9 Fractions

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C H A P T E R
9
Fractions
What you will learn
9.1
Naming fractions
9.2
Equivalent fractions
9.3
Comparing fractions
9.4
Adding fractions
9.5
Subtracting fractions
9.6
Multiplying fractions
9.7
Dividing fractions
9.8
Percentages
9.9
Operations with percentages
9.10 Ratios and fractions
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Breaking the record

In the modern world there seems to be
an increasing need for greater
accuracy in measuring length, time,
weight and other things. This
increasing need for accuracy has
meant that we often need to use
smaller parts of the unit for
measurement being used. These parts
are the fractions that we will study in
this chapter. For example, world
records can now be broken by an
improvement of a mere one-hundredth
of a second.
VELS
Number
Write equivalent fractions for a fraction
given in simplest form (for example,
4
6
2
. . .). Know the decimal
3
6
9
1 1 1
equivalents for the unit fractions , , ,
2 3 4
1 1 1
, , and find equivalent representations of
5 8 9
fractions as decimals, ratios and percentages.
Understand ratio as both set : set comparison
and subset : set comparison, and find integer
proportions of these, including percentages.
Write the reciprocal of any fraction and
calculate the decimal equivalent to a given
degree of accuracy.
Use efficient mental and/or written methods
for arithmetic computation involving rational
numbers, including division of integers by
two-digit divisors.
Use technology for arithmetic computations
involving several operations on rational
numbers of any size.
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et
llshe
ki
CH E
EA
Do now
List the prime factors of the following:

a 24
b 70
c
32
d 41
What are the highest common factors of each of the following?

a 12 and 30
b 16 and 48
c 12, 20 and 44
1
Which of the following represent ?
3
a
b
1
If each yellow shape is , what is the fraction represented by the orange region?
3
a
b
c
Solve the following:

1
1

a
2
4
1
1
b 1
2
4
1
32
c
3
3
d 2 lots of
4
3
32
Arrange the following into ascending order: 2, 1.6, , 0.5, 2.01,
4
37
Answers
1 a 2, 3 b 2, 5, 7 c 2 d 41
3 32
6 0.5, , , 1.6, 2, 2.01
4 37
294
2 a 6 b 16 c 4
3 a and c
Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7
4a
1 2 1
b c
6 3 3
5a
1
3
3 2
b1 c d1
4
4 3
2
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9.1
Naming fractions
Fractions are used in everyday life to describe parts of quantities. Each of the following is
3
said to be three-eights of the whole and is written as :
8
1000 mL
500 mL
375 mL
Volume in a
marked measuring
cylinder
Although the diagram on the right shows three of the eight parts
3
shaded we do not write this as as the parts are not equal.
8
Key ideas
3
is a common or proper fraction
8
as it is less than 1.
9
is an improper fraction as it is
4
numerator
3
8
number of parts out of the whole

line (vinculum)
denominator
number of equal parts all together
1
greater than 1 and 2 is called a
4
mixed number.
4
4
1
1
9
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
2 is a mixed number as it consists of a fraction and a whole number.
4
Example 1
For each of the following:
a
b
What fraction of the diagrams are shaded yellow?

Write the fraction in words.
i
ii
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Solution
ii
b
i
ii
Explanation
5
12
2
27
Five-twelfths
Two-sevenths
Parts shaded
12
Total number of parts
Shapes shaded
Total number of shapes
The names tell the number of parts of

interest and the total number of parts.
Example 2
Write the improper fraction
15
as a mixed number.
4
Solution
Explanation
15
4
4
4
3

4
4
4
4
4
15
3
3
4
4
Example 3
2
Rewrite the mixed number 2 as an improper fraction.
3
Explanation
Solution
2
8
2
3
3
2
232
8
2

3
3
3
Exercise 9A
Example
For each of the following:

i
ii
a
296
What fraction of the diagrams are shaded?

Write these fractions in words.
b
c
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Write each of the following as a proper fraction:

a
d
g
Example
three-fifths
six-tenths
five-eighths
3
2
7
4
9
5
5
2
11
4
15
10
20
20
11
3
1
3
3
8
1
4
3
5
2
4
1
4
1
2
3
7
3
5
1
3
2
7
4
9
8
11
1
6
Write whether each of the following is a mixed number, a proper fraction, an improper
fraction or a whole number:
a
c
f
i
Rewrite each of the following mixed numbers as improper fractions:

a
three-quarters
four-sevenths
two-thirds
Illustrate these mixed fractions using rectangles and shade the fraction given:
a
Example
b
e
h
one-half
five-twelfths
four-sevenths
Write these improper fractions as mixed numbers:

a
4
15
3
5
5
5
7
5
7
9
13
12
10
20
20
5
1
Using a diagram show how 2 large cakes could be equally shared amongst
4
eight people at a sleep-over.
Enrichment: Egyptian fractions

8
Th
The ancient Egyptians only had a way of writing uniary

fractionsone-fifth, one-seventh, one-everything. So
1
3
1
1
to represent they needed to write it as or
4
4
4
4
1
1
in shortest form as .
2
4
Think of the family of twelfths. They would have
2
1
1
1
written
as

or as .
12 12 12
6
3 4
12
How would they have written , , . . . , ?
12 12
12
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9.2
Equivalent fractions
Equivalent fractions have the same value.

