You are on page 1of 25

62

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdinia, B., Mohammad, A.R., dan Shahram, A.O. 2014. Etiology and antimicrobial
resistance patterns of acute bacterial meningitis in children: A 10-year referral
hospital-based study in northwest Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J., hal. 1-4
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166102/pdf/ircmj-16- 17616
.pdf, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Ademoye, L., Sutherland, A., Srikumar, R., dan Poole, K. 2002. The MexR repressor
of the mexAB-oprM multidrug efflux operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa:
characterization of mutations compromising activity. Journal of Bacteriology,
hal. 4308-4312 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC135222/pdf/
1452.pdf, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Afifi dkk. 2007. Laboratory based surveillance of patients with bacterial meningitis in
Egypt (1998-2004). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology Infection
Disease, (http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10096-007-0280-x, Di
akses 6 Oktober 2014)
Alam, A. 2011. Kejadian Meningitis Bakterialis pada Angka usia 6-18 bulan yang
Menderita Kejang Demam Pertama. Sari Pediatri, (http://saripediatri.idai.
or.id/fulltext.asp?q=781, Diakses 15 September 2014)
Alekshun, M.N., dan Levy, S.B. 1997. Regulation of chromosomally mediated
multiple antibiotic resistance: the mar regulon. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, hal. 2067-2075 (http://aac.asm.org/content/41/10/2067.long
Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Anita, N. 2010. Hubungan Antara Tingkat Kesadaran dengan Angka Kematian Pada
Penderita Meningitis Bakteri Akut di RSU Haji. Tesis pada jurusan
Kedokteran Umum UMM yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal.1
Bareja, R., Shinu, P., Rajesh, K.S., Prem, S.G., dan Varsha, A.S. 2013. Trends in
bacterial etiology amongst cases of meningitis. J. Acad. Indus. Res., hal. 761765 (http://www.jairjp.com/MAY%202013/07%20RAJESH.pdf, Diakses 31
Desember 2014)
Borg dkk. 2009. Prevalence of penicillin and erythromycin resistance among invasive
streptococcus pneumoniae isolates reported by laboratories in the southern
and eastern Mediterranean region. Clinical Microbiology, (http://online
library.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02651.x/pdf, Diakses 6
Oktober 2014)

63

Brooks, G.F., J.S. Butel, dan S.A. Morse. 2007. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Jawetz,
Melnick, dan Adelberg (edisi ke-23). TerjemahanOleh: Hartanto, H. dkk.
EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 3-5, 22, 39, 163-167
Brouwer, M.C., A.R. Tunkel, dan D.V. Beek. 2010. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and
Antimicrobial Treatment of Acute Bacterial Meningitis. Clinical
Mikrobiology Reviews, hal. 475 (http://cmr.asm.org/content/23/3/467.full.
pdf, Diakses 15 September 2014)
Byarugaba, D.K. 2009. Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance. Springer Science,
hal. 19-25 (http://www.springer.com/978-0-387-89369-3, Diakses 1 Januari
2015)
CDC. 2014. Bacterial Meningitis. (http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/bacterial.html.
Diakses 5 Agustus 2014)
Chambers, H.F. 2012. Senyawa Antimikroba. Dalam: Hardman, J. G. (editor).
Goodman dan Gilman Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. Edisi ke 10. EGC, Jakarta,
Indonesia, hal.1117-1133
Chambers, H.F. 2012. Antibiotik Beta-Laktam dan Antibiotik Lain yang Aktif di
Dinding dan Membran Sel. Dalam: Katzung, B.G(editor). Farmakologi Dasar
dan Klinik. Edisi ke 10. EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal.748-749, 756-760, 768793
Chandra, C., H. Samadin, dan S. Nita. 2014. Pola Bakteri dan Resistensi terhadap
Antibiotik pada Pasien Meningitis di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FK
Unsri RSMH Palembang Pada Tahun 2012. Skripsi Jurusan Kedokteran Unsri
yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 50-59
Chaudhary, U., Madhu, S., dan Aparama, Y. 2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility
patterns of common and unusual Enterococcus species isolated from clinical
specimens. J. Infect. Dis. Antimicrob. Agents., hal. 55-62 (http://www.idthai
.org/Publication/pdf/Vol24-2/Ch2-V24-2.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Chong, H.T. dan Tan, C.T. 2005. Epidemiology of central nervous system infections
in Asia, recent trends. Neurol. Asia, hal. 7-11
Chugh, Y., Kapoor, A.K., Kastury, N., Srivastava, A.K., Bhargava, A., dan Sharma,
A. 2011. Study of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of gram positive CSF
isolates among children seuffering from septic meningitis in a tertiary care
hospital. Journal Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine, hal. 274-281 (http://
medind.nic.in/jac/t11/i4/jact11i4p274.pdf, Diakses 31 Desember 2014)

