دورة التكييف مهمة جداً

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

/ .

.
.

( ) Cooling Loads

-1 () Sensible loads

44 34
.
-2 () Latent loads

.

:
-1 () External loads
:
- () Solar loads
- () Conduction
External ceiling
External walls
)( Fig 1
Glass windows
Windows
Fig 1
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-2 () Internal loads
:
- (.) People
- (.) lighting
- (.) Equipment
-3 () Ventilation
fresh air
.
Exh
Room
SA
AHU
MA
FA
RA
Fig 2
- :
-1 .
.
-2 .

( ) Conduction
( .) Partition
- ( ) Shaded Walls
( ) Conduction.
-
( ) Btu/hr ( ) TR .12444
. AHU
.
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: () External loads
-1 ( ) Glass Windows
- ( ) duo to solar
QX = SHG AX f
( ) X ) f ( ,
( ) A( , ) 16 ,
) SHG ( Sensible heat gain ( ) 15 () Example 1,2
"" .
- ( ) duo to conduction
Q = U A total T
( ) U U=1/R overall heat transfer coefficient of the surface
) ) A total
) T( , .
-2 ( ) External walls
- ( ) duo to solar
QX = U AX CLTD corr
( ) CLTD cooling load temperature difference
( ( 32 .
:
, ) U ( = 0.3 : 0.33
U=1/R R ( ) 7-2 , 6-2 , 5-2 , 4-2
( ) 11 ( . ( 34
Q = U A T

( .) Conduction
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-3 ( ) External Ceiling
- ( ) duo to solar
Q = U A CLTD corr
( ) CLTD cooling load temperature difference
( ) 34 .
Q = U A T

( .) Conduction
:

(. ) Conduction .

). Q total (ex
fos
Q design (ex) =Q total 1.1
: () Internal loads
-1 ( ) People
- ( ) Sensible
- ( ) Latent
QS = N S
QL = N L
( ) N ) S ( , ) L ( ,
. ( ) S & L

( ) 21-2 ( ) 48 . :
Q people = QS + QL
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-4 ( ) Lighting
Q = Power (watt) 4.1 N

Btu/hr
( ) N
( ) 27-2 ( ) 49
-3 ( ) Electrical Equipment
(
) 25-2 , 24-2 , 23-2 , 22-4 ( ) 52 , 51 , 54

.

). Q total (in
: ( ) Ventilation loads

( ) L/s/person .
( ) L/s/m2 ( ) 45
( ) 8-2
cfm / person N
= CFM total
cfm / m2 A
( ) fresh air

( ) Sensible (.) Latent
: ( ) Ventilation Sensible Load
m air = air V air
but
Cp air = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
) ( Btu / hr
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Q S = mair Cp T
air ~ 1.2 kg/m3
and
QS = 1.08 CFM T
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: ( ) Ventilation Latent Load
Q L = mov Latent
2500
o
air
=mv/m
But
Q L = mov Latent = moair Latent
air ~ 1.2 kg/m3
CFM
mair = air V air
And
QL = 0.68 CFM
.
Fig 3

:
Grand Sensible Heat :
Q S = QS (ex , in) + QS v
Q L = QL (ex , in) + QL v
Q total = Q S + Q L
Btu/hr
12000
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Grand Latent Heat :
Total Grand Heat :
" " TR :
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:

( ) Diversity Factor :