This rectangle has been divided into a number of different equal parts.
3
1
2

2
4
6
The shaded area of the rectangle is the same in each case and so these fractions are equal.
We call these equal fractions equivalent fractions.
Key ideas
An equivalent fraction can be created by:
multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number.
3
6
32
is the same as

5
5 2 10
dividing the numerator and the denominator by the same number. This is called
63
3
cancelling: 105 5
A fraction that cannot be cancelled is said to be a simple fraction.
Example 4
Fill in the missing number to make an equivalent fractions:
Solution
2
24
8

5
54
20
20
Explanation
To get the numerator of 8 requires multiplying

by 4. If it is to be an equivalent fraction we must
also multiply the denominator by 4.
Example 5
2
Write three fractions that are equivalent to .
5
298
8
2

5
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Solution
Explanation
4
6
8
2

5
10
15
20
2
5
2
2
4

5
2
10
2
3
6

5
3
15
4
8
2

5
4
20
Example 6
Write the fraction
12
in its simplest form.
16
Solution
12 3 3

16 4 4
Explanation
Divide numerator and denominator by 4.
Exercise 9B
Example
Fill in the missing numbers to make an equivalent fractions each time:

36
8
4
16
4
24

12
a
b
c
d

10

32

18
3
18

7
3

5

2
4

e
f
g
h

4
8
3
9
7

3
9
Example
Write four fractions that are equivalent to each of the following fractions:
1
2
3
2
5
a
b
c
d
e
f
3
5
4
7
6
6
4
3
9
4
g
h
i
j
k
l
11
9
5
8
7
Example
3
10
5
12
Fill in the missing numbers to complete the sets of equivalent fractions each time:
1
2
4

8
10

3

10

a
b

5

15

30
4

16

44
400
5
7
70

77

10

50

c
d

3

39
3000

3300
6

18
30

900
Write each of the following fractions in its simplest form:

5
4
10
8
a
b
c
d
e
10
14
30
6
24
18
14
12
g
h
i
j
k
40
4
21
30
15
10
20
80
f
l
12
36
30
100
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Fill in a fraction wall. Part of it has been completed to show you the idea. Ask your
teacher for a copy.
On your fraction wall show the sets of equivalent fractions for:
5
1
1
2
4
16
30
a
b
3
7
Keep your fraction wall for future reference.
Look at the pattern in this table.

If we form each pair into a
fraction we get the following
series of equivalent fractions:
1
3
Count by 1s
Count by 3s
2
6
3 4 5 6 7 8
9 12 15 18 21 24
8
1 2 3
, , ,...,
3 6 9
24
a Using your fraction wall or otherwise, explain why this works.
b Copy and complete these tables:
i
Count by 2s 2
Count by 5s 5
ii
Count by?
Count by?
2
3
6
9
14
Enrichment: Fair share

7
Show how each of the following can be divided into the number of equal areas required:
b
four equal areas

of the same shape
A way of cutting a circular birthday cake into equal slices is to

divide the circumference into equal lengths and cut to the
middle. Here is an example of a cake divided into sevenths for
the birthday girl and her six guests.
three equal areas

of the same shape
two equal areas that

are different in shape
Th
Using this method of equally sharing the length around the circumference, try cutting
each of the following cakes into six equal slices:
300
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9.3
Comparing fractions
Equivalent fractions are useful when comparing fractions that have different denominators.
4
9
It is very hard to decide if or
is a bigger fraction.
5 11
Key ideas
To compare fractions we need to convert each of them into equivalent fractions that have
the same denominator.
Fractions with the same denominator are said to have common denominators. The
smallest common denominator is the most appropriate to use and we call this the lowest
common denominator or LCD.
Example 7
Determine which is the larger,
5
7
or , and state the LCD.
8 12
Solution
LCD (8, 12) 24

3
5
15
5 3
24
8
8
7
2
14
7
2
12
12
24
5
7
is larger than
12
8
Explanation
Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, . . .

Multiples of 12: 12, 24, 36, . . .
Find an equivalent form of both fractions
with the LCD and compare.
15
14
Because
is larger than
24
24
Example 8
1 3 17
Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 5 , 5 ,
4 10 3
Solution
1
541
21

4
4
4
5 10 3
53
17
3

and
10
10
10
3
LCD (4, 10, 3) 60
21
15
305
21
15
4
4
60
Explanation
Convert all fractions to mixed numbers.
Find LCD.
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318
53
6
53
6
10
10
60
Convert each to an equivalent fraction

with the same denominator and compare
them.
17
20
340
17
20
3
3
60
17 3 1
Largest to smallest is , 5 , 5
3 10 4
Write the answer to the original question.
Exercise 9C
Example
Determine which of the fractions is the larger fraction, and state the LCD:
a
Example
5 4
,
8 3
3 5
,
5 8
3 7
,
4 8
5 7
,
6 8
2 7
,
3 12
Arrange each of these sets of fractions in descending order (from largest to smallest):
a
3 2
,
5 3
5 2 7 2
, , ,
9 3 9 18
3 12 5 42
, , ,
7 21 7 49
6 12 10 8
, , ,
16 48 32 24
Write each of the following sets of fractions in ascending order (from smallest to largest):
a
2 11 22 7 32
, , , ,
3 4 3 8 9
2 3 4 3 1
, , , ,1
5 5 7 8 2
2 13 21 7 3
, , , ,
5 4 10 8 2
3 17
1 15
1 , , 2, 3 ,
4 3
5 12
2 23 3 65 10
3 , ,2 , ,
3 7 7 21 10
5 10 2 1 25
1 , ,3 ,2 ,
9 2 3 18 6
Rewrite the fractions in each set with their lowest common denominator before you
find the next fraction in the pattern each time:
a
1 1 3
, , ,p
4 2 4
1 1 1
, , ,p
6 3 2
1 1 3
, , ,p
8 4 8
5 2 1
, , ,p
6 3 2
7 2 5
, , ,p
9 3 9
1 4 9
, , ,p
2 7 14
Enrichment: Make that one half

5
Draw a large triangle of your choice and mark a point inside and call it O.
a
Th
b
c
302
Draw lines from O through the three vertices and find

the point on each line halfway to each vertex. Join these
midpoints to form a new triangle.
How do the sides of the new triangle compare to the old?
What results from choosing points that are two-thirds rather than halfway to the
vertices? How do the triangles compare now? Can you think of a rule to describe
your findings? What would have happened if your point O was on the triangle
rather than inside? What if it were outside?
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9.4
Adding fractions
1
2
12
3

11
11
11
11
Fractions with different denominators are most easily added by converting each of them
into equivalent fractions with common denomonators.
For fractions with the same denominator, add their numerators:
Key ideas
To
1
2
3
4
add fractions:
Find a common denominator, usually the lowest common denominator LCD or LCM.
Convert each of the fractions into their equivalent fraction with the LCD.
Now add or subtract the numerators.
If possible, write the answer in simplest form or as a mixed number.
Example 9
Write each of the following as a single fraction:
1
2

5
5
2
1

3
6
Solution
a
b
1
2
12
3

5
5
5
5
1
4
1
41
5
2

3
6
6
6
6
6
Explanation
These already have a common denominator,

so add the numerators.
Rewrite with an LCD of 6.
Add like fractions.
Example 10
2
1
Simplify 2 1 .
3
2
Solution
2
1
8
3
2 1
3
2
3
2
16 9
16
9

6
6
6
25

6
1
4
6
Explanation
Write mixed numbers as improper fractions.

