid for turbulent flow is expressed as
P1 f
L Vm 2
L Vm 2
V 0.2 D 0.2 L Vm 2
0.184 Re 0.2
0.184 m 0.2
D 2
D 2
D 2
0 .2
0.092Vm1.8
L
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the pressure drop becomes
P2 f
L (2Vm ) 2
L 4Vm 2
(2Vm ) 0.2 D 0.2 L 4Vm 2
0.184 Re 0.2
0.184
D
2
D
2
D
2
0.2
D
0.368( 2) 0.2 Vm1.8
0.2
L
D
Their ratio is
P2 0.368(2) 0.2 Vm 1.8
4(2) 0.2 3.48

1
.
8
P1
0.092V m
Turbulent flow
Vm
The rate of heat transfer between the fluid and the walls of the channel is expressed as
hAT k NuAT k 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr1 / 3 AT

Q
1
ln
ln
ln
D
D
0.8
0.023Vm 0.8
k
Pr1 / 3 ATln
D
When the freestream velocity of the fluid is doubled, the heat transfer rate becomes
0.023( 2V )0.8 D
Q
2
m

0.8
k
Pr1 / 3 ATln
D
Their ratio is
Q 2 (2 Vm ) 0.8
2 0.8 1.74
Q 1
Vm 0.8
Therefore, doubling the velocity will increase the pressure drop 3.8 times but it will increase the heat
transfer rate by only 74%.
19-69

19-80E Water is heated in a parabolic solar collector. The required length of parabolic collector and the
surface temperature of the collector tube are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The thermal resistance of the tube is negligible. 3 The
inner surfaces of the tube are smooth.
Solar absorption,
350 Btu/h.ft
Properties The properties of water at the average temperature

of (55+200)/2 = 127.5F are (Table A-15E)
61.59 lbm/ft 3
k 0.374 Btu/ft.F
/ 0.5683 10
C p 0.999Btu/lbm.F
(Inside glass tube)

-5
ft /s
Water
55F
4 lbm/s
Pr 3.368
D = 1.25 in
200F
Analysis The total rate of heat transfer is

L
m
C (T T ) ( 4 lbm/s)(0.999 Btu/lbm.F)( 200 55)F
Q
p
579.4 Btu/s = 2.086 10 6 Btu/h
The length of the tube required is
Q
2.086 10 4 Btu/h
L total
5960 ft
350 Btu/h.ft
Q
The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are
Vm
Re
Ac
4 lbm/s
(1.25 / 12 ft ) 2
(61.59 lbm/m )
4
7.621 ft/s
Vm D h
(7.621 m/s)(1.25/12 ft)
1.397 10 5
5
2
0.5683 10 ft /s
which is greater than 4000. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the entire tube,
and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(1.397 104 )0.8 (3.368)0.4 488.4
k
The heat transfer coefficient is
k
0.374 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
( 488.4) 1754 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
1.25 / 12 ft
The heat flux on the tube is
Q
2.086 10 4 Btu/h
1070 Btu/h.ft 2
As
(1.25 / 12 ft )(5960 ft )
Then the surface temperature of the tube at the exit becomes
q h(Ts Te )
Ts Te
q
1070 Btu/h.ft 2
200F +
200.6F
h
1754 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
19-70

19-81 A circuit board is cooled by passing cool air through a channel drilled into the board. The maximum
total power of the electronic components is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat flux at the top surface of the channel is
uniform, and heat transfer through other surfaces is negligible. 3 The inner surfaces of the channel are
smooth. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air in the channel is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and estimated average temperature of 25C are (Table A-22)
Electronic components,
50C
1.184 kg/m 3
k 0.02551 W/m.C
1.562 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Air
15C
4 m/s
Pr 0.7296
Te
L = 20 cm
Air channel
0.2 cm 14 cm
Analysis The cross-sectional and heat transfer surface areas are
Ac (0.002 m )(0.14 m ) 0.00028 m 2

As (0.14 m )(0.2 m ) 0.028 m 2
To determine heat transfer coefficient, we first need to find the Reynolds number,
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.00028 m 2 )
0.003944 m
P
2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Re
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
1010
1.562 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(1010)(0.7296 )(0.003944 m) = 0.1453 m < 0.20 m

