Chemical Engineering laboratory II

SEGi University

MARCET BOILER

Candidates Name:

Yaser Hasan Murshed

Candidates ID:

SCM-022930

Group Members:

1- Mohammed Ameen
2- Hemyar Ahmed
3- Ameen

Supervisors Name: Mr. Ir Choo

Date of Submission: 12/Aug/2014

1.0 Abstract :
There were two objectives of this experiment. The first was to
find the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium. The second objective of the experiment was to find out the vapor
curve.
In this experiment Marcet boiler was used as the apparatus. The Marcet boiler
filled with water was heated first, until a certain absolute pressure reached. Then
the heater was turned off and was allowed to cool down to its initial temperature.
The increasing and decreasing temperature were recorded for further use and
calculation of the experiment.
2.0 Introduction:
The Marcet boiler is the unit for demonstration of basic principle
in thermodynamics studies which is the boiling phenomenon. Initially the discovery
of the phenomenon was founded by Rudolf clausius, A German physicist that was a
thermodynamics icon. Marcet boiler is also a device that is used for the
understanding of the basic properties of saturated steam to superheated steam. It
consists of cylinders surrounded with isolated substance in electrically heated boiler
which is used to heat up water and to measure both the temperature and pressure.
Marcet boiler also contains thermometer, Barometer and safety valve. The
saturation pressure curve can be determined at the pressure within 10bar.
Thermodynamics is a part of physics, which deals with work, energy and power
of a system. Thermodynamics mainly works with large-scale system, which can be
measured by experiment study of liquid or gas. The properties of fluid is also a part
of thermodynamics. Most thermodynamics substance such as gasses and vapors
are often referred as p-v-t substance which is absolute pressure (p),volume (V) and
absolute temperature (T).
An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that relates the pressure, specific
volume or density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas
constant, R.

PV

mRT
M

Where,
P= Absolute pressure
V= Volume
n= Amount of substance (moles)
R= Ideal gas constant
T= Absolute temperature (K)

However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few changes on
the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real gas.
When energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the
molecules enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface
until an equilibrium state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the
pressure between the water surface and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules
become easier leaving the water surface while less energy required in achieving the
state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a
given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The Marcet Boiler is used to
investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated
steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the atmospheric
pressure and 10 bars. The experimental slope (dT/dP) SAT obtained is compared to the
theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table. ClausiusClapeyron states:

dT

dP
dT

dP

Tv fg
h fg

SAT

T (v f v g )
h f hg

SAT

Where,

h f +hfg =hg
h fg =hg h f
dT

dP

SAT

T (v f v g )
h fg

Tv g
h fg
as vg >> vf

In which,
vf = specific volume of saturated liquid
vg = specific volume of saturated vapor
hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid
hg = enthalpy of saturated vapor
hfg = latent heat of vaporization

3.0 Apparatus:
HE169 Marcet boiler which shown in Figure 1

a. Pressure transducer
b. Temperature controller/Indicator
c. Pressure indicator
d. Control panel
e. Bench
f. Bourdon tube pressure gauge
g .Temperature sensor
h. Pressure relief valve
i. Water inlet port & valve
j. Heater

a
h
b
g
c

j
e

Figure 1: HE169 Marcet boiler

4.0 Procedures:
1. The power supply switch was turned on.
2. The boiler was initially filled with water; the valves were opened at the
level side tube to check the water level. No additional distilled water
was filled. Then, the valves were closed.
3. The temperature controller was set to 185C, which was slightly above
the expected boiling point of the water at 10 bar (abs).
4. The valve at feed port was opened and the heater was turned on.
5. The steam temperature rising was observed as the water boiled.
6. Steam was allowed to come out from the valve for about 30 seconds,
and then the valve was closed.
7. The steam temperature and pressure was recorded when the boiler
was heated until the steam pressure reached 10 bar (abs).
8. After that, the heater was turned off and the steam temperature and
pressure began to drop. The boiler was allowed to cool down to room
temperature.
9. The steam temperatures at different pressure readings were recorded
when the boiler was heated and cooled.
10.
The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was
allowed to drop.

5.0 Results:
Pressure, P
Absol
ute
(bar)

Gauge
(kgf/c
m2)

1.0

0.0

1.5

0.25

2.0
2.5

0.75
1.4

3.0

2.0

3.5

2.5

4.0

3.2

4.5

3.5

5.0

4.0

5.5

4.25

Temperature, T
Incre
ase
0

( C)
100.
1
111.
3
120.
5
127.
6
133.
5
138.
9
143.
6
148.
0
152.
0
155.
5

Decre
ase
0

( C)

