My Best Work

in
SCIENCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank all the people that kept on helping me to make this
project done. Also, to our science teacher Ms. Cristina Areglo who is
patient to teach us very well in our everyday life.

DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to my loved ones that kept on helping and
supporting me. Also, to my friends that helped and supported me to do this
project creative.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.

INTRODUCTION
a. Parts of the system
b.Functions
c. Illustration
d. Different Diseases
e. Proper Care

II.

FEEDBACKS

III.

GLOSSARY

IV.

REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION
There are many systems in our body and these are :
1. Digestive System - is a group of organs working together to convert
food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.
2. Circulatory System - is responsible for transporting materials
throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to
your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide
that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your
entire body connecting all your body cells.
3. Muscular System - is responsible for the movement of the human body.
4. Reproductive System - is a system of sex organs within
an organism which work together for the purpose ofsexual reproduction.
5. Excretory System - regulate the chemical composition of body fluids
by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water,
salts, and nutrients.
6. Respiratory System - is a biological system consisting of
specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in
an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake
and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidebetween an organism and the
environment.
7. Skeletal System - gives the body its basic framework, providing
structure, protection, and movement.
8. Nervous System - consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs,
and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body.

Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and
communication among its parts.
9. Endocrine System - refers to the collection of glands of an organism
that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried
towards a distant target organ.
10. Integumentary System - is the organ system that protects the body
from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from
outside.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
1.Mouth - Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion
of foodthe tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces,
which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food
into the pharynx.
2. Pharynx - is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the
mouth to the esophagus.
3. Esophagus - It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length.
4. Stomach - This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has
time to digest large meals properly.
5. Small Intestine - is a long, thin tube about 1 inch in diameter and about 10 feet
long that is part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It is located just inferior to the
stomach and takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity. The entire small
intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of many ridges and folds.
These folds are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
By the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been
extracted from the food that entered it.
6. Large Intestine - absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in
the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients.
7. Rectum - the end of the tube in your body that helps digest food
8. Anus - The opening at the lower end of the digestive tract through which solid
waste is eliminated from the body.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases
1. Ulcers damage the lining of the stomach because of bacterial infections or
adverse side effects of medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naporoxen,
according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse.
Spicy foods and stress may aggravate ulcers, but do not cause them.
Antibiotics or antacids usually alleviate problems long enough for minor ulcers
to heal.

2. Heartburn or acid indigestion results in stomach acid backing up into the

esophagus to create a burning sensation or sour taste in the mouth.
3. Celiac disease can affect children or adults. Symptoms include diarrhea,
bloating, abdominal pain, skin rash or a thinning of bones. In children it can
cause growth failure. People with the disease are advised to eliminate foods
with gluten, a protein that is found in wheat, rye and barley. Gluten damages
the lining of the small intestine for people with the disease.
4. Irritable bowl syndrome affects the muscles in the intestines. It can cause gas,
abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation.
5. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis. It
leads to severe bowel problems, abdominal pain and malnutrition.
6. Diverticulitis The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become
infected and inflamed.

E. PROPER CARE
1. Diet
2. Exercise
3. Proper Supplementation

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the System and its function
1. Heart - It's job is to pump your blood and keep the blood moving throughout
your body.
2. Blood - an amazing substance that is constantly flowing through our bodies.
3. Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red
Blood Cells pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells.
After delivering the oxygen to the cells it gathers up the carbon dioxide(a
waste gas produced as our cells are working) and transports carbon dioxide
back to the lungs where it is removed from the body when we exhale(breath
out). There are about 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood.
White Blood Cells (Germinators)
White Blood Cells help the body fight off germs. White Blood Cells attack
and destroy germs when they enter the body. When you have an infection your
body will produce more White Blood Cells to help fight an infection.
Sometimes our White Blood Cells need a little help and the Doctor will
prescribe an antibiotic to help our White Blood Cells fight a large scale
infection.
Platelets
Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. When we cut ourselves we
have broken a blood vessel and the blood leaks out. In order to plug up the
holes where the blood is leaking from the platelets start to stick to the opening
of the damaged blood vessels. As the platelets stick to the opening of the
damaged vessel they attract more platelets, fibers and other blood cells to help
form a plug to seal the broken blood vessel. When the platelet plug is
completely formed the wound stops bleeding. We call our platelet plugs scabs.