Therefore, we have developing flow through most of the channel. However, we take the conservative
approach and assume fully developed flow, and from Table 19-1 we read Nu = 8.24. Then the heat transfer
coefficient becomes
k
0.02551 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24 ) 53.30 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.003944 m
Also,
VAc (1.184 kg/m 3 )(4 m/s )(0.00028 m 2 ) 0.001326 kg/s

m
Heat flux at the exit can be written as q h(Ts Te ) where Ts 50 C at the exit. Then the heat transfer
q A hA (T T ) , and the exit temperature of the air can be
rate can be expressed as Q
s
s
s
e
determined from
C p (Te Ti )
hAs (T s Te ) m
(53.30 W/m 2 .C)(0.028 m 2 )(50C Te ) (0.001326 kg/s )(1007 J/kg.C)(Te 15C)
Te 33.5C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
C p (Te Ti ) (0.001326 kg/s )(1007 J/kg.C )(33.5 15C ) 24.7 W

Q
max m
19-71

19-82 A circuit board is cooled by passing cool helium gas through a channel drilled into the board. The
maximum total power of the electronic components is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat flux at the top surface of the channel is
uniform, and heat transfer through other surfaces is negligible. 3 The inner surfaces of the channel are
smooth. 4 Helium is an ideal gas. 5 The pressure of helium in the channel is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of helium at the estimated average temperature of 25C are (Table A-16)
50C
0.1635 kg/m 3
k 0.1565 W/m.C
Te
1.233 10 - 4 m 2 /s
C p 5193 J/kg.C
He
15C
4 m/s
Pr 0.669
L = 20 cm
Air channel
0.2 cm 14 cm
Analysis The cross-sectional and heat transfer surface areas are
Ac (0.002 m )(0.14 m ) 0.00028 m 2

As (0.14 m )(0.2 m ) 0.028 m 2
To determine heat transfer coefficient, we need to first find the Reynolds number
Dh
4 Ac
4(0.00028 m 2 )
0.003944 m
P
2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Re
Vm D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
127.9
1.233 10 4 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(127.9)(0.669)(0.003944 m) = 0.01687 m << 0.20 m

Therefore, the flow is fully developed flow, and from Table 19-3 we read Nu = 8.24. Then the heat transfer
coefficient becomes
k
0.1565 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 327.0 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.003944 m
Also,
VAc (0.1635 kg/m 3 )(4 m/s )(0.00028 m 2 ) 0.0001831 kg/s

m
Heat flux at the exit can be written as q h(Ts Te ) where Ts 50 C at the exit. Then the heat transfer
q A hA (T T ) , and the exit temperature of the air can be
rate can be expressed as Q
s
s
s
e
determined from
C p (Te Ti ) hAs (T s Te )
m
(0.0001831 kg/s )(5193 J/kg.C)(Te 15C) (327.0 W/m 2 .C)(0.0568 m 2 )(50C Te )
Te 46.7C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
C p (Te Ti ) (0.0001831 kg/s )(5193 J/kg.C )( 46.7 15C ) 30.2 W

Q
max m
19-72

19-83
"GIVEN"
L=0.20 "[m]"
width=0.14 "[m]"
height=0.002 "[m]"
T_i=15 "[C]"
Vel=4 "[m/s], parameter to be varied"
"T_s=50 [C], parameter to be varied"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=1/2*(T_i+T_e)
"ANALYSIS"
A_c=width*height
A=width*L
p=2*(width+height)
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
Re=(Vel*D_h)/nu "The flow is laminar"
L_t=0.05*Re*Pr*D_h
"Taking conservative approach and assuming fully developed laminar flow, from
Table 19-1 we read"
Nusselt=8.24
h=k/D_h*Nusselt
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
Q_dot=h*A*(T_s-T_e)
Q_dot=m_dot*C_p*(T_e-T_i)
19-73

Vel [m/s]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Q [W]
9.453
16.09
20.96
24.67
27.57
29.91
31.82
33.41
34.76
35.92
Ts [C]
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Q [W]
10.59
14.12
17.64
21.15
24.67
28.18
31.68
35.18
38.68
42.17
45.65
49.13
52.6
19-74
40
35
Q [W]
30
25
20
15
10
5
1
10
Vel [m/s]
55
50
45
Q [W]
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
30
40
50
60
Ts [C]
19-75
70
80
90