Rewrite fractions as equivalent fractions with
the LCM of 6.
Add like fractions.
Write the improper fraction as a mixed number.
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Exercise 9D
Example
9a
Write each of the following as a single fraction or whole number:

a
e
Example
9b
11
9

10
10
11
3
5

10
10
10
1
5
3

8
8
8
1
9
2

7
7
7
1
1

2
4
2
1

5
2
1
3

4
8
1
3

4
7
b
f
3
1

4
5
2
5

5
7
c
g
d
h
1
1
2
2
1
9
1
2
5
1
9
3
2
5
2
3
3
1
5
1
1
3
4
2
7
5

11
3
7
1
1
11
1
3

3
4
5
7

9
6
Calculator keystrokes
2
1
+1
5
3
a b/c
Simplify:
1
1
1 2
2
4
9
1
1 3
10
2
1
1
2
7
3
8
b
e
1
3
2
1
5
1
1
3
2
5
3
4
9
2
5
3
2
a b/c
1
2
5
1
20 1 30
2
3
6
4
11
Answer: 3 15
3
2
5
1
1 27 1
10
5
6
2
Complete these magic squares:

2
Th
1
4
3
1
2
2
3
5
3
Enrichment: Magic fractions
1
3
a b/c
3 a b/c
2 1 3
Simplify:
a
304
9
23

81
81
Simplify:
2
1

3
3
7
5

9
9
Write the fractions with common denominators, and perform the operations:
2
2

7
7
d
4
10
4
1

9
9
3
4

5
5
5
3

11
11
Example
2
3

7
7
6
6

17
17
1
3

5
5
5
8

13
13
a b/c
3 11 15
a b/c
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9.5
Subtracting fractions
In the main, subtracting fractions operates in the same way as for addition. The only difference
1
2
lies with questions of the type 2 1 , where we need to convert to mixed numbers first.
2
3
Key idea
To subtract fractions, follow the same steps as for addition.
Example 11
Write each of the following as a single fraction:
7
4

9
9
Solution
Explanation
7
4
74

9
9
9
3

9
1
8

9
2
31
93
1
3
1
16
9
8

9
2
18
18
7
18 9

18
18
We already have a common denominator, so

we just subtract.
We can cancel to a simpler fraction.

Write with an LCD of 18.
Subtract like fractions.
Example 12
1
2
Simplify 2 1
2
3
Solution
2
5
5
1
2 1
2
3
2
3
10
15

9
9
5

9
Explanation
Convert to improper fractions.

Write fractions as equivalent fractions with
LCM 9 and subtract.
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Exercise 9E
11a
Example

a
e
Example
11b
e
12
e
i
m
c
g
5
3
d

11
11
7
1
3
h

10
10
10
2
2

7
7
5
3
2

9
9
9
3
2

4
3
7
2

8
4
b
f
4
3

5
10
11
3

12
4
c
g
5
1

8
4
4
1

5
3
d
h
1
5

9
3
4
2

10
15
5
1
1
11
11
1
4
8
1
2
3
5
8
1
1
2
1
2
5
7 3
9
6
b
f
j
n
3
2
2 1
5
5
2
2
5
2
4
5
3
4
5
7
1
10
1
5
1
2 1
6
6
30
2
7
1
11
22
7
9
29
10
10
2
1
6 1
3
2
41
2
15
7
13
26
d
h
l
p
10
2
1
13
13
2
1
42 41
3
3
1
1
5 4
3
4
2
5
61 1
3
6
Simplify:
a
7
3

8
8
3
2

8
8
Simplify:
a

a
Example
5
3

6
6
6
6

17
17
7
3
8
1
1
3
2
7
3
1 3 2
5
10
10
4
2
4
2 a1 1 b
9
9
9
5
1
1
1
2 1 a1 1 b
6
6
2
3
5
1
1
1
2 1 1 1
6
6
2
3
Scuba divers are aware of the time spent on a dive. Find the total time spent if Peta
1
1
spends 15 minutes searching for coral and 8 minutes collecting starfish.
2
4
3
This quadrilateral has a perimeter of 128 metres. If the longest
4
1
side if 44 metres and is twice the length of the opposite
2
parallel side, how long is each of the other sides if they are equal?
Enrichment: Birthday puzzle

7
Today Sallys age is one-seventh of Wans age. Wan is a teenager.

a
Th
306
If in 1 years time she will be one-fifth of his age, what fraction of his age will
she be 2 years from now?
How many years will need to pass until she is one-third of his age?
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9.6
Multiplying fractions
What about fractions of fractions? Find

1 2
2
of you could think of the as in
3 5
5
1
the diagram on the right. of this gives:
3
1
1 2
2
2
12
2
So of
or

3 5
15 3
5
35
15
2
1
of
3
5
To find
2 equal parts out of 5
So the same pattern of multiplying the numerators and

multiplying the denominators also works in this case.
2 equal parts out of 15
Key ideas
When multiplying fractions, multiply the denominators and multiply the numerators.
A whole number can be written as a
fraction with a denominator of 1.
Cancel before multiplying to make

the calculation easier.
Simplify the answer where possible.