64

Dini, N.Z. 2009. Prevalensi Meningitis pada Pasien Rawat Inap di Rumah Sakit
Umum Pusat Fatmawati Jakarta pada Bulan Agustus 2006 sampai Juli 2009.
Skripsi pada Jurusan Kedokteran Umum yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 47-48
Drlica, K., Hiasa, H., Kerns, R., Malik, M., Mustaev, A., dan Zhao, X. 2009.
Quinolones: action and resistance updated.Curr. Top. Med. Chem, hal. 981998 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182077/pdf /CTMC-9981.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Dzidic, S., J. Suskovic, dan B. Kos. 2007. Antibiotic Resistance Mechanism in
Bacteria: Biochemical and Genetic Aspects (http//:hrcak.srce.hr/file/34842
Diakses 5 Agustus 2014)
Faraq, H.F.M., M.M Abdel-Fattah, dan A.M. Youssri. 2005. Epidemiological,
clinical, and prognostic profile of acute bacterial meningitis among children
in Alexandria, Egypt. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, hal. 95-96
(http://medind.nic.in/iau/t05/i2/iaut05i2p95.pdf, Diakses: 15 September 2014)
Geiseler dkk. 1980. Community-Acquired Purulent meningitis: a review of 1,316
cases during the Antibiotic Era 1954-1976. Review Infection Disease, hal.
725-745
Girlich, D., Naas, T., dan Nordmann, P. 2004. Biochemical characterization of the
naturally occurring oxacillinase OXA-50 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, hal. 2043-2048 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC415580/pdf/0809-03.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Hadi, U. 2006. Resistensi Antibiotik. Dalam: Sudoyo, A.W. dkk (editor). Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Edisi ke IV, Jilid III. Pusat Penerbit Departemen Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 2901
Hentrichfreise, B., Wiegand, I., Pfister, W., dan Wierdemann, B. 2007. Resistance
mechanisms of multiresistant Pseuodomonas aeruginosa strains from
Germany and correlations with hypermutation. Antimicrob. Agents.
Chemother, hal. 4062-4070 (http://aac.asm.org/content/51/11/4062.full.pdf
+html, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Higgins, P.G., Fluit, A.C., Milatovic, D., Verhoef, J., dan Schmitz,
F.J.2003.Mutations in GyrsA, ParC, MexR and NfxB in clinical isolates of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, hal. 409-413 (http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727072, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)

