LOGIC GATES

Jhon Errol L. Borlagdan

Adrian C. Dela Torre
Ryan B. Militar
John Dale B. Advincula
Christian Paul Alim
David F. Daang

Digital Logic Gates

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical
operation on one or more logical inputs, and
produces a single logical output.
INPUT
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes
A
or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can
0
also be constructed using vacuum tubes,
electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic,
0
pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even
mechanical elements. With amplification, logic gates
1
can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean
functions can be composed, allowing the construction
1
of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and
therefore, all of the algorithms and mathematics that can be
described with Boolean logic.

OR - True if either A or B are True

NOR - OR followed by NOT: True only if A and B
are both False
AND - True if A and B are both True
NAND - AND followed by NOT: False only if A
and B are both True
NOT - Inverts value: True if input is False; False
if input is True
XOR - True if either A or B are True, but False if
both are True

Logic Gate Symbols

OR
Truth

OUTPUT

A NOR B

In the following examples, each logic gate except the NOT

gate has two inputs, A and B, which can either be 1 (True) or 0
(False). The resulting output is a single value of 1 if
the result is true or 0 if the result is false.
INPUT

XNOR - XOR followed by NOT: True if A and B are both True or

both False

Table

OUTPUT

A OR B

NOR

Truth Table

AND

Truth Table

INPUT

OUTPUT

A AND B

NAND

INPUT

OUTPUT

NOT A

NOT

Truth Table

Truth Table
XOR

INPUT

OUTPUT

A NAND B

INPUT

OUTPUT

A XOR B

Truth Table

XNOR

Truth Table

INPUT

OUTPUT

A XNOR B

Combinational Logic
In digital circuit theory, combinational logic (sometimes also
referred to as time-independent logic) is a type of digital logic which
is implemented by Boolean circuits, where the output is a pure
function of the present input only. This is in contrast to sequential
logic, in which the output depends not only on the present input but
also on the history of the input. In other words, sequential logic has
memory while combinational logic does not.
Combinational logic is used in computer circuits to perform Boolean
algebra on input signals and on stored data. Practical computer
circuits normally contain a mixture of combinational and sequential
logic. For example, the part of an arithmetic logic unit, or ALU, that
does mathematical calculations is constructed using combinational
logic. Other circuits used in computers, such as half adders, full
adders, half subtractors, full subtractors, multiplexers,
demultiplexers, encoders and decoders are also made by using
combinational logic.