1444 544

1444 544
1544 ( ) Max Load
( ) Demand Load
( )
1444
( ) Diversity Factor
( ) ( = , 0.75 = . ) 0.9
Demand Load = Max Load diversity Factor
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External Loads
Direction
SHG (Carrier Tables)
Area = l * h
(m2)
Qtotal = Num * Q
Qsensable
Qsensible(N) = SHG(N) * A(N) * f(N)
Qsensible(S) = SHG(S) * A(S) * f(S)
Qsensible(E) = SHG(E) * A(E) * f(E)
Qsensible(W) = SHG(W) * A(W) * f(W)
Solar
Glass
Conduction
Qsensible = Ug * Ag (total) * T
____
_________
Direction
CLTD (Ashrae Tables)
Area = l * h
(m2)
Qsensable
Qtotal = Num * Q
Qsensible(N) = U(N) * CLTD(N) * A(N)
Qsensible(S) = U(S) * CLTD(S) * A(S)
Qsensible(E) = U(E) * CLTD(E) * A(E)
Qsensible(W) = U(W) * CLTD(W) * A(W)
Solar
Wall
Conduction
Qsensible = Uw * Aw (total) * T
____
_________
Direction
Area = l * h
(m2)
Qsensable
Solar
____
Qsensible = CLTD * A
Conduction
____
_________
Direction
Solar
____
_________
__________
Conduction
____
_________
Qsensible = U * A * T
Roof
Qsensible = U * A * T
Area = l * h
(m2)
Qsensable
Floor
(Sum Ex) * 1.1
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Internal Loads
Item
Num
S (Egy Code)
L (Egy Code)
Qs = Num * S
Ql = Num * L
Qtotal = Qs + Ql
People
Light
_____
Electrical equipment
_____
Kitchen machines
Sum In
Ventilation (fresh air >>> S & L)

CFM / Person
Num of Persons
CFM / m2
(m2)
Total CFM
Qs = 1.08 * CFM * T
Ql =0.68 *
Qtotal = Qs + Ql
Toal CFM
Qs = 1.08 * CFM * T
Ql =0.68 *
Qtotal = Qs + Ql
Total SUM
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( ) CFM

-4 ( ) Fresh air

%488 ( .) Fresh air
-4 ( ) Return air

( ) Fresh air .
:
-4 ( ) Fresh air
( ) Return air ( ) Mixed air
( ) AHU

Fig 4
% Return Air
Fig 4
-4 ( ) Fresh air ( ) Return air

( ) AHU
( ) ADP
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( Apparatus Deo Point ) ADP

.
( ) Reheater coil ( ) Cooling coil
( Fig 5 ) AHU
Fresh air %100
Fig 5
-3 ( ) Fresh air
) Dehumidification(..
( ) By pass
) By pass factor ( bpf 0.15 : 0.1

( ) Out Air Sensible Heat - OASH
()Out Air Latent Heat - OALH
.
( , ) Room Sensible Heat RSH
.
( ) Room Latent Heat RLH :
) ESH = RSH + ( bpf OASH
Effective Sensible heat :
) ELH = RLH +( bpf OALH
Effective Latent heat :
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-4
( )
( ) Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor - ERSHF :
Sensible Heat Factor :
SHF = Q S / Q T
:
) RSH +( bpf OASH

) )RSH +RLH ) + bpf ( OASH + OALH
= ERSHF
:
ERSHF 0.72 Saturated line
( ) ADP
.
( ) Reheater ( ) Cooling coil .

:

( ) Sensible ( ) Latent
( ) Latent ( ) ERSHF
:
-1 ( ) Latent ( ) ERSHF 0.72
( ) ADP (. Fig 6 ) Latent
-2 ( ) Sensible ( . ) ADP
R
R
Fig 6
ADP
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( ) ERSHF 0.72
( )Reheater RC :
ERSHF = 0.7
) ( for example
. 0.72 0.73
)ERSHF = (X + RC) / (Y + RC
where :
) X = RSH + ( bpf OASH

)Y = RSH +RLH ) + bpf ( OASH + OALH
)3400 = (k watt
RC = BTU / hr
So :
( ) Q sensible = m CP T ( ) m air = air V air
( * ) Cubic Feet Per Minute CFM
) RSH + ( bpf OASH

) (1 -- bpf ) 1.08 ( Tdb -- TADP
= CFM
.
( ( CFM fresh
( ) Ventilation
( ) CFM Return :
CFM = CFM fresh + CFM Return
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( ) Air Ducts
-1
-2
-3
:
( . ) Main Duct
( . ) Branches
Diffuser .