65

Jacoby, G.A. 2005. Mechanisme of resistance to quinolones. Clin. Infect. Dis, hal.
120-126
(http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/41/Supplement2/S120.long,
Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Juhi, T., Mishra, B., Thakur, A., Loomba, P., dan Dogra, V. 2009. Pseuodomonas
aeruginosa meningitis in post neurosurgical patients. Neurology Asia, hal. 95100 (http://www.neurology-asia.org/articles/20092_095.pdf, Diakses 1
Januari 2015)
Khan, G.J., Fauzia T., dan Nadeem R. 2013. Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility
profile of bacteria isolated from patient with meningitis. Global Advanced
Research Journals, hal. 155-162 (http://garj.org/garjmms/pdf/2013/july/khan
%20et%20al..pdf, Diakses 31 Desember 2014)
Kong dkk. 2005. Characterization of poxB, a chromosomal-encoded Pseudomonas
aeruginosa oxacillinase.Gene, hal. 82-92 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
pubmed/16120476, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Kong dkk. 2005. Characterization of poxB, a chromosomal-encoded Pseudomonas
aeruginosa oxacillinase. Gene, hal. 82-92 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub
med/16120476, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
LA, A., I. Sackey, dan K. Bright. 2014. Prevalence of Bacterial Meningitis in
Pediatric Patients and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern at Komfo Anokye
Teaching Hospital, Kumasi. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological
and Chemical Sciences, hal. 11 (http://www.rjpbcs.com/pdf/2014_5(2)/
[2].pdf, Diakses: 15 September 2014)
Lalitha, M. K. 2005. Manual on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Indian
Association of Medical Microbiologist , hal. 6-14
Lodge, J.M., Minchin, S.D., Piddock, I.J., dan Busby, J.W. 1990. Cloning,
sequencing and analysis of the structural gene and regulatory region of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal AmpC -lactamase. Biochem. J., hal.
627-631(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149754/pdf/bioche
mj00169-0069.pdf, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Lowy, F.D. 2003. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus
aureus.The Journal of Clinical Investigation, hal. 1266-1268 (http://www.
jci.org/articles/view/18535, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Manikal, V.M., Landman, D., Saurina, G., Oydna, E., Lal, H., dan Quale, J. 2000.
Endemic carbapenem-resistant Acinatobacter species in Brooklyn, New York:
Citywide prevalence, inter-institutional spread and relation to antibiotic usage.

66

Clin. Infect. Dis., hal.101-106 (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/1/101.


full.pdf+html, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Mengistu dkk. 2013. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
isolates in Namibia: implications for empirical antibiotic treatment of
meningitis. Journal Of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, hal. 1-10
(http://www.joppp.org/content/6/1/4, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Mims dkk. 1998. Medical Microbiology (2nd ed). London, Mosby, hal.25-7, 411-9
Mulu, A., Afework, K., dan Belay, T. 2005. Bacterial isolates from cerebrospinal
fluids and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Gondar University
Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health Dev., hal. 160-163
(http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhd/article/view/9986/2246,
Diakses
3
Januari 2015)
Murray, B.E. 1992. Beta-lactamase-producing enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents.
Chemother, hal. 2355-2359 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC
284334/pdf/aac00375-0029.pdf, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Petri, W.A. 2012. Senyawa Antimikroba: Penisilin,Sefalosporin, dan Antibiotik Beta
Laktam Lainnya. Dalam: Hardman, J. G. (editor). Goodman dan Gilman
Dasar Farmakologi Terapi. Edisi Ke 10. EGC, Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 1164
Pfeifer, Y., Cullik, A., dan Witte, W. 2010. Resistance to cephalosporins and
carbapenem in Gram negative bacterial pathogens. Int. J. Med. Microbiol, hal.
371-379(http://id.wustl.edu/images/PDF/GramnegativeresistanceInt
JMM2010.pdf Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Pomposiello, P.J., dan Demple, B. 2000. Identification of SoxS-regulated genes in
Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium. Journal of Bacteriology, hal. 23-29
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC94235/pdf/jb000023.pdf,
Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Poole, K. 2004. Resistance to -lactam antibiotics. Cell. Mol. Life. Scin, hal. 22002223 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15338052, Diakses 1 Januari
2015)
Poole, K. 2011. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: resistance to the max. frontiers in
microbiology, hal. 1-13 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128
976/pdf/fmicb-02-00065.pdf, Diakses 1 Januari 2015)
Prasetyo, T.U.W. 2009. Pola Resistensi Bakteri dalam Darah Terhadap
Kloramfenikol, Trimethoprim/Sulfametoksazol, dan Tetrasiklin di
Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia

67

(LMK FKUI) pada tahun 2001-2006. Skripsi Jurusan Kedokteran UI yang


tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 44
Quale, J., Bratu, S., Landman, D., dan Heddurshetti, R. 2003. Molecular
epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in Acinatobacter
baumannii endemic in New York City. Clin Infect Dis, hal. 214-220
(http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/37/2/214.full.pdf, Diakses 3 Januari
2015)
Quintiliani, R., dan Courvarlin, P. 1995. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial
agents. Dalam: Murray dkk. (editor). Manual of Clinical Microbiology. ASM
Press, Washingston, D.C, hal. 1308-1326
Rejiba, S., Aubry, A., Petifrere, S., Jarlier, V., dan Cambau, E. 2008. Contribution of
pare mutation and efflux to ciprofloxacin resistance in Pseudomonas
aeruginosa clinical isolates. J. Chemother, hal. 749-752 (http://www.maney
online.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1179/joc.2008.20.6.749, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Saglam, M., Y. Zer., dan I. Balci. 2013. Causative agents of bacterial
meningitis.African Journal of Microbiology Research, hal. 2221-2227 (http://
academicjournals.org/article/article1380125771_Saglam%20et%20al.pdf,
Diakses 31 Desember 2014)
Shaban, L., dan R. Siam. 2009. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of
bacterial meningitis in Egypt. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and
Antimicrobials, hal. 4-7 (http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/14760711-8-26.pdf, Diakses 15 September 2014)
Shaw, K.J., Rather, P.N., Have, R.S., dan Miller, G.M. 1993. Molecular genetics of
aminoglycoside resistance genes and familial relationships of the
aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Microbiol. Rev., hal. 138-163 (http://
mmbr.asm.org/content/57/1/138.long, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Shakibaie, M.R., Saied, A., dan Mohammad, H.S. 2012. Antibiotic resistance patterns
and extended-spectrum -lactamase production among Acinatobacter spp.
isolated from ann intensive care unit of a hospital in Kerman, Iran.
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, hal. 1-8 (http://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3415115/pdf/2047-2994-1-1.pdf, Diakses 3
Januari 2015)
Shiddiq, M.A.H. 2009. Pola Resistensi Bakteri dari Kultur Darah terhadap Golongan
Penisilin di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran

68

Universitas Indonesia (LMK-FKUI) tahun 2001-2006. Skripsi Jurusan


Kedokteran UI yang tidak dipublikasikan, hal. 56
Snell, R.S. 2011. Neuroanatomi Klinik: Sistem Ventrikular, Cairan Serebrospinal,
Serta Sawar Darah-Otak dan Sawar Darah-Cairan Serebrospinal. EGC,
Jakarta, Indonesia, hal. 469
Tacon, C.L., dan O. Flower. 2012. Diagnosis and Management of Bacterial
Meningitis in the Paediatric Population: A Review. Emergency Medicine
International , hal. 1 (http://www.hindawi.com/journals/emi/2012/320309/,
Diakses 5 Agustus 2014)
Tam dkk. 2010. Prevalence, resistance mechanisms, and susceptibility of multidrugresistant bloodstream isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob.
Agents. Chemother, hal. 1160-1164 (http://aac.asm.org/content/54/3/1160.
full.pdf +html, Diakses 2 Januari 2015)
Thomas V., R. Ahmed, dan Qasim. 2008. Cerebro Spinal Fluid Analysis in
Childhood Bacterial Menigitis. Oman Medical Journal (http://www.
omjournal.org/OriginalArticles/PDF/200801/Cerebro%20spinal%20Fluid%20
Analysis%20in%20Childhood%20Bacterial%20Meningitis.pdf, Diakses 6
Oktober 2014)
Todar, K. 2006. Textbook of bacteriology, (http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net
Diakses 15 September 2014)
Urban, C., Segal-Maurer, S., dan Rahal, J.J. 2003. Consideration in control and
treatment of nosocomial infections due to multidrug resistant Acinatobacter
baumannii. Clin Inf Dis, hal. 1268-1274 (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/ content
/36/10/1268.full.pdf+html, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Vandepitte, J. 2005. Prosedur Laboratorium Dasar Untuk Bakteriologi Klinis(edisi ke
2). TerjemahanOleh:L. Setiawan. Jakarta, Indonesia: EGC, hal. 25-28
Venkatesan, A., dan D.E. Griffin. 2009. Bacterial Infection. Dalam: Irani, David N.
(editor). Cerebrospinal Fluid In Clinical Practice. Sauders Elsevier,
Philadelphia, Amerika Serikat, hal. 167
Wang, H., Dzink-Fox, J.L., Chen, M. J., dan Levy, S.B. 2001. Genetic
characterization of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical Escherichia coli
strains from China: role of acrR mutations. Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy, hal. 1515-1521 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC90498/pdf/ac001515.pdf, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)