Of, times and lots are other names
for multiplication
2
3
2

3
1
3
2
6
3 3 2
1
3
2
9
9

2 10
6
10
6
3
3
1 5
2
10
3
14
7
1
8
4
4
3
3
3
40
of 40
4
4
1
Example 13
Find each of the following amounts:
1
3
a
of 24
b
of 49
4
7
Solution
a
b
1
1
24
of 24
6
4
4
1
3
3 49
of 49
21
7
7
1
Explanation
1
means divide into 4 groups.
4
3
1
of 49 is 7, so must be three times this amount.
7
7
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Example 14
Simplify:
2
4

3
5
3
2

4
7
Solution
3
5
2

10
4
9
Explanation
4
24
2

3
5
35
8

15
3
31
21

42
7
27
3

14
31
51
21
111

102
42
93
223
Multiply the numerators and denominators.

The fraction is in simplest form.
Cancel, then multiply the numerators and the
denominators.
The resulting fraction is in simplest form.
Cancel before multiplying numerators and
denominators.
The resulting fraction is in simplest form.
1
12
Example 15
Simplify each of the following, giving your answers as mixed numbers:
3
2
1
3
a 1
b 2 1
5
7
2
4
Solution
308
1
3
3
3
1
2
4
2
4
9

8
1
1
8
3
12
102
2

2 1
5
7
51
7
24

7
3
3
7
Explanation
Convert mixed numbers into improper fractions.

Multiply numerators and denominators.
Write the answer as a mixed number.
Convert into improper fractions and cancel
common factors.
Multiply new numerators and new denominators.
Write the answer as a mixed number.
0521681731c09_292-329.qxd 7/11/06 3:05 PM Page 309
Exercise 9F
Example
13

a
e
i
b
f
j
1
of 25
5
1
of 30
2
1
of $420
6
c
g
k
1
of 20
4
1
of 45 cents
5
1
of $200
10
1
of 16
8
1
of 65 cents
5
1
of $720
8
d
h
l

a
e
i
1
of 12
3
1
of 81
9
1
of $100
4
2
of 6
3
2
of 36
3
3
of $120
4
b
f
j
7
of 100
10
3
of 21
7
5
of $30
6
c
g
k
4
of 35
5
3
of 81 cents
9
3
of $480
10
3
of 12
4
3
of 88 cents
8
5
of $630
7
d
h
l
A photographer is hired for a wedding. She takes 240 photographs in the 3 hours she
works.
a
c
d
e
2
of the photographs are taken at the church. How
3
many of the photographs are taken at the church?
3
of the photographers time is spent at the church.
8
How many minutes is this?
4
Of all the photographs, include the bride. How
5
many photographs are there with the bride included?
How many photographs do not include the bride?
3
If the reception takes up
of the photographers
10
time, how much of her time is spent at the reception?
(Give your answer in minutes.)
Example
14a
Simplify:
a
1
1

6
3
1
1

4
7
1
1

5
9
2 4
of
3 5
3 2
of
4 7
5 1
of
7 2
1
4

5
9
5 7
of
8 9
2 3
of
7 4
Chapter 9 Fractions
309
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Simplify each of the following. (Cancel where possible.)

a
Example
14b
Example
Example
14c
15
1 3
of
3 8
3 4
of
7 9
b
f
5
1

7
5
7
5

25
8
c
g
1
3
7

2
5
11
2
4
6

3
5
7
3
7
1

5
8
9
9
10
1

20
21
12
12
5
9

27
8
10
12
21
11

35
22
20
5
2
9

6
3
10
5
1
8

8
4
15
3
7
4

21
5
8
d
h
3
2

3
5
7
10

25
21
Simplify each of the following, giving your answers as mixed numbers where
appropriate:
a
e
i
5
1

6
5
5
9

18
11
1
1 of 5
3
2
3
2
7
7
5
1
1 2
6
2
3
5
3
4
of 1
4
9
2
1
2 of 3
5
4
32
b
f
j
I bought 4 kg of mixed nuts.
4
1 5
9
1
3
1 2
2
4
1
1
4 3
11
8
c
g
k
d
h
l
3
2
1
3
5
2
3
2 1
8
3
2
1
2 1
7
20
3
of them were peanuts. How many kilograms of peanuts
8
did I buy?
9
1
Christopher needs 2 cans of paint for his bedroom. The area to be painted in
3
2
Matthews room is 1 times the area in Christophers room. How much paint will
9
Matthew require?
Enrichment: River flow

10
Th
This diagram shows the fraction of flow in the channels of a river. The fraction of the
flow at the start of each channel is shown. What fraction of the full river flow would
pass A, B, C and D?
3
5
2
5
1
4
3
5 B
1
2
1
2
2
3
D
1
3
310
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9.7
Dividing fractions
From the last section we discovered that multiplying a quantity by
1
was the same as
2
1
120 and 240 2 120. This suggests a rule:
2
To calculate 240 n, solve 240 1/n. If you try a few values for n you will see that it is
always true.
dividing by 2: 240
Key ideas
If you want to divide by a fraction, multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction.
b
a
The reciprocal of the fraction is the fraction .
b
a
The product of a number and its reciprocal is always equal to 1:
a
b
1
b
a
If you wanted to divide by . . .
multiply by the reciprocal

1

2
2
1
3
2

3
a

b

3

3
2
b
Example 16
Write the reciprocal for the each of the following:
a
4
5
Solution
a
b
c
d
5
4
3
or 3
1
1
5
3
5
1
3
2
3
Explanation
The reciprocal is found by inverting the fraction.
Invert the fraction.

5
and then invert.
1
Convert to an improper fraction and then invert.
Think of 5 as
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Example 17
Simplify each of the following:
1
5
2
4
2
3
Solution
Explanation
1
1
1
5
2
2
5
1

10
2
42
3
4

3
1
21
6

1
6
Change division to multiply by the reciprocal.

Multiply the numerator and denominator.
Change division to multiply by the reciprocal

and cancel before multiplying numerators and
denominators.
Example 18
14
7
1
4

a
b 5 4
20
15
3
5
Solution
Explanation
2
312
14
7
14
15

20
15
20
71
1
2 3

42 1
3

2
1
1
2
1
4
16
24
5 4

3
5
3
5
2
16
5

3
243
25

33
10

9
1
1
9
Change division to multiply by the reciprocal and

cancel before multiplying numerators and
denominators.
Express the improper fraction as a mixed number.
Rewrite the mixed numbers as improper fractions.

