Introduction

In Pakistan, transportation demand in urban areas continue to increase

rapidly as a result of
both population growth and changes in travel patterns. As it approaches the
21st century, the
urban areas in the country confronts a historic transportation crisis that has
become a
planning war against increasing mobility, gridlock and air pollution. Given the
financial
restrictions and environmental concerns, it appears unlikely that this demand
can be
accommodated without dramatic changes in transport policies. The principal
urban
transportation policy needs to adopt a comprehensive strategy for achieving
mobility and air
quality mandates.
In the absence of a good, convenient and efficient public transport system in
urban areas,
there has been an increasing trend towards more and more ownership and
utilization of
personalized motor vehicles to commute which is not more energy intensive
and polluting,
but also more expensive to the economy. This book examines the role of
transport in the lives
of essentially those who use public transportboth the lower and lower
middle class groups
in Karachi. The material is based on interviews with 108 transport users living
in one central
and four peripheral neighborhoods, as well as with bus owners, drivers,
government officials.
While the vehicle mix in urban areas has aggravated congestion and air
pollution, on the

other, specifically production of buses and their design for mass

transportation has not
received adequate attention in the national automobile policy. With growing
traffic
congestion, thousands of dismayed drivers in the urban areas are finding out
that rush hour
traffic is slowing to a crawl. This in turn leads to higher oil consumption and
emissions which
are poisoning the urban areas. The book encompasses
Transport and systems are vital to the economic health of a country,and the
density of the transport network is an index of economic development.As the
economy becomes more complex and interlinked,adjustments and
improvements must be made in the means of transport.Pakistan,is a
relatively large country of diverse topography.Development of Transportation
network in the plain areas is comparatively easy and economically
rewarding.The reverse is true of the mountainous areas and this fact is
reflected in the present in the present distributional pattern of means of
transport .The density of the transportation pattern is very low in the
Northern and North-Western hilly areas and in the Baluchistan Plateau.Vast
tracts of land are either totally devoid of any modern facilities or very
inadequately served.The following means of transportation are available in
our country: (i) Inland transportation(roads and railways) .(ii) Waterways
(river and ocean transportation and (iii) Air transportation.

(A) ROAD TRANSPORTATION

Importance

Road transport plays a vital roll in the economic development through

mobilization of human and material resources available in the economy of a
country. It facilities trade and opens business opportunities by collecting
goods from the producing centres and distributing them to different areas
where they are needed.It promotes foreign trading by arranging the
distribution of imported goods and collection of indigenous products to be
sent abroad it serves as a mean of creating link between the urban and rural

sectors and facilitates the movement of the people all over the country. Such
movements accelerate social welfare of the people and help the government
in maintaining law and order within the country.It also facilitates the
arrangement for guarding the frontiers through mobilization of defence store
and personnel to the far flung border areas.It supports and compliments the
working of other transport systems. Such as rail,air and waterways which
have a limitation of not being extendable to every part of a country and as
such,their utility as means of mobilization of resources is very much reduced.

Again,road transport does not require a huge investment and the return of
investment made in it not spread over a very very long period.Above all,its
maintenance cost is also comparatively very low and as such,its
development, improvement and expansion can be effected easily and
cheaply in comparison to other systems.

Road Transportation in Pakistan

All the time Pakistan was created there was not much vahiculay traffic on
roads except bullock carts and other animal drawn carts .But today the
thronged with trucks,buses,station wagons,jeeps,cars and
motorcycles.National logistic cell established in 1978 is performing great
service by transporting essential commodities to and from Karachi Port
Inland.
Although road traffic is increasing rapidly,the density of the road network is
still inadequate and the condition of most roads is unsatisfactory in
quality,width, and separation of up and down carriageways.Slow moving carts
mingle with modern vehicular traffic and accidents and traffic jams are
frequent.

Principal Roads

The main roads of Pakistan are as follows:

1.Karachi to Torkham via Lahore

This is the longest and an important road of Pakistan.It is also known as the
grand trunk road.Its length is about 1735 kilometers.

