FUNGAL INFECTIONS

Fungal infection Treatment

Most common fungal

infections
Candidiasis- 1
It is caused by infection with species of the
genusCandida, predominantly
withCandida albican
:Types
a- Vaginal candidiasis
-:Presentation
1- Itching and irritation in the vaginal area.

1- Candidiasis
2-A burningsensation, especially during
intercourse or while urinating
3-Redness and swelling of the area
4-Vaginal pain and soreness
5-Thick, white, odor-free vaginal discharge with
a cottage cheese appearance
1-Treatment:
1- mild to moderate symptoms and infrequent
episodes of infection

Candidiasis
- one-to-three-day regimen of an antifungal cream,
ointment, tablet or suppository
-The medication of choice is azole antifungal
family:
butoconazole, clotrimazole ,miconazole and
terconazole .
The oil-based nature of these agents in cream
and suppository form can weaken latex condoms
and diaphragms
-Side effects :
A- slight burning or irritation during application

Candidiasis
B- Single-dose oral medication fluconazole (Diflucan) to
be taken by mouth.
2- Treatment for a complicated cases
a- Long-course vaginal therapy includes an azole
medication in the form of a vaginal cream, ointment,
tablet or suppository. The duration of treatment is
usually seven to 14 days.
b- Multidose oral medication instead of vaginal
therapy: two or three doses of fluconazole to be taken
by mouth.

***this therapy isn't recommended for pregnant

women.

Candidiasis
c- Maintenance therapy: For recurrent infections
- It starts after the initial treatment clears
infection
-It include:
I-fluconazole tablets taken by mouth once a week
for six months.
II- Clotrimazole as a vaginal tablet (suppository)
used once a week instead of an oral medication

Candidiasis
b- Oropharyngeal candidiasis

Presentation

I-Children and adults

a-Creamy white lesions on tongue, inner cheeks
andon the roof of mouth, gums and tonsils
b-Lesions with a cottage cheese-like appearance
c-Pain
d-Slight bleeding if the lesions are rubbed or
scraped

Candidiasis
e- Cracking and redness at the corners of the
mouth
f- Loss of taste

II- Infants and breast-feeding mothers

a- white mouth lesions
b- infants may have trouble feeding or and irritable.
c- Unusually red, sensitive or itchy nipples
d- Unusual pain during nursing or painful nipples
between feedings

Candidiasis
Treatment
A- For infants and nursing mothers
1- A mild topical antifungal medication for baby and
mother.
Example: miconazole
2- If baby uses a pacifier or feeds from a bottle, rinse
nipples
and pacifiers in a solution of equal parts water and vinegar
daily and allow them to air dry to prevent fungus growth.
3-If mother use a breast pump, rinse any of the detachable
parts that come incontactwith milk in a vinegar and water
solution.

Candidiasis
B- For healthy adults and children
1-Eating unsweetened yogurt
2-Taking acidophilus capsules or liquid

Yogurt and acidophilus don't destroy the fungus,

but they can help restore the normal bacterial flora
in the body.
3-If infection persists, Topical antifungal medication
can be used

Candidiasis
C- For adults with weakened immune systems
1-Antifungal medication ( lozenges, tablets or a
liquid that can be swish in mouth and then
swallow). Example: nystatin.
2-Amphotericin B that can be used when other
medications aren't effective.

Candidiasis
C- skin lesion
-Presentation:
1-itching
2- Red and growing skin rash. This rash with
discrete
borders
3- Rash usually appear on the skin
folds, genitals, middle of the body,
buttocks, and under the breasts

Candidiasis
-Treatment:
1-Topical azole antifungal: clotrimazole
(Canesten ), econazole (Pevaryl),
ketoconazole
( Nizoral), miconazole (Dactarin )
2-topical terbinafine (Lamisil )
3-Topical nystatin
4-Refractory cases: need systemic treatment
with azole ( fluconazole)

1. Candidiasis
D- Disseminated candidiasis:
This is frequently associated with multiple
deep
organ infections or may involve single
organ
infection.

