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NT
5'UTR
~403del98
CODON
TYPE
(nucleotide)
DIS
SEQUENCE
(protein)
deletion
OHS
5'UTR
15
644C>T
Q167X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CAA>TAA
CuBD 2
674insAAAG
V177-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
insAAAG
CuBD 2
28
798del5
H218-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
delATCTT
CuBD 2-3
803del5
L219-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
delATCTC
CuBD 2-3
1035delG
S297-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
GAA^AGTACT
CuBD 3
27
1173insA
Y343X
insertion
nonsense MNK
CTA^TAT>CTATAAT
CuBD 3-4
19
5
5
1278delA
T379-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
CAA^GAAACT
CuBD 4
28
1370C>T
R409X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CGA-TGA
CuBD 4
28
1377delC
L412-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
TCC^CTT
CuBD 4
28
1605C>A
S487X
substitution
nonsense MNK
TCA>TAA
CuBD 5
E529X
substitution
nonsense MNK
GAA>TAA
CuBD 5-6
1730G>T
IVS6
IVS6+1g>a
IVS6
IVS6+5g>a
IVS6
IVS6+2del4
1879C>A
MNK
GTTgtaag>GTTataag
splice-donor
MNK
GTTgtaag>GTTgtaaa
splice-donor
OHS
GTTgtaagtaag
splice-donor
C578X
substitution
7
18
18
7,18
nonsense MNK
TGC>TGA
CuBD 6
CuBD 6
CuBD 6
28
28
1893delAG
I582-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
ATA^GAG^TCT
1913delAG
G590-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
CAC^AGAGGG
1925insT
Y594-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
CTA^TAC>CTA^TTAC
CuBD 6 - TM 1
28
1962delT
K606-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
CAT^ATTAAA
CuBD 6 - TM 1
28
IVS7
IVS7-1g>c
splice-acceptor
IVS7
IVS7+41C>T
splice-acceptor
2030insA
E628-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
GAA^GCT>GAA^GACT
CuBD 6 - TM 1
2030G>C
A629P
substitution
missense
GCT>CCT
CuBD 6 - TM 1
28
2055C>G
S637X
substitution
nonsense MNK
TCA>TGA
CuBD 6 - TM 1
28
TCA>TTA
CuBD 6 - TM 1
23
MNK
MNK
OHS
agAGC>acAGC
28
same as C2055T
23
2055C>T
S637L
substitution
missense
2078C>T
R645X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CGA>TGA
CuBD 6 - TM 1
2081G>T
E646X
substitution
nonsense MNK
GAA>TAA
CuBD 6 - TM 1
IVS8
IVS8+1g>c
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgta>ACActa
IVS8
IVS8+2t>c
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgta>ACAgca
IVS8
IVS8+2del2
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgtaagt
28
28
5
IVS8
IVS8+5g>a
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgtaag>ACAgtaaa
28
IVS8
IVS8+5g>c
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgtaag>ACAgtaac
28
IVS8
IVS8+6t>g
splice-donor
MNK
ACAgtaagt>ACAgtaag
IVS8
IVS8dup5
splice-acceptor
MNK
ataagAT>ataagataagAT
2201delA
N686-fs
deletion
28
5,28
frameshift MNK
AAT^CAAAAC
TM 1 - TM 2
28
TM 1 - TM 2
28
2213G>T
E690X
substitution
nonsense MNK
GAA>TAA
2262T>G
L706R
substitution
missense
MNK
CTT>CGT
TM 2
2298T>A
L718X
substitution
nonsense MNK
TTA>TAA
TM 2
20
2317G>T
Q724H
substitution
missense
CAG>CAT
TM 2
IVS9
IVS9+5g>c
splice-donor
MNK
MNK
10
19
10
2324G>A
G727R
substitution
missense
GGA>AGA
TM 2
10
2348insT
A735-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
CAG^GCT>CAGGACT
TM 2 - TM 3
28
10
2429delTT
L762-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
TAC^TCTTTG
TM 3
28
MNK
10
2459del4
R771-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
GAGAGAGCC
TM 3 - TM 4
10
2482del14
T779-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
CCT^ATTACTTTCTTTGACACACCCCCT
TM 4
10
2528C>T
R795X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CGA>TGA
TM 4
IVS10
IVS10+3a>t
splice-donor
OHS
gtaaagt>gttaagt
28
7
28
28
22
11
2591C>T
Q816X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CAA>TAA
TD
17
11
2642A>G
S833G
substitution
missense
AGT>GGT
TD
12
2653delA
Q836-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
GAA^CAAGTG