This road links Karachi Port with other interior parts of our country.The import
and export of Afghanistan goes through this road.All the big cities situated on
this road are linked with other small towns and villages through small roads.
In many regions,this road run parallel to the railway line at some places due
to heavy traffic from Hyderabad to Karachi,it has been rebuilt and is known as
the Super Highway.This road passes from the following towns and
cities.Karachi to Thatta, Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Rohri, Rahimyar Khan,
Bahawalpur, Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Okara, Pattoki, Raiwind, Lahore,
Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Nowshera, Peshawar, Torkham.

2.Karachi to Chaman via Kalat and Quetta

This is the second largest and an important road of Pakistan.Its distance is

about 834 kilometers from Karachi to Chaman. This road beginning from
Karachi passing through the remote areas of Baluchistan Province,reaches
upto ,Chaman,a small border town near the border of Afghanistan. The
products of Afghanistan ,such as dry fruits etc. come to Karachi through this
road.Besides this the requirements of rural and urban areas of Baluchistan
are fulfilled through this road.

3.Rohri to Quetta via Sukkur,Jacobabad-Sibi

This is third important road of our country. Its distance is about 410
kilometers.This road passing through different parts of Sindh
Province,connects various important cities of Baluchistan Province.The
products of Baluchistan Province and trade with other province is mainly
performed through this road.

4.Dera Ismail Khan to Quetta via Fort Sandeman

This is also an important road of our country.This road connects the areas of
N.W.F.P .with Baluchistan Province.This road also goes from Dera Ismail Khan
to Peshawar via Bannu and Kohat.It has strategic and economic
importance.The distance from Dera Ismail Khan to Quetta is 555 kilometers.

5.Third National Highway

On the right bank of Indus River,a big highway is under construction.Its

distance from Karachi to Peshawar will be about 1220 kilometers and it is
expected that it will be completed upto 1993.This highway will connect the
following cities: Karachi, Sewan Sharif, Dadu, Larkana, Shikarpur, Kashmir,
Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Bannu, Kohat and Peshawar.

(B) RAILWAYS

Introduction

Railways are the convenient and quick means of transport of people and
goods particularly heavy items,over long distances.

Pakistan inherited 8554 km.(5315 miles) of railways ,to which much addition
has not been made.The extension work has hampered because of difficulties
in maintaining and running the existing railways.The locomotives in Pakistan
were run by coal.After the creation of Pakistan coal became a scarce
commodity .Therefore,Pakistan had to change its engines from coal to diesel
which required money and time.Workshop had also to be remodelled to to
repair and maintain them.Another problem was the availability of railways are
switching to concrete sleepers.At some places metre gauge track has been
changed into broad gauge track.Besides this,electrification of Railway track
from Lahore to Khanewal has been completed and work of electrification to
Samasatta Railway track is under progress.At present, Pakistan Railways
comprise of 8775 route kilometers,907 stations and 78 train halts.Its major
assets include 753 locomotives,2339 passengers coaches and 34851 freight
wagons.

Railway Routes

Following are the principle routes at Pakistan railways:

1.Peshawar to Karachi via Lahore

This is the main line of Pakistan railway.Its distance from Karachi city to
peshawar cantt.is 1045 miles or 1682 kilometers.This line passing through
Lahore (Pakistan Railway Headquarter) connects the biggest port of Pakistan
(Karachi) with other cities of the country.The following are the important
stations situated on this route: Peshawar, Nowshera, Attock, Hasanabdal,
Texila, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Lalamusa, Gujrat, Wazirabad, Gujranwala, Lahore,
Raiwind, Pattoki, Okara, Sahiwal, Khanewal, Multan, Bahawalpur, Khanpur,
Rahimyar Khan, Rohri, Khairpur, Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Kotri, Karachi.

It is a double line from Lodhran to Karachi and Lahore to Raiwind.Trains can

go up and down lines simultaneously,but from Raiwind to Lodhran,it is a
single line track and trains have to stop at various stations to pass the trains
coming from the opposite site.

Electric trains are being run between Lahore and Khanewal and further
extension work is under progress.It is estimated that the expenditure of oil
consumption have been reduced due to the use of electricity,and a large
amount of foreign exchange is being saved also.

2.Karachi to Quetta via Kotri,Dadu,Jacobabad

This is also an important route of Pakistan railway.This line connects the port
of Karachi with various cities of Baluchistan Province and reaches upto
Quetta. This line has been further extended from Quetta to Zahidan via
Nokundi ,Its distance is about 323 miles.

