SPE-172359-MS

PVT Fluid Characterization and Consistency Check for Retrograde

Condensate Reservoir Modeling
Julius U. Akpabio, University of Uyo; Emmanuel E. Udofia, Michael Ogbu, The Shell Petroleun Development
Company of Nigeria

Copyright 2014, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition held in Lagos, Nigeria, 05 07 August 2014.
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Abstract
Retrograde gas condensate systems are complex systems as a result of the unique compositional changes
that when the reservoir pressure is decreased. Correct selection of Equation of State (EOS) is necessary
for proper fluid characterization so that the PVT behavior in the simulation model is a good representation
of the reservoir fluid. High quality and accurate PVT data can reduce uncertainty in reservoir fluid
properties and set the stage for reservoir engineering modeling whilst improving the technical work on
which investment decisions are made.
In order to obtain reliable PVT data for effective reservoir modeling, the following steps are essential:

Acquisition of sufficient volumes of representative reservoir fluid samples.

Proper examination and supervision of all field and laboratory experiments to ensure accuracy,
consistency and validity of the resulting PVT analysis results.
Results from the PVT experiments are imported into PVT software for validation in order to
ascertain a good match between the simulated and experimental data.
This process generates the Equation of State model required for material balance and other simulation
studies for gas condensate reservoirs.
The mass balance test is one of the methods that can be used to validate laboratory PVT data. It is a
rigorous test for the evaluation of compositional consistency between feed composition, separator vapor
and liquid compositions. Other laboratory PVT data validation means include Mass balance plot, Hoffman
plot CVD/CCE comparison plots and Campbell diagrams. These plots serve as data quality assessment
methods prior to their use for EOS characterization. PVT validation checks helps to confirm the true
content of the fluid as either a rich or lean gas condensate and also confirm the Gas oil ratio of the system.
Inaccurate PVT data can give misleading information that could cause a wrong evaluation of
hydrocarbon in place. However, when these methods are properly applied it could lead to huge savings
for the company as accurate results are obtained from reservoir simulation models which could aid
optimization efforts and achieve incremental recovery.

SPE-172359-MS

INTRODUCTION
Reservoir fluids are usually classified into five groups black oil, volatile oil retrograde condensate, wet gas
and dry gas. The retrograde condensate fluid has the most complex feature because of the fluid behavior
and properties. Retrograde condensate reservoirs have a temperature located between the critical temperature and the cricondentherm on the reservoir fluids pressure-temperature diagram. This is the unique
feature that identifies gas condensate reservoirs. (Thomas et al., 2009) Gas condensate fluid flow in a
reservoir is a complicated phenomenon involving phase changes, condensate loss into some pores of the
rock, multi-phase-flow of the wet gas oil and possibly water, phase redistribution in and around the
wellbore and liquid vaporization back to condensate gas (Kool et al., 2001). An equation of state is an
analytical expression that relates pressure to the temperature and volume of a fluid which is used to
characterize reservoir fluids. Proper description of this Pressure Volume Temperature (PVT) relationship
for real hydrocarbon fluids is essential in determining the volumetric and phase behavior of Petroleum
reservoir fluids.
PVT measurements provide a very important data for many reservoir engineering and production
applications. (Williams 1994). Several equations of state (Peng-Robinson, Redlick-Kwong, Soave, SKV,
Modified PR etc,) have been published in the past to model phase behavior of retrograde condensate
fluids. (Khan et al., 2012). It is imperative to know the phase behavior of gas condensate systems in order
to predict reservoir performance and future processing needs. The degree of confidence in Equation of
State results increases as EOS is tuned to match experimentally measured data or actual field data.
The following is a general procedure adopted for EOS modeling
a. From available composition at reference pressure, temperature and depth, EOS model is built
using any of the EOS correlations
b. If the GOR and density do not match, then the molecular weight or specific gravity of the pseudo
component is changed by 5-10% to get close to the densities
c. Pseudo components are split and binary interaction coefficient is used to match saturation pressure.
d. Laboratory data is entered and deviation between the calculated and experimental values is
checked.
e. If there is a large deviation, then binary interaction coefficients and critical properties of pseudo
components are regressed.
f. After regression the EOS model can be lumped for use in simulation model to reduce the
simulation time.
The development of a gas condensate reservoir requires a thorough study involving accurate PVT
characterization using an EOS correlation. A major challenge in developing retrograde condensate
reservoir is the phenomenon called condensate banking. This is the process whereby condensate drops
out below the dew point in the near wellbore region forming a ring-like structure which can lead to
productivity loss. This is more common in low permeability reservoirs. The bank becomes impairment to
inflow and ultimately leads to a loss in productivity at the surface. The result is loss in revenue due to
reduction of condensate production at the surface. (Lawrence and Gupta 2009).
In order to achieve a good EOS model, sampling of the reservoir fluid has to be done accurately. For
the sample to be a good representative of the reservoir fluid, laboratory experiments must be performed
correctly and development of EOS must be accurate (Khan et al., 2012). PVT models are usually
generated with the aid of mathematical algorithms expressed as Equation of State. (Schebetov, 2010).
There are practical limitations in obtaining gas condensate PVT data. The accuracy of laboratorygenerated PVT data for gas condensate reservoir fluids is necessary. Certain difficulties are associated
with these type of reservoirs such as compositional changes due to pressure dropping below the dew point
and uncertainties associated with small liquid volumes (Eyton, 1987). The choice of the most profitable