2- Dermatophytoses
2-Dermatophytoses
a-tinea capitis : Superficial fungal infection of
the
skin of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes,
- Presentation
1-One or more round
patches ofscaly skin
2-Scaly, gray or reddened
areas

2- Dermatophytoses
3-Patches have small black dots where the
hair has broken off at the scalp
4-Tender or painful areas on the scalp
- Treatment:
1-Drug of choice : Systemic administration of
Griseofulvin
Recommend dose:
20-25 mg/kg/d for 6-8 weeks

2- Dermatophytoses
2-Topical treatment alone is not recommended
because it is ineffective
3-alternative systemic therapy:
ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and
fluconazole (itraconazole and terbinafine are
used
most commonly)

4-Selenium sulfide shampoo may reduce the

risk of
spreading the infection

2- Dermatophytoses
b-Tinea coropris ( ringworm infection of
the body )
it is a superficial dermatophyte on the on the
top layer of your skin (skin
regions other than the scalp,
groin, palms, and soles).

Presentation
1- A ring-shaped rash that is
itchy, red, scaly and slightly
raised.

2- Dermatophytoses
2- The rings usuallyflat scaly area on the skin,
which
may be red and itchy.

Treatment antifungal lotion or cream- 1

Topical therapy should be applied to the ***
lesion and at least 2 cm beyond this area
once or twice a day for at least 2 weeks

2- Dermatophytoses
, a- The topical azoles (econazole, ketoconazole
, clotrimazole, miconazole, oxiconazole
(sulconazole, sertaconazole
b-Luliconazole (Luzu) is an imidazole topical
cream approved by the FDA in November 2013
for
treatment tinea corporis
FDA approves luliconazole for treatment of tinea
corporis

2- Dermatophytoses
FDA recently approved the azole antifungal
luliconazole 1% cream the first topical azole
antifungal
agent with a 1-week (rather than 2-week), oncedaily
treatment regimen for the management of tinea
cruris
and tinea corporis in adults aged 18 years or older.
Luliconazole was also approved for the treatment of
interdigital tinea pedis in adults, a regimen that
requires a 2-week treatment period.

2- Dermatophytoses
Allylamines (eg, naftifine, terbinafine)-c
Severe cases need systemic therapy :- 2
griseofulvin, Systemic azoles (eg,
fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole)

c- Tinea pedis (athlete's foot )

It is a dermatophyte infection of
the soles of the feet and the
interdigital spaces

Athlete's foot

2- Dermatophytoses
It occurs most commonly in people whose feet
have become very sweaty while confined within
tight-fitting shoes.
- Presentation
1- Scaly rash that usually causes itching, stinging
and
burning.
2- Some cases: blisters or ulcers.
3- Some cases: chronic dryness and scaling on the
soles that extends up the sides of the feet

2- Dermatophytoses
- Treatment:

1- Topical treatment:
a- imidazole:clotrimazole, econazole, miconazole,
ketoconazole and luliconazole) "Luliconazole, an
imidazole topical cream, is applied once daily for
2
weeks "

b- Ciclopirox cream
c- terinafine and naftitine

2- Dermatophytoses
2-oral drugs in severe cases : Itraconazole,
Terbinafine, and fluconazole
3-Topical urea to decrease scaling.

3- Pityriasis versicolor
( Tinea versicolor)
- Presentation
- Hypopigmented or hyperpigmented
macules and
patches on the chest and the back.
The color of each lesion varies
from almost white to reddish
brown or fawn colored. A fine,
dustlike scale covers the lesions.
-

3- Pityriasis versicolor
( Tinea versicolor)
- Treatment:
1-Clotrimazole cream or lotion
2-Miconazole cream
3- Ketoconazole and Selenium sulfideshampoo
4- Terbinafine (Lamisil) cream or gel
- Instructions
A thin layer of the topical agent applied once or
twice
a day on affected area for at least two weeks.