3.Rohri to Chaman via Sukkur,Larkana,Quetta,Chaman

The distance of this route is 239 miles,it reaches from Rohri to Chaman,a
town situated near the border of Afghanistan. The products of Afghanistan
such as fruits etc.reach various provinces through this route.

4.Peshawar to Multan via Attock,Kundian,Mari Indus,Multan

This is a branch line which reaches from Multan to Attock and meets the main
line.

5.Lalamusa to Khanewal via Sargodha,Faisalabad

This is also a branch line passing through various commercial centres and
meets the main line near Lala Musa.

(C) AIR TRANSPORT

in 1947 a small air company,the Orient Airways,Operated in Pakistan.Two

more companies quickly stand up namely the Pak-air Limited and Crescent
Airways.By 1952 the two new companies were dissolved.The Orient Airways
was too small to meet the growing needs of the country.Therefore,in April
1955,Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is established by an ordinance.The
Orient Airways was merged in the new company which now monopolizes air
transport in Pakistan.

The Pakistan International Airline has made a phenomenal progress since it

Inception.It started its life with a fleet of 15 aircrafts,three super constellation
,two convairs and ten Dakutas.As on February 29,1992 Pias fleet comprised
of 47 aircrafts of different types.

The PIA services are available to some large cities like Karachi,Lahore,
Islamabad, Peshawar, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad,and Quetta.It also links

small places which have transport difficulties like Gilgit, Chitral, Skurdo, Pasni,
Gwadar, Turbal and Jiwani and important historical places,Like Mohenjo
Daro.In all PIA serves 35 domestic stations.It has wide links outside Pakistan.It
connects many Europeon countries like U.K ,Germany,France,Italy,Russia
etc.It goes to U.S.A.It connects most of the countries of the Middle East and a
few African countries.It goes to India, Bangladesh, Singapore, Thailand,
China, Hong Kong and Japan.In all PIA serves 43 International stations.The
result of this expansion has been that the number of the passengers and
Cargo handled by PIA has greatly increase in 1955-56 PIA carried 1.1 million
passengers which was more than double in flye years time.In 1970-71 and
1971-72 ,There was a little set back because of political disturbances in East
Pakistan and its eventual position in 1971.Since then the conditions have
started to improve steadily.In ten years time the passenger traffic increased
from 1.8 million (1970-71) to 6.5 million (1980-81).The increase was
phenomenal rise took place in international traffic from 0.5 million in 1970-71
to 3.2 million in 1981-82.The progress in Cargo handled by PIA as equally
glorious.In 1955-56 only 1,00 tons of cargo was carried that increased by
about 7 times in five years (1959-60).In other ten years 1970-71 the increase
was 3 times.In another ten years (198081),more than three times increase
was registered.

Karachi Airport of our country has gained the position of an International

Airport. It is a stopping point for flights from Europe to Far East and Australia
and also for flights from China to Africa.From Karachi there are connecting
flights to various countries of Middle East.PIAS network extends from Tokyo
to Newyork and Toronto.In June,1991,Mashed in Iran as added as a new
destination.

In PIA,within a few years engineering facilities will be further developed and

production facilities will be geared up to undertake manufacturing and repair
work.

2. Waterways

(A)RIVER TRANSPORTATION

Rivers were the chief means of transportation in ancient times.That is why

most of the ancient cities grew up along the courses and at the junctions of
rivers.Today,only cheap,bulky and non-perishable goods are carried by rivers.
Rivers are probably the cheapest means of transportation.Expenses such as
those involved in the building of roads and railway tracks are avoided as the
running cost of boats is low.When compared with that of engines and trains
.In mountainous regions of our country ,timber wood is transported by means
of rivers.There is insufficient water in our rivers all the year round for large
boats to use them easily.The Indus carries sufficient water and is navigable
from Attock to its delta which is about a distance of 960 miles.Different kinds
of Items such as timber,grains,stones etc.,are transported from one place to
another with the help of small boats.

(B)OCEAN TRANSPORTATION

The import and export of Pakistan are mainly carried through Ocean
transport.