19-84 Air enters a rectangular duct. The exit temperature of the air, the rate of heat transfer, and the fan
power are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air in the duct is 1 atm.
the inlet will drop somewhat as a result of heat loss through the duct whose surface is at a lower
temperature. The properties of air at this temperature and 1 atm are (Table A-22)
C p 1007 J/kg.C
1.127 kg/m 3
k 0.02662 W/m.C
1.702 10
-5
Pr 0.7255
Ts = 10C
m /s
Analysis (a) The hydraulic diameter, the mean velocity of air, and
the Reynolds number are
4 Ac
4(015
. m)(0.20 m)
Dh
01714
.
m
P
2 (015
. m) + (0.20 m)
V D
(7 m/s)(0.1714 m)
Re m h
70,525
1.702 10 5 m 2 /s
Air duct
15 cm 20 cm
Air
50C
7 m/s
L=7m
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.1714 m) 1.714 m
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(70,525)0.8 (0.7255)0.3 158.0
k
k
0.02662 W/m.C
Nu
(158.0) 24.53 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.1714 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air
h
As 2 7[(0.15 m) + (0.20 m)] = 4.9 m 2

Ac (0.15 m)(0.20 m) = 0.03 m 2
VAc (1.127 kg/m 3 )(7 m/s)(0.03 m 2 ) = 0.2367 kg/s
m
Te Ts (Ts Ti )e
Cp )
hAs /( m
10 (10 50)e
( 24.53)( 4.9 )
( 0.2367 )(1007 )
34.2C
(b) The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the rate of heat loss from the air are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
34.2 50
31.42C
10 34.2
ln
10 50
Q hAs Tln (24.53 W/m 2 .C)(4.9 m 2 )(31.42C) 3776 W
19-76

19-85
"GIVEN"
L=7 "[m]"
width=0.15 "[m]"
height=0.20 "[m]"
T_i=50 "[C]"
"Vel=7 [m/s], parameter to be varied"
T_s=10 "[C]"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=1/2*(T_i+T_e)
"ANALYSIS"
"(a)"
A_c=width*height
p=2*(width+height)
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
h=k/D_h*Nusselt
A=2*L*(width+height)
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
T_e=T_s-(T_s-T_i)*exp((-h*A)/(m_dot*C_p))
"(b)"
Q_dot=h*A*DELTAT_ln
"(c)"
f=0.184*Re^(-0.2)
DELTAP=f*L/D_h*(rho*Vel^2)/2
W_dot_pump=(m_dot*DELTAP)/rho
19-77

Vel [m/s]
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
Te [C]
29.01
30.14
30.92
31.51
31.99
32.39
32.73
33.03
33.29
33.53
33.75
33.94
34.12
34.29
34.44
34.59
34.72
34.85
34.97
Q [W]
715.6
1014
1297
1570
1833
2090
2341
2587
2829
3066
3300
3531
3759
3984
4207
4427
4646
4862
5076
19-78
Wpump [W]
0.02012
0.06255
0.1399
0.2611
0.4348
0.6692
0.9722
1.352
1.815
2.369
3.022
3.781
4.652
5.642
6.759
8.008
9.397
10.93
12.62
35
6000
34
5000
Te
4000
32
3000
31
2000
30
1000
29
1
0
10
Q [W]
Te [C]
33
Vel [m/s]
14
12
Wpump [W]
10
8
6
4
2
0
1
Vel [m/s]
19-79
10

19-86 Hot air enters a sheet metal duct located in a basement. The exit temperature of hot air and the rate
of heat loss are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the duct are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the duct is negligible. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air is 1
atm.
Properties We expect the air temperature to drop somewhat, and evaluate the air properties at 1 atm and
the estimated bulk mean temperature of 50C (Table A-22),
1.092 kg/m 3 ;
k 0.02735 W/m.C
1.797 10 -5 m 2 /s;
Air duct
20 cm 20 cm
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7228
Analysis The surface area and the Reynolds number are
As 4 aL 4 (0.2 m)(12 m) 9.6 m

