SEMISTER PROJECT DOCUMENTATION

Declaration of Authorship
We declare that this project titled, Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones and the work presented in it are our own. We confirm that:
This work will done wholly or mainly while in candidature for a bachelor
degree at this University.
Where any part of this project has not previously been submitted for a
degree or any other qualification at this University.
We have seen some other literature review from the work of others.
Authors:

Signature

1.
2.
3.
4.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tadelech Amdemariam
Tedesse Hayelom
Yideg Amanu
Zewdu Belay
Date: 13/06/2007

Supervisor:

Signature

Mr. Hamdihun A.

------------------------

P.Manager:
Mr. Edemialem G.

-----------------------------Date: 13/06/2007

It is approved that this semester project has been written in compliance with
the formatting rules laid down by the school of the university.

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Acknowledgment
For our document of the semester project to arrive at its final stage, many individuals give us
their forwarding contribution since the beginning.
We express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to school of electrical and computer
engineering for giving such an opportunity and for its contribution in giving project room.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to Mr. Hamdihun A., Dr. Fikerselam G.
and all of our instructors, for their valuable recommendations and gave us the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones.
Last but not least, we want to thank our friends who treasured us for our hard work and
encouraged us and finally to God who made all the things possible for giving help and patience in
going such hard time.

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Abstract
Now a day a mobile phones became a basic part of our life. This is one of the
most important medium for the communication, the mobile phone batteries
has always been problem for recharging spatially in rural area. Mobile have to
be put to recharge after the batteries has drained out. In this paper the main
purpose is shown to make the recharging of mobile phones anywhere you
want. This is done only when Power generation from RF to recharge cell
phones. There is a use of radio frequencies, the radio frequencies signal
transmitted from transmitter using antennas. This is one of the best
technologies and for this purpose we are proposing a Power generation from
radio frequencies.

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Table of Contents
Declaration of Authorship.................................................................................i
Acknowledgment..............................................................................................ii
Abstract...........................................................................................................iii
List of figures..................................................................................................vi
List of Tables...................................................................................................vii
List of Acronyms............................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction..........................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem.....................................................................2
1.3. Objectives of the project.......................................................................2
1.3.1. General Objectives..........................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific Objectives..........................................................................2
1.4. Methodology Used in this Project..........................................................2
1.5. Major Assumptions Made for the Project...............................................3
1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Project......................................................3
1.6.1. Scope of the Project........................................................................3
1.6.2. Limitation of the Project..................................................................3
1.7. Organization of the Project...................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis..........................................................................5
3.1. System Components and Operations.....................................................5
3.2. System Design and Analysis.................................................................10
CHAPTER FOUR
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Results and Discussions..............................................................................15

4.1. Software Simulation Results and Discussions......................................15
4.1.1. Simulation of antenna resonant Circuit..........................................15
4.1.2. Simulation of AC Amplifier Circuit...................................................16
4.1.3. Simulation of DC adjustable Circuit and Bridge Rectifier................17
CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................19
Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................19
5.1. Conclusion............................................................................................19
5.2. Recommendations for Future Work......................................................20
References.....................................................................................................21

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List of figures
Figure1.1.Block

Diagram

of

Experimental

Design.2
Figure

3.1.

Resonant

Circuit....6
Figure 3.1. Timer IC Pin Configurations..
...6
Figure

3.3.

Typical

Bridge

Rectifier

and

circuit

diagram.....8
Figure

3.4.

Path

of

current

in

1 st

Half

in

2nd

Half

Cycle....9
Figure

3.5.

Path

of

current

Cycle...9
Figure

3.6.

Adjustable

circuit

and

output

wave...

DC

output

antenna

resonant

.....10
Figure

3.7.

Approximately

.....10
Figure

3.8.

Design

of

circuit.11
Figure

3.9.

AC

amplifier

circuit

design....12
Figure

3.10.

Bridge

rectifier

design..13

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Figure

3.11.

General

circuit

diagram

of

the

project

.14
Figure

4.1.

Output

voltage

from

antenna

resonant

circuit15
Figure

4.2.

Output

wave

form

of

resonant

circuit....15
Figure

4.3.Output

voltage

from

AC

amplifier

circuit..16
Figure 4.4. Input-output of AC amplifier ..
...16
Figure

4.5.

Output

voltage

form

of

DC

adjustable

and

bridge

rectifier....17
Figure

4.6.

