ACN ASSIGNMENT

On

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

Asst. Prof. ANSHUL GUPTA

Jyotimoi Hazarika (I079)

Dept. of IT

Madhur Agarwal (I084)

Shrey Nigam (I085)

Abstract
4G connect anytime, anywhere, anyhow promising ubiquitous network access at high speed
to the end users, has been a topic of great interest especially for the wireless telecom industry.
4G seems to be the solution for the growing user requirements of wireless broadband
access and the limitations of the existing wireless communication system. The goal of 4G
is to replace the current core cellular networks with a single worldwide cellular core
network standard based on IP for control, video, packet data, and VoIP. The term 4G is
used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication
systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is
MAGICMobile multimedia anytime anywhere Global mobility support integrated wireless
solution and customized personal service.

Introduction
4G is intended to provide high speed, high capacity, low cost per bit, IP based services. The
goal is to have data rates up to 20 Mbps, even when used in such scenarios as a vehicle
traveling 200 kilometers per hour. The move to 4G is complicated by attempts to standardize
on a single 3G protocol. Without a single standard on which to build, designers face significant
additional challenges. There are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives
includes:

4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.

4G will be capable of providing between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and
outdoors, with premium quality and high security.

The term 4G is used not only for cellular telephone systems but also include several types of
broadband wireless access communication systems. While neither standards bodies nor carriers
have concretely defined or agreed upon what exactly 4G will be, fourth generation networks
are likely to use a combination of WiMAX and Wi-Fi technologies

Evolution of wireless Technology

1. First generation
The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. Almost
all of the systems from this generation were analog systems where voice was considered
to be the main traffic. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA and
FDMA.
2. 2G (Second generation)
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice
applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing
techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a
low speed. All the standards belonging to this generation were commercial centric and they
were digital in form. The second generation of wireless mobile communication systems

was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services that it
brought to its users. Besides high-quality speech service, global mobility was a strong and
convincing reason for users to buy 2G terminals. The second generation standards are
GSM, GPRS etc.
3. 2.5G
2.5G is the intermediate generation between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. This
term is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in
addition to the circuit switched domain.
4. 3G (Third generation)
To meet the growing demands in network capacity, rates required for high speed data
transfer and multimedia applications, 3G standards started evolving. The systems in this
standard are essentially a linear enhancement of 2G systems. They are based on two parallel
backbone infrastructures, one consisting of circuit switched nodes, and one of packet
oriented nodes.

Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.

Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer
rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files.
Providing Faster Communication
Send/Receive Large Email Messages
High Speed Web / More Security
Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
11 sec 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

Drawbacks

The cost of cellular infrastructure , upgrading base stations is very high

Needs different handsets.
Roaming and data/voice work together has not yet been implemented
Power consumption is high
Requires closer base stations and are expensive
Spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs and handset subsidies subscribers
are tremendous.

5. 4G
The vision which considers 4G as an extension to 3G cellular services is called as the linear
4G vision. But the extent of 4G capabilities goes beyond the cellular services. Envisioning
4G as high speed delivery of services via the most efficient network available from the pool
of wireless networks is called as the concurrent 4G vision.
The next generations of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and
expanded multimedia services.
Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
High QOS and High Security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements, anywhere.

Features
1. High performance: 4G will feature extremely high quality video of quality
comparable to HD (high definition) TV. Wireless downloads at speeds reaching 100
Mbps, i.e. 50 times of 3G, are possible with 4G.
2. Interoperability and easy roaming: 4G provides a global standard that provides
global mobility. Various heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in
terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate. 4G will encompass various types
of terminals, which may have to provide common services independently of their
capabilities. This concept is referred to as service personalization.
3. Fully converged services: If a user want to be able to access the network from lots of
different platforms: cell phones, laptops, PDAs he is free to do so in 4G which
delivers connectivity intelligent and flexible enough to support streaming video,
VoIP telephony, still or moving images, email, Web browsing, e-commerce, and
location-based services through a wide variety of devices. That means Freedom for
consumers.
4. Low cost: 4G systems will prove far cheaper than 3G, since they can be built atop
existing networks and won't require operators to completely retool and won't require
carriers to purchase costly extra spectrum. In addition to being a lot more cost
efficient, 4G is spectrally efficient, so carriers can do more with less.
5. Devices: More user friendly interface 4G devices are expected to be more visual and
intuitive rather than todays text and menu based systems. They will be able to
interact with the environment around it and act accordingly.
6. Enhanced GPS Services: In addition to locating individuals, a 4G version of GPS
tech might be able to let people be virtually present in a variety of places.
7. Scalability: It is most challenging aspect of the mobile networks. It refers to ability
to handle ever increasing number of users and services. Since an all IP core layer of
4G is easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge.

Motivation for 4G Research Before 3G Has Not Been Deployed?

3G performance may not be sufficient to meet needs of future high-performance

applications like multi-media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing. We need
a network technology that extends 3G capacity by an order of magnitude.
There are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to roam and interoperate across
networks we need global mobility and service portability.
3G is based on primarily a wide-area concept. We need hybrid networks that utilize both
wireless LAN (hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design.
We need wider bandwidth.
Researchers have come up with spectrally more efficient modulation schemes that cannot
be retrofitted into 3G infrastructure.
We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in its fullest form with converged
voice and data capability.