4. Plasma - The plasma carries the blood cells and other components throughout
the body
5. Blood Vessels
Arteries
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart.
Remember, A A Arteries Away, A A Arteries Away, A A Arteries Away.
Capillaries
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels as thin or thinner than the hairs on your
head. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Food substances(nutrients), oxygen
and wastes pass in and out of your blood through the capillary walls.
Veins
Veins carry blood back toward your heart.

C. ILLUSTRATION

D. DIFFERENT DISEASES
1. Myocardial infarction (MI) - An infarction is blockage of blood flow resulting
in death of muscle tissue.

2. Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation- Blood flows through four chambers in

the heart separated by one-way valves.
3. Angina pectoris- Literally, pain in the chest.
4. Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia- Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special
names like ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, but generically are termed
arrhythmias or dysrhythmia, meaning no rhythm and abnormal rhythm.
5. Ischemia- Sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more
importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle
which has a very high metabolic rate, and oxygen demand.

E. PROPER CARE
1. Engage physical activities
2. Quit Smoking and Tobacco Use
3. Eat High Quality Foods
4. Maintain a Healthy Weight

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
1. Skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles as
they are under our control and they move only when we want
them to move. They are also known as striped and striated
muscles as they have striations anatomically and can be seen
under a microscope.
2. Smooth muscles are called as non-striated muscles as these
muscles do not contain any striations when observed under a
microscope. These are also known as involuntary muscles as these
muscles are not under our control.

3. Cardiac muscles are also known as heart muscles. These muscles are
specially confined to the region of the heart, so they are known as cardiac
muscles.Cardiac muscles are involved in the rhythmic beating and
contractions of the heart, which are not under our consciousness, therefore
cardiac muscles are also known as involuntary muscles.

C. Illustration

D. Diff. Diseases
1. Mytonia - is a medical problem in which the muscles relax
slowly after contraction or stimulation.
2. Mitochondria Myopathies - refer to a neuromuscular disease
in which there is damage to the mitochondria.

3. Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic disorder affecting one

or more muscle groups.

E. Proper Care
1. Resistance Training
2. Aerobic Exercise
3. Correct Posture
4. Maintain Normal Weight

Reproductive System
A- B. Parts of the system and its function
Male Reproductive System
1. Penis- This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse.
2. Scrotum- This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind
and below the penis.
3. Testicles (testes)- These are oval organs about the size of large olives
that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the
spermatic cord.
4. Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the
backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are
produced in the testes.
5. Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels
from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder.
The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that
carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for
ejaculation.
6. Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens
and the seminal vesicles
7. Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to
outside of the body.
8. Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that
attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder.
9. Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is
located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate
gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also
help to nourish the sperm.

10. Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are peasized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the
prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that
empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the
urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to
residual drops of urine in the urethra.
Female Reproductive System
1. Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external
reproductive organs.
2. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can
be very small or up to 2 inches wide.
3. Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal
opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.
4. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive
protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is
covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the
foreskin at the end of the penis.
5. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of
uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.
6. Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the
home to a developing fetus.
7. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on
either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
8. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper
part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel
from the ovaries to the uterus.

C. Illustration

E. Proper Care
1. Keep them clean
2. Eating a balanced diet
3. Avoid excess drinking
4. Avoid smoking
5. Have a good exercise regime
6. Drinking plenty of water
7. Practicing safe sex
8. Avoiding infections
9. Visiting a doctor when necessary
10. Wearing the right clothing

EXCRETORY SYSTEM
A B. Parts of the system and its function
1. Urinary Bladder After the kidneys filter the fluid, the remaining wastes
go to your bladder. The organ stores the urine, and keeps storing it until you
can feel it. When you can feel it, it means that the bladder has become full,
and you must urinate to release the wastes from your body.
2. Skin - is to regulate one's body temperature.
3. Liver - orders the gall bladder to release bile into the intestines.
4. Kidneys - Wastes in the blood come from tissue breakdown, and from
food. After the body takes and uses what it needs, it sends the wastes to the
kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about the size of a fist.
Having atleast one kidney is mandatory for living, unless treated
immidietally. Because of the enormous amounts of blood passing through
the kidney, kidneys sxtract 180 liters of fluid daily. If we extracted all of the
fluid as urine, we would lose nutrients and dehydrate, Kidneys are
responsible for filtering the filtrate and returning most of the solutes and
water to the blood.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases
Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys.
nephrosis includes symptoms of swelling, protein in urine, low blood protein
levels, high cholesterol levels and elevated triglyceride levels.
Cystitis - The bladder is the storage place for the urine until it is discharged
by voluntary action of body.
Vesicoureteral Reflux - it is said to occur when the urine flows back from
bladder into ureters.
Kidney Stones - These are smaller sized deposits of calcium and can be seen
in the nephrons. The stones could also increase or go down to urinary tract
causing extreme pain. The stone may also get infected causing further set of
complications
The scarring in and around the urethra is called urethral stricture. It blocks the
passageway of urine to outside. The disease is more prevalent in women
compared to men.