Input-output

wave

shape

of

the

simulation.....17
Figure 4.7. overall project simulation and output wave
form....18

List of Tables

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Table

3.1

NE555

IC

pin

configuration

and

their

purpose..7
Table

4.1

recorded

data

from

simulation

...18

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List of Acronyms
AC Alternative Current
CTRL Control Voltage
DC Direct Current
DIS Dis Charge
GND Ground
IC Integrated Circuit
OP-Amp Operational Amplifier
OUT Output
RF Radio Frequency
THR Threshold
TRIG Trigger
TV Tele-Vision

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1. Introduction
Now a day; mobile phones became a basic part of our life. It is one of the most
important medium for the communication. The mobile phone battery has always
been problem for recharging specially in rural area.

Radio

frequency

energy

is

emitted

by

sources

that

generate

high

electromagnetic fields such as TV signals, wireless radio networks and cell

phone towers and using a power generating circuit linked to a receiving
antenna this free flowing energy can be captured and converted into usable
DC voltage.
As the usage of the portable electronic devices is increasing, the demands for
longer battery life are also increasing. These batteries need to be recharged
or replaced periodically.
The advantages of portability and wireless communication are greatly
hindered by the fact that the devices themselves must be plugged into the
walls to charge. The next generation in portable devices is a device that
receives power radio frequencies. The first step in wireless power is providing
power to mobile charging.
In this mini project we will charge any mobile battery using the output
voltage from the circuit. It produces 3.7 V DC outputs which is best suited for
any mobile battery.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem

The mobile phone batteries have always been problem for recharging. Mobile
have to be put to recharge after the batteries has drained out, we recharge
mobile phones in the electric available place. Due to this reason mobile
phones are switched off for a specific days or a week and the customers
cannot get urgent information at the right time.
Therefore, this project solves these kinds of problems especially mobile
phone users in our country.

1.3. Objectives of the project

1.3.1.

General Objectives

The overall goal of this project is to generate power from radio frequencies to
recharge cell phones.
1.3.2.

Specific Objectives

To study energy from radio frequencies.

To analyze how electrical energy is produced from radio frequency.

To construct circuit for producing DC voltage.

1.4. Methodology Used in this Project

Our methods of work are organized and accomplished through a sequence of
stages. Prior to all, we have reviewed related literatures. Then we have made
the general block diagram for our system that enables as to easily analyze
each components of the system as shown in the following figurative
expressions.
RF wave

Resonator ckt

AC amplifier

AC to DC
Convertor ckt
2

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DC adjustable ckt
Output voltage

SEMISTER PROJECT DOCUMENTATION

Antenna

Figure1.1 Block Diagram of the project

1.5. Major Assumptions Made for the Project

Major Assumptions Made for the Work

We assume LC circuit instead antenna in simulator "proteus", on

assumption, because it nearly the same work.

We assume there is an input source (i.e. frequency wave), which gives

us AC power.
We used full wave rectifier to convert AC-DC, finally connect it with

load.
The value of materials such as; inductance (L= 0.66nH), Smoothing
capacitance (C= 0.01 F), capacitances and resistances of the amplifier
circuit (C1=0.01 F and C2 = 22 F, R1=1 k and R2 = 22 k ).

1.6. Scope and Limitation of the Project

1.6.1.

Sc

ope of the Project:

Construction of prototype for the receiving frequency antenna and

resonator circuit.

Construction of prototype for the AC amplifier circuit.

Construction of prototype for the AC to DC circuit.

Construction of prototype for the DC adjustable circuit.

1.6.2.

Limitation of the Project

It is significant to know that this design is limited to generate 3.7v, 1.3 amps
electric energy from radio frequency to recharge cell phones and cannot be
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used to recharge laptops, and other electric devices which use more than 3.7
volts.
When we simulate the project, we are not familiar by protues 8 soft ware.
And therefore, we could not understand property of this soft ware.

1.7. Organization of the Project

The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its
coverage; it covers all the activities encountered during the project work. The
first chapter of this work includes introduction, aims and objective, and
scope. Chapter two highlight on literature review, chapter three highlight on
description of system and some of the component used were emphasized,
chapter four highlight on result and discussion, testing and simulation of
power generated from radio frequency circuit. Chapter five is all about the
conclusion and recommendation.