Now change division to multiply by the reciprocal
and cancel by common factors.
Now multiply numerators and denominators.

Finally, write as a mixed number.
0521681731c09_292-329.qxd 7/11/06 3:05 PM Page 313
Exercise 9G
Example
Example
16
17
Example
18
Write the reciprocal of each of the following:

2
3
4
5
a
b
c
d
3
7
17
19
1
1
g
h
i
2
j
3
9
78
3
1
3
11
m 1
n 2
o 1
p 4
4
8
20
7
1
1
a
b
4
6
3
5
1
1
e 5
f
7
4
5
4
2
3
4
i
j
5
3
1
1
1
1
a
b

2
2
2
3
1
5
5
6
d
e

7
7
6
7
1
5
2
3

g
h
8
9
11
4
3
9
9
18

j
k
20
10
15
25
5
1
3
6

m
n
12
6
4
11
1
1
1
1
a 1
b 1
2
3
3
2
3
1
2
1
d
e
2
1
4
5
7
4
3
2
1
2
g 2 1
h 3 2
4
7
5
7
1
7
3
1
2 1
j
k 2 3
2
8
4
7
c
g
k
c
f
i
l
o
1
8
8
1
9
6
3
7
8
1
2

3
3
2
3

5
7
5
5

12
6
5
10

9
11
14
21

50
100
1
8
1
5
11
d
h
l
1
2
11
1
2
3
3
15
10
Calculator keystrokes
2
2
1
1
5
3
a b/c
a b/c
a b/c 5
a b/c
2 1 3
a b/c 2
a b/c
5 3
Answer: 1 32
c
f
i
l
2
3
1
5
4
2
3
3
5
10
1
1
7 3
2
8
1
7
1 2
8
2
Chapter 9 Fractions
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5
6
7
3
There are 1 pizzas left over after tea. If six people are to share them for lunch the
4
next day, what fraction of a pizza will each person get?
1
A farm of 32 hectares is to be split into paddocks each measuring 3 hectares. How
5
many paddocks can be made?
2
2
Ice-cream is scooped out at about
of a litre per scoop. If I have 5 litres left, how
15
3
many scoops will I be able to serve?
A grocer has twelve-and-a-half kilograms of mandarins to pack into three-anda-quarter kilogram bags. How many bags can he fill and how many kilograms
of mandarins will be left?
1
Trays of meat at the butchers shop weigh 2 kg. If Kay bought six trays for her
4
9
restaurant, and each meal she prepares for her customers requires
kg of meat, how
16
many meals can Kay prepare?
Enrichment: Measuring time

10
Th
314
In days of old, one way of measuring time was to mark a burning candle.
Candles burn at a fairly constant rate.
If this type of candle takes 6 hours 20 minutes to be used completely,
where will it have burn down to by 12 noon if lit at 9.00 in the morning?
Make an accurate scale drawing of this candle and mark every
20 minutes, then mark where it will have burnt down to by midday.
Research on the web the history of time.
40 cm
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9.8
Percentages
Advertisements involving percentages are used all the time.
Key ideas
The symbol % means per cent. This comes from the Latin words per centum and means
7
out of 100. So 7% means 7 out of 100. We can write this as
or 0.07.
100
Decimal shortcut: When dividing by 100 move the decimal point two places to the left:
15% 0.15
124% 1.24
12.5% 0.125
Some percentages are used so often that it helps to remember their fraction equivalent:
5%
10%
20%
25%
1
20
1
10
1
5
1
4
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.25
33.3%
1
3
0.33 . . .
50%
66.6%
75%
100%
130%
1
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
13
10
0.5
0.66...
0.75
1.3
Example 19
Express each of these percentages as a fraction or mixed number in its simplest form:
a
13%
Solution
13
100
80 4
b 80%
100 5
4

5
a
13%
80%
125%
2
66 %
3
Explanation
Write as a fraction of 100.

Write as a fraction of 100 and cancel.
Chapter 9 Fractions
315
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125 5
100 4
5

4
1
1
4
2
200
66 %
%
3
3
200

3
200

3
200 2

300 3
2

3
c 125%
Write as a fraction of 100; cancel by the common

factor of 25.
Write as a mixed number.

Convert the mixed number percentage into an
improper fraction percentage.
Convert the percentage to a fraction.
100
1
1
100
Use the reciprical.
Cancel by the common factor of 100.
Example 20
Express these percentages as decimals:
a
15%
124%
Solution
15
100
0.15
Or 15% 0.15
124
b 124%
100
24
1
100
1.24
Or 124% 1.24
5
c 12.5% 12 %
10
125
%

10
125

1000
0.125
Or 12.5% 0.125
a
316
15%
12.5%
Explanation
Write the percentage as a fraction.

Convert the fraction to a decimal.
Or move the decimal point two places to the left.
Write the fraction as a mixed number.
Convert the fraction part to a decimal.
Rewrite as a fraction.

