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“Defense Mechanisms “.

J-
/ ._/-‘
_/

.11

Detection Methods and The

Fields Used
- .---

I—

*1
I
‘1
RADAR Cross Section
• Projected area of an equivalent reflector having
uniform properties in all direction. The equivalent
reflector is considered as a sphere that reflects the
unit solid angle as an aircraft, ship etc..
• Represented by “5” and un
• s 4pA2lw2 here; A=Area o
=

1= Length
w= Wavelen
• Actual RCS depends on Ar
_inany1%facs.
‘1
__ Infrared Signature
Infrared radiations commonly called infrared (IR) is
generated by the vibration and rotation of atoms and
L molecules within any material whose temperature
is above
OK.
Radiation emitted (e)= eoT4,
where o= Stefen Boltzman ‘s c
e= Emissivity of the boL
T= Temperature of the
• As temperature increases “e”
fourth power. Increasing the
• IR signature is measured by C
!L.eutrzroiie1t

‘1
Visual Signature
* The visibility of the vehicle by any means like that of
naked eyes or cameras or Night vision etc.
* Its said to be the most difficult one to eliminate and
to be researched over on Air
* Its the most easily and z
for land units.
* For Submarines Except
visible with naked eyes.
* Thus can be concluded
enemy’s eyes.
n. ‘--3
LA SER Cross Section (LR CS)
The measurement of si nature develo ed b LIDAR
is
LASER Cross Section (LRCS).
This has been widely considered as a unique
RADAR
mechanism.
Lidar uses Laser in place of
Combines Photoelectric and
High detection efficiency tha:
LASER. As they have shorter
quality is high.
LRCS is a complex function o
es. L

are
by active and4

di
men tat
Bird or Warship
A
is E19.4m long and
gram vumble bee
ice of on board ent sensors

a.—.izt

‘1
Common Stealth Methods
• Some methods of stealth are the same for
all field like reducing RCS and Visual
signature.
• Although they may have some specific
methods too..
• Some of the Common Methods Are as
Follows
‘-‘I 1

‘1
Reducing RCS (by reflection)
* Vehicle Shape or Bochi Shape L
Avoiding right angles between surfaces.
Metal plates meet orthogonally at junction
forming corner reflectors.
Re-en trant triangles behint
penet rating through the loo,
the wall.
The design is new and vari
attracts large amount of res
‘-‘I 1
‘1
RCS Reduction(Coatings And
Absorbers)
. * Radar
Absorbent Surfaces (RAS)
Work by deflecting the incoming RADAR waves.

Work’s due to angles on the structure mounted.

Scatters the Incident RADAR waves.
1 s kept secret but its known to be a
mpoun
e.

4LI L 11
N:
RCS Reduction (Coo tings And
.:Absorbers)
* RadarAbsorbent Material (RAM)
Absorbs incident RADAR waves.
The absorption of a particular frequency RADAR
depends upon the compositioni f R A M
-

None can absorb RAD

They may be: VI
Iron Ball Paint.
VII. Foam Absorbers.
...

VIII. Jumann Absorbers.

_________________________________________

!f

Ariel Stealth Technology

Deals With the specific
Stealth Technologies used
for
Aircrafts And Missiles. 9
‘-‘I 1
I
‘—4

4__J H____
-

I i_ii

3
I..

—o -

1 echnolog said

tobe
iucea.
tested in Sukhoi-47. _____

‘ -

L
I R A LR Reduct (Aircr A Missil
L
. CS nd CS ion afts nd es)

‘1
Visual Signature reduction (Aircrafts And
Missiles) Aircraft’s may be painted black tofly
during night for camouflage, Eg F-117
conducted all missions during night hence
called the “Nighthawk”.

An infrared-guided missile locks onto a bright heat source in a

certain band of wavelengths.
Aircraft engine nozzles are
especially aftractive targets.

A
Expendablos (internal installation)

Cockpit displays and controls

‘1
Acoustic Signature (Aircraft’s)
• Reduce the chance of bemg detected by the
enemy by being “heard” by the enemy
• Early stealth observation aircraft’s used a slow
turning
propeller to reduce noise.
• Avoiding Supersonic Cruises that will cause
Sonic Boom ‘s. t a major driver of Aircraft design

A 11

•!f

JR Signature reduction
(Missiles)
• Use of more effective Rain jet engine.
• Reducing aerodynamic heating by improving the
aerodynamic design.
• Using materials of low heat absorbing capacity, so
as to reduce the signature of the missile.
The IR signature of missiles especially long Range
missiles like the Inter Continental Ballistic Missiles
(ICBM’s) should be considerably reduced to avoid
detection and hence to be nullified.
411

‘1
Stealth In Land Arena
Deals with Stealth
Technologies that are
specific for Land
vehicles P
‘-‘I 1

__ ‘
Visual Signature Reduction (Camouflage
and
Disrupts the character
Reduces shine.
Make the vehicle difficuL
Uses nets, paints, grille
They provide false information about the presence
of a target Used widely during second world war
as Rubber tanks to fake
p
p Camouflage

rr
I 4ecoys
I.

the enemy
r— -

_____ -

L
by Germans
I_t

-‘ 1
Naval Stealth Technolozv
Deal’s with Specific
Stealth Technology used
in Naval
field
‘-‘I 1

(ShiDs And Submarines)

• Vessel ‘s traveling on water or under water
cause disturbance in earth s magnetic field.
• Reduced by counter magnetic field
strength and direction b’

the vessel. I
• Vessel ‘s material or
magnetic material.
Ad on board de-g
some material ‘s made oJ
LI
of suitable
•

ci— -‘-

Maanet Sian tur reducti

ic a e on
‘1
IR Signature reduction
(Ships Anu Submarines)
• No Hot or Cold Spot’s should stand out in the
temperature neutral environment
•

p.

A WCT (Shiz
.

AWCT- Adaptive Water Cur

Deflects and scatters
reducing RCS.
.

Conductive Sea wat ;1

I,;0]
I s’
-111i,
‘1
Acoustic Sic!nature reduction
(Shios)
• Low acoustic signature by water jets, that
generate much less noise than propellers.
• They are covered by sound adsorbing
hood ‘s that ensures the escape pf much less
noise than what’s
produced.
• The vibrations of the hull need be reduced
and pumps, fans mounted in such a way that
they
have their natural vibrations damped.
‘-‘I 1

‘1
Future of Stealth Technology.
• The future of Stealth Technology seems
to be brighter than ever because of the
fact of
significant development in the field of
defense
• The need of Stealth technology cam be
stressed upon the fact that most
countries are investing
heavily in them and the emerging
technologies are being considered
seriously and being
incorporated once their worth is prover
tI
‘1

Conclusion
• The Detection and Stealth Technology has
improved sign icantly more advanced in the
last fifty years or so. This trend is likely to
continue as these two oppose each other.
• Its an arm race except it isn ‘t between
speclc countries. “Its a fight between
Technologies”
‘-‘I 1
http://www.totaIairdominance.5Omegs.com/index2.htm
http://www.fighter-planes.com/i nfo
http://robocat.users.btopenworld.com ]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ r
I
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_ship
http //wwvI solarnavigator net
http://www.williamson-Iabs.com/Itoc/ship-stealth-tech. htm
__ __

http://science.howstuffworks.com/submarine. htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/camouflage
N IWIWILmA,AKl1 r..1IIi iI -
—.

I --

1
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•1

-‘ 24i’ 1

rn
Thank you
‘-‘I 1
Questions
‘

• .n.
Ir