4- Fungal nail infections

(onychomycosis)
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the
toenails or
fingernails.
Causes:
1-Most common cause is Dermatophytes ( Tinea
ungum )
2-Candida (yeasts )
3- molds

4- Fungal nail infections

(onychomycosis)
- Presentation:
There are different classifications
of nail fungus depending on type
of fungus and manifestation.
- Common symptoms:
1- A painful and erythematous area
around and underneath the nail
and nail bed
2- Nail thickening, ridging, discoloration, and
occasional nail loss

4- Fungal nail infections

(onychomycosis)
3-Infected nails may separate from the nail bed.
- Treatment :
1-Topical antifungal:
-Topical treatment used for mild to moderate cases
-Agents: Amorolfine (Loceryl), Ciclopirox
( Mycoster).
2-Oral medication:
Most effective treatments are terbinafine (Lamisil)
and itraconazole (Sporanox)

4- Fungal nail infections

(onychomycosis)
Oral medication recommended for:
1- DM patients
2- If patient has cellulitis or history of cellulitis
3- If patient has pain or discomfort from nail infection
These Drugs help growing a new nail free of
infection,
slowly replacing the infected portion of nail. these
medications will be taken for six to 12 weeks, and the
end
result of treatment seen after the nail grows back
completely (It may take four months or longer to
eliminate
-

4- Fungal nail infections

(onychomycosis)

To decrease the adverse effects and

duration of oral therapy, topical
treatments may be combined with oral
antifungal management

Most common fungal

infection s
5- Aspergillosis

- Commonly affects respiratory tract

- Invasive forms can affect heart, brain and skin
- Drug of choice: Voriconazole

6- Cryptococcosis
- Most common form: cryptococcal meningitis
Treatment : amphotericin B and flucytocine for 2
weeks then followed by fluconazole for 8 weeks
or
until culture is positive

Most common fungal

infection s
7-histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by
breathing in
spores of a fungus often found in bird and
bat
droppings

Antifungal Drugs
I-Azole family:
- M.O.A
-Inhibit sterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes,
this
lead to increase cell permeability and osmotic
pressure
- Drugs:
1-ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Systemic Ketoconazole
It has slow onset of action and need long duration of
therapy

1- ketoconazole
-

Off-label use :

1- Cushing syndrome :ketoconazole Inhibits

steroidogenes process through inhibiting P450
enzymes includes the first step in cortisol
synthesis, cholesterol side-chain cleavage, and
conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol
2- Dose Range : 600-800 mg/day PO

1- ketoconazole
Tablets are not recommended as first-line
treatment; should be used only when other
effective antifungal therapy is noteffective or
tolerated and the potential benefits are
considered to outweigh the potential of
hepatotoxicity
-: Usual dose range
200-400 mg/day PO

1- ketoconazole
Black Box Warnings
A-Hepatotoxicity has occurred with oral use,
including some fatalities or requiring liver
B-May cause QT prolongation
- Coadministration with dofetilide, quinidine,
pimozide, cisapride, methadone, disopyramide,
dronedarone, and ranolazine is contraindicated

1- ketoconazole
- Ketoconazole can cause elevated plasma
concentrations of these drugs (by CYP3A4
inhibition)
and may prolong QT intervals, sometimes
resulting in
life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias
such as
torsades de pointes

1- ketoconazole
Most common side effects:
Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea, constipation, andabdominal pain
Rare : hepatotoxicity:Drugs interaction
Enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin

Ketoconazole( nizoral) Potentially

Fatal Liver Injury, Risk of Drug
Interactions and Adrenal Gland
Problems
July 26, 2013
Audience: Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease.
ISSUE: FDA is taking several actionsrelated to Nizoral
(ketoconazole) oral tablets, including limiting the drugs use,
warning that it can cause severe liver injuries and adrenal gland
problems, and advising that it can lead to harmful drug
interactions with other medications. FDA has approved label
changes and added a new Medication Guide to address these
safety issues. As a result, Nizoral oral tablets should not be a
first-line treatment for any fungal infection.Nizoral should be
used for the treatment of certain fungal infections, known as
endemic mycoses, only when alternative antifungal therapies are
not available or tolerated.

