Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdinia, B., Mohammad, A.R., dan Shahram, A.O. 2014. Etiology and antimicrobial
resistance patterns of acute bacterial meningitis in children: A 10-year referral
hospital-based study in northwest Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J., hal. 1-4
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166102/pdf/ircmj-16- 17616
.pdf, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Ademoye, L., Sutherland, A., Srikumar, R., dan Poole, K. 2002. The MexR repressor
of the mexAB-oprM multidrug efflux operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
characterization of mutations compromising activity. Journal of Bacteriology,
hal. 4308-4312 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135222/pdf/
1452.pdf, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Afifi dkk. 2007. Laboratory based surveillance of patients with bacterial meningitis in
Egypt (1998-2004). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infection
Disease, (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-007-0280-x, Di
akses 6 Oktober 2014)
Alam, A. 2011. Kejadian Meningitis Bakterialis pada Angka usia 6-18 bulan yang
Menderita Kejang Demam Pertama. Sari Pediatri, (http://saripediatri.idai.
or.id/fulltext.asp?q=781, Diakses 15 September 2014)
Alekshun, M.N., dan Levy, S.B. 1997. Regulation of chromosomally mediated
multiple antibiotic resistance: the mar regulon. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, hal. 2067-2075 (http://aac.asm.org/content/41/10/2067.long
Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Anita, N. 2010. Hubungan Antara Tingkat Kesadaran dengan Angka Kematian Pada
Penderita Meningitis Bakteri Akut di RSU Haji. Tesis pada jurusan
Kedokteran Umum UMM yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal.1
Bareja, R., Shinu, P., Rajesh, K.S., Prem, S.G., dan Varsha, A.S. 2013. Trends in
bacterial etiology amongst cases of meningitis. J. Acad. Indus. Res., hal. 761765 (http://www.jairjp.com/MAY%202013/07%20RAJESH.pdf, Diakses 31
Desember 2014)
Borg dkk. 2009. Prevalence of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive
streptococcus pneumoniae isolates reported by laboratories in the southern
and eastern Mediterranean region. Clinical Microbiology, (http://online
library.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02651.x/pdf, Diakses 6
Oktober 2014)
63
Brooks, G.F., J.S. Butel, dan S.A. Morse. 2007. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Jawetz,
Melnick, dan Adelberg (edisi ke-23). TerjemahanOleh: Hartanto, H. dkk.
EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 3-5, 22, 39, 163-167
Brouwer, M.C., A.R. Tunkel, dan D.V. Beek. 2010. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and
Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Clinical
Mikrobiology Reviews, hal. 475 (http://cmr.asm.org/content/23/3/467.full.
pdf, Diakses 15 September 2014)
Byarugaba, D.K. 2009. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer Science,
hal. 19-25 (http://www.springer.com/978-0-387-89369-3, Diakses 1 Januari
2015)
CDC. 2014. Bacterial Meningitis. (http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html.
Diakses 5 Agustus 2014)
Chambers, H.F. 2012. Senyawa Antimikroba. Dalam: Hardman, J. G. (editor).
Goodman dan Gilman Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. Edisi ke 10. EGC, Jakarta,
Indonesia, hal.1117-1133
Chambers, H.F. 2012. Antibiotik Beta-Laktam dan Antibiotik Lain yang Aktif di
Dinding dan Membran Sel. Dalam: Katzung, B.G(editor). Farmakologi Dasar
dan Klinik. Edisi ke 10. EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal.748-749, 756-760, 768793
Chandra, C., H. Samadin, dan S. Nita. 2014. Pola Bakteri dan Resistensi terhadap
Antibiotik pada Pasien Meningitis di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FK
Unsri RSMH Palembang Pada Tahun 2012. Skripsi Jurusan Kedokteran Unsri
yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 50-59
Chaudhary, U., Madhu, S., dan Aparama, Y. 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns of common and unusual Enterococcus species isolated from clinical
specimens. J. Infect. Dis. Antimicrob. Agents., hal. 55-62 (http://www.idthai
.org/Publication/pdf/Vol24-2/Ch2-V24-2.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Chong, H.T. dan Tan, C.T. 2005. Epidemiology of central nervous system infections
in Asia, recent trends. Neurol. Asia, hal. 7-11
Chugh, Y., Kapoor, A.K., Kastury, N., Srivastava, A.K., Bhargava, A., dan Sharma,
A. 2011. Study of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of gram positive CSF
isolates among children seuffering from septic meningitis in a tertiary care
hospital. Journal Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, hal. 274-281 (http://
medind.nic.in/jac/t11/i4/jact11i4p274.pdf, Diakses 31 Desember 2014)
64
Dini, N.Z. 2009. Prevalensi Meningitis pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit
Umum Pusat Fatmawati Jakarta pada Bulan Agustus 2006 sampai Juli 2009.