SPE-172359-MS

development scheme for any gas condensate reservoir depends on four factors: field size and location,
local markets for separated gas and condensate, Tax regime and Phase behavior of reservoir fluid.
Reservoir simulation is the fundamental tool for designing a field development plan and evaluating
field production performances. Reservoir fluid PVT model (PVT table for reservoir simulator) is required
as part of any integrated reservoir studies. (Schebetov, 2010). The development scheme can either be
recycled gas, nitrogen or even water. Consequently, compositional simulation models are used to evaluate
the recovery process.
Fluid Sampling for PVT analysis -Condensate Fluid Sampling
The primary objective of sampling is to have a representative of the reservoir fluid at the time of sampling.
(Lawrence et al., 2008)The major challenge in sampling gas condensate reservoir is sampling close to the
dew point. At such times the system can become a two-phase system before the reservoir fluid reaches
the surface or even before it reaches the wellbore. In some systems, the cooling effect of the mud
circulation will cause the reservoir fluid in the near wellbore region to drop into two phases even before
the flow is started. Secondly, Oil Based Mud (OBM) can complicate gas condensate sampling by
contamination of the liquid that drops out of the gas into the OBM filtrate. Without proper PVT data, the
EOS is highly questionable. Quality PVT Data is critical because reservoir simulation models are based
on EOS. To accurately determine the PVT properties and composition of the reservoir fluid, representative
fluid samples are required.
For the PVT samples to be representative of the reservoir fluid, they have to be collected as soon as
the drilling is completed because it is less likely to have pressure drops that can create two phases in the
reservoir. The most important aspect of sampling is to maintain the fluid in a single phase during sampling
and transfer for analysis. This can be achieved by accurately controlling the sample drawdown pressure
and keeping it above the dew point and as close to the reservoir conditions as possible. (Michaels, et al.,
1995, Bon et al., 2007)
Peng-Robinson EOS was developed to simulate the depletion process and characterize the fluid from
a well data. A tuned model matched the experimental PVT data like Constant Composition Expansion
(CCE) and Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) that are reliable and give a high degree of matched results.
Compositional simulation is employed to evaluate the behavior of gas condensate fluid and show the
retrograde phenomenon of the fluid in the reservoir when the pressure drops below the dew point pressure.
An agreement between the tuned Peng-Robinson EOS and experimental PVT data is expected in order to
have a good depletion process for use in production simulation. (Bengherbia and Tiab 2002). This will
ultimately result in a good performance prediction.
Fluid Characterization
Reservoir fluid PVT characterization begins with acquisition of adequate volumes of representative fluid
samples followed by PVT data measurement with careful quality-assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
protocols and phase-behavior modeling through best practice methods. (Khan et al., 2012) Reservoir fluid
characterization consists of several key steps:
a. Acquisition of representative samples.
b. Identification of reliable service laboratories to perform PVT measurements
c. Implementation of QA/QC procedures to ensure data quality and consistency
d. Development of mathematical model to capture fluid property changes accurately as functions of
pressure, temperature and composition.
PVT data requirements and Quality Control: The objective of PVT data gathering phase is to obtain
reliable high quality data for reservoir evaluation and development. This data requirement depends on the
fluid type and the expected development and production strategies. Ensuring high quality data requires
routine laboratory visits evaluation of laboratory procedures and methods and spot quality check as data

SPE-172359-MS

Table 1Wellstream Compositions of Fluid A

Component

Gas Mol % (yi)

Liquid Mol % (xi)

Wellstream Mol % (zi)