69

Webber, M.A., dan Piddock, L.J.V. 2001. Absence of mutations in marRAB or


soxRS in acrB-overexpressing fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical and
veterinary isolates of Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial Agents and
Cemotherapy, hal. 1550-1552 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles /PM
C90504/pdf/ac001550.pdf, Diakses 3 Januari 2015)
Weilders, C. 2002. mecA Gene is widely disseminated in Staphylococcus aureus
population. Journal of Clinical Microbiology
WHO. 2011. Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Meningitis caused by
Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus
influenzae (edisi ke 2). WHO press, Geneva, Switzerland, hal. 3, 23-27

70

Lampiran 1. Data Hasil Penelitian


No. ID
692980
694288
689095
694938
696790
698709
698738
698738
701031
698596
706517
708172
708172
706062
712406
712383
716525
721622
721622
680834
680834
734019
735141
735141
712888
740345
742318
740530
739931
745957
748956
747555
750207

Hasil Kultur
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
S.saprophyticus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
E.coli
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
A. calcoaceticus
S.viridans
A. calcoaceticus
S.viridans
S.aureus
P.aeruginosa
E.faecalis
S.aureus
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
A. calcoaceticus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.aureus
K.ozaenae

P
0
0
17
0

R
R
I
R

AP
0 R
0 R
20 S
0 R

14
0

R
R

16
15

I
I

26

28

15

22

0
12
0
0

R
R
R
R

0
20
0
0

R
S
R
R

18

20

0
28

R
S

0
28

R
S

15
0

I
R

20
0

S
R

20

20

0
38
18
10

R
S
I
R

0
35
18
15

R
S
S
I

CTX
0 R
0 R
21 I
0 R
0 R
20 I
0 R
0 R
30 S
25 S
30 S
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
0 R
18 I
0 R
30 S
0 R
32 S
10 R
0 R
0 R
22 I
33 S
0 R
0 R
30 S
22 I
20 I
0 R

CRO
0 R
0 R
16 I
0 R
0 R
17 I
0 R
0 R
25 S
26 S
25 S
0 R
R
0 R
0 R
18 I
0 R
16 I
R
R
R
28 S
15 I
0 R
0 R
23 S
32 S
0 R
0 R
38 S
22 S
20 I
0 R

NOR
0 R
0 R
0 R
0
10
0
0
14
28
30

R
R
R
R
I
S
S

15
36
28
0
0
20

R
R
R
R
R
S
R
S
R
S
R
R
I
S
S
R
R
S

28

0
0
0
20
22
38
0

AK
0 R
16 I
24 S
0 R
0 R
21 S
20 S
0 R
25 S
20 S
20 S
22
26
20
15
24
19
30
35
18
24
28
0
21
28
30
22
0

S
R
S
S
I
S
R
S
R
S
S
R
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
R

71

751558
751647
753677
756289
756727
758640
756684
725326
768489
768425
766527
776194
775545
779997
765761
793681
793669
795875
797406
799755
799445
797955
802468
793996
801388
803038
803735
803074
797697
770571
806524
806534
806695
806391
807426
808394