Convert the fraction to a decimal.
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Example 21
Convert each of the following to a percentage:
a
0.26
0.567
9
10
3
8
2
3
Hint: Decimal shortcut:
Convert the fraction to a decimal:

5
5 6 0.8333
6
Move the decimal point two places to the right, i.e. multiply by 100.
Solution
Explanation
0.26 26%
0.567 56.7%
9
0.90 or
10
90%
3
0.375 or
8
37.5%
90
9

10
100
90%
3 100 25
75
% %
82
2
37.5%
2
1 1.666 or
3
#
166.6 %
5 100
5

%
3
3
500
%

3
#
166.6 %
Multiplying by 100 so move the decimal

point two places right.
point two places right, which requires
inserting a zero.
Multiplying by 100 moves the decimal
Multiplying by 100 moves the decimal
Exercise 9H
Example
Example
19
20
Express each of these percentages as a fraction or a mixed number in its simplest

form:
a
f
k
19%
25%
145%
b
g
l
208%
53%
10%
170%
1
13 %
4
c
h
m
r
71%
50%
360%
1
12 %
5
d
i
n
s
29%
200%
420%
1
10 %
2
e
j
o
47%
256%
16.3%
e
k
70%
130%
301%
3
3 %
8
Express these percentages as decimals:

a
g
m
35%
9%
12.2%
b
h
n
27%
5%
24.5%
c
i
o
50%
132%
99.9%
d
j
p
7%
145%
f
l
1%
260%
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Example
21

a
0.34
0.57
e
i
m
0.456
1.67
0.012
f
j
n
0.214
2.456
#
0.3
g
k
o
0.06
h
l
p
0.716
#
2.66
0.004

a
f
k
p
0.26
#
0.33
1.575
3
3
100
3
4
1
16
3
11
b
g
l
q
5
100
7
10
17
80
3
1
4
c
h
m
r
74
100
27
50
1
3
3
2
10
d
i
n
s
99
100
12
75
3
8
5
1
6
e
j
o
t
Copy and complete this table:

Percentage
Fraction
Decimal
0%
0.1
1
8
25%
1
3
0.375
50%
62.5%
2
3
0.75
Enrichment: Learning how to make money

6
Th
318
This is a tangram, and each of the parts are called

tans. Working in a group as directed by your
teacher, cut out each of the tans and write on
them their percentage of the original tangram.
Fit the tans together to make these shapes,
make a sketch of each in your workbook and
record the percentage of the original tangram.
How many different percentages can you make
using one, two or more of the tan pieces?
2
5
11
40
5
9
1
1
8
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9.9
Operations with percentages
You should now be able to change between fractions, decimals and percentages, and
perform operations on them. This skill allows you to make a decision as to whether, for
example, a discount of 37% or one-third off is the best option.
Key ideas
100%
100
1, so 100% is one whole.
100
If the large square on the right represents one whole, and 40% is
shaded, then the unshaded region is 60% because 100% 40% 60%
Calculations with percentages are of two types:
1 We can find a percentage of a quantity.
2 We can express one quantity as a percentage of another and
we can find a percentage of a given amount.
In both cases we use the decimal or fraction equivalent to make the calculation.
Example 22
Find:
100% 70%
Solution
a
b
60% 30%
Explanation
100% 70% 30%

60% 30% 90%
We can add and subtract percentages as

they are like quantities.
Example 23
Find 25% of 40.
Solution
Explanation
25 40

40
1
10
25% of 40
Convert to a fraction calculation.
Example 24
A class of 25 students has 15 girls. What percentage of the class are girls and what
percentage are boys?
Chapter 9 Fractions
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Solution
Explanation
The fraction of the class who are girls

15
is .
25
The percentage of the class who are girls
15
is
100 4 % 60%
251
The percentage of the class who are boys
is 100% 60% 40%
Start by expressing the required quantity

as a fraction.
Convert to a fraction, then cancel
common factors to make calculation
simpler.
Subtract from the whole ( 100%).
Example 25
Of 50 people surveyed, 8% eat chocolate on a regular basis. What is the number of people
eat chocolate on a regular basis?
Solution
Explanation
8
501
1002
4
So four people eat chocolate on a regular
basis.
8% of 50
Convert the percentage into a fraction

and simplify.
Write the answer in words.
Exercise 9I
Example
22
Find:
a
d
g
j
Example
23
24
320
b
e
h
k
100% 90%
100% 15%
55% 20%
13% 77%
c
f
i
l
100% 50%
100% 2%
40% 45%
33% 47%
George used 15% of the firewood. What percentage was left?
55% of children born on Thursdays are male. What percentage are female?
Pauline has collected 80% of a set of football cards. What percentage does she need to
complete the set?
Find:
a
d
g
j
Example
100% 30%
100% 8%
60% 30%
5% 9%
20% of 400
45% of $300
64% of 120
32% of 180
b
e
h
k
30% of 2000
75% of 80
38% of 740
12% of 480
c
f
i
l
15% of $400
40% of 110
85% of 250
18% of 70
Kathryn scores 45 marks out of a total of 80. What percentage score does she receive?
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James played 9 games out of 36 for the local squash club. What percentage of the
games did he play?
18 players of a 24-member squad voted for Patricia as captain.

a
b
Example
25
What percentage voted for Patricia?

What percentage did not vote for Patricia?
John earns $80 for a week of work. This is made up of $50 for odd jobs, $20 for
mowing the lawns and the rest for cleaning the car.
a
b
What percentage of the $80 comes from odd jobs?

What percentage comes from car cleaning?
10
56% of a class of 25 students can sing. How many students is this?
11
A shop orders 500 packets of chips per week. If 24% are sold on Monday:
a
what percentage is left?
how many packets have been sold?
12
A stereo costs $850. If 20% is required as a deposit to lay-by the set, how much
deposit must be paid?
13
A store is giving 30% discount on its products. If a dinner set costs $700:
a
what will you save on the dinner set?
what is the new price?
14
15% of a Year level play cricket. If the Year level is made up of 40 pupils, how many
play cricket?
15
A survey of skilled workers found that 57 were over the age of 50 years. If this
represented 37% of the work force, how many workers were there altogether?
Enrichment: Grid game