4 Ac 4a 2
Dh
a 0.2 m
p
4a
T = 10C
Air
60C
4 m/s
L = 12 m
= 0.3
Vm Dh
(4 m/s)(0.20 m)
44,509
1.797 10 5 m 2 /s
Re
L h Lt 10 D h 10(0.2 m) 2.0 m
turbulent flow for the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.3 0.023(44,509)0.8 (0.7228)0.3 109.2
k
and
k
0.02735 W/m.C
Nu
(109.2) 14.93 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.2 m
The mass flow rate of air is
AcV (1.092 kg/m 3 )(0.2 0.2)m 2 (4 m/s) 0.1748 kg/s

m
In steady operation, heat transfer from hot air to the duct must be equal to the heat transfer from the duct
to the surrounding (by convection and radiation), which must be equal to the energy loss of the hot air in
the duct. That is,
Q Q
Q
E
conv,in
conv+rad,out
hot air
Assuming the duct to be at an average temperature of Ts , the quantities above can be expressed as
Q
:
conv,in
Te Ti
Q hi As Tln hi As
Ts Te
Ts Ti
ln
Q conv+rad,out :
Te 60
Q (14.93 W/m 2 .C)(9.6 m 2 )
Ts Te
Ts 60
ln
Q ho As (Ts To ) As Ts4 To4 Q (10 W/m 2 .C)(9.6 m 2 )(T s 10)C
+ 0.3(9.6 m 2 )(5.67 10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 ) (Ts 273) 4 (10 273) 4 K 4

E hot air :
m
(0.1748 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)(60 T )C
C p (Te Ti ) Q
Q
e
This is a system of three equations with three unknowns whose solution is

2622 W, T 45.1C, and T 33.3C
Q
e
s
Therefore, the hot air will lose heat at a rate of 2622 W and exit the duct at 45.1C.
19-80

19-87
"GIVEN"
T_i=60 "[C]"
L=12 "[m]"
side=0.20 "[m]"
Vel=4 "[m/s], parameter to be varied"
"epsilon=0.3 parameter to be varied"
T_o=10 "[C]"
h_o=10 "[W/m^2-C]"
T_surr=10 "[C]"
"PROPERTIES"
Fluid$='air'
nu=mu/rho
T_ave=T_i-10 "assumed average bulk mean temperature"
"ANALYSIS"
A=4*side*L
A_c=side^2
p=4*side
D_h=(4*A_c)/p
h_i=k/D_h*Nusselt
m_dot=rho*Vel*A_c
Q_dot=Q_dot_conv_in
Q_dot_conv_in=Q_dot_conv_out+Q_dot_rad_out
Q_dot_conv_in=h_i*A*DELTAT_ln
Q_dot_conv_out=h_o*A*(T_s-T_o)
Q_dot_rad_out=epsilon*A*sigma*((T_s+273)^4-(T_surr+273)^4)
sigma=5.67E-8 "[W/m^2-K^4], Stefan-Boltzmann constant"
Q_dot=m_dot*C_p*(T_i-T_e)
19-81

Vel [m/s]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Te [C]
33.85
39.43
42.78
45.1
46.83
48.17
49.25
50.14
50.89
51.53
Q [W]
1150
1810
2273
2622
2898
3122
3310
3469
3606
3726
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Te [C]
45.82
45.45
45.1
44.77
44.46
44.16
43.88
43.61
43.36
43.12
Q [W]
2495
2560
2622
2680
2735
2787
2836
2883
2928
2970
52.5
4000
3500
Te
48.5
Te [C]
Q
2500
40.5
2000
36.5
32.5
1
1500
Vel [m/s]
19-82
1000
10
Q [W]
3000
44.5
46
3000
45.5
2900
2800
44.5
2700
Te
44
2600
43.5
43
0.1
2500
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
19-83
0.7
0.8
0.9
2400
1
Q [W]
Te [C]
45

19-88 The components of an electronic system located in a rectangular horizontal duct are cooled by
forced air. The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be
determined.
atm.
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-22)
1.146 kg/m 3
Air duct
16 cm 16 cm
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.654 10 -5 m 2 /s
90 W
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit
temperature are determined from
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
L=1m
V (1.146 kg/m 3 )(0.65 m 3 /min) = 0.7449 kg/min = 0.01241 kg/s

m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
32C +
38.1C
Cp
m
(0.01241 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity and hydraulic diameter are
V
0.65 m/min
25.4 m/min = 0.4232 m/s