E. Proper Care

1.

Practice a regular bowel movement and urine discharge in clean toilets.

2.

Drink plenty of water everyday to dilute the formation of salts in the body.

3.
Take a bath regularly to removes the dead skin cells and dirt that may block
the pores of the skin.
4.
Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables that contain fibers, it can help in moving
bowels regularly.
5.
Avoid eating too much salty and fatty foods, these may cause kidney
troubles.
6.
Avoid too much exposure to the sun. Apply sun block when going to the
beach toavoid sunburn.
7.
Exercise regularly to keep your body fit, and it can also makes the lungs
and skin more efficient in excreting body wastes.
8.
At the first signs of infection, visit your doctor to avoid further
complications.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
1.

The nostrils: Nostrils are involved in air intake, i.e. they bring air into the nose,
where air is warmed and humidified. The tiny hairs called cilia filters out dust and
other particles present in the air and protects the nasal passage and other regions of
the respiratory tract.

2.

Trachea: The trachea is also known as windpipe. The trachea filters the air we
inhale and branches into the bronchi.

3.

Bronchi: The bronchi are the two air tubes that branch off of from the trachea and
carry atmospheric air directly into the lungs.

4.

Lungs: The main organ of the respiratory system is lungs. Lungs are the site in body
where oxygen is taken into and carbon dioxide is expelled out. The red blood cells
present in the blood picks up the oxygen in the lungs and carry and distribute the
oxygen to all body cells that need it. The red blood cells donate the oxygen to the
cells and picks up the carbon dioxide produced by the cells.

5.

Alveolus: Alveolus is the tiny sac like structure present in the lungs which the
gaseous exchange takes place.

6.

Diaphragm: Breathing begins with a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of

the lungs which is known as diaphragm. When we breathe in the diaphragm
contracts and flatten out and pull downward. Due to this movement the space in the
lungs increases and pulls air into the lungs. When we breathe out, the diaphragm
expands and reduces the amount of space for the lungs and forces air out.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases
1. Pneumoconiosis - literally, an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs. A
generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the
lungs and cause symptoms and disability such a black lung or miners
lung disease. Terms specific to the particulate matter may be given such as
asbestosis.
2. Epistaxis - want a fancier name for a nosebleed? You got it!
3. Cystic fibrosis - an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but
other systems producing mucous such as the digestive system. Patients
suffer frequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick
and sluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They

also take multiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related

to abnormal mucous production.
4. Emphysema (COPD) - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which
emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in
the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane
of long term smokers.
5. Atelectasis - a collapsed lung. Literally, an imperfect expansion in Greek.

E. Proper Care
Take care of your respiratory system by taking deep breaths once in a while. You
need to eat good foods to make your ribcgae strong to protect the lungs and the
heart. Those are some ways to take of your respiratory system.

SKELETAL SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
Bones

All bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact, or dense, tissue and
spongy tissue. There are four types of bones: long bones (like those in the arms and
legs), short bones (like those found in the ankles and wrists), flat bones (like ribs
and those in the skull), and irregular bones (like the vertebrae in the spine)
Bone Marrow

All bones are filled with a spongy material called bone marrow. Bone marrow
is either red or yellow. Red marrow is primarily found in flat bones. Yellow bone
marrow is primarily made of fatty bone cells and is found in long bones.
Ligaments

Ligaments are bands of tough, fibrous material that are used to connect bones
to create joints.
Tendons

Tendons are similar in structure to ligaments but are used to connect muscles
to bones. A joint strain occurs when a tendon is damaged.
Joints

Joints are formed at any point where two bones connect. Joints can be
movable, like ankles and knees, or they can be fixed like the joints in the skull.