Shipping

Pakistan is started its life with a frail base in shipping sector.There were three
old ships with a dead weight of 18,000 tons.Almost all the goods from foreign
countries were brought on foreign ships and heavy drain of foreign exchange
was taking place.The government therefore became a member of
U.K.Continent Conference line .More than 40 ships began to operate.Further
expansion of shipping enterprise was felt necessary.In 1963 a new shipping
policy was adopted which among other things,sanctioned the purchase of 35
ships.During the same year National Shipping Corporation was established.
Its ship began to operate on U.K.continent route and U.S.A. in 1964.In
1965,its ships started to go to Singapore,Hong Kong ,China and Japan.In
1966,Red sea and Persian Gulf areas were tapped.By 1970 the corporation
had 31 vessels with dead weight of 336,931 tonnes.Besides there were 40
ships owned by other companies established in Pakistan.These 71 Pakistani
ships were handling the entire interwing trade (East Pakistan-West Pakistan
trade) and 14 % of the foreign sea-borne trade and could carry 6600
passengers.In 1974,th e private shipping companies were nationalized.To
manage them Pakistan shipping corporation was established.In 1979,the two
corporations were merged under the name of Pakistan National Shipping
Corporation (PNSC).The PNSCs development programme includes the

acquisition of a bulk carrier for shipments of rock phosphate,an edible oil

tanker for shipments of palm oil,four bulk carriers for shipments of iron ore
and coal imported by Pakistan Steel and three container vessels for handling
containerized general cargo trade.

At present there are 22 vessels owned by PNSC.The corporation has a dead

weight of 352,716 tons.During the first half of the year ending
December31,1991 the corporation handled 2.74 million freight tonnes of
cargo as against 2.77 million freight tons during the previous-half year ending
December 31,1990.

1. Karachi Port

Located west of the Indus Delta on the Arabian Sea coast,Karachi Port has
served Pakistan since its inception.Karachi is a natural harbour sheltered
behind the island of Keamari and a break-water at Manora. Karachi,a major
port by world standards,is Pakistans only large port.It has a vast hinterland
comprising not merely Pakistan and that part of Kashmir which is not under
indian occupation but also Afghanistan.The port has more than 25 berths,plus
a petroleum dock.The East Wharf ,constructed over 50 years ago,has been
modernized.The West Wharves and a dry dock for the construction and repair
of ships have been built since independence.The ports dry general cargo
handling capacity,though considerably increased in the past,is still less than
the actual amount of cargo handled,the two respectively being C and over 14
million tons per annum.As a result,the harbour is very crowded,with most
ships double-berthed,and long delays in entering the port are usual .Much
has been done to improve the port in four projects .The fourth project of
Karachi port included,among other works,the construction of 75,000 dead
weight oil tanker berth.It has improve the old handling capacity of the port
from 5 to 10 million tonnes per annum.A master plan had been prepared for
the development of the port and the first set of 8 berths,with modern
container terminals,was completed by 1987-88.The dry general cargo
handling capacity of the port improved by 2 million tonnes.

Cargo Handling

During the first nine months of the Financial year ending March 1992,the

Karachi port handled a cargo volume of 14.7 million tons (11 million tons of
import and 3.7 million tons of export) ,which is 4.2% above the corresponding
period of the previous year.
2. Port Mohammed Bin Qasim

In view of the increasing work the Karachi Port had to perform,the necessity
of a new port was felt.After examining a number of areas,finally a site for the
new port was selected at Pilli Creek,close to Pakistan Steel Mill.In June
1973,Port Mohammed Bin Qasim Authority was established and the work on
the port was started.Port Mohammed Bin Qasim, which is the first bulk,semi
bulk and industrial port of the country is situated 53 kilometers south east of
the Karachi Port.

Besides handling general cargo like rice,cement,fertilizers etc.the port will

have special facilities for handling iron ore, coal and steel mill machinery.In
the first phase the port shall have 8 berths and 12 more will be added in the
second phase.Most of the work in phase 1 has been completed and the port
has started functioning.

Cargo Handling

Cargo handled at Port Bin Qasim during July March 1991-92 was 5.768 million
tonnes,including 5.152 million tonnes of import and 0.616 million tonnes of
export goods.

