Matrices

Definition. A size matrix is a rectangular array of real (or

complex) numbers arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns

11 12 1 1
21 22 2 2
..
=

1
2

..
[1 2 ]

(1)

j th column
We shall say that is by (written ). If = , we say that is
a square matrix of order and the numbers 11 , 22 , , are elements of
the main diagonal of . We refer to the , as , th element of and we
often write (1) as
= [ ].
1
1 1
1 2 3
1
4
Example 1. Let = [
], = [
], = [1], = [2 0
1 0 1
2 3
3 1
2
Then is a 2 3 matrix with
11 = 1
21 = 1

12 = 2 13 =3
22 = 0 23 =1;

is a 2 2 matrix with
11 = 1 12 = 4
21 = 2

22 = 3 ;

0
1].
2

 is a 3 1 matrix; is a 3 3 matrix. In , the elements 11 =

1, 22 = 0, 33 = 2 form the main diagonal.

Any 1 size matrix is called row-vector, any 1 size matrix is called

column-vector or simply are called a vector.
1
Example 2. = [1 2 1 0 ] is 4-vector and = [1] is 3-vector.
3
Definition. A square matrix = [ ] for which every term off the main
diagonal is zero, that is = 0 for , is called diagonal matrix.
Example 3.

4
=[
0

3 0 0
0
], = [ 0 2 0] are diagonal matrix.
1
0
0 4

Definition. A diagonal matrix = [ ] for which = for = and = 0

for , is called a scalar matrix.

Example 4.
1 0
I3 = [0 1
0 0

The following are scalar matrices: J = [

2 0
],
0 2

0
0] .
1

Definition. Two matrix = [ ] and = [ ] are said to be equal if

= , that is if corresponding elements are equal.

1 2 1
Example 5. The matrices: A = [2 3 4 ] and
0 4 5
equal if = 1, = 3, = 0 = 5.

1
B = [2

4 ] are

Definition. If = [ ] and = [ ] are matrices, then the sum of

and is the matrix = [ ] , defined by
= + .
That is, C is obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
Example 6. Let

=[
1+0
2+1

Then + = [

1 2 4
0 2 4
] and = [
].
2 1 3
1 3
1

2 + 2 4 + (4)
1 0
]=[
3 2
1+3
3+1

0
].
4

Definition. If = [ ] is matrix and is real number, then the scalar

multiple of

by , , is matrix = [ ], where = .

That is obtained by multiplying each element of by .

If = [ ] and = [ ] are matrices, we write + (1) as
and call this the difference of and .

Example 7. Let
Then = [

=[

22
43

2
4

2 1 3
3 5
] and = [
].
3
5 2
2
1

3+1 53
0
]=[
25
1+2
1

4 8
].
3
3

Definition. If = [ ] is matrix, then matrix = [ ], where

=
is called the transpose of .

Thus, the entries in each row of are the entries in the corresponding column
of .

Example 8. Let

= [3 5

4
4 2 0

=[
] then = [2
0 5 2
0

0
5 ],
2

]
1 then = [5].
1

Definition. If = [ ] is an matrix and = [ ] is matrix, then

the product of and , denoted , is the matrix = [ ], defined
by

= 1 1 + 2 2 + + = =1 .

j th column
11 12 . 1 11 12 1 1
11 1
21 22 2
21 22 2 2

..
..

=
1
2
..

..
..
[1 ]
[ 1 2 ] [1 2 ]

Example 9. Let

2 5
1 2 1
=[
] and = [ 4 3]. Then
3 1
4
2
1

2 5
1 2 1
= [
] [ 4 3] =
3 1
4
2
1
1 (2) + 2 4 + (1) 2 1 5 + 2 (3) + (1) 1 4 2
]
[
]=[
6 16
3 (2) + 1 4 + 4 2
3 5 + 1 (3) + 4 1

The Matrix Multiplication Is Not Commutative

Matrix multiplication is a noncommutative operationi.e., it is possible
for AB = BA, even when both products exist and have the same shape.

Example 10.

Let = [

1 2
2 1
2 3
] and = [
]. Then = [
] and
1 3
0 1
2 2

2 1 1 2
1 7
= [
][
]=[
].
0 1 1 3
1 3
Thus .