C. Illustration

D. Different diseases
Bursitis is a painful condition impacting the cushioning between the bones,
tendons and muscles near the joints.
Arthritis is a joint disorder causing inflammation and pain in the affected area.

 Osteoporosis causes low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.

This increases fragility of bones and may be prevented as well as treated upon
onset.

E. Proper Care
1. Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise such as walking, jogging,
climbing stairs, cycling and weight lifting.
2. Eat a healthy diet rich in manganese, zinc and copper.
3. Get at least 8 hours of sleep every night.
4. Avoid smoking and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
5. Consume foods and drinks that are high in calcium.
6. Drink at least 8 glasses of clean water every day.
7. Avoid excessive amounts of salt, soda and carbonated drinks, caffeine,
Vitamin A and hydrogenated oils, which are known to diminish calcium
content in bones.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
1. Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains the
higher governing centers.
2. Spinal cord or spinal medulla, which occupies upper two-thirds of the
vertebral canal, and contains many reflex centers.
3. Cerebrospinal nervous system is the somatic component of the peripheral
nervous system, which includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31pairs of
spinal nerves. It innervates the somatic structures of the head and neck,
limbs and body wall, and mediates somatic sensory and motor functions.
4. Peripheral autonomic nervous system is the visceral component of the
peripheral nervous system, which includes the visceral or splanchnic
nerves that are connected to the CNS through the somatic nerves. It
innervates the viscera, glands, blood vessels and non-striated muscles, and
mediates the visceral functions.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis Literally, many hardenings, MS is a disease of
unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the
insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. The loss of
insulation allows short circuiting of nerve impulses. Depending upon where
the degeneration occurs, patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or
blindness.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - the fancy name for a stroke. A blood
vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in
a brain blood vessel (a thrombus), or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to
get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen.
Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the patient may suffer
paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Ischemia was introduced previously in
the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. It literally means not
quite enough blood. A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain
can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an
arm, a partial loss of vision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours. People
who get TIAs are at increased risk of having a stroke in the future.

 Epilepsy - a Greek word for seizure. Convulsions is another term used.

Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers
in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily
controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific
condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer
lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. The condition may be
controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.
Aphasia - loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the
brain in a majority of people. If someone suffers a stroke (cerebrovascular
accident-CVA), or traumatic brain injury, and it involves the left side of the
brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of
problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with
difficulty, or complete loss of speech. Actually, there are two speech centers.
Injury described above involves the motor speech area, the area of the brain
that produces language by integrating thoughts of speech with the movements
of the larynx, lips and tongue. There is a second speech area, the receptive or
sensory area, that enables us to understand speech. Injury to the latter results
in still fluent speech, but the individual does not understand what they are
hearing

E. Proper Care
1. To protect the brain, avoid any fall or accident that can injure it. Observe
safety measures to avoid falls and accidents.
2. Eat foods for the brain and the nerves. These foods are those rich in Vitamin
B like beans, peas, mongo, and vegetables.
3. Coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic drinks are not good for the nervous
system. Medicines and drugs should be taken only with a doctors prescription or
advice.
4. Learn the art of relaxing your mind, nerves, and senses. Use your leisure time
wisely.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus, located in your brain, plays a crucial role in your
endocrine system by releasing hormones that control hunger, thirst, body
temperature and anger. The hypothalamus releasing hormones regulate the
secretion of other hormones in your pituitary gland, which in turn affects other
endocrine glands in your body. The hypothalamus inhibiting hormones, as
the name implies, turns off the secretion of some of the hormones released
from the pituitary.
Pituitary
The pituitary gland is located in your brain, directly under your hypothalamus.
This gland is tiny, about the size of a pea, but it plays a large role in your
endocrine system. The pituitary gland is composed of two lobes - the anterior
(front) and posterior (rear), each of which produces different hormones.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormones from your anterior pituitary gland are responsible for your growth
(growth hormone), reactions to stress (adrenocorticotrophic hormone,
abbreviated ACTH), metabolism (thyroid stimulating hormone) and
reproductive function (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone).
Hormones from your anterior pituitary also stimulate the release of hormones
from your gonads, thyroid and adrenal glands. Finally, the anterior pituitary
secretes a hormone called prolactin, which stimulates milk production in
breasts.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
The posterior pituitary gland produces a hormone (anti-diuretic hormone) that
regulates how much water is in your body. This gland also secretes a second
hormone, called oxytocin, that aids in childbirth (parturition) and stimulates
the release of milk from a nursing mother.
Pineal Gland
Your pineal gland is in your brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin, which
plays a role in your sleep-wake cycle.
Thyroid
Your thyroid glands, located on either side of your throat, secrete two
hormones called thyroxine and triodothyronine. These hormones play a role in
metabolism, body temperature, cell growth, and cell differentiation.
Parathyroid
The parathyroid glands are tiny glands located at the back of your thyroid
glands. They secrete parathyroid hormone which regulates your bodys levels
of calcium, an important chemical that maintains the proper functioning of
cells, and builds muscles and bones.
Adrenals
There are two adrenal glands, one located above each kidney. The adrenal
glands are composed of two layers, an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The
cortex of the adrenal gland produces the hormones cortisol and aldosterone.
Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex when your body undergoes stress
or exercise, and it aids in metabolism. Aldosterone regulates the levels of
sodium in the body and this sodium in turn influences the amount of water in
the body.