P.aeruginosa
P.aeruginosa
S.bovis
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
E.coli
E.coli
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
E.faecalis
P.aeruginosa
S.aureus
S.aureus
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S. aureus
Bacillus sp.
E. aerogenes
E. coli
S. epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
E.faecalis
E.faecalis
E.cloacae
E.faecalis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
S.viridans
S.viridans
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
S.aureus

22
16

10
26
0
14
0
0
0
10
14
36

S
R
I

R
S
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S

25
18

14
26
0
18
0
0
11
17
24
34

S
R
S

I
S
R
S
R
R
R
S
S
S

0
30

R
S

0
32

R
S

17
21

I
S

22
26

S
S

20
0

S
R

25
10

S
R

20
24
22
20
0
0

S
S
S
S
R
R

23
22
24
22
0
0

S
S
S
S
R
R

22
0
0
0
20
29
32
20
28
0
0
22
0
0
0
20
25
30
0
19
32

I
R
R
R
I
S
S
I
S
R
R
I
R
R
R
I
S
S
R
I
S

35
0
0
20
10
0
0
16
28
24
33
15
0
0

S
R
R
I
R
R
R
I
S
S
S
I
R
R

24
0

S
R

0
17
26
26
18

R
I
S
S
I

0
14
22
0
0

R
I
S
R
R

16
25
26
24
12
36
0
26
10

I
S
S
S
R
S
R
S
R

12

30
0

S
R

24
12

27
21
0

S
R
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
R

0
0
38

R
R
S

R
R
S
R
R

10
21
20
17
17
30
19

0
0
26
34

R
S
S
R
R
R
R
S
S

20
22
24
22
24
18
16
16
24

S
S
S
S
S
S
I
I
S

22

20

0
22

R
S

0
35

R
S

20
22

S
S

31
18
0
0

S
I
R
R

25

0
28

R
S

19
18
20
20

S
S
S
S

25
0

25
28
0

72

809415
809157
80 9736

810739
810738
809415
812421
779155
811701
814077
813526
814093
809459
811878
813773
815078
816963
817455
820045
820037
821665
823651
823547
824145
822170
826330
826291
826598
823032
821795
825369
827653
828122
829407

S.aureus
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa
A.calcoaceticus
S.ratti
P.aeruginosa
K.pneumoniae
P.aeruginosa
P.aeruginosa
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.aureus
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
A.calcoaceticus
E.cloacae
A.calcoaceticus
P.aeruginosa
A.calcoaceticus
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
E.coli
A.calcoaceticus
P.aeruginosa
K.pneumoniae
E.aerogenes
S.epidermidis
E.aerogenes
S.aureus
S.epidermidis
S.epidermidis
P.aeruginosa

32
15

S
I

32
15

S
I

38

38

0
11
0
19
0

R
R
R
I
R

0
15
13
19
0

R
I
R
S
R

0
15
0
10

R
I
R
R

0
16
0
12

R
I
R
R

0
0
0

R
R
R

0
0
0

R
R
R

24
26
10
0
36
11
10
26
0
0
0
20
30
0
0
24
0
0
0
0
21
0
16
14
0
0
10
0
0
16
0
0
0
13

S
S
R
R
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
I
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
I
R
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
R
R
R
R

22
22
14
0
33
13
20
28
0
0
0
15
26
0
0
32
0
0
0
0
20
0
16
15
0
10
10
0
0
12
0
0
0

S
S
I
R
S
R
I
S
R
R
R
I
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
I
R
I
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R