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
The idea behind this project is to capture the radio frequency sent by specific
transmitter using energy harvesting circuit and store the energy in a stand
then when mobile needs to be recharged, the user put it over the stand and
it starts charging [1].
Nikola Tesla is the one who first conceived the idea wireless transmission and
demonstrated the transmission of electrical energy Without wires that
depends up on electrical conductivity as early as 1891 [2].
In 1893, Tesla demonstrated the illumination of vacuum bulbs without using
wires for power transmission at the world Columbian exposition in Chicago.
The wardenclyffe tower was designed and constructed by Tesla mainly for
wireless transmission of electrical power rather than telegraphy [3].
Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting, also referred to as RF energy
scavenging has been proposed and researched in the 1950s [4] using high
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power microwave sources, as more of a proof-of-concept rather than a

practical energy source, due to the technologies available at the time.
However, with modern advances in low power devices the situation has
changed with the technique being a viable alternative to batteries in some
applications. Particularly, for wireless devices located in sensitive or difficult
access environments where battery operated equipment might not have
been

previously

possible.

Sony

Corporation

in

2009

announced

the

development of a highly efficient wireless power transfer system that

eliminates the use of power cables from electronic products such as
television sets. Using this system, up to 60 watts of electrical energy can be
transferred over a distance of 50 cm (at an efficiency of approximately 80%,
approximately 60% including rectifier) [5].
There has been research done in the area of shrinking the charger in order to
make it easier to carry with the phone. One study in particular went on to find
the lower limit of charger size [6]. But as small as the charger becomes, it
still needs to be plugged in to a wall outlet.
In The recent researchers, they tried to solve the problems of wireless charging for cell phones.
But this project is not available in our country. Due to this reason we have done this project by
generating electrical power from RF to recharge mobile battery. Therefore, our project is more
significant for our country.

CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis
Diodes for bridge rectifier and LC circuits (as antenna in real practice) have
been selected. The antenna starts taking Radio waves from the air. The
components and devices used in our system are explained in the sections
below.

3.1. System Components and Operations

Antenna: An antenna is a device which is normally used in order to transmit
or receive electromagnetic waves [7]. Antennas demonstrate a property
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known as reciprocity, which means that an antenna will maintain the same
characteristics regardless if it is transmitting or receiving. Antennas are
usually used for signal transmitting and receiving purpose. There are
different types of antennas for different ranges of frequency, gains, radiation
and directivity. Receiving antenna is one of the most important portions to
collect radio frequency from the air.
Resonance (LC) circuit: A resonator is a device or system that exhibits
resonance or resonant behavior at some specific frequencies called the
resonance frequency. Resonators are used to generate electrical energy and
its wave form with particular frequency or to capture some specific frequency.
Usually, a resonator can be designed using capacitor and inductor.
An LC circuit, oscillating at its natural resonant frequency, can store electrical
energy. A capacitor stores energy in the electric field (E) between its plates,
depending on the voltage across it, and an inductor stores energy in its
magnetic field (B), depending on the current through it.
If a charged capacitor is connected across an inductor, current will start to
flow through the inductor, building up a magnetic field around it and reducing
the charge, and therefore the voltage, on the capacitor.

Figure 3.1 LC Circuit

AC Amplifier: Amplifier can be considered as a block containing the
amplifying device which has input terminal and output terminal with the
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output signal being much greater than that of the input signal as it has been
"Amplified. Multi vibrator oscillators are used in many electronics circuits
and they are simple to construct. It is possible to construct them using a
couple of transistors, but it is also possible to construct a very simple multi
vibrator oscillator circuit using an operational amplifier.
The use of an operational amplifier integrated circuit is ideal from many view
points. Although circuits can be made using just two transistors, operational
amplifiers are also very cheap these days and there is often little to choose in
terms of cost.

Figure 3.2 Timer IC Pin Configurations

Table 3. 1. NE555 IC pin configuration and their

purpose
Pi

Nam

Purpose

e
GND
TRIG

Ground reference voltage, low level (0 V)

The OUT pin goes high and a timing interval starts when

1
2

this input falls below 1/2 of CTRL voltage (hence TRIG is

typically 1/3 VCC, CTRL being 2/3 VCC by default, if CTRL is
left open).
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OUT

This output is driven to approximately 1.7 V below +VCC or

GND.
A timing interval may be reset by driving this input to

4
RESE

GND, but the timing does not begin again until RESET rises

above approximately 0.7 volts. Overrides TRIG which

CTRL

overrides THR.
Provides "control" access to the internal voltage divider

THR

(by default, 2/3 VCC).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at

DIS

THR is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).