Grill
-4 ( ) Fettings , .FD & VD , T
1
2
Fig 7
:
.
( ) Air Duct Design

:
( ) Equal Friction Methode
: ( ) Internal Flow :
Qo= A V
( ) A ) V ( , .
( ) V

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( ) 1300 : 2500 fpm

( ) 700 : 800 fpm .
( ) V .
: -1 ( ") Q "cfm
-2 ( ". ) V "fpm
( ) P/L ( ) Fig 8
, ( ) Ductlator ( . ) Duct wt
: ( ) P/L .
-1 ( ) P / L
-2 ( ".) Q "cfm
( ) Fig 8
( ) Fig 9
( ) Ductlator ( . )Duct wt
Fig 8
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Fig 9
:

)(44*24
)(24*18
)(18*14
)(18*10
:
( ) Fig 8
( ) Fig 9
( ) Air Duct Area
-1 ) Aspect Ratio (
( ) . .
( ) 1 : 4 .
AR
4cm
4cm
8 cm
16 m2
AR = 4/4 = 1
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16 m2
Cost
2cm
AR = 8/2 = 4
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.
-2
( ) Heat Transfer
( ) A surface :
Q HT = U A surface T
( ) AR = 1 .

) Slope max ( 1:7
:
) Slope min ( 1:4
Y
X
( ) Branch ( ) Main Duct " "1

( . ) Diffuser & Grill
" "4
( ) Volume Dumper VD ( ) Branch ( ) Main Duct

.
( ) Supply Diffuser ( ) Volume Dumper
( . ) Registra
Fig 10
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( ) Fire Dumper FD ( ) Return Duct

.
Fig 11
( ) Diffuser & Grill
: Diffusers : :
Round Diff user -1
Face Size
Neck Size
"X+6
Fig 12
Square Diffuser -2

4 way
3 way
2 way
1 way
Corner
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( ) Neck Size ( ) Face Size

.
( ) Air diffuser
Supply diffuser
( ) 3 : 3.5 Return diffuser

.
Y
2X
2Y
Y
Fig 13
( ) Diffuser & Grill

( ) Diffuser & Grill :
. ) CFM
-1 (
-2 ( . ) V fpm
-3 . ( Neck Size ) Diffuser
( ) Duct Weight
( ) ( )
( ) Ducts ( ) Fittings
, ... T
) m = Volume ( tons
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( ) ( Volume ( , .
. Volume
L
Volume = A t
A=2(d+h)L
t
h
m = 2 ( d + h ) L t 1.1
d
= %10

( ) Aspect Ratio :
( )X ()t
0.6 mm
"12
0.7 mm
"13" : 30
0.8 mm
"31" : 48
X
1 mm
"49" : 60

( ) CFM
( ) V
.
:
Weight
kg
Weight
kg/m2
Gauge
))us
Thick
mm
Area
m2
Length
L m
Height
h mm
Width
d mm
Section
number
1
2
h
L
.
-1 ( -2 . ) Branch .
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: () Branch Inlet
:
- Take Off
( ) Take Off
( ) 1/4 w ( ) 10 cm .
45o
1/4 w
- Shoes neck
( ) Take Off
( ) 1/4 w ( ) 10 cm .
45o
1/4 w
: ( ) Guide Vanes

Guide Vanes

.
Heel Radius RH
eddies
( ) Guide Vanes
( ) D :
:

( ) With out Throat

( ) Full Throat
.
Throat
Radius RT

none
1
2
3
()D
"10
"12" : 16
"16" : 24
"24" : 30
-1 ( ) Full Throat
RH
) R T = 3/4 ( D
R2
RH = R T + D
R1
RT
D
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-2 ( ) With out Throat

RH
( ) RT
:
R2
) R T = 0.1( D
R1
RH = R T + D
( ) Guide Vanes

RT
)Throat Radius ( RT ) (In
No 1 of 3
No 1 of 2
No 1 of 1
No 2 of 3
No 2 of 2
No 3 of 3
)Heel Radius ( RH ) (In
Fig 14

( ) SMACNA .