28
0
0
24
30
24
30
38
0
0

S
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
R
R

30
30
30

S
S
S

30
0
0
0

S
R
R
R

38
0
28
0
20

S
R
S
R
S

12
38
0
0

R
S
R
R

22
27
26
23
34
25
26
30
0
20
20
25
20
22
0
21
21
0
0
22
30
20
18
20
16
17
22
22
19
26
10
21
18
22

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
R
R
S
S
S
S
S
I
S
S
S
S
S
R
S
S
S

73

CN
0 R
0 R
22 S
0 R
0 R
6 R
0 R
0 R
26 S
15 S
20 S
0
0
25
0
0
20
0
17
0
15
26
0
0
21
23
15
0
28
30
25
0
22
0

R
R
S
R
R
S
R
S
R
S
S
R
R
S
S
S
R
S
S
S
R
S
R

E
0
0
28
0

R
R
S
R

DA
0 R
28 S
30 S
0 R

VA
20 S
17 S
20 S
20 S

AMC

0
22
26
23
22

20
22

S
S

30

24

26

S
20

0
0
0
0

R
R
R
R

0
0
20
0

R
R
S
R

18
19
15
0

24

17
36

I
S

0
0

R
R

0
24

R
S

0
25

R
S

0
25

R
S

15
17

S
S

0
30
0

20

20

S
0

0
38
22
30

R
S
I
S

27
22
30
26

S
S
S
S

19
30
28
25

20

S
S

CIP

S
S
R

30
25

20

TE

S
S

SXT

R 26 S 0 R
0 R 0
38 S
35 S
0 R 14 I 15 I 0 R 0 R
40 S
S 24 S 0 R 0 R 26 S 22 S
30 S
R
0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R

27
30

10

IPM
24 S
0 R
38 S

S
S
S
S

16

0 R
10 R
R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R
S 30 S 28 S 22 S 22 S 28 S
S
S 28 S 19 S 22 S 26 S 20 S
S
38 S
R 30 S 0 R 0 R 0 R 0 R
S
0 R
0 R
R 28 S 0 R 16 I 36 S 18 S
38 S
R 12 R 14 I 0 R 0 R 0 R
0 R
36 S
33

0
0

R 30 S
R 0 R

0
0
0

R 0 R 0 R 0 R
R 16 I 34 S 18 S
R 0 R 0 R 0 R

74

16
14
20
17
13
0
30
0
0
23
11
0
0
12
22
26
20
0
22
0
20
17
0
0
0
0
0
22
0
14
20
15
0
0
24
0

S
I
S
S
I
R
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
S
S
S
R
S
R
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
S
R
I
S
S
R
R
S
R

20
28

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
30
24
24

I
S

R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
S

0
29

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
26
0

R
S

R
R
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
R

15
19

20
24
16
14
17
21
19
20
16
14

27
0

S
R

14
16

I
I

10
0
0
0
0
20
30
20
0
28
24
0

R
S
R
R
R
R
R
I
S
I
R
S
S
R

0
22
0
0
0
0
0
30
36
12
0
19
20
10

R
S
R
R
R
R
R
S
S
R
R
S
S
R

9
20
19
16
12
18
20
23
19
15
17
20
18
25

R 22
0
0

0 R
32 S
R 0 R
R 0 R

0
0

R
R

0 R
R
R 28 S 14 I

S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

22
12

21

R
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S

28 S
28 S
0 R
0

0
0
24
0
26

0
27
32
0
28
16
26
26
24

0
0

S
R 27

0 R
30 S

35
32
R 32
R
S 30
16
32
R 19
S
S
R 20
S
I 30
S 38
S
S
38

R
R
R
R

S
S
S

0 R 20 S 29 S 28 S
26 S 12 R 38 S 26 S
S 0 R 0 R 0 R 24 S
S
S
S 0 R 18 I 36 S 0 R

S
S 38 S

24

R 22

R 30
26

S
S

30

0 R
36 S 26 S

17
0

75

0
0
0
10
0
26
0
0
20
30
21
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
14
0
22
19
10
20
21
13
0
0
0
0
0
20