Objectives

To have Speed up to 50 times higher than of 3G. However, the actual available bandwidth
of 4G is expected to be about 10 Mbps.

To create Three-dimensional virtual reality-imagine personal video avatars and realistic

holograms, and the ability to feel as if you are present at an event even if you are not.
To Increase interaction between corroborating technologies.
The ultimate objective is to create a protocol suite and radio communication schemes
to achieve broadband mobile communication in 4G wireless systems.

Protocol suite for 4G wireless systems:

1. Transport-layer protocols
2. Error-control protocols
3. Medium-access protocol

CHALLENGES IN MIGRATION TO 4G
1. Multimode user terminals: With 4G there will be a need to design a single user terminal
that can operate in different wireless networks and overcome the design problems such as
limitations in size of the device, its cost and power consumption. This problem can be solved
by using software radio approach i.e. user terminal adapts itself to the wireless interfaces of
the network.
2. Selection among various wireless systems: Every wireless system has its unique
characteristics and roles. This can be handled by making the selection according to the best
possible fit of user QoS requirements and available network resources.
3. Security: Heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue. Dynamic
reconfigurable, adaptive and lightweight security mechanisms should be developed.
4. Network infrastructure and QoS support: Integrating the existing non-IP and IP-based
systems and providing QoS guarantee for end-to-end services that involve different systems
is also a big challenge.
5. Attacks on application level: 4G cellular wireless devices will be known for software
applications which will provide innovative feature to the user but will introduce new holes,
leading to more attacks at the application level.
6. Jamming and spoofing: Spoofing refers to fake GPS signals being sent out, in which case
the GPS receiver thinks that the signals comes from a satellite and calculates the wrong coordinates. Criminals can use such techniques to interfere with police work. Jamming happens
when a transmitter sending out signals at the same frequency displaces a GPS signal.
7. Data encryption: If a GPS receiver has to communicate with the central transmitter then the
communication link between these two components is not hard to break and there is a need
of using encrypted data.

4G TECHNOLOGIES
1. OFDMA: OFDMA can be used for the downlink transmission (signal transmission
from the base station to mobile terminal) of the symbols for achieving high spectral
efficiency. It provides high performance on full bandwidth usage. It is a channel
allocation scheme based on the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique

that splits the data to be transmitted along the orthogonal narrowband carriers wellspaced by frequency. The technique used for splitting the data is Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform (IIFT) which incorporates the advantage of transmitting the data at a higher rate.
This avoids interference between the various symbols and the carriers if the CP
interval is longer than the delay caused by the interferences of the channel. This
improves the robustness of the technology used for the multipath transmission. OFDMA
is compatible with other technologies such as Multiple Input Multiple Output and
smart antennas. OFDM not only improves the performance of the physical layer but
also adds to the improvement of the Data Link Layer. It facilitates the optimization
between various layers of network for usage of radio link from multiple radios. OFDMA
is currently applied on various wireless and wire line standards such as Wi-Fi,
Wireless LAN, WiMAX & 3GPP@ LTE (Long-Term Evolution).

2. SCFDMA: It can be used for the uplink transmission of the symbols. It is a channel
allocation scheme used for data transmission based on single carrier frequency
division multiplexing technique that allows the transmission of the symbols across a
single carrier .The techniques used for splitting the data is IFFT described in the above
section and Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) which performs the task of splitting the
data across multiple sub-carriers and transmitting virtually as a single carrier. But the
recovery of data at the receiver side requires the selection of the data from the
multiple subcarriers and requires more efforts for removing the error in the data.

3. Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output (MIMO): This is an antenna technology which

uses multiple channels in radios to provide the functions of both the transmitter and
receiver of data signals sent over the network. It provides high spectral efficiency and
link reliability facilitating significant increase in the data throughput and radio link
usage without additional bandwidth and transmission power. This high efficiency is
due to the availability of an independent path in a rich scattering environment for
each transmitter and receiver antennas in the radio. The MIMO channels can be used
with OFDMA for transmission and reception of modulated signal over network to
single or multiple users. This is currently used in WLAN Wi-Fi 802.11n, Mesh
Networks (e.g., WMAN WiMAX 802.16e, RFID, and Digital Home.

4. WiMAX and LTE: WiMAX and LTE are the two technologies which are considered as
the part of pre-4G. Operators are trying to decide on the best standard to invest in the long
run and there is a continuous debate between WiMAX and LTE. LTE has the following
advantages:
It is quite fast with data rates of 100Mbps (download) and 50Mbps (upload)
It can heal the GSM/CDMA rift that has divided the industry.
LTE will have lower latency, which makes real-time interaction on high band-width
applications using mobiles possible.