1- Ketoconazole
Topical Ketoconazole
Indication and doseSeborheic Dermatitis-1
a-Foam:apply to affected area q12hr for 4 wk
b-Cream:apply q12hr for 4 wk or until clear
c-Shampoo:applytwice weekly for 4 wk with at
least 3 days between each shampoo

1- Ketoconazole
2-Tinea Versicolor
a-Shampoo: twice weekly for 4 wks allowing 3
days between shampoo
3-Tinea corporis, Tinea Cruris, Tinea pedis
Cream: Apply once daily to cover affected
area for 2
weeks (6 weeks for tinea pedis)

1- Ketoconazole
When combined with corticosteroid ,***
:ketoconazole is useful in treating
Atopic dermatitis, diaper rash, eczema, and
psoriasis

2-Fluconazole
(Diflucan)
It achieves good penetration into cerebrospinalfluid so can be used for treating fungal meningitis
It excreted largely in the urine and can be used for treating candiduria
-: Drugs interaction
Avoid concomitant use with cisapride and - 1
terfenadine
It increases level of phenytoin, warfarin,- 2
sulfonylurea and cyclosporine

2-Fluconazole
(Diflucan)
- Dose:
1-Oropharyngeal & esophageal candidiasis:
200mg , orally on first day then continue 100mg,
orally , daily
2-Vaginal candidiasis: 150mg as single dose
3-Cryptoccocal meningitis: 400mg, orally on day 1
then 200mg, orally daily
4-Candida UTI: 50-200mg, orally, qday

2-Fluconazole
(Diflucan)
CautionHepatotoxicity reported with use; use with- 1
caution in patients with hepatic impairment
When driving vehicles or operating- 2
, machines
it should be taken into account that
dizziness or
seizures may occasionally occur

3- Itraconazole
(Sporanex)
Need acid media for optimal absorptionIt is potent CYP4503A4 inhibitor Doses*
: OnychomycosisFingernails: pulse dose regimen: 200mg, twice-1
daily
for 1 week, repeat the course after 3 week off-time
toenails with or without fingernails involvement:-2
200mg , daily for 12 weeks

3- Itraconazole
(Sporanex)
Oral candidiasis: oral solution: 100-200 mg/day - 3
for at least 3 weeks, continued for 2 weeks after
symptom resolution
Drugs interaction:
- avoid co-administration with antacids, H2blockers
and proton pump inhibitors
- Containdicated with cisapride, dofetilide, ergot
derivatives, lovastatin, simvastatin, quinidine, and
triazolam

3- Itraconazole
(Sporanex)
Black Box Warning
Congestive heart failure-1
Negative inotropic effects reported with IV
administration; reassess therapy if signs or
symptoms of CHF occur during administration
Onychomycosis-2
Onychomycosis treatmentcontraindicated in
patients with ventricular dysfunction or
.history ofheart failure

3- Itraconazole
(Sporanex)
Caution
Discontinue if liver disease develops, and perform liver
function tests; readministration discouraged
Itraconazole is contraindicated for treating "
onychomycosis in pregnant or intend on
becoming
"pregnant
Most common side effects
Nausea -

4-Voriconazole (Vfend)
Broad spectrum antifungal and used in lifethreatening infection and refractory cases
: Dose
Esophageal candidiasis: 200mg, orally, q12hrs
Take oral form 1 hr before or after meal***
: Most common side effects
Visual changes (photophobia, color changes,
increased
or decreased visual acuity, or blurred vision occur
in
(21%

4-Voriconazole (Vfend)
Warning:
Avoid intense or prolonged exposure to direct
sunlight; in patients with photosensitivity skin
reactions, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
and melanoma have been reported during
longterm therapy

5- Posaconazole
licensed for treatment of invasive casesunresponsive to conventional therapy
Food increases oral availability so preferred to takethe dose with full meal
Most common side effectsnausea & headache
:Drugs interactions1-avoid concomitant use with cimetidine, phenytoin,
and rifbutin

5- Posaconazole
Coadministration with sirolimus; increases sirolimus - 2
blood concentrations
Dose
oropharyngeal candidiasis
-oral suspension: 100 mg , PO BID on Day 1, then 100
mg PO qDay for 13 days
-Refractory to itraconazole and/or fluconazole: 400 mg
PO BID; duration based on severity of disease and
response

Newly approved formulation

of Posaconazole
1-FDA hasapproved a new formulation of posaconazole (Noxafil,
Merck), The agency approved posaconazole 100-mg delayed-release
tablets, given as a loading dose of 300 mg (three 100-mg delayedrelease tablets) twice daily on the first day, followed by a once-daily
maintenance dose of 300 mg (three 100-mg delayed-release tablets)
on the second day of therapy. Merck also markets posaconazole (also
as Noxafil) in a 40 mg/mL oral suspension, which is dosed 3 times daily.
Posaconazole delayed-release tablets and oral suspension are indicated
for the prophylaxis of invasiveAspergillusandCandidainfections in
patients aged 13 years and older who are at high risk of developing
these infections because of being severely immunocompromised