The timing (OUT high) interval ends when the voltage at

VCC

THR is greater than that at CTRL (2/3 VCC if CTRL is open).

Positive supply voltage, which is usually between 3 and 15

7
8

V depending on the variation.

The Operational Amplifier or Op-amp for short is a very versatile device that
can be used in a variety of different electronic circuits and applications, from
voltage amplifiers, to filters, to signal conditioners. But one very simple and
extremely useful op-amp circuit based around any general purpose
operational amplifier is the Astable Op-amp Multi vibrator.
The Op-amp Multi-vibrator is an astable oscillator circuit that generates a
sinusoidal output waveform using an RC timing network connected to the
inverting input of the operational amplifier and a voltage divider network
connected to the other non-inverting input
To look at how the op amp astable multi-vibrator circuit works take a start
point where the capacitor C1 is fully discharged and the output of the op amp
is positive - it will actually be at its positive saturated level close to the
positive voltage rail.
The capacitor C1 then starts to charge up via the resistor R 1. It rises
asymptotically towards the positive saturation voltage. As the end connected
to the output of the op amp is at the positive saturation voltage, +V sat, and
the rate is determined by the time constant of the combination of C1 and R1.
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As the capacitor charges up the voltage rises and as the junction of the
capacitor and resistor is connected to the inverting input, when this reaches
a point where the circuit switching voltage (the voltage on the positive or
non-inverting terminal) as determined by R1 and R2, the output changes from
positive to negative, i.e. -V sat. The voltage on the non-inverting input also
changes at this point. Although many multi vibrator circuits may be provided
using simple logic gates, this operational amplifier multi vibrator circuit has
the advantage that it can be used to provide an oscillator that will generate a
much higher output than that which could come from a logic circuit running
from supply. In addition to this the multi vibrator oscillator circuit is very
simple, requiring just one operational amplifier, op amp, three resistors, and
a single capacitor.
The diode which connects in the output of astable multi-vibrator is used to
pass only positive values and a capacitor which connects output of astable
multi-vibrator to the output resonant circuit that carries pure sinusoidal
waves. Then the output of capacitor and diode gives amplified sinusoidal
waves as the input of full-bridge rectifier.
AC to DC Voltage Converter Circuit: A Full wave rectifier is a circuit
arrangement which makes use of both half cycles of input alternating current
(AC) and converts them to direct current (DC).

(a)

(b)
Figure 3.3. Typical Bridge Rectifier and circuit diagram
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During the first half cycle diodes D 1 and D3 are forward biased and current
flows through load resistance RL, and returns back. During this half of each
input cycle, the diodes D2 and D4 are reverse biased and current is not
allowed to flow. The flow of current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure
blow.

Figure 3.4. Path of current in 1st Half Cycle

During second half cycle diodes D 2 and D4 are forward biased and current
flows through load resistance RL, and returns back. During this half of each
input cycle, the diodes D1 and D3 are reverse biased and current is not
allowed to flow. The flow of current is indicated by solid arrows in the figure
blow.

Figure 3.5. Path of current in 2nd Half Cycle

Adjustable circuit (the Smoothing Capacitor): The full-wave bridge
rectifier however, gives us a greater mean DC value (0.637 V max) with less
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superimposed ripple while the output waveform is twice that of the frequency
of the input supply frequency. We can therefore increase its average DC
output level even higher by connecting a suitable smoothing capacitor across
the output of the bridge circuit as shown below.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3.6. Adjustable circuit and output wave

We

know

that

capacitor

is

an

energy

storing

element.

In

the

circuit, capacitor stores energy while the input increases from zero to a peak
value and, while the supply voltage decreases from peak value to zero,
capacitor starts discharging. This charging and discharging of the capacitor
will make the pulsating DC into pure DC, as shown in figure.

Figure 3.7 Approximately DC output

3.2. System Design and Analysis

Antenna resonance circuit design and analysis: Resonance Circuits
containing L, C elements (as shown in figure 3.8) often have special
characteristics

useful

in

many

applications.