3GPP LTE, one of the most advanced mobile communication technologies to date, is
currently undergoing 4G technology standardization by the 3GPP. This is the most likely
technology to become the 4G standard, as many of the worlds major operators and
telecommunications companies are members of LTE/SAE (Long Term Evolution/System
Architecture Evolution. WiMAX has certain advantages mainly over the Fiber to the home
(FTTH) technology. Given the QoS, security and reliability mechanisms built into
WiMAX, the users will find WiMAX VoIP as good as or even better than voice services
from the telephone company.

4G NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Figure 1 shows the widely accepted 4G network structure with IP as the core network
used for communication; integrating the 2G, 3G and 4G technologies using a
convergence layer.

Figure 1

This architecture fulfills the basic requirement of servicing the standalone and mobile
subscribers on an anytime, anywhere, anyhow basis in dynamic network conditions.
The architecture is based on Internet Protocol version 6 (IPV6) which operates at
the transport layer enabling seamless communication across various heterogeneous

networks and based on the key factors such as mobility, Quality of Service (QoS) and
efficient resource management schemes. The functionalities provided by each layer and
module can be described as follows:

Figure 2: Proposed layered/level Architecture of 4G network

Application
This layer is composed of various third party applications which provide value
added services to its subscribers.
Network
This layer consists of various sub layers described as follows:

Services
This layer manages the interaction between various value-added services
and networks.

Mobility Management
This layer provides quality and uniform services to the mobile/stationary
terminal across various heterogeneous networks. It provides features of
low handover latency and packet loss during the provision of real-time and
non-real time services to the end user moving across different networks.
To achieve this, it performs tasks such as binding update (updating the
care-off address of the mobile user), location management, common

control signaling (signaling required to perform wireless network

discovery), address assignment, handover control mechanism and so forth.

Resource Management
This layer incorporates the functionalities of allocation, de-allocation and
reallocation of the network resources which are acquired during the communication
sessions within the same or different network domains. This activity is performed
during or before the communication activity. This layer also performs the task of
congestion control, packet scheduling and packet classification.

Quality of service (QoS) management

This layer provides best optimal utilization of the available resources. In
scenarios where the network resources are limited it provides an option to the
applications to choose between high overall throughput and low end-to-end
delay. It provides the best trade-off mechanisms depending on the applications
preference. It encompasses several activities such as link utilization control,
bandwidth control and so forth.

Physical
This layer consist of the core IPV6 network of 4G and other heterogeneous access
networks such as GSM (Global System for Mobile communications), CDMA( Code
Division Multiple Access) and WLAN in their physical view. This layer is composed
of two sub-layers namely:
Convergence layer
This layer provides common control signaling mechanism across the core and other
heterogeneous networks at the physical level. It also allows different radio access
networks to transparently use the independent network services such as mobility
management, resource management and QoS management.

Different RAN
This layer consists of several radio access networks communicating with each other
at the physical level.

Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning

This layer spans across all the layers of the network architecture and provides the
functionalities of network controlling, network monitoring and fault detection. It also
maintains the repudiation between various services and resources of several
heterogeneous and core networks.
Security
This layer also branches across all the layers of the 4G network architecture which
perform the function of authentication, authorization, encryption, establishment and
implementation of service policy agreement between the various vendors.

Applications of 4G
1. Government Organization - With the use of 4G technology the performance of the
organization will improve by: Reducing cost of travel.
2. Educational Institutions
Wider spectrum of use, quickly tracking student and teacher performance.
3. Electronics Industry
An escalation in demand for new products.
4. Telecommunication Sector
New markets emerge with new demand for technology.

Limitations
Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still
limitations that must be addressed. Some of them are:

A major concern is interoperability between the signaling techniques that are planned
for use in 4G (3XRTT and WCDMA).
Cost is another factor that could hamper the progress of 4G technology. The
equipment required to implement the next-generation network are still very
expensive.
A Key challenge facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to make the
network architectures compatible with each other. This was one of the unmet goals
of 3G.
As regards the operating area, rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan
areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks.

Scope of 4G

Bharti Airtel launched India's first 4G service, using TD-LTE technology, in Kolkata
on April 10, 2012.
Bharti Airtel 4G services are available in Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune and Chandigarh
region (The Tricity or Chandigarh region consists of a major city Chandigarh, Mohali
and Panchkula).
RIL is launching 4G services through its subsidiary, Jio Infocomm. RIL 4G services
are currently available only in Jamnagar, where it is testing the new TD-LTE
technology.

Conclusion
The advent of 4G is sure to revolutionize the field of telecommunication domain
bringing the wireless experience to a completely new level. It would provide wealth of
features and services making the world a smaller place to live. also take lesson from the
3Gs failure to capture the imagination of the end-users. Technology should not be
developed for technologys sake rather it should target the end user. Thus, user-centric
approach towards 4Gs development is the key to its success. Common consensus on the
standards and the technologies for 4G needs to be reached to fasten 4Gs deployment
which would be a gradual process. Lot of research work is required to investigate the
open issues like design for SDR, QoS parameters and so forth. The threat analysis
model provided by ITU is very apt for the complete analysis and planning for security
of 4G. It can be used as a reference framework for future research. But still comprehensive
research work is required in the field of network security to tackle potential security threats
because a ubiquitous secured heterogeneous network will appeal more to the todays
consumers.