Newly approved formulation

of Posaconazole
2-FDA has approved an intravenous (IV) formulation of the
posaconazole (Noxafil, Merck), according to the company.
Posaconazole injection is indicated in patientat least 18 years
of age, whereas the delayed-release tablets and oral suspension
are
indicated in patients aged 13 years and older. Posaconazole is
indicated for prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus andCandida
infections inpatient who are at high risk of developing these
infections because of being severely immunocompromised, such
as
hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with graft-vs-host
disease or those with hematologic malignancies with prolonged
neutropenia from chemotherapy.

6-Clotrimazole
(Canestin)
Indication
For fungal skin infection, vaginal candidiasis and otitis
externa
Dose
1-vaginal cream:
a- 1 %: insert 1 applicatorfulvaginal cream at bedtime
for 7 consecutive days
b- 2 %: insert 1 applicatorfulvaginal cream at bedtime
for 3 consecutive days
2-topical cream and solution: apply to affected area
twice daily

7-Econazole (Pevaryl)
Indication
tinea pedis, Tinea cruris, Tinea corporis, Tinea
versicolor and cutaneous candidiasis

Dose
1-Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, versicolor: apply cream to
affected area qDay
2-Cutaneous candidiasis:apply cream to affected area,
BID

Treatment duration
Tinea cruris, corporis, versicolor, cutaneous candidiasis:
for 2
weeks
Tinea pedis: for 4 weeks

8-Miconazole ( Dactarin
)
:Used for-

Tinea-1
a-Tinea cruris, corporis & cutaneous
canidiasis:apply to affected area BID for 2 weeks
b-Tinea versicolor:apply once daily to affected area
for 2 weeks
c-Tinea pedis:apply BID to affected area for 4
weeks

8-Miconazole ( Dactarin
)
2-Vulvovaginal candidiasis
a-Vaginal 2% cream : once daily , before sleep
for 7days.
b-100 mg vaginal suppository once daily , before
sleep for 7days .
c- 200 mg vaginal suppository once daily , before
sleep for 3 day

Polyene Antifungals
Polyene Antifungal
It binds to sterols in fungal cell membrane,
leading to alterations in cell permeability
and cell
death
1-Amphotericin B
- It is most effective antifungal agents in the
treatment of systemic fungal infection,
especially in immunocompromised patients

1-Amphotericin B
- Types
Type
Conventional

Advantage
cheap

Lipid
formulation

Less toxic and side

effects
Given when
conventional
thearapy
contraindicated
because of toxicity
especially
nephrotoxicity or
when respone

Disadvantage
Toxic and side
effects common
Expensive

1-Amphotericin B
Precaution
1-infusion-related reaction: fever, chills,
vomiting, nausea, headache, hypotension,
dyspnea, tachypnea (need test dose before
start Infusion)
" A test dose is advisable before the first
infusion, the patient should be observed
for at least 30 min after the test dose "
Premedication with acetaminophen,
diphenhydramine,hydrocortisone should be
used for patient who have previously
experienced acute adverse reaction

1-Amphotericin B
2- Nephrotoxicity: need dose adjustment
or drug D/C or change to liposomal
form
3-electrolyte abnormalities :
Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and
hypocalcemia
4-CNS effects: headache, peripheral
neuropathy,
malaise, depression, seizure, hallucination

2-Nystatin( Mycostat)
2-nystatin
Indication and Dose
1-Cutaneous or mucocutaneous Candida
infections:
apply 2-3 times daily for 2 weeks
2-vaginal infections: I tab daily at bedtime for 2
weeks
3- GI candidal infection:
a- oropharngeal candidiasis :
Oral suspension: 400,000-600,000 units PO q6hr;
swish

Nystatin
b-Intestinal candidiasis
-Oral tablets: 500,000-1,000,000 units q8hr
-Powder: 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoonful in 1/2 cup of
water (500,000-1,000,000 units) PO q8hr