16
Th
Take it in turns to roll a dice, and with each roll enter the score
in the top or bottom box on the right to make a fraction.
Colour that fraction on the grid. The winner is the first to
mark a path from one side to the other.
2
5
1
5
121
2
3
212
1
2
5
6
221
1
3
2
3
3
5
113
151
1
6
3
4
1
2
1
4
1
3
4
5
112
1
2
4
5
Chapter 9 Fractions
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9.10
Ratios and fractions
When we need to compare two quantities, we often use a

ratio. Consider the situations below.
The ratio of the number of engines to the number of
carriages in the train is 1 to 3. This is written as 1 : 3. The
ratio of the number of carriages to the number of engines is
3 to 1, or 3 : 1.
Key ideas
A ratio compares quantities, say a to b, and is written as a : b. If we wanted to compare
b to a we would write it as b : a.
a
Another way to write a ratio is as a fraction. The ratio a : b can be written as a fraction .
b
Ratios, like fractions, have equivalent forms. A ratio that cannot be simplified is said to
be in its simplest form.
Example 26
Write each of the following as a ratio and a fraction:
a
b
the number of loaves of bread to the number of bottles of milk

the number of bottles of milk to the number of loaves of bread
Solution
a
b
5
3
3
3 : 5 or
5
5 : 3 or
Example 27
Write these ratios in their simplest form:
a
b
322
the number of prizes to the number of hats

the number of hats to the number of balloons
Explanation
Number of loaves of bread 5

Number of bottles of milk 3
Number of bottles of milk 3
Number of loaves of bread 5
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Solution
Explanation
2
62
or 2 : 3
93
3
6:9
9 : 12
The ratio is 6 : 9 or as a fraction 96.

Simplify by dividing the numerator and
the denominator by 3.
93
3
or 3 : 4
12 4
4
The ratio is 9 : 12 or as a fraction 129 .

Simplify by cancelling by 3 to give the
simplest form.
Exercise 9J
Example
Example
26
27
Write each of the following as a ratio and as a fraction:

a
the number of cats to the

number of dogs
the number of biros to the number of

pencils
the number of windows to the

number of doors
the number of knives to the number of

forks
the number of candles to the

number of matches
the number of cats to the number of

mice
the number of coins to the

number of notes
the number of frogs to the number of

lilypads
c
g
k
10 : 40
4:4
12 : 108
Write these ratios in their simplest form:

a
e
i
3:6
45 : 30
14 : 35
b
f
j
4 : 18
12 : 36
24 : 60
d
h
l
32 : 8
18 : 2
56 : 700
Chapter 9 Fractions
323
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Write each of the following ratios in simplest form, in the order given each time:
a
d
g
48 seconds to 36 seconds
45 km/h to 75 km/h
6 days to 4 weeks
2 minutes to 45 seconds
5 kilolitres to 100 litres
$3.60 to 60 cents
$7.20 to $3.20
b
d
f
h
j
2 kg to 50 g
3 m to 70 cm
4 weeks to 28 days
15 cm to 12 mm
2 hours to 1000 seconds
the number of basketballers to the number of tennis players

the number of tennis players to the total number of students
the number of basketballers to the total number of students
the number of senior members to the total number of members

the number of senior members to the number of juniors
A local tae kwon do club is selling T-shirts. There are 15 plain T-shirts, 24 T-shirts with
a motif and 60 T-shirts with a picture of a person kicking. Write the following as
fractions and simplify:
a
b
c
c
f
A hockey club consists of 24 senior members and 36 juniors. Write each of the
following ratios as a fraction and simplify it:
a
b
2 days to 16 days
40C to 110C
120 m to 36 m
In a Year 7 class of 30 students, 16 students elect to play tennis and the rest elect to
play basketball. Write each of the following ratios as a fraction and simplify it:
a
b
c
b
e
h
Convert the amounts in each of these pairs so that they are expressed in the same
units. Then write a ratio in its simplest form for each pair, in the order given.
a
c
e
g
i
3 g to 15 g
10 kg to 55 kg
30 litres to 64 litres
the number of plain T-shirts to the number of T-shirts with motifs

the number of T-shirts with a picture to the total number of T-shirts
the number of T-shirts with a motif to the total number of T-shirts
Melbourne has 4000 football coaches, Sydney has 1000 and Adelaide 2500. Write
each of the following as a ratio and a fraction, and express it in its simplest form:
a
b
c
the number of Melbourne coaches to the total number of coaches

the number of Sydney coaches to the number of Melbourne coaches
the number of Sydney coaches to the number of Adelaide coaches
Enrichment: Gear ratios

9
Th
324
Here we see three gears meshed. C is the power or

drive wheel from the engine and drives the gear
wheel A, which is connected to machinery. The two
wheels are connected through wheel B. If the three
wheels have 60, 30 and 10 cogs, draw up a table of
the rotation of A and B for rotations of C of 12, 60,
240 and 6000 turns.
Experiment with different numbers of cogs.
C
B
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W O R K
Mathematically
N G
Number: fractions
Vanishing shapes
Visual effects are a feature of art and design. The use of
colour and shape can be combined to produce images
that appear as though they are three-dimensional, even
though they are drawn on a page! In this application we
will combine mathematical construction and shading to
produce a three-dimensional effect.
PL
E
Com
ICT
Understanding the construction
Th
Essential Mathematics VELS Projects
On a sheet of graph paper, rule a square of side 12 cm.

Step 1: Divide the square into two
Step 2: Divide the half-square into two equal
halves as shown.
halves to make two quarters.
Step 3: Now divide the quarter-square
into two equal halves.
Step 4: Continue the process until you
construct this shape:
1
1
1
of
=
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
2 of 4
1
16
1
= 8
Chapter 9 Fractions
325
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Creating optical illusions

If you carefully apply shades of a chosen colour, you can
create remarkable optical illusions. This activity can be
completed on a computer where a wide range of graduating
shades of colour are available to create this effect.
Starting with a square of side 12 cm, construct each of these fractured pictures. Include the
fraction each area represents of the original square. Use colour to creat optical illusions like
that shown above.
1
2
of
3
3
1
3
3
4
Extending the idea
Essential Mathematics VELS Projects
Starting with a square of side 12 cm, develop your own vanishing

square. You could start with a different fraction or reuse one of the
fractions above, but experiment with other ways of dividing the
square.
1
For example, a division again based on is shown on the right.
2
Wall poster
Make a poster of your coloured construction. Show the fraction of the original square for
each area.
326
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Chapter summary
Review
3
is called a common or proper fraction as it less than 1.
4
numerator
denominator
3
8
number of parts out of the whole

line (vinculum)
number of equal parts all together
1
2 is an example of a mixed number.
4
5
is an improper fraction as it is greater than 1.
4
1 2 3
, , are equivalent fractions.
2 4 6
Dividing the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the same number is called
cancelling by a common factor.
To compare fractions we need to convert each of them into equivalent fractions that have
the same denominator.
Fractions with the same denominator are said to have common denominators.
An LCM is the lowest common denominator.
To add or subtract fractions they must have a common denominator.
c
a
c
When multiplying fractions, use the rule a d
b d
b
Note:
A whole number can be written as a fraction with a denominator of 1.