Because

their

frequency

characteristics (impedance, voltage, or current vs. frequency) may have a

sharp maximum or minimum at certain frequencies these circuits are very
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important in the operation of television receivers, radio receivers, and

transmitters.
As our project aim is to extract frequency ranges from 0.5MHz to 150 MHz,
we designed an antenna resonator circuit by simple calculations. So the
central frequency 0 = 96.9MHz.
Let, Central frequency, 0 = 96.9 MHz and L = 0.66nH.
0 = 1/ (LC) .. (1)
C =1/L 02
C = 1/0.66nF* (96.9MHz)2 = 0.161 F

Figure3.8 design of antenna resonant circuit

AC Amplifier Circuit Design and analysis: This AC voltage is applied to
the NE555 timer IC. NE555 produces frequency proportional to the input
voltage. NE555 timer IC Amplifier can be considered as a block containing
the amplifying device which has input terminal and output terminal with the
output signal being much greater than that of the input signal as it has been
"Amplified.
The charge time (output high) is given by:
t1 = 0.693 (R1 + R2) C1 (2)

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t1 = 0.693(1k + 22k)*0.01 F
t1 = 0.159 msec
Similarly, the discharge time (output low) by:
t2 = 0.693 (R2) C1 .(3)
t2 = 0.693*22k *0.01 F
t2 = 0.152 msec
Thus the total period T is given by:
T = t1 + t2 = 0.693 (R1 + 2R2) C1 ...(4)
T = 0.693(1k + 2*22k )*0.01 F
T = 0.311 msec

Figure 3.9. AC Amplifier Design

The external capacitors are charges through R 1 and R2 and discharges
through R2 only. Thus the duty cycle can be set accurately by adjusting the
ratio of these two resistors. In this mode of operation, C 1 charges and
discharges are between 1/3 VCC and 2/3 VCC. As in the triggered mode, the

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charge and discharge times and, therefore, frequency is independent of the

supply voltage.
Generally, we used AC amplifier with astable multi-vibrator in our design.
Because of know the charging and discharging time of the capacitors this
amplifier is preferable when we compare to the other type of amplifiers like
simple operational amplifier (Op-Amps).
AC to DC Voltage Converter Circuit design and analysis: there are two
type of rectifier.
These are:

i.

i.

Half wave rectifier and

ii.

Full wave rectifier

Half wave rectifier:

This type of rectifier converts only one half of AC into DC signal, either
positive or negative cycle. As it rectifies AC partially its efficiency is also less.
Maximum efficiency is 40.6%. Half wave rectifier needs only single diode for
rectification.
ii.

Full wave rectifier:

It converts entire AC into fluctuating DC that is it covert both half cycles to

DC. Therefore, its efficiency is almost double of half wave rectifier. Efficiency
is 81.2 %. It consists of more than one diode. Here positive half cycle is
converted by one diode and negative half cycle is converted by other diode.
Due to the efficiency of the rectification, full wave rectifier is preferable in our
project.

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Figure 3.10 Bridge Rectifier design

In the above figure 3.10 four diodes labeled D1 to D4 are arranged in series
pairs with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During
the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while
diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load.
As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, so the voltage
developed across the load is also unidirectional the same as for the previous
two diode full-wave rectifier, therefore the average DC voltage across the
load is 0.637Vmax.
Adjustable circuit (the Smoothing Capacitor): As we have discussed in
system components and operation, smoothing capacitor is used to remove
ripples and makes approximately DC output. However, the capacitance of the
smoothing capacitor is so large, and then the output is more DC. But it
affects the generated output voltage is too small. Because of the smoothing
capacitor is considered by itself as a load. Similarly, the output is not pure DC
when the value of the smoothing capacitor is small.
Therefore, in our project we used 0.01F capacitance value of a capacitor as
a smoothing capacitor.
Generally, design circuit diagram of the project is shown in figure 3.11.
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Figure3.11. General Circuit diagram of the project

CHAPTER FOUR

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Results and Discussions

4.1

Software Simulation Results and Discussions

4.1.1. Simulation of antenna resonant Circuit

Figure4.1 Output voltage from antenna resonant Circuit

The circuit diagram for the antenna resonant circuit is constructed on
proteus 8 simulating software as shown in the figure 4.1 and the
corresponding AC voltage which is produced from RF is 0.24 volt.