Flucytosine
Flucytocin
M.O.A
It penetrates fungal cells and converted to
fluorouracil, then incorporated to the RNA of
fungal cell. This action leads to defect protein
synthesis
Indications
-Used alone not recommended
-It is used with amphotericin B in synergistic
combination for treatment of severe systemic
fungal
infection ( meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis,

Flucytosine
Dose
-Candidiasis & Cryptococcus infection : 50-150
mg/kg/dose, orally, q6hr

Caution
Bone marrow depression can occurs

Black Box Warnings

Use extreme caution in patients with renal
impairment
Monitor hematologic, renal, and hepatic function
Review instructions thoroughly before
administration

Griseofulvin
Griseofulfin
M.O.A
-It inhibits fungal cell activity by interfering with
mitotic
spindle structure
- it deposit in keratin precursor cells and is tightly
bound to new keratin, and this increases
resistance to
fungal invasion
-It is mechanism of action similar to colchicines
( it may

Griseofulvin
Indication

Treatment of susceptible tinea infections of

skin,body,hair and nails
Dose

a- Microsize (orally)
1-Tinea corporis, cruris, or capitis: 500 mg/day
2-Tinea pedis: 1000 mg/day

b-Ultramicrosize (orally)
1-Tinea corporis, cruris, or capitis: 375 mg/day
2-Tinea pedis : 250 mg, q8hr

Griseofulvin
Duration of treatment Dependent
on infection site
1-Tinea corporis: 2-4 weeks
2-Tinea capitis: 4-6 weeks; may be up to 812 weeks
3-Tinea pedis: 4-8 weeks
"Absorption increased with fattymeals"

Griseofulvin
Most common Side effects
- Headache, lethargy, syncope, confusion, lethargy,
impaired performance, and skin rash
Severe skin reactions (eg, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome,
toxic epidermal necrolysis) and erythema
multiforme
reported, some resulting in hospitalization or death;
discontinue if severe skin reaction occurs

Griseofulvin
Drugs interaction
1-it increases the metabolism of warfarin
and
lead to decrease prothrombin time
2-Oral contraceptive may increase
amenorrhea
or increase breakthrough bleeding

Echinocandins
Echinocandins
1-caspofungin
2-micafungin
3-anidulafungin

-They cause cell wall lysis

-have activity againt candida spp and
aspergillus
species
-available as Injection dosage form

Synthetic allylamine
M.O.A
Inhibits squalene monooxygenase and this lead
to
interruption of fungal sterol biosynthesis
1-Terbinafine ( Lamisil )

Oral systemic preparation

Indication and dose
1-Onychomycosis
250 mg (1 tablet) PO daily for 6 weeks
(fingernail) or
12 weeks (toenail)

Terbinafine ( Lamisil )
2- Tinea pedis ( off-label use ) 250 mg/day
PO for 2- 6 weeks
3- Tinea corporis and tinea crusis 250
mg/day PO for 2-4 weeks
Common side effects
1-headache
2-taste disturbances
3-visual disturbances
4-skin rash

Terbinafine ( Lamisil )
Topical preparation
Indication and dose
1- Tinea Pedis
Apply to affected area BID until significant
clinical improvement (no more than 4 weeks)
2-Tinea corporis and cruris
Apply daily for 1 week (no more than 4 weeks)

Terbinafine cutaneous
solution
( Lamisil once)
Indication
It is a single dose treatment for tinea pedis
Side effect
burning, dryness, pruritis, rash, irritation

Terbinafine cutaneous
solution
( Lamisil once)
- How to use: apply to both feet, even if signs
are visible only on one foot. When applied to
the feet, the medication dries quickly to a
colourless film. The drug delivers into the skin
where it lasts for a number of days to kill the
fungus .after applying the drug, patient must
not wash or splash feet for 24 hours

Naftifine ( Exodril)
2-Naftifine ( Exodril)
Indication & Dose
1- 1% cream treatment
-Used for treatmen of tinea pedis, tinea
cruris, and tinea corporis
-apply BID to the affected areas plus a 0.5inch margin of healthy surrounding skin
for 4 weeks