Skripsi pada Jurusan Kedokteran Umum yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 47-48
Drlica, K., Hiasa, H., Kerns, R., Malik, M., Mustaev, A., dan Zhao, X. 2009.
Quinolones: action and resistance updated.Curr. Top. Med. Chem, hal. 981998 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182077/pdf /CTMC-9981.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Dzidic, S., J. Suskovic, dan B. Kos. 2007. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism in
Bacteria: Biochemical and Genetic Aspects (http//:hrcak.srce.hr/file/34842
Diakses 5 Agustus 2014)
Faraq, H.F.M., M.M Abdel-Fattah, dan A.M. Youssri. 2005. Epidemiological,
clinical, and prognostic profile of acute bacterial meningitis among children
in Alexandria, Egypt. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, hal. 95-96
(http://medind.nic.in/iau/t05/i2/iaut05i2p95.pdf, Diakses: 15 September 2014)
Geiseler dkk. 1980. Community-Acquired Purulent meningitis: a review of 1,316
cases during the Antibiotic Era 1954-1976. Review Infection Disease, hal.
725-745
Girlich, D., Naas, T., dan Nordmann, P. 2004. Biochemical characterization of the
naturally occurring oxacillinase OXA-50 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, hal. 2043-2048 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC415580/pdf/0809-03.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Hadi, U. 2006. Resistensi Antibiotik. Dalam: Sudoyo, A.W. dkk (editor). Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi ke IV, Jilid III. Pusat Penerbit Departemen Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 2901
Hentrichfreise, B., Wiegand, I., Pfister, W., dan Wierdemann, B. 2007. Resistance
mechanisms of multiresistant Pseuodomonas aeruginosa strains from
Germany and correlations with hypermutation. Antimicrob. Agents.
Chemother, hal. 4062-4070 (http://aac.asm.org/content/51/11/4062.full.pdf
+html, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Higgins, P.G., Fluit, A.C., Milatovic, D., Verhoef, J., dan Schmitz,
F.J.2003.Mutations in GyrsA, ParC, MexR and NfxB in clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, hal. 409-413 (http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727072, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
65
Jacoby, G.A. 2005. Mechanisme of resistance to quinolones. Clin. Infect. Dis, hal.
120-126
(http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/Supplement2/S120.long,
Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Juhi, T., Mishra, B., Thakur, A., Loomba, P., dan Dogra, V. 2009. Pseuodomonas
aeruginosa meningitis in post neurosurgical patients. Neurology Asia, hal. 95100 (http://www.neurology-asia.org/articles/20092_095.pdf, Diakses 1
Januari 2015)
Khan, G.J., Fauzia T., dan Nadeem R. 2013. Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility
profile of bacteria isolated from patient with meningitis. Global Advanced
Research Journals, hal. 155-162 (http://garj.org/garjmms/pdf/2013/july/khan
%20et%20al..pdf, Diakses 31 Desember 2014)
Kong dkk. 2005. Characterization of poxB, a chromosomal-encoded Pseudomonas
aeruginosa oxacillinase.Gene, hal. 82-92 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/16120476, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Kong dkk. 2005. Characterization of poxB, a chromosomal-encoded Pseudomonas
aeruginosa oxacillinase. Gene, hal. 82-92 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub
med/16120476, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
LA, A., I. Sackey, dan K. Bright. 2014. Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis in
Pediatric Patients and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern at Komfo Anokye
Teaching Hospital, Kumasi. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological
and Chemical Sciences, hal. 11 (http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2014_5(2)/
[2].pdf, Diakses: 15 September 2014)
Lalitha, M. K. 2005. Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Indian
Association of Medical Microbiologist , hal. 6-14
Lodge, J.M., Minchin, S.D., Piddock, I.J., dan Busby, J.W. 1990. Cloning,
sequencing and analysis of the structural gene and regulatory region of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal AmpC -lactamase. Biochem. J., hal.