Ac
(0.16 m)(0.16 m)
4 Ac
4(0.16 m)(0.16 m)
Dh
0.16 m
P
4(0.16 m)
Vm
Then
Re
V m D h (0.4232 m/s)(0.16 m)
4093
1.654 10 5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023( 4093)0.8 (0.7268)0.4 15.70
k
and
k
0.02625 W/m.C
Nu
(15.70) 2.576 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.16 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform surface
heat flux, its value is determined from
Q / As
(0.85)(90 W)/ 4(0.16 m)(1 m)
Q / As h(Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
38.1C +
84.5C
h
(2.576 W/m 2 .C)
19-84

19-89 The components of an electronic system located in a circular horizontal duct are cooled by forced
air. The exit temperature of the air and the highest component surface temperature are to be determined.
atm.
Properties We assume the bulk mean temperature for air to be 310 K since the mean temperature of air at
the inlet will rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through the duct whose surface is exposed to a
constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and this temperature are (Table A-22)
Electronics, 90 W
1143
.
kg / m3
k 0.0268 W / m. C
-5
Air
32C
0.65 m3/min
167
. 10 m / s
C p 1006 J / kg. C
Pr 0.710
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate of air and the exit temperature are determined from
D = 15 cm
L=1m
m V (1143
.
kg / m 3 )(0.65 m 3 / min) = 0.74295 kg / min = 0.0124 kg / s
Q
(0.85)(90 W)
p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q mC
32 C +
38.1 C
p
mC
(0.0124 kg / s)(1006 J / kg. C)
(b) The mean fluid velocity is
V
0.65 m / min
Vm
36.7 m / min = 0.612 m / s

Ac (0.15 m) 2 / 4
Then,
Re
Vm Dh (0.612 m / s)(0.15 m)
5497
167
. 10 5 m 2 / s
which is greater than 4000. Also, the components will cause turbulence and thus we can assume fully
developed turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(5497) 0.8 (0.710) 0.4 19.7
k
and
h
k
0.0268 W / m. C
Nu
(19.7) 352
. W / m2 . C
Dh
015
. m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
its value is determined from
q h(Ts,highest Te ) Ts,highest Te
(0.85)(90 W) / (0.15 m)(1 m)

q
381
. C +
84.2 C
h
(3.52 W / m 2 . C)
19-85
Te

19-90 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The air viscosity at the wall is
evaluated at the anticipated wall temperature of 60C.
Properties We expect the bulk mean temperature for air to rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through
the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and 35C
are (Table A-22)
1.145 kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.655 10
-5
20 W
m /s
Te
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
b 1.895 10 5 kg/m.s
s ,@ 60C 2.008 10 5 kg/m.s
L = 15 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
V (1.145 kg/m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 /s) = 9.160 10 -4 kg/s
m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
20 W
32 C +
53.7C
Cp
m
(9.16 10 4 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 /s
2.667 m/s
Ac
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac
4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
0.00490 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Vm
Then,
Re
V m D h (2.667 m/s)(0.0049 m)
790
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(790)(0.7268)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m

which is nearly equal to the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow, and
determine the Nusselt number from
hD h
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
and
1/ 3
0.14
(790)(0.7268)(0.0049)
1.86
0.15
1/ 3
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q
hA (T
Q
s
s , highest Te ) T s , highest Te
hAs
20 W
53.7C +
74.4C
2
(26.3 W/m .C) 2(0.12 0.15 + 0.0025 0.15)m 2
19-86
2.008 10 5
k
0.02625 W/m.C
h
Nu
(4.90) 26.3 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.0049 m
0.14
1.895 10 5
4.90

19-91 Air enters a hollow-core printed circuit board. The exit temperature of the air and the highest
temperature on the inner surface are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat generated is uniformly distributed over the two
surfaces of the PCB. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 4 The air viscosity at the wall is
evaluated at the anticipated wall temperature of 60C.
Properties We expect the bulk mean temperature for air to rise somewhat as a result of heat gain through
the hollow core whose surface is exposed to a constant heat flux. The properties of air at 1 atm and 35C
are (Table A-22)
1.145 kg/m 3
k 0.02625 W/m.C
1.655 10
-5
35 W
m /s
Te
C p 1007 J/kg.C
Pr 0.7268
Air
32C
0.8 L/s
b 1.895 10 5 kg/m.s
s ,@ 60C 2.008 10 5 kg/m.s
L = 15 cm
Air channel
0.25 cm 12 cm
V (1.145 kg/m 3 )(0.8 10 -3 m 3 /s) = 9.160 10 -4 kg/s
m
m
C p (Te Ti ) Te Ti
Q
Q
35 W
32 C +
69.9C
4
mC p
(9.16 10
kg/s)(1007 J/kg.C)
V
0.8 10 3 m 3 /s
2.667 m/s
Ac
(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
4 Ac
4(0.12 m)(0.0025 m)
Dh
0.00490 m
P
2[(0.12 m) + (0.0025 m)]
Vm
Then,
Re
V m D h (2.667 m/s)(0.0049 m)
790
1.655 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length in this case is
Lt 0.05 Re Pr D h 0.05(790)(0.7268)(0.0049 m) = 0.14 m