.
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:
-1 ( ) Air Ducts
( ) Arma Flex ( .) Fig 15
-2 ( ) AHU
( ) plenum
88 .
Fig 15
-3 ( ) Flexible
( ) Canvas ( ) plenum
.
Canvas
Fig 16
AHU
Plenum
80 cm
Canvas
-4 ( ) VD , FD ( ) Duct dimensions
-5 ( ) Splitter Dumper
( ) Volume Dumper
.
Splitter
-6 ( ) Main Duct 3
( ) AHU .
-7
( ) Air Ducts

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-8 ( ) Air Duct

Aspect Ratuo .

( )10 * 6
100 CFM
. 300 CFM
P/L
( ) Equal Friction Methode CFM
P/L . Aspect Ratio
-9
( . Bottom of Duct ) BOD
:
( ) AHU
U

.
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AHU
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( ) Fans

:

:
Air Handling Unit AHU -1

( . ) Central Hydronic System .
.
Package Unit -2

( ) Heat Pump ( . ) DX System

.
( ) Fans .
( ) Fans Classification
Fans used in HVAC
Axial fan
)Centrifugal fan (Blower
1-Vane-axial fan
2- ube-axial fan
1 - Forward- tip fan

Casing
2 - Backward-tip fan
Inlet
Outle
t
Fig 17
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Impeller
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( ) Centrifugal Fans
) Static Pressure (SP
( ) Forward & Backward

) SP ) ( ) CFM
( . ) Forward

P = I V cos
Fig 18

Volume Flow Rate

( ) CFM . ( ) Backward
. ( ) Back ward
( ) Forward
( ) Fan Coil Unit .
:
-1 ( ) CFM ( .) RPM
-2 ) SP ( .) RPM (2
-3 ( ) hp .) RPM (3
:
1/3
1
=
2
1/2
1
1
1
=
=
2
2
2
( ) Fan Selection
:
-1 ( ) CFM

-2 ( ) Fan Static Pressure

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Power
P = Q P
.
:
( ) Pressure Losses
Local Losses
Major Losses
) 1- Fettings ( Elbow , T connection etc
Duct friction
) 3- Dampers ( FD & VD & SD
4- In let & Out let .. etc

: ) Pressure Losses (
:
( ) Inlet ( ) Outlet ( . ) Diffuser & Grill
: ( ) Major Losses
( ) P/L ( ) Air Duct , ,
.
: ( ) Local Losses
) P/L (Fettings
.
: ( ) Local Losses ( ) Major Losses
) Static Pressure ( .
SP = P/L ( L eq(duct) + L eq(Fettings) ) +

P ( VD & FD & SD ) +P grill
) P (
( ) VD , FD , SD

. ) Max Efficiency (
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:
( : ) Normal Fan
( ) 1 ( ) S A
( . ) Supply Static Pressure
( ) 2 ( ) R A ( . ) Return Static Pressure
( : ) Recirculation Fan
( . ) Fan Coil Unit

.
( : ) Booster Fan
Supply Fan

( ) Booster Fan
( ) Booster Fan

( ) Static Pressure . ) Series (
( ) CFM Conrtol
:
) Volume Dumper ( -1
) Variable Speed Fan( -2
( -3 ) Belt Wheel
:

:
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: ( ) CFM
.
: ( ) SP
.

:
:

) Static Pressure ( In water
Fig 19
CFM * 1000
( )0 CFM 11,210
( . ) 3 In of water
:
.
( ) 1 ( ) 2 In of water
CFM 12,500
.

( ) Diffuser
.
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( )1 ( . )0
Volume Damper
CFM 11,210
.
: ( )2
.
( )0 CFM 11,210
( . ) 3 In of water
( ) 2 ( ) 4 In of water
CFM 10,000
.