N2
CO2
H2S
C1
C2
C3
i-C4
n-C4
i-C5
n-C5
C6
C7
TOTAL
Liquid Density (Ib/ft3)
Liquid MW
Gas Gravity (Air1)
Gas GOR (Scf/Sep. bbl)
Calculated GOR
Percentage Error %

0.10
0.64
0.00
84.12
6.89
3.53
0.84
1.07
0.51
0.36
0.76
1.18
100.00
51.50302

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.37
0.21
0.55
0.55
0.50
3.25
94.35
100.00
0.825 g/cc
163.30

0.1
0.62
0.00
80.99
6.64
3.41
0.82
1.05
0.51
0.37
0.85
4.64
100

0.728
17392.60
17456.1
0.004%

Figure 11a and 1b phase diagram of Rich and Lean Gas Condensate Fluid

becomes available. The QA/QC methods can range from simple graphical techniques to sophisticated
material-balance calculations. (Imo-Jack and Emelle 2013). Rich and lean gas condensate phase envelope
can be differentiated Fig 1a and 1b and known by the size of heptane plus.
PVT Tests performed for Fluid characterization
Two very important experiments carried out for gas condensate fluids are Constant Composition
Expansion (CCE) and Constant Volume Depletion Experiments (CVD). The CCE experiment is carried
out in a high-pressure gas condensate windowed cell. A portion of the recombined sample was changed
to the cell and thermally expanded to the reservoir temperature of 219C. It is in this experiment that the
dew point pressure is observed. The retrograde liquid build up is also recorded in this experiment at
several pressure stages below the dew point pressure. The deviation factor Z, the gas volume at standard
condition and relative volumes of the gas are also recorded. See Table 2 and 3.

SPE-172359-MS

Table 2Constant Volume Depletion Test - Produced Wellstream Properties at 219F

Steps

PRESS. (Psia)

Retrograde Iiq

cum prod%

Gas Z Factor

Gas FVF

Gas Visc.(cp)

2P-Z factor

Dew Pt.
1
2
3
4
5
6

6832
6342
5538
4032
2529
1309
546

0
1.64
4.18
8.3
10.53
10.47
9.36

0
3.16
9.1
24.8
47.62
68.91

1.121
1.051
0.916
0.856
0.895
0.956

0.00339
0.00364
0.00436
0.0065
0.01311
0.03359

0.02991
0.02783
0.02386
0.01869
0.01545
0.01406

1.12
1.042
0.917
0.825
0.72
0.655

Table 3CCE EXPERIMENT AT 219F

Steps

PRESSURE

REL. VOL

RETRO. LIQ %

DENSITY

FVF

COMP.(1/psia)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Dew point
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

9578
9305
8829
8322
7815
7309
7004
6832
6498
6094
5486
4678
3669
2662
2057
1694
1391

0.887
0.893
0.907
0.926
0.947
0.972
0.988
1
1.021
1.051
1.107
1.213
1.432
1.873
2.365
2.86
3.436

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
2.02
4.26
6.67
10
12.09
12.69
12.71
12.56

0.382
0.379
0.374
0.366
0.358
0.349
0.343
0.339

0.00291
0.00293
0.00298
0.00304
0.00311
0.00319
0.00324
0.00328

1.454
1.422
1.37
1.319
1.267
1.215
1.184
1.168

2.45E-05
3.28E-05
4.16E-05
4.51E-05
5.07E-05
5.58E-05
6.99E-05

The CVD experiment is performed on the same portion of the sample at reservoir temperature of
219C. It consists of a series of pressure expansions and constant pressure displacements to return the
sample to a constant volume, which was equal to the volume of sample at dewpoint pressure. The
procedure is usually repeated until the predetermined abandonment pressure which in this case was 546
Psia. The produced well stream was pumped from the PVT cell into a pre-weighed flask submerged in
liquid nitrogen and condensed. The condensed gas phase is then gradually allowed to return to ambient
temperature. The evolved gas and residual condensate were collected separately, weighed and then
analyzed. In order to be able to predict the phase and volumetric behavior of mixtures using the
Peng-Robinson EOS, one must be able to provide the critical properties (Tc, Pc, ) for each component
in the mixture.
Analysis of PVT data from Laboratory Experiments
The EOS parameters were tuned to match experiment PVT data of the CCE and CVD tests with the
simulation results. The fluid characterization was developed using PVTsim software based on the
modified Peng-Robinson EOS (78). One very important thing to note before doing regression is to check
for consistency by ensuring that the composition sums up to 100%. (Bengherbia and Tiab 2002)
Pseudoization is a term that denotes the reduction in the number of components used in EOS
calculations for reservoir fluids. This is important because large number of real components (eg C7
fraction) is lumped together thereby reducing compositional model computing time.