Naftifine ( Exodril)
2- 2% cream or gel
-Used for treatment of interdigital tinea
pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis
-Apply daily to the affected areas plus a
0.5-inch margin of healthy surrounding
skin for 2 weeks
Caution
Avoid use of occlusive dressings

Amorolfine ( Loceryl)
Amorolfine
Indication
Topical treatment of nail infections caused by fungi
(onychomycosis)
Dose
Apply to affected toenails or fingernails once or
twice weekly
Duration
- Fingernails:

6 months

- Toenails: 9-12

Ciclopirox ( Mycoster)
Ciclopirox
M.O.A
Synthetic benzylamine
It inhibits intermediary in synthesis of ergosterol, an
essential component of fungal cell membranes
Indication and dose
1-Mild to moderate onychomycosis of
fingernails & toenails:
1- topical solution:apply over entire nail plate daily
before sleep or 8 hours before washing to all
affected nails

Ciclopirox ( Mycoster)
2-Tinea pedis, Tinea corporis, Tinea cruris,
Tinea vesicolor, and cutaneous candidiasis :
Cream and suspension: apply BID; gently
massage into affected areas; if no
improvement after 4 weeks re-evaluate
diagnosis
3-Seborrheic dermatitis:
-Gel: Apply BID; gently massage into affected
areas; if no improvement after 4 weeks reevaluate diagnosis

Tolnaftate
Tolnaftate
M.O.A
distort the hyphae and stunt mycelial
growth in susceptible fungi
Indication & Dose
Superficial fungal infection
apply BID for 2-3 weeks

Clioquinol

Clioquinol
It is used for fungal skin infection : apply
two to four times a day up to 4 weeks

Newly approved drugs:

1-Luliconazole ( Luzu)
- FDA has approved the azole antifungal
luliconazole
1% cream to treat fungal infections
- Luliconazole 1% cream is indicated for the topical
treatment of interdigital tinea pedis (athlete's foot),
tinea cruris and tinea corporis , in adults aged 18
years
and older.

1-Luliconazole ( Luzu)
It is the first topical azole antifungal agent
approved to treat tinea cruris and tinea
corporis with a 1-week, once-daily
treatment regimen. All other currently
approved treatments require 2 weeks of
treatment. For interdigital tinea pedis, the
treatment period is 2 weeks, once daily

2- Efinaconazole
Efinaconazole
- It is used for the topical treatment of onychomycosis.
- Efinaconazole is an inhibitor of sterol 14demethylase and is more effective in vitro than
terbinafine, itraconazole, ciclopirox and amorolfine
against dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophyte
molds.
- The mean mycological cure rate for efinaconazole is

2- Efinaconazole
similar to the oral antifungal itraconazole and
exceeds
the efficacy of topical ciclopirox
- efinaconazole 10% nail solution is an effective
topical monotherapy for distal and lateral
subungual onychomycosis (<65% nail
involvement, excluding the matrix) that shows
further potential use as an adjunct to oral and
device-based therapies.

Pregnancy category and

breast feeding
Drug
Ketoconazole
Miconazole

Pregnancy
category
C
C

Fluconazole
Itraconazole

C
C

Voriconazole

Posaconazole

Breast feeding
Enters breast milk
use caution as topical,
vaginal not known
Not recommended
Enter breast milk so
weigh risk against
benefits
not known if excreted in
breast milk, weigh
risk/benefit
unknown; weigh
risk/benefit

Pregnancy category and

breast feeding
Drug
Clotrimazole

Pregnancy
B

Breast feeding
use with caution

Amphotericin B

Nystatin

systemic: c-1
topical: B-2
vaginal:A-3

-Conventional:
contraindicated
-liposomal: not
recommended
systemicNot known if-1
excreted in breast milk; use
caution
Topical: no studies-2
vaginal: Poorly-3
distributed in breast milk

Flucytocin

not recommended

Griseofulvin

Avoid use

terbinafine

Avoid use

Pregnancy category and

breast feeding
Drug
Amorolfin
Ciclopirox

Pregnancy
avoid unless
potential benefit
outweigh risk
B

Naftifine
Tolnaftate

B
C

Breast feeding
avoid unless
potential benefit
outweigh risk
not known if
distributed in
breast milk
Use caution
Unknown