R
R
R
R
R
S
R
R
S
S
S
R
R
S
R
R
R
R
I
R
S
S
R
S
S
I
R
R
R
R
R
S

0
11
36

32

24

S
20
16
10
0

10
30
30
0

R
S
S
R

15
12
30
0

I
R
S
R

24
30
19
20

S
S
S
S
0
0
0
23
0

0
0
0
26

R
R
R
S

0
10
0
30

20

R
R
R
S

21
22
20
19

18

S
S
S
S
R
R
R
R
R
S

14
10
0
20
0
0

24
0
0

S
R
R

24
0
30

S
R
S

20
19
22

S
S
S

0
0

R 10 R 0 R 0 R 0
R 34 S 0 R 19 S 31
38 S
S 11 R 0 R 22 S 30
I 30 S 20 S 0 R 30
R 34 S 12 I 24 S 24
R 0 R 26 S 0 R 28
30 S
20
38 S
38 S
38 S
R
0 R 0 R 0
R 25 S 27 S 20 S 30
R 12 R 24 S 0 R 0
S 29 S 0 R 25 S 0
R 15 I 0 R 0 R 0
15
30 S
0 R
30 S
I 30 S 0 R 0 R
R 28 S 0 R 20 S
R
0 R 18 I
S
0 R 23 S
R
32 S 0 R
30 S
R 26 S 28 S 12 R
0 R
23 S
R
0
R
0 R 0 R 0

R
S

0
0

R
R

S
S
S
S

0
10
0
26

R
R
R
S

R 0 R
S 18 S
R 0 R
R
R 0 R
R

R 25 S
R 0 R
R 0 R
R 0 R
R 10 R
R 22 S

R
R

76

MEM

LEV

SCF

CAZ

17

0
0

R
R

14

R
I

R
R

0
0

R
R

0
0

R
R

0
0

R
R

0
0

R
R

0
0

R
R

10

28
15

S
I

0
0

R
R

17
0

S
R

28

R
R

R
R

16
0

S
R

0
0

R
R

FEB

SAM

AZM

ZOX

77

0
24

R
S

0
32

R
S

19

19

24

31

25

13

13

32

24

20

23

20

16

20

17

15

25

28

20

11

15

16

22

16

12

78

20

13

19

26
32
32

S
S
S

34
12
36

S
R
S

15
26
14

I
S
I

0
0
26

R
R
S

13
0
24

I
R
S

0
0
0

R
R
R

14
12
17

I
R
S

0
26
20

R
S
S

Keterangan: R= Resistan, I= Intermediate, S= Sensitif, P= Penisilin G, AP= Ampisilin, CTX=


Sefotaktim, CRO= Seftriakson, IPM= Imipenem, AK= Amikasin, CN= Gentamisin, E= Eritromisin,
DA= Klindamisin, VA= Vankomisin, AMC= Amoksisilin klavulanat, NOR= Norfloksasin, SXT=
Ko-trimoksazol, TE= Tetrasiklin, CIP= Siprofloksasin, C= Kloramfenikol, MEM= Meropenem,
LEV= Levofloksasin, SCF= Sefoperazon/sulbaktam, CAZ= Sefazolin, FEB= Sefepim, SAM=
Ampisilin/sulbaktam, AZM= Azitromisin, ZOX= Seftizoksim.

79

Lampiran 2. Hasil Analisis Kepekaan Antibiotik Menggunakan WHONET


1. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Staphylococcus aureus

2. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Staphylococcus epidermidis

80

3. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Pseudomonas aeruginosa

4. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Acinatobacter calcoaceticus

81

5. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Enterococcus faecalis

6. Hasil Uji Kepekaan Escherichia coli

82

83

84

85

86

You might also like