Cancel before multiplying to make the calculation easier.
Simplify the answer where possible.
If you want to divide by a fraction, multiply by the reciprocal of the fraction.
b
a
The reciprocal of the fraction is the fraction .
a
b
The symbol % means per cent, which means out of 100. So 7% means 7 out of 100.
7
We can write this as
or 0.07.
100
5%
10%
20%
25%
33.3%
50%
66.6%
75%
100% 130%
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
13
20
10
5
4
3
2
3
4
1
10
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.25
0.33 . . .
0.5
0.66 . . .
0.75
1
1.3
Calculations with percentages are of two types:
1 We can find a percentage of a quantity.
2 We can express one quantity as a percentage of another and we can find a percentage
of a given amount.
In both cases we use the decimal or fraction equivalent to make the calculation.
Chapter 9 Fractions
327
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Review
Multiple-choice questions
7
1 Which of the following is equivalent to ?
5
14
2
2
A
B 1
C 1
5
7
5
3
7
and ?
4
8
10
B
8
12
10
10
4
E 1
17
15
2 What is the sum of

A
10
12
C 1
2
8
3 5
5
3 What is the LCD of , and ?
4 6
8
A 48
B 24
C 18
D 12
5
8
E 72
4 If there are three cups and four saucers in a cupboard, the ratio of cups : saucers is:
A 3:7
B 4:7
C 3:4
D 4:3
E None of these
3 1
5
of is:
4 2
5
3
5
6
1
A
B
C
D
E 1
4
8
4
4
4
6 Which is the odd one out?
4
2
400
A 40%
B
C 0.4
D
E
5
100
10
7 The percentage of red balls is:
A 30%
B 60%
6
10
D 3
7
1
8 For 2 1 , which of the following is not true?
4
15
33
198
66
A
B
C
D
10
60
20
9 Which of the following is an improper fraction?
7
A
B 0.5
C 30%
D
10
10 72% is equivalent to:
36
A 7.2
B
C 0.072
D
50
328
8
25
3
5
E 3.3
5
4
E 1
18
23
1
4
16
25
0521681731c09_292-329.qxd 7/11/06 3:06 PM Page 329
Short-answer questions
Review
1 Write these fractions in ascending order:

2 5 5 11
2 13 3 21
a , , ,
b 1 , , ,
3 6 8 3
3 5 10 3
2 Perform the calculation to write each of the following as a single fraction:
11
2
1
11
7
9
8
7

a
b
c
d
5
5
12
12
14
21
8
9
3 Simplify:
2
1
1
2
2
3
5
3
3
1
a 1 2
b 3 1
c

d

e 1
5
5
8
9
5
7
9
8
2
7
4
3
2
2
5
10
7
1
f 2 1
g
h 8
i
j 2 1
7

9
11
3
5
16
14
2
8
4 Of 240 ice-creams sold by a fast-food outlet at the cricket, 80 were vanilla, 40
strawberry, 32 chocolate, 16 banana and the rest mango. What percentage of the sales
was each of the flavours?
5 Of the $2750 weekly earnings from a lawn-mowing business, 32% was paid in tax,
33.3% in wages, 25% in food and the rest banked. How much was banked?
6 Write these ratios as fractions in simplest form:
a 12 : 64
b 30 : 45
c 13 : 17
d 40 : 60 : 80
Extended-response questions
1 A total of 35 people attended a shopping spree.
Of the 35 people, 25 decided to stop shopping
and eat lunch while the rest continued to visit
the stores.
a How many people continued shopping?
b What percentage of the group decided to
each lunch?
c What percentage shopped at some time
during the day?
d Write the ratio of those stopping for lunch compared to the whole group in its
simplest terms.
3
1
2 If 34 hectares is to be subdivided into equal 1 hectares lots and the remainder used
4
3
for parkland:
a How many lots can be made?
b How much land will remain for a park?
c What percentage of the overall development is parkland?
MC
T E ST
D&D
Chapter 9 Fractions
329
T E ST

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0521681731c09_292-329.

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Operations with percentages

9.10 Ratios and fractions

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Breaking the record

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List the prime factors of the following:

What are the highest common factors of each of the following?

Solve the following:

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

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number of parts out of the whole

What fraction of the diagrams are shaded yellow?

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Total number of parts

Total number of shapes

The names tell the number of parts of

Write the improper fraction

For each of the following:

What fraction of the diagrams are shaded?

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

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Write each of the following as a proper fraction:

Rewrite each of the following mixed numbers as improper fractions:

Write these improper fractions as mixed numbers:

Enrichment: Egyptian fractions

The ancient Egyptians only had a way of writing uniary

0521681731c09_292-329.qxd 7/11/06 3:04 PM Page 298

Equivalent fractions have the same value.

multiplying the numerator and denominator by the same number.

To get the numerator of 8 requires multiplying

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

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Divide numerator and denominator by 4.

Fill in the missing numbers to make an equivalent fractions each time:

Write each of the following fractions in its simplest form:

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Look at the pattern in this table.

Enrichment: Fair share

four equal areas

A way of cutting a circular birthday cake into equal slices is to

three equal areas

two equal areas that

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

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LCD (8, 12) 24

Multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, . . .

Convert all fractions to mixed numbers.

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Convert each to an equivalent fraction

Write the answer to the original question.

Enrichment: Make that one half

Draw lines from O through the three vertices and find

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

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These already have a common denominator,

Write mixed numbers as improper fractions.

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Write each of the following as a single fraction or whole number:

Complete these magic squares:

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 7

Enrichment: Magic fractions

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