TD
27
12
2763T>G
L873R
substitution
missense
MNK
CTC>CGC
TD
IVS12
IVS12-2a>g
MNK
agGGG>ggGGG
13
2831C>T
splice-acceptor
Q896X
Q924X
substitution
substitution
OHS
19
28
nonsense MNK
CAG>TAG
TD
28
nonsense MNK
CAA>TAA
TD
28
13
2915C>T
14
3012G>A
W956X
substitution
nonsense MNK
TGG>TAG
TM 5
28
14
3032delA
N963-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
TTT^CTGAATTTT
TM 5
28
IVS14
IVS14-4a>g
15
3083delC
R980-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
ATC^TCCCGAACA
TM 5 - TM 6
15
3083C>T
R980X
substitution
nonsense MNK
TCC^CGA
TM 5 - TM 6
15
3101C>T
R986X
substitution
nonsense MNK
CGA>TGA
TM 6
21
15
3162T>C
L1006P
substitution
missense
CTG>CCG
TM 6
28
splice-acceptor
OHS
MNK
6
28
7
15
3201G>A
G1019D
substitution
missense
15
3219insAT
I1024-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
MNK
GGT>GAT
TM 6
28
ATACTA>ATACTATA
TM 6
16
3386G>T
E1081X
substitution
nonsense MNK
GAA>TAA
PD - SEHPL
28
16
3392insA
N1083-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
AGTAAC>AGTAAAC
PD - SEHPL
28
16
3438delAG
Q1098-fs deletion
frameshift MNK
AAACAGGTAC
SEHPL - ATP
17
3498G>A
G1118D
substitution
missense
GGT>GAT
ATP
17
3636delT
I1164-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
TCC^ATGATTATT
ATP
28
IVS17
IVS17+5g>a
19
3825delC
A1227-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
ATAGCC
ATP
17
19
3849delA
E1235-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
AAG^CCTGAAGCA
ATP
28
19
3908G>A
G1255R
substitution
missense
GGA>AGA
ATP
20
4026delA
K1294-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
GAG^GGGAAA
ATP
28
20
4049G>A
G1302R
substitution
missense
GGA>AGA
ATP
20
4150delG
R1335-fs
deletion
frameshift MNK
ATA^AGGAAT
ATP
IVS20
IVS20-2a>g
21
4159delTCT
L1339del deletion
deletion
21
4175insTGCCA
S1344-fs
insertion
frameshift MNK
splice-donor
MNK
mild
splice-acceptor
MNK
MNK
6,16
MNK
agAA>ggAA
MNK
GATCTTCTGGAT or GATCTTCTGGAT
ATP
GCA^ATGCCAGT
ATP
28
21
4177T>A
S1344R
substitution
missense
MNK
AGT>AGA
ATP
21
4178A>T
I1345F
substitution
missense
MNK
ATT>TTT
ATP
A1362V
substitution
missense
MNK
GCT>GTT
TM 7
21
4230C>T
IVS21
IVS21+3a>t
22
4277insA
M1378-fs insertion
frameshift MNK
TTT^AATG
TM 7
22
4286del10
G1381-fs deletion
frameshift MNK
CCC^ATTGGTTTGGTTTTGCA
TM 7
28
22
4346delGT
V1400-fs
frameshift MNK
28
splice-donor
IVS22+2t>c
23
4497delG
deletion
splice-donor
splice-donor
K1449-fs
deletion
MNK
GTT^TCTGTAGTA
TM 8
MNK
CTT^TCTTCTCTCTTAAACTgtaagtatgatagcttttg
C-terminus
MNK
ACTgt>ACTgc
frameshift OHS
AAA^CTGGGT
CuBD: copper-binding domain; TM: transmembrane helix; TD: transduction domain; PD: phosphorylation domain;
SEHPL: conserved SEHPL motif; ATP: ATP-binding domain
b
1
9
7
28
C-terminus
References
1. Ambrosini L, Mercer JFB (1999) Defective copper-induced trafficking and localization of the Menkes protein in patients with mild and copper-treated classical Menkes
disease. Hum Mol Genet 8: 1547-1555.
2. Barton NW, Dambrosia JM, Barranger JA (1983) Menkes kinky hair syndrome: report of a case in a female infant. Neurology 33 (Suppl 2), 154.
3. Beck J, Enders H, Schliephacke M, Buchwald-Saal M, Tumer Z (1994) X;1 translocation in a female Menkes patient: characterization by FISH. Clin Genet 46: 295-298.
4. Dagenais SL, Adam AN, Innis JW and Glover TW (2001) A novel frameshift mutation in exon 23 of ATP7A results in occipital horn syndrome and not in Menkes
disease. Am J Hum Genet 69: 420-427.
5. Das S, Levinson B, Whitney S, Vulpe C, Packman S, Gitschier J (1994) Diverse mutations in patients with Menkes disease often lead to exon skipping. Am J Hum
Genet 55: 883-889.
6. Das S, Levinson B, Vulpe C, Whitney S, Gitschier J, Packman S (1995) Similar splicing mutations of the Menkes/mottled copper-transporting ATPase gene in occipital
horn syndrome and the blotchy mouse. Am J Hum Genet 56: 570-576.