 The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine,

which are also called adrenaline and noradrenaline. The primary hormone
released during excitement or stress is epinephrine. This release is commonly
known as an adrenaline rush and is an important part of your fight-or-flight
response.
Pancreas
Your pancreas is connected to your small intestine where it secretes digestive
juices to help break down foods. Its endocrine function is to control blood
sugar levels by releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in
opposition to one another. Insulin transports glucose from your bloodstream
into your cells to feed them, thereby decreasing blood sugar levels. Glucagon,
on the other hand, causes stored glucose from your cells and the liver to be
released back into your bloodstream, raising your blood sugar levels.
Gonads
The gonads refer to your reproductive organs. Male gonads are known as
testes and female gonads are called ovaries. The testes secrete a hormone
called testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm and secondary
male sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial and body hair.
Testosterone also helps build muscle.
The ovaries secrete several hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen stimulates the maturation of eggs that reside in the ovaries. Together,
estrogen and progesterone regulate breast development during puberty and the
menstrual cycle.
Thymus
Your thymus is located just behind your breastbone and secretes thymosins,
which help to regulate immune function.

C. Illustration

D. Different diseases
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough
thyroid hormone to meet the bodys needs. Without enough thyroid hormone,
many of the bodys functions slow down.
Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid gland and starts when the cells in the
thyroid begin to change, grow uncontrollably, and eventually form a tumor.
There are two types of tumors: benign (noncancerous) and malignant
(cancerous, meaning that it can spread to other parts of the body).
Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when
blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of
energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary
source of glucose. In adults and children older than 10 years, hypoglycemia is
uncommon except as a side effect of diabetes treatment.

 Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food
you eat. Chemicals in your digestive system break the food parts down into
sugars and acids, your body's fuel. A metabolic disorder occurs when
abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt this process. When this
happens, you might have too much of some substances or too little of other
ones that you need to stay healthy. You can develop a metabolic disorder when
some organs, such as your liver or pancreas, become diseased or do not
function normally. Diabetes is an example.

E. Proper Care
1. Take a bath or wash the body organs often to remove bacteria and dirt in the
skin.
2. Eat the right kinds of food or nutritious foods to secret enough hormones
needed by our body.
3. Avoid eating too much sweet foods and fatty foods. Sweet foods may
possibly increase the sugar level in the blood. Fatty foods cause the body to store
too much fats/cholesterol which may inhibit the cells to utilize the sugar in the
blood.
4. Drink plenty of liquids specially water to keeps the body fluids in proper
circulation.
5.

Enough rest and sleep in order to repair damaged cells and tissues.

6. Exercise regularly to improve blood circulation and to make our body

healthy and strong.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A-B. Parts of the system and its function
The main function of the epidermis, which is the outermost part of the skin, protects
innercells from contamitants and germs. It also has water-proof function. The cell
that produces melanin which determines the color of skin is placed in the innermost
of the epidermis. The dermis plays lots of roles in the body. First of all, it has sweat
glands which produces sweat and excretes wastes from body. Perspiration also
makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the body. And the dermis produces
elastin fibers and collagen which make skin more resistant to distortion and traction.
So the dermis supports the whole skin in the body. Furthermore, many sensory
receiptors, which receive informations from outer environment and enable the body
to react swiftly to damages, are placed in the dermis. Unlike the epidermis which