( )2 ( )0

.
.
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( ) Pumps

( . ) Chilled Water System
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
( ) Pumps ( ) Chillers
( ) Centrifugal Pumps . 1450 rpm
( ) GPM ( .) RPM
( ) Head .) RPM (2
( ) hp .) RPM (3
1
=
2
1
1
1
=
=
2
2
2
-5 ( ) Pumps
( ) Cavitation .
( ) Cavitation :
V
ST L
atm
=
-6
( ) Anti Vortex .
-7 :
- ( : ) Series ( ) Head
( . ) Q
- ( : ) Parallel
( ) Q ( . ) Head
Q1 , H
Q , H2
Q1 + Q2 , H
Parallel
Q , H1
Q , H1 + H2
Series
Q2 , H
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08555727721 /
/ :
08057375072 /
() Hook Up
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Gate & Butterfly Valve

) Filter ( Strainer
Flexible Joints
Non Return Valve
Gauges
:
-1 ( ) Butterfly ( . ) Chiller
Fig 20
-2 ( ) Suction Side

( ) Eccentric Reducer
( ) Air Gap ( ) Cavitation
( ) Fig 15 ( ) Delivery Side
.
Fig 21
( ) Pump Function
:
Primary Pump -1 .
Secondary Pump -2
Primary . Primary
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08555727721 /
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08057375072 /
:

) ) In Parallel ( ) Main Header
.
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08555727721 /
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08057375072 /

Chilled Water System

( ) Fan Coil Unit .
( ) Chiller
:
-1 ( ) GPM
-2 ) )P
( ) Chilled Water .
: ( ) GPM
:
Q = m Cp T
:
24
) Tw (out in
( ) GPM
( ) T w 10 oF :
.
1TR = 2.4 GPM
( ) GPM
( ) Total GPM .
: ( )Pump Static Head

( )) P/L) /100ft

2
V
=
f
2
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( ) Recomendations
-1 10 ft/100ft
)) P/L) /100ft( < 10 ft/100ft
.
-2 ( ) V ) 3 : 8 ( fps . 5 fps
( ) Piping Design
( ) Air Duct Design
( ) Air Duct Design
8 fps
.5 fps

( . ) Air Duct Design
.
:
( ( H losses ( )) P/L) /100ft .
: -1 ( ) GPM
-2 ()) P/L) /100ft
( ) d Fig 16
:

( ) Friction Losses ( )

( . ) Fan Coil Unit
:
Fig 22
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) GPM ( -1
:
component
FCU (1TR)
AHU (15TR)
AHU (20TR)
FCU (5TR)
AHU (10TR)
SUM
1 TR = 2.4 GPM :
TR
1
15
20
5
10
51
GPM
2.4
36
48
12
24
122.4
) Static Head ( -2
) A
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G (
)B,C,D,E,F(
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Section
GPM
AB
BC
CD
DE
EF
FG
GH
HI
IJ
JK
KL
LM
MN
122.4
120
96
60
48
48
48
48
48
60
96
120
122.4
V=(3:8)
~ 5 fps
)) P/L) /100ft(
< 10 ft / 100 ft
d ( In )
H losses =
{(P/L ) AB ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P/L ) BC ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P/L ) CD ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P/L ) DE ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P/L ) EF ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P/L ) FG ( LPipe + L Fittings + LAccesories )}
+ {(P) AHU } =

:
) FCU & AHU & CWU (
) AHU & CWU = 20" ( ) FCU = 15" (
.
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( ) 2 Way & 3 Way Valves

: ( ) 2 Way Valve

( ) One Way Valve

. ( ) 2 Way Valve

2
1
.
Fig 23
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: ( ) 3 Way Valve

( ) 2 Input , 1 Output
( ) 1 Input , 2 Output
( ) Fan Coil Unit

FCU

.
Fig 24
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( ) 3 Way Valve
( ) Fan Coil Unit
Fig 25
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( ) System Accessories
-1 ( ) Kitchen Ventilation

. ( . ) Hood .
Hoods ( ) CFM
:
=
V
60
( ) n ) V ( , (. ) ft3
( ) n min = 3 , max = 6 .
min = 3
Power
Cost
CFM
Duct
(1800 : 2200) fpm

45o
Face
45o
45o
45o
(0.5 : 0.75) m/s
25 cm

,
.
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25 cm
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CFM -1 : .
2 . Hood Face
( ( P/L
( ) Air Duct . Hood
Q = A V CFM

) A = 2 (w + 50

. CFM
:
( ) Negative
.
. 5%
-2 ( ) Expansion Tank
EX Tank
.
:
a . Static head from B to D is more than
static Pressure from A to C.
Riser
b . Friction losses in BD is more than

friction losses in AC.