SPE-172359-MS

Compositional Consistency
Laboratory PVT Data can be evaluated by assessing the consistency of the fluid composition. A simple
and major consistency test is to sum up the composition and ensure that they add up to 100%.
Discrepancies in composition from modern PVT reports are usually very small and relate to insignificant
figures rather than errors. (Imo-Jack and Emelle 2013). Three other techniques for evaluating consistency
of flash and compositional data are the mass balance plot, Hoffman et al Plot and the Buckley or Campbell
plot. The mass balance plot is a well known method for consistency check while the Hoffman et al plot
and Buckley plot are qualitative assessment of data quality.
Mass Balance Test
The test helps to evaluate the consistency between the feed composition and the separator vapor and liquid
compositions. The test is derived from the component mass balance criteria. Consider one mole of fluid
composition z being split at some pressure and temperature (P, T) into L moles of liquid and V moles of
vapor compositions.
The mass balance diagram is based on the following general flash equation describing the individual
component material balances around a flash separation stage:
1
2
Which translates to
3
A plot of yi/zi versus xi/zi will generate a straight line with a slope negative slope (L/V) and an
intercept F/V. Any deviation from the straight line indicates mass balance inconsistency. Mathematical
recombination of flashed vapor and liquid composition is used to calculate the reservoir fluid compositions. When feed compositions are determined from such mathematical combination of the separator
liquid and vapor compositions, a straight line is obtained in the plot. (See Fig. 1). This plot is sometimes
used to identify discrepancies in the reported compositions. The reciprocal of the slope can be used to
calculate the GOR and compare with the reported GOR or measured GOR. The liquid density and
molecular weight must be provided so that the conversion from moles to barrels can be made. The feed
compositions carried out in this test gives a good check on the overall consistency of the analysis. Table
1 provides the compositions of a typical gas condensate fluid. The well stream composition was the result
of a mathematical recombination of the separator vapour and liquid. The slope of the graph is 0.0385 can
be converted to a Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) of 17456.1 scf/sep bbl by taking the negative reciprocal of the
slope and converting it to the measured units. The calculated GOR is 0.004 % higher than the measured
or reported GOR of 17392.6 scf/sep Bbl. The difference is very small indicating that the liquid molecular
weight, liquid density, and recombination ratio all appear reasonably consistent with the reported GOR.
A wide margin in this difference may be due to misreported or incorrect liquid molecular weights or
densities and often result in difficulties when attempting to match predictions with an equation of state.
The equation of the mass balance of the gas composition is
y 0.0385x 1.0373 and R2 is 0.996
4

SPE-172359-MS

Figure 2Mass Balance plot of recombined fluid sample.

The mass balance test can be more useful when the feed composition is measured independently of the
separator compositions being evaluated for consistency. When this is the case, straight line trend deviation
of the data indicates errors or uncertainty in the measurements rather than a problem with significant
figures or mathematical consistency when the compositions are dependent.
The Hoffman plots
The Hoffman et al (1953) method is applied to check the recombined separator sample. This method is
based on the following expression for correlation of K values.
5
Where
6

A1 and Ao are slope and intercept respectively for a semi log plot of Ki versus Fi. This plot shows that
the trend of the graph is linear for components C1 through C6 for all pressures. However, it bends slightly
downwards for heavier components at low pressures.
Buckley plot
The Buckley plot is expressed by the relationship of Log K versus Tc for the reservoir fluid. A semi log
plot of K value versus the square of the critical Temperature give a straight line with a negative slope for
the hydrocarbon components. See Fig. 4.
In characterizing the reservoir fluid an equation for expressing the relationship between the specific
gravity and molecular weight to obtain the specific gravity of Heptane plus was given by Soreide (1989).
7
Where Cf is a constant called the specific gravity correlation characteristic factor which is adjusted to
ensure equality between calculated and experimental specific gravity of Heptane plus. Cf is usually a value
between 0.27 and 0.31. The correlation constants are determined using non-linear regression to fit the
experimental data from the True Boiling Point (TBP-database), yielding: a 0.2855, Mo 65.9418, Mi
molecular weight of C7 and c 0.1299. This result was based on a comparison of experimental and
calculated specific gravity of 68 samples. This can be done because the report contains values of these

SPE-172359-MS

Figure 3Hoffman Plot for the Fluid A

Figure 4 Buckley Plot for the reservoir fluid components

properties for the oil and matching these values is an ideal way of finding this parameter which relates
molecular weight to specific gravity of the liquid fraction.