which is nearly equal to the total length of the duct. Therefore, we assume thermally developing flow, and
determine the Nusselt number from
hD h
Re Pr D
Nu
1.86
k
L
and
1/ 3
0.14
(790)(0.7268)(0.0049)
1.86
0.15
1/ 3
0.14
1.895 10 5
2.008 10 5
k
0.02625 W/m.C
h
Nu
(4.90) 26.3 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.0049 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Its value is determined from
Q
Q hAs (Ts , highest Te ) Ts , highest Te
hAs
35 W
69.9C +
106C
2
(26.3 W/m .C) 2(0.12 0.15 + 0.0025 0.15)m 2
19-92E Water is heated by passing it through thin-walled copper tubes. The length of the copper tube that
needs to be used is to be determined.
19-87
4.90

Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The inner surfaces of the tube are smooth. 3 The thermal
resistance of the tube is negligible. 4 The temperature at the tube surface is constant.
Properties The properties of water at the bulk mean fluid temperature of
Tb,ave (60 140) / 2 100F are (Table A-15E)
62.0 lbm/ft 3
250F
k 0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
0.738 10 -5 ft 2 /s
Water
60F
0.7 lbm/s
C p 0.999 Btu/lbm.F
Pr 4.54
Analysis (a) The mass flow rate and the Reynolds number are
m
0.7 lbm/s
Ac V m V m
m
3.68 ft/s
3
Ac
(62 lbm/ft )[ (0.75/12 ft) 2 /4]
Re
D = 0.75 in
140F
L
Vm Dh
(3.68 ft/s)(0.75/12 ft)
31,165
0.738 10 5 ft 2 /s
Lh Lt 10 D 10(0.75 in) 7.5 in
which is probably shorter than the total length of the pipe we will
determine. Therefore, we can assume fully developed turbulent flow in the
entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
Nu
hDh
0.023 Re0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023(31,165)0.8 ( 4.54)0.4 165.8
k
and
k
0.363 Btu/h.ft.F
Nu
(165.8) 963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F
Dh
(0.75 / 12) ft
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and then the rate of heat transfer per ft length of the tube are
Te Ti
Tln
T s Te
Ts Ti
ln
140 60
146.4F
250 140
ln
250 60
Q hAs Tln (963 Btu/h.ft 2 .F)[ (0.75 / 12 ft )](146.4F) 27,680 Btu/h.ft

The rate of heat transfer needed to raise the temperature of water from 60 F to 140 F is
m
C p (Te Ti ) (0.7 3600 lbm/h)(0.999 Btu/lbm. F)(140 - 60)F = 201,400 Btu/h
Q
Then the length of the copper tube that needs to be used becomes
201,400 Btu/h
Length
7.3 ft
27,680 Btu/h.ft
19-88

19-93 A computer is cooled by a fan blowing air through its case. The flow rate of the air, the fraction of
the temperature rise of air that is due to heat generated by the fan, and the highest allowable inlet air
temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 Heat flux is uniformly distributed. 3 Air is an ideal gas
with constant properties. 4 The pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and 25C are (Table A-22)
Pr 0.712
1.177 kg/m 3
b 1.85 10 5 kg/m.s
k 0.0261 W/m.C
1.57 10 -5 m 2 /s
C p 1005 J/kg.C
s ,@ 350 K 2.08 10 5 kg/m.s
Analysis (a) Noting that the electric energy consumed by the fan is converted to thermal energy, the mass
flow rate of air is
W
Q
(8 10 25) W
elect, fan
m
C p (Te Ti ) m