7. Gu YH, Kodam H, Murata Y, Mochizuki D, Tanagawa Y, Ushijima H, Shiba T, Lee CC (2001) ATP7A gene mutations in 16 patients with Menkes disease and a patients
with occipital horn syndrome. Am J Med Genet 99:217-222.
8. Hahn S, Cho K, Ryu K, Kim J, Pai K, Kim M, Park H, Yoo O. (2001) Identification of four novel mutations in classical Menkes diseas and successful prenatal DNA
diagnosis. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 73: 86-90.
9. Kaler SG, Gallo LK, Proud VK, Percy AK, Mark Y, Segal NA, Goldstein DS, Holmes CS, Gahl WA (1994) Occipital horn syndrome and a mild Menkes phenotype
associated with splice site mutations at the MNK locus. Nat Genet 8: 195-202.
10. Kaler SG, Buist NRM, Holmes CS, Goldstein DS, Miller RC, Gahl WA (1995) Early copper therapy in classic Menkes disease patients with a novel splicing mutation.
Ann Neurol 38: 921-928.
11. Kaler SG, Das S, Levinson B, Goldstein DS, Holmes CS, Patronas NJ, Packman S, Gahl WA 1996) Successful early copper therapy in Menkes disease associated
with a mutant transcript containing a small in-frame deletion. Biochemical and Molecular Medicine 57: 37-46.
12. Kapur S, Higgins JV, Delp K, Rogers B (1987) Menkes syndrome in a girl with X-autosome translocation. Am J Med Genet 26: 503-510.
13. Levinson B, Packman S, Gitschier J (1997) Mutation analysis of mottled pewter. Mouse Genome 95:163-165.
14. Levinson B, Packman S, Gitschier J (1997) Deletion of the promoter region of the Atp7a gene of the mottled dapplied mouse. Nat Genet 16:223-224.
15. Levinson B, Conant R, Schnur R, Das S, Packman S, Gitschier J (1996) A repeated element in the regulatory region of the MNK gene and its deletion in a patients
with occipital horn syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 5:1737-1742.
16. Levinson B, Gitschier J, Vulpe C, Whitney S, Yang S, Packman S (1993) Are X-linked cutis laxa and Menkes disease allelic? Nat Genet 3:6.
17. Mak BS, Chi CS and Tsai CR (2002) Menkes gene study in the Chinese population. J Child Neurol 17(4): 250-2.
18. Moller LB, Tumer Z, Lund C, Petersen C, Cole T, Hanusch R, Seidel J, Jensen LR, Horn N (2000) Similar splice-site mutations of the ATP7A gene lead to different
phenotypes: classical Menkes disease or occipital horn syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 66:1211-1220.
19. Ogawa A, Yamamoto, S, Takayanagi M, Kogo T, Kanazawa M, Kohno Y. (1999) Identification of the three novel mutations in the MNK gene in three unrelated
Japanese patients with classical Menkes disease. J Hum Genet 44:206-209.
20. Ogawa A, Yamamoto S, Kanazawa M, Ogawa E, Takayangi M, Hasegawa S, Kohno Y. (2000) Novel mutation of L718X in the ATP7A gene in a Japanese patients
with classical Menkes disease, and four novel polymorphisms in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 45: 315-317.
21. Ozawa H, Kodama H, Murata Y, Takashima S, Noma S. (2001) Transient temporal lobe changes and a novel mutation in a patient with Menkes disease. Pediatrics
International 43: 437-440.
22. Qi M, Byers PH (1998) Constitutive skipping of alternatively spliced exon 10 in ATP7A gene abolishes Golgi localization of the Menkes protein and produces the
occipital horn syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 7: 465-469.
23. Ronce N, Moizard MP, Robb L, Toutain A, Villard L, Moraine C (1997) A C2055T transition in exon 8 of the ATP7A gene is associated with exon skipping in an
occipital horn syndrome family. Am J Hum Genet 61: 233-238.
24. Tumer Z, Tommerup N, Kreuder J, Craig IW, Horn N (1992) Mapping of the Menkes locus to Xq13.3-q21.2. Hum Genet 88: 668-672.
25. Tumer Z, Tonnesen T, Bohmann J, Marg W, Horn N (1994) First trimester prenatal diagnosis of Menkes disease by DNA analysis. J Med Genet 31:615-517.
26. Tumer Z, Tonnesen T, Horn N. (1994) Detection of genetic defects in Menkes disease by direct mutation analysis and its implication in carrier diagnosis. J Inher
Metab Dis 17: 267-270.
27. Tumer Z, Horn N, Tonnesen T, Christodoulou J, Clarke JTR, Sarkar B (1996) Early copper-histidine treatment for Menkes disease. Nat Genet 12: 11-13.
28. Tumer Z, Lund C, Tolshave J, Vural B, Tonnesen T, Horn N. (1997) Identification of point mutations in 41 unrelated patients affected with Menkes disease. Am J Hum
Genet 60:63-71.