SPE-172359-MS

Figure 5Variation in mole Composition during CVD Experiment

K Values computed for CVD Analysis

K-values are usually monotonic for each component over the range of pressures. When these values are
calculated from the material balance CVD experiment; then the quality of the data can be inferred visually.
From Fig 5, there are intersections of the K values for C7 through n-C5 and C6 at 700 Psia, 1800 Psia
and 4900 Psia respectively. However, for very high quality data, there should be no intersections.

CCE AND CVD COMPARISON

The constant composition Expansion (CCE) and Constant Volume Depletion (CVD) are the major
laboratory tests for gas condensate fluids. They are used to calibrate or tune equation of state models for
reservoir modeling. The information generated from these experiments is used in PVT software to obtain
an equation of state that represents the actual reservoir fluid property in the laboratory. When the liquid
dropouts recorded during these experiments are plotted together, it gives vital information about the
reservoir fluid sample. While the liquid dropout data in CVD are nearly always reported relative to the
dew point volume, CCE liquid dropout are reported relative to the dew point volume, the total volume or
both. When liquid dropout of the CCE and CVD are plotted relative to the dew point pressure it shows
the consistency of the data from the two experiments. When this plot is made, the dew points are identical
and the liquid dropout of the CVD should always be greater than that of CCE. Maximum liquid dropout
is expected to occur at a lower pressure in the CCE than the CVD test. The initial retrograde portion at
the beginning from the dew point is identical for the two experiments but the CVD will experience greater
liquid dropout as more liquid condenses. The reason for this is that the composition of the gas phase is
leaner than the liquid phase once retrograde condensation begins. The leaner gas is removed during CVD
experiments causing the composition to be richer than the original composition that remains during the
CCE experiment. Since the total CVD fluid composition is richer, it will have greater liquid dropout with
respect to the total volume. Consequently, the CVD curve should initially track the CCE curve then lie
beneath it. See Fig. 6.
Regression
After obtaining the CCE and CVD data, it is usually necessary to adjust the predicted EOS characterization using non-linear regression to obtain an acceptable match. This tuning procedure is not usually
straight forward. Appropriate parameters are being selected for adjustment based on experience. Several

10

SPE-172359-MS

Figure 6 Comparison Plots of CVD and CCE Experiments

non-linear least-squares regression methods have been implemented and tested, of which the rotational
discrimination method is recommended. A set of Binary Interaction Parameters (BIP) are adjusted until
a good match is obtained between the simulated data and experimented data. These BIPs are used to
enhance the predictive capabilities of an EOS used in Volume Liquid Equilibrium calculations of reservoir
fluids. When a reasonable match is achieved with an error of 5% then the EOS can be imported into a
simulation model such as ECLIPSE100, 300, Dynamo/Mores which will now run as a compositional
model.
Conclusions
There is need to acquire PVT data which is a representative of the reservoir fluid to be modeled.
Sampling should be done as early as possible in the life of the reservoir ensuring a single phase during
the sampling and transfer to laboratory.. The earlier the sampling, the higher the chances of obtaining a
representative Sample.
The PVT data from the laboratory experiments are checked for accuracy, consistency and validity and
the nature of the fluid is determined if it is a rich or lean condensate fluid.
Equation of State (EOS) is generated by imputing the data into a PVT software and tuned by linear
regression to have a good match between the simulated and experimental data. which is exported into any
reservoir simulator for use as a compositional simulator.

Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the management of Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) of Nigeria
for granting permission to publish this paper.
Nomenclature
a
Constant for characteristic factor correlation
BIP
Binary Interaction Parameter
c
Molecular type constant in exponential distribution

SPE-172359-MS

CCE
CVD
Cf
EOS
GOR
F
L
V
Zi
Xi
Yi
Tc
Tb
TBP
T
Pci
Psc
PVT
Mi
Mo
i

11

Constant Composition Expansion

Constant Volume Depletion
Characteristic factor correlation
Equation of State
Gas Oil Ratio
Total moles of Feed
Total moles of separator Liquid
Total moles of separator Vapour
Mole fraction of component i in feed
Moles fraction of component i in Liquid
Mole fraction of component i in Vapour
Critical Temperature
Normal Boiling Temperature
True Boiling Point
Separator Temperature
Critical Pressure
Pressure at standard conditions
Pressure Volume Temperature
Molecular weight of Heptane plus
Molecular weight for Characteristic factor correlation
Specific Gravity

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