Figure 4.2 output wave form of resonant circuit

From the simulation result,

The generated output voltage is depend on the input frequency (i.e

input frequency increase; the generated voltage is also increase and
vice versa).
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The generated wave forms pure sinusoidal which means the generated

voltage AC voltage.
The generated voltage is very small, which is not charge our cell
phone.
4.1.2. Simulation of AC Amplifier Circuit

Figure 4.3 Output AC voltage from AC Amplifier Circuit

The circuit diagram for the AC amplifier circuit is constructed on proteus 8
simulating software as shown in the figure 4.3 and the corresponding
amplified AC voltage which is produced from a RF of 10 MHz is 1.39 volt.

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Figure 4.4 Input Output wave form of AC Amplifier

Circuit
From the simulation result,
The generated voltage from resonant circuit as input of AC amplifier and AC
amplifier is amplifies the input voltage which is sufficient to recharge mobile
phones.
4.1.3. Simulation of DC adjustable Circuit and Bridge Rectifier

Ac amplified
wave

Figure 4.5 Output DC voltages from DC Adjustable Circuit and Bridge Rectifier
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The circuit diagram is constructed on proteus 8 simulating software as shown

in the figure 4.5 and the corresponding DC output voltage which is produced
from a RF of 100 MHz is 4.00 volt.

Figure4.6 Input-Output wave Shape of the simulation

From the output wave form and measured voltage shown in the above figure
4.6 shows that the input sinusoidal wave (AC voltage) was converted to
approximately DC wave (voltage). This shows that the purpose of Bridge
rectifier and smoothing capacitor are play a great role to convert AC voltage
into pure DC voltage.
Generally, in the soft ware simulation shows in figure 4.7 bellow. From this
simulation the following data is recorded from different frequency ranges.
Table 4.1 recorded data from simulation
Frequency range (MHz)
0
0.1 0.5
0.5 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 150

th

DC output voltage (V)

0
0.05
2.29
2.48
3.02
3.51
3.87
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(a)

(b)

Figure 4.7. overall project simulation and output wave form

CHAPTER FIVE

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Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1. Conclusion
Going

through

the

planning,

flow

process,

design

and

software

implementation, the system has been a tough one; the chapters one up to
four has actually tried as much as possible to explain strongly almost all what
is involved in the simulation of this project. After the complete design of the
system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual result was
very close. The performance and efficiency was beyond expectation.
The use of technologies has increased lately, and the uses are searching for
everything can make their lives as easy as possible, so to implement such an
idea will be useful and serve many people who really need their mobiles to
be charged in some critical situations and far places where electric power
supply is not available.
This project is also plays a great role for the community especially who lives
in rural area.
This project is done by using receiver antenna, resonant circuit, AC amplifier,
bridge rectifier and smoothing capacitor to recharge cell phones.
As we have seen from simulation of the project, the generated voltage is
depending on the input frequency. This means that when the input frequency
is higher, the generated electrical energy is high and vice versa.
Generally, we use frequency ranges greater than 85 MHz is enough to
recharge cell phones.

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5.2. Recommendations for Future Work

In this mini project we already finished the design and simulation parts.
Farther more, the hard ware implementation of this project will be done for
the future and the generating electrical power which is enough to recharge a
cell phone.
This project suggests to the others that someone who will improves or
modifies the project to generate enough electrical energy from radio
frequency to recharge once more than two mobile batteries and laptops.

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References
[1]. Brown, W. Mims, J. Heenan, N. An experimental microwave- powered
helicopter Raytheon Company, Burlington, A, USA; 1965 IEEE International
Record, vol. 13, part 5, pp.225-235.
[2]. Nikola Tesla,The Transmission of Electrical Energy without Wires as a
Means for Furthering peace, Electrical World and Engineer.Jan.7, p.21, 1905.
[3]. D. Bouchouicha, F. DuPont, M. Latrach, L.Ventura Ambient RF Energy
Harvesting STMicroelectronics, 16 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie 37071 Tours
France,
[4]. R. M. Dickinson, "Evaluation of a microwave high-power exceptionconversion array for wireless power transmission," Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, CA, Tech. Memo 33-741, Sept. 1975.
[5]. http://en.Wikipedia.org/Wiki/Sony.
[6]. Sabate, J. A., Kustera, D. and Sridhar, S., Cell-Phone Battery Charger
Miniaturization. IEEE Journal 2000.
[7]. IEEE, "IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas," IEEE, pp. 0-1,
February

1983.

[Online].

Available:http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=30651&isnumber=1290

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