AC
.
( ) EX Tank ( ) Make Up .
( ) Closed System
.
( ) EX Tank
. Part 3 Page 33,34
( . ) HAP
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Tables
&
Charts
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Solar Heat Gain ( SHG )

Table 15
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Solar Heat Gain duo to Glass ( SHG ) Continued

Table 15
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Table 15
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Table 15
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Table 15
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Table 15
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Glass Factor ( f )
Table 16
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Thermal Resistance for Building & Insulation Materials ( R )
Table 34
Continued
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Thermal Resistance for Building & Insulation Materials ( R )

Continued
Continued
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Ventilation
Table 45
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Heat Gain from People
Heat Gain from Light
Table 48
Table 49
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Heat Gain from Restaurant Applications
Table 50
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Heat Gain from Restaurant Applications
Table 51
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Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Applications Hooded
Table 52
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Heat Gain from Miscellaneous Applications Not Hooded
Table 52
Recommended Air Velocities in Ducts

Table 7
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Wall and Roof Thermal Properties and Code Numbers

Table 11
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Roof CLTD
Table 30
Roof Number
Table 31
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Wall CLTD
Table 30
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Wall CLTD Continued

Table 30
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Wall CLTD Continued

Table 30
Wall Number
Table 33
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Wall Number Continued

Table 33
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Table 33
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Table 33
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Rectangular Duct Dimensions
Another Format But in ( mm )
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( ) Psychrometric Chart
w
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Equal Friction Methode Chart ( CFM & P/L & FPM & D )
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Equal Friction Methode Chart ( CFM & P/L & FPM & D )
Another Chart
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Rectangular Duct Dimensions
Dimensions by Inches ( In )
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Friction Loss for Closed Piping System
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Air Handling Unit Hook Up
Chiller Hook Up

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Pump Hook Up
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Fan Coil Unit Hook Up
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Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Q design (ex) =Q total 1.1

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Q = Power (watt) 4.1 N

) 25-2 , 24-2 , 23-2 , 22-4 ( ) 52 , 51 , 54

m air = air V air

Cp air = 1.005 kJ/kg.K

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

: ( ) Ventilation Latent Load

Q L = mov Latent = moair Latent

air ~ 1.2 kg/m3

mair = air V air

Grand Latent Heat :

Total Grand Heat :

Demand Load = Max Load diversity Factor

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

SHG (Carrier Tables)

Qsensible(N) = SHG(N) * A(N) * f(N)

Qsensible(S) = SHG(S) * A(S) * f(S)

Qsensible(E) = SHG(E) * A(E) * f(E)

Qsensible(W) = SHG(W) * A(W) * f(W)

CLTD (Ashrae Tables)

Qsensible(N) = U(N) * CLTD(N) * A(N)

Qsensible(S) = U(S) * CLTD(S) * A(S)

Qsensible(E) = U(E) * CLTD(E) * A(E)

Qsensible(W) = U(W) * CLTD(W) * A(W)

CLTD (Ashrae Tables)

CLTD (Ashrae Tables)

(Sum Ex) * 1.1

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Ventilation (fresh air >>> S & L)

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

-4 ( ) Fresh air ( ) Return air

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

( Apparatus Deo Point ) ADP

Fresh air %100

) ESH = RSH + ( bpf OASH

Effective Sensible heat :

) ELH = RLH +( bpf OALH

Effective Latent heat :

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

) RSH +( bpf OASH

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

) X = RSH + ( bpf OASH

( ) Q sensible = m CP T ( ) m air = air V air

( * ) Cubic Feet Per Minute CFM

) RSH + ( bpf OASH

CFM = CFM fresh + CFM Return

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

-4 ( ) Fettings , .FD & VD , T

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

( ) 1300 : 2500 fpm

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

( ) Branch ( ) Main Duct " "1

( ) Volume Dumper VD ( ) Branch ( ) Main Duct

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

( ) Fire Dumper FD ( ) Return Duct

( ) Diffuser & Grill

Egyptian Engineering Syndicate

( ) Neck Size ( ) Face Size