03/23/2015

Ch. 7 Preschool
By age 2, 30 lbs, 3 ft
By age 6, 46 lbs, 46 in
In preschool, boys become heavier and taller
Obesity=more than 20 percent higher than the avg
Accidents are at greatest risk then
o Poison, falls, burns, drowning, suffocation, auto accidents
o Lead poisoning
Kids in poverty are more susceptible
Cognitive and social problems
Sources old paint, pollution
Brain grows at faster rate than the rest of the body
o Thicker corpus callosum
o Lateralization
Boys lateralization of language in left hemisphere
Girls language in both hemispheres
Increasing number of kids using antidepressants and stimulants
Significant gross motor skills development
Potty Training
o Brazelton

Flexible
Wait till child is ready
o Rosemond
Rigid approach
Quick, early
Fine motor skills
o Delicate, small movements
o Much practice
Preoperational thinking
o Symbolic thinking, mental reasoning, use of concets
o Use of operations at end of stage
Formal, organized, logical mental processes
o Symbolic function
Can use symbols, word, or object to represent
something not physically present
o Centration KEY ELEMENT AND LIMITATION
Inability to consider all available info about stimulus
o Conservation - limitation
Knowing that quantity is not related to arrangement
and physical appearance of objects
o Transformation incomplete understanding
Process in which one state is changed into another
Pencil falling example

Preop kids ignore middle steps

o Egocentrism
Dont understand that others see things from a different
physical and psychological perspective
o Intuitive thought emerges
Curiosity
Late stages
Functionality
o Actions and outcomes relate in fixed
patterns
Identity
o Certain things stay the same
o Helps in development of conservation
Vygotskys theory
o Cognition is result of social interactions and guided
participations
o Zone of proximal development
Level at which one can ALMOSt do something, but not
without assistance
o Scaffolding
Support for learning and growth
Encourages independence and growth
Language
o Syntax
Ways to combine words and phrases

 Doubles each month

o Fast mapping
Learning new words quickly
o Private speech
Talking to themselves
Media
o Should watch no tv until age 2
Childcare
o Early education
o Kids can be more competitive or agressive
o Head start
War on poverty 1960s
Chapter 8
Eriksons theory
o Initiative vs. guilt
Initiative
Desire to act with independence
Guilt
Guilt of unintended consequences shame, self
doubt
Self concept
o Too optimistic, overestimates abilities

o Collectivist orientation
Asian
Self and family are tied
Interdependence
o Individualistic orientation
Western
Gender Identity sense of being male or female
o Established by preschool years
o Biological
Genetic factors produce differences
o Psychoanalytic
Result of moving through series of stages related to
biological urges
o Social learning
Gender learned from observing others
o Cognitive
Gender forms from lens through which world is viewed
Gender schema
Cognitive framework organizes gender relevant
info
Social lives
o Friendship focused on shared activities
o Trust, support, shared interest

Play
o Functional play
Repetitive activites
Dolls, skipping, jump rope
o Constructive play
Manipulate to build things
o Parallel play
Similar toys, no interaction
o Onlooker play
Watch each other
o Solitary play
o Associative play
Interact, do not do the same thing
o Cooperative play
Theory of mind
o Explanation for how others think, why they act the way they
do
o Imagination, understand motive, begin to understand
beliefs
Parenting styles
o Authoritarian vs. authoritative
o Permissive indifferent
Uninvolved, no limits
o Permissive indulgent
Involved, no limits
Abuse
o Cycle of violence
Abused child = predisposition to be abusive adult
o Why?
Fussy, slow to adapt, anxious, bedwetters,
developmental delays
o Psychological maltreatment, harm psych. Functioning
neglect
o Permanent brain changes, small amygdala and hippocampus
o Resilience
Ability to overcome circumstances