Q
0.01045 kg/s
C p (Te Ti )
(1005 J/kg.C)(10C)
(b) The fraction of temperature rise of air that is due to the heat generated
by the fan and its motor is
Q
25 W
m
C p T T
Q
2.38C
Cp
m
(0.01045 kg/s)(1005 J/kg.C)
2.38C
0.238 23.8%
Cooling
10C
air
(c) The mean velocity of air is
(0.01045 / 8) kg/s
m
AcV m V m
m
3.08 m/s
Ac
(1.177 kg/m 3 ) (0.003 m)(0.12 m)
and,
4 Ac
4(0.003 m)(0.12 m)
Dh
0.00585 m
P
2(0.003 m 0.12 m)
Therefore,
f =
Re
Vm Dh
(3.08 m/s)(0.00585 m)
1148
1.57 10 5 m 2 /s
which is less than 4000. Therefore, the flow is laminar. Assuming fully developed flow, the Nusselt
number from is determined from Table 19-4 corresponding to a/b = 12/0.3 = 40 to be Nu = 8.24. Then,
k
0.0261 W/m.C
Nu
(8.24) 36.8 W/m 2 .C
Dh
0.00585 m
The highest component surface temperature will occur at the exit of the duct. Assuming uniform heat flux,
the air temperature at the exit is determined from
q h(T s , max Te ) Te T s , max
q
[(80 25) W]/[8 2(0.12 0.18 + 0.003 0.18) m 2 ]
70C
61.9C
h
36.8 W/m 2 .C
The highest allowable inlet temperature then becomes
Te Ti 10C Ti Te 10C 61.9C 10C 51.9C

Discussion Although the Reynolds number is less than 4000, the flow in this case will most likely be
turbulent because of the electronic components that that protrude into flow. Therefore, the heat transfer
coefficient determined above is probably conservative.
19-89

FTFS Chap19 P058

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Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Analysis The mass flow rate of water is

As DL (0.2 m)(12 m) = 7.54 m

The exit temperature of air is determined from

Q hAs Tln (85 W/m 2 .C )(7.54 m 2 )(16.59C) 10,6333.41 10 4 W 10,633 W 10.6 kW

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg 2431 kJ/kg .

As DL (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2

The total rate of heat transfer is determined from

cond h fg (0.15 kg/s )(2431 kJ/kg) 364.65 kW

Then the number of tubes becomes

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 30C is h fg 2431 kJ/kg .

Analysis The mass flow rate of water is

As DL (0.012 m)(5 m) = 0.1885 m 2

The total rate of heat transfer is determined from

cond h fg (0.60 kg/s )(2431 kJ/kg) 1458.6 kW

Then the number of tubes becomes

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg 2257 kJ/kg .

Then the tube length becomes

The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Also, the heat of vaporization of water at 1 atm or 100C is h fg 2257 kJ/kg .

Then the tube length becomes

The rate of evaporation of water is determined from

0.0001227 kg/s = 0.442 kg/h

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Analysis The power rating of the resistance heater is

The velocity of water and the Reynolds number are

Heat transfer coefficient is

38,627 W ( 2637 W/m .C)[ (0.02 m )(7 m )](Ts 80)C

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Analysis The characteristic length that is the hydraulic

Heat transfer coefficient is

Next we determine the exit temperature of air,

Q hAs Tln (16.37 W/m 2 .C)(6 m 2 )(9.58C) 941 W

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Analysis Mass flow rate, cross sectional area, hydraulic diameter,

V (1.146 kg/m 3 )(0.15 m 3 /s ) 0.1719 kg/s

40 (40 30) exp 22.73 10 37.31C

The temperature rise of air is

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Q absorber hATln (22.73 W/m 2 .C)(5 m 2 )(26.17C) = 2975 W

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Properties The properties of oil at 10C are (Table A-13)

Analysis (a) The Reynolds number in this case is

Lt 0.05 Re Pr D 0.05(77.19)(28750)(0.4 m ) 44,384 m

Next we determine the exit temperature of oil

As DL (0.4 m)(300 m) = 377 m 2

Q hAs Tln (8.930 W/m 2 .C)(377 m 2 )(9.84C) 3.31 10 4 W 33.1 kW

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

0.368( 2) 0.2 Vm1.8

P2 0.368(2) 0.2 Vm 1.8

4(2) 0.2 3.48

hAT k NuAT k 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr1 / 3 AT

Chapter 19 Forced Convection

Properties The properties of water at the average temperature

(Inside glass tube)