doesn't have blood vessels, the dermis can get nutritions directly from its blood
vessels, and produce energy for the epidermis. The innermost part of skin is the
hypodermis. For fatty tissues exists in this layer, the main function of it is to
insulate and conserve heat. Also the fatty tissues in it provides extra protection from
physical impacts.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases
Dermatitis
Dermatitis describes a variety of conditions that cause inflammation of the skin.
Merck.com, an online medical library, says seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic
inflammation that appears in infants and elderly people. Symptoms of seborrheic
dermatitis present as yellow, greasy scales on the scalp that creates a crusted scalp

rash known as cradle cap. Atopic dermatitis presents as chronic inflammation that
itches and develops into red, crusted rashes.
Impetigo
Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by group A streptococcus or
staphylococcus aureus. An infection occurs when the skin barrier is broken and
bacteria get into the skin. Skin that's irritated from conditions such as poison ivy
and eczema provide a favorable breeding environment for the bacteria. Blisters
appear first, followed by oozing and crusting. Impetigo is highly contagious and
spreads easily to other parts of the body or to another person.
Shingles
Shingles is a skin rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that
causes chickenpox. Anyone who has had chicken pox has the varicella-zoster virus
resident in the body. It may remain dormant indefinitely, or it may reactivate. The
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke says that upon reactivation,
the virus moves to the nerve fibers supplying the skin. Symptoms include itching,
numbness or burning pain. About a week after the initial symptoms, the shingles
rash appears as fluid-filled blisters.
Rosacea
Rosacea is a chronic skin disorder that primarily affects the facial skin. The
National Rosacea Society says facial flushing is an early sign of rosacea. The
redness is intermittent. Other symptoms of rosacea include a persistent redness that
appears like permanent sunburn, small red pimples that burn and small visible blood
vessels. Secondary symptoms include dry facial skin, skin thickening--especially on
the nose--facial swelling and raised red patches.
Psoriasis
Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, is not contagious. Of the five types of
psoriasis--plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular and erythrodermic--the most common is

plaque psoriases. Symptoms include raised red lesions covered with dead skin cells.
The most common age for onset of psoriasis is between 15 and 35.

E. Proper Care
As people age, dramatic changes take place in the integumentary system. The
epidermis thins as basal cells divide less and less. The dermis also thins and its
elastic fibers decrease in size. As a result, the skin becomes weaker and starts to
sag, forming wrinkles. Melanocytes decrease production of melanin, and the skin
becomes pale and hair turns white. Sebaceous glands also decrease production of
sebum, causing the skin to become dry and scaly. Blood supply to the skin is
reduced and body temperature cannot be regulated as well. Finally, the skin takes
longer and longer to repair itself.
Although there is no way to avoid aging of the skin, there are ways to decrease the
effects of aging. The loss of elasticity in the skin is speeded up by sunlight. The skin
should be shielded from the Sun through the use of sunscreens, sunblocks, and
protective clothing. Sunburns are never healthy and should always be avoided. This
will also help reduce the risk of skin cancer.
As in all other body systems, the following play a part in keeping the integumentary
system operating at peak efficiency: proper nutrition, healthy amounts of goodquality drinking water, adequate rest, regular exercise, and stress reduction. Hair
loss and graying are both genetically controlled, but stress can add to both
conditions. Exercise and relaxation techniques are proven ways to reduce stress.
Proper daily cleansing of the skin is highly recommended. However, harsh
detergents and scrubbing will not make the skin cleaner. In fact, they can injure the
skin and cause excessive drying. Greater benefits can be gained by cleaning the skin
with gentle soaps or lotions, then applying an appropriate moisturizer to all areas of
the body.

FEEDBACKS

GLOSSARY
Digestive System - is a group of organs working together to convert
food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.
Dermatitis describes a variety of conditions that cause inflammation
of the skin.
All bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact, or dense,
tissue and spongy tissue
Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by group A streptococcus
or staphylococcus aureus.
gonads refer to your reproductive organs

 Integumentary System - is the organ system that protects the body

from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from
outside.
Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, is not contagious.
epidermis, which is the outermost part of the skin
Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from
the food you eat.
Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens
and the seminal vesicles
Excretory System - regulate the chemical composition of body fluids
by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of
water, salts, and nutrients.
Skeletal System - gives the body its basic framework, providing
structure, protection, and movement.
Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains
the higher governing centers.
Heart pumps the blood
Integumentary System is all about skin.

REFERENCES

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