This overview highlights the core problem of the continuing failure of

Pakistani cities
to develop and manage their public transport systems in such a way as to
provide a
high level of mobility, equity, and environmental sustainability. **The paper
identifies
several factors, including the importance of governance, capacity building,
and urban

planning in providing adequate, efficient, and effective public transport in

Pakistan.***
CONDITION IN KARACHI
The city of Karachi is a major transport hub of Pakistan. The Karachi port and
airport are major gateways to Pakistan. The Karachi Railway stations
transports the major part of Pakistan's trade with other countries.
by roads in karachi
Buses are the primary mode of travelling around Karachi. They are
conveniently cheap and are thus used by the majority of the middle and
lower class commuters. However, the present number of buses is simply not
enough to cater to the commuting needs of the ever-growing population, and
so it is not an uncommon sight to experience overcrowded and cramped
conditions inside the buses, as well as people clinging to the sides of the bus
and huddled together on the bus roofs.the bus transport service in karachi is
extremly in bad condition..First of all majority knows that the government
has not set up a proper transport system in Karachi so far. The buses plying
on the roads which you see are all private transport and the whole system is
totally under custody of private transport union. Almost all the buses are in
the model of 1970 (especially big buses that are called Bed Ford). They are
still plying now which have completed their lives. Also, the condition of
wagons and coaches are not so much different from big buses. Someone
have teared silencer that becomes cause of air as well as noise pollution. The
physical condition is also not so good. As we know some buses have broken
seats that affect the travel, leaking roofs that are big distress in rain, some
windows without glass that increase that pain of public in winter season, etc..
we can take the example of karachi university points service
University Of Karachi, the biggest public sector university of Karachi provides
point services to its students so that the students coming from various parts
of the city can easily reach there.The aim is to provide facility to the students
especially for those students who belong to middle class family. This service
seems to be the most fascinating factor for the students.What is the actual
picture of this service?

There are about 24 thousand students, who are currently enrolled in Karachi
University. Meanwhile only 28 buses are available for the students.
Can anyone imagine the overall picture? How many of those 24 thousand
students could avail this service? Most of the students have to travel

privately which is more costly for them.

Having more than 52 departments, University of Karachi is just providing the
services of 28 .
There are a lot of bus routes all throughout the city. What lacks is the
availability of bus stops. The bus stops designated by the transport
authorities are often not given due regard by the bus drivers, who usually
stop and go at their own will. The plus side: you are saved the trouble of
walking to a particular spot to catch a bus, and you can simply stand in the
middle of the road to hail one.

Tickets do not exist. You just have to pay the fare to the conductor of the bus
and hope he remembers your face for the length of the journey. He usually
does.

The majority of the buses run from around 0630 in the morning to around
2230 at night.Quantity of the buses is very less as compared to the public.
Thats why you will find a huge crowd in the buses. Especially in the morning
when people go and evening when they come back. Some people cant get
the bus just due to heavy load and crushing out. The people inside the bus
are almost tied with each other. Whenever someone arrives to his destination
then he quickly goes to the gate of the bus after crushing the huddled crowd
that increases the suffering of others. Some bow up on the others foot then
their argue starts which changes into fight sometimes. Traffic jam also plays
a great role in the suffering of travelers. People tie in the bus many minutes
(sometimes hours) and think that it will be a miracle if we arrive at home.
.
The authorities should take action against this complex situation and should
play their role to provide a smooth transportation system with cheap fairs for
the students coming from different walks of life
RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on
rail tracks. Andit is categorized as primary mode of conveyance. Its Consisted
on: Freight & Passenge
Karachi is linked by rail to the rest of the country by the Pakistan Railways.
The Karachi City Station and Karachi Cantonment Railway Station are the
city's two major railway stations. The railway system handles a large amount

of freight to and from the Karachi port apart from providing passenger
services to people travelling up co
AIR TRANSPORT
The condition of Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is terrible, as the
ordinary repair works have not been completed after the passage of long
time. The flights are delayed for one or more than one hour.on the other side
planes are in bad condition.The PIA has taken two old aircraft on lease due to
shortage of planes. These aircrafts have been taken from unpopular airline
Hailing Aviation. PIA has given permission to these planes for Haj flights. It is
pertinent to note that Haj flights and domestic flight operation is badly
affected due to fault and delay in repair of aircraft. Meanwhile, the
representatives of PIA employees and other representative organisations
held a meeting with the PIA MD. They expressed reservations on taking two
old Jumbo aircraft on lease from the Greek company and signing of deal with
Trans World Aviation for the supply of spare parts and demanded enquiry into
it.