627-631(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149754/pdf/bioche
mj00169-0069.pdf, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Lowy, F.D. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus
aureus.The Journal of Clinical Investigation, hal. 1266-1268 (http://www.
jci.org/articles/view/18535, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Manikal, V.M., Landman, D., Saurina, G., Oydna, E., Lal, H., dan Quale, J. 2000.
Endemic carbapenem-resistant Acinatobacter species in Brooklyn, New York:
Citywide prevalence, inter-institutional spread and relation to antibiotic usage.
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68
69
70
Hasil Kultur
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
S.saprophyticus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
E.coli
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
A. calcoaceticus
S.viridans
A. calcoaceticus
S.viridans
S.aureus
P.aeruginosa
E.faecalis
S.aureus
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
K.ozaenae
P
0
0
17
0
R
R
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R
AP
0 R
0 R
20 S
0 R
14
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16
15
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26
28
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12
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18
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20
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38
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0
35
18
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S
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CTX
0 R
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21 I
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0 R
20 I
0 R
0 R
30 S
25 S
30 S
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
18 I
0 R
30 S
0 R
32 S
10 R
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22 I
33 S
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30 S
22 I
20 I
0 R
CRO
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0 R
16 I
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17 I
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25 S
26 S
25 S
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18 I
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16 I
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28 S
15 I
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32 S
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0 R
16 I
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802468
793996
801388
803038
803735
803074
797697
770571
806524
806534
806695
806391
807426
808394
P.aeruginosa
P.aeruginosa
S.bovis
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
E.coli
E.coli
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
E.faecalis
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
S.aureus
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S. aureus
Bacillus sp.
E. aerogenes
E. coli
S. epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
E.faecalis
E.faecalis
E.cloacae
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
S.viridans
S.viridans
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
22
16
10
26
0
14
0
0
0
10
14
36
S
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809415
809157
80 9736
810739
810738
809415
812421
779155
811701
814077
813526
814093
809459
811878
813773
815078
816963
817455
820045
820037
821665
823651
823547
824145
822170
826330
826291
826598
823032
821795
825369
827653
828122
829407
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
A.calcoaceticus
S.ratti
P.aeruginosa
K.pneumoniae
P.aeruginosa
P.aeruginosa
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
A.calcoaceticus
E.cloacae
A.calcoaceticus
P.aeruginosa
A.calcoaceticus
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
E.coli
A.calcoaceticus
P.aeruginosa
K.pneumoniae
E.aerogenes
S.epidermidis
E.aerogenes
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
32
15
S
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32
15
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38
38
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26
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R
S
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15
19
20
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14
17
21
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27
0
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10
0
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30
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24
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0
22
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9
20
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23
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17
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25
R 22
0
0
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32 S
R 0 R
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0
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35
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32
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0 R 20 S 29 S 28 S
26 S 12 R 38 S 26 S
S 0 R 0 R 0 R 24 S
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S
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30
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17
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75
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21
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20
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R
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76
MEM
LEV
SCF
CAZ
17
0
0
R
R
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R
I
R
R
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28
R
R
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FEB
SAM
AZM
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77
0
24
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S
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32
R
S
19
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31
25
13
13
32
24
20
23
20
16
20
17
15
25
28
20
11
15
16
22
16
12
78
20
13
19
26
32
32
S
S
S
34
12
36
S
R
S
15
26
14
I
S
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0
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R
R
S
13
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R
S
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R
R
R
14
12
17
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R
S
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26
20
R
S
S
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86