100.1
111.5
120.5
127.3
133.5
138.9
143.6
148.0
151.9
155.5

Measu

Avera Avera
ge
Tavg(

ge
0

Tavg(K

C)
)
100.1 373.1
0
0
111.4 384.4
0
0
120.6 393.6

red
slope

Calculate

Error

d slope

percent

Tvg/hfg

age
%

dT/dP

0.226

0.2768
0.2008
11.15

0.184

0.1573

0
0
127.4 400.4

0.137

0.1323

5
5
133.5 406.5

0.121

0.1143

0
0
138.9 411.9
0
0
143.6 416.6
0
0
148.0 421.0
0
0
151.9 424.9
5
5
155.5 428.5
0

14.51
3.43
5.53
0.108

0.1010
6.48

0.094

0.0906
3.61

0.088

0.0823
6.47

0.079

0.0756
4.30

0.071

0.0702
1.13

6.0
6.5

5.0
5.5

7.0

6.0

7.5

6.5

8.0

7.0

159.

158.9

0
162.

162.0

0
165.

165.0

1
167.

167.8

7
170.

170.3

158.9 431.9

0.069

0.0654

5
5
162.0 435.0

0.061

0.0620

0
0
165.0 438.0

0.061

0.0579

5
5
167.7 440.7
5

5
443.3

170.3

5.22
0.02
5.08
0.054

0.0549
1.66

0.051

0.0523

2.55

5.1 Calculations :

Sample calculation for absolute pressure of 200 kPa:

For error prcentage:

Error Percentage=

Measured SlopeCalculated Slope

100
Measured Slope

Error Percentage=

0.1840.1573
100 =14.51
0.184

For measured slope:

||

||

1
2
P
T 2 ( K )T 1 ( K )
dT
=

dP SAT

( )

( dTdP )

SAT

393.6 K 384.40 K
=0.184
200 kPa150 kPa

For calculated slope:

( dTdP )

SAT

T vg
hfg

T v g 393.6 K 0.88578
=
=0.1573
h fg 2706.59505.698

5.2 Graphs:

Absolute Pressure (Bar)

460
440
420
400

Tempreture (K)

Tempreture

380
360
340
320

Absolute Temperature, T versus Absolute Pressure, P

Figure 2: Absolute pressure vs. Temperature gas behavior

Absolute Pressure
0.3
0.25
0.2
Measured slope and Calculated slope

Measured

0.15

Calculated

0.1
0.05
0

Measured Slope, (dT/dP)SAT and Calculated Slope, (Tvg/hfg) Vs. Absolute Pressure, P

Figure 3: Absolute Pressure vs. Measured and Calculated lopes

6.0 Discussions:
From the results obtained it was noted when
pressure increased, temperature also increased. Slopes calculation on the
other hand, was calculated to understand the behavior of temperature as
pressure changed.
Before the conduction of the experiment it was important to remove air
from the boiler. The reason lies on inaccuracy that may occur if air was to
be inside the boiler. Air may also results in the corrosion of the boiler.
Water was initially at liquid phase. When water accumulated enough
energy, it will turn into vapor phase via evaporation. This is the reason
why Marcet boiler is used as water boiler, gasifier and also power plant in
the industries.
Figure 2 illustrates the trend of the behavior of the gas. It was noted that
when the temperature increased the pressure also increased thus, a
proportional relationship. This was due to the faster movement of gas

particles disassociated that therefore, escaped to gas form caused by the

increased temperature. While figure 3 showed an inverse relationship
between pressure and the slopes, as pressure increased, measured and
calculated slopes decreased. Since the experiment was conducted under
closed system condition thus, error percentage is said to be less than 10%
however, at the second point error was above that and that owed to the
procedures error. The discrepancy shown in figure 3 between both slopes
is related to the fact that for calculated slope energy loss occurred
however, it is always neglected when talking theoretically.
There are few things that must be taken in order to avoid such errors.
Firstly, the valve at the level sight tube must always be closed before
turning on the heater as the sight tube is not designed to endure high
pressure and temperature. Another important thing to keep in mind is to
wait for 30 seconds to remove the air from the boiler as the accuracy of
the experimental results will be affected when air is present. Some more,
the steam should not be released during the experiment as it will greatly
affect the results obtained. It will cause an increase in pressure and thus
causing an increase in temperature. Last but not least, the valve should
not be opened when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause
severe injury.
7.0 Conclusion:
After this experiment, we concluded that the
temperature of saturated steam is directly proportional to pressure in
equilibrium with water. Both the measured slope and calculated slope
were almost the same except for a few deviations. These deviations can
be minimized by taking precautions.
8.0 References:

Scribd. 2012. Marcet Boiler. [ONLINE] Available

at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/93324504/Marcet- Boiler. [Accessed 21

November 14]
Water-tube boiler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2014. Water-tube boiler Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler. [Accessed 21 November

2014].
Marcet boiler . 2014. Marcet boiler . [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.slideshare.net/ShwanSarwan/marcet-boiler. [Accessed 21

November 2014]
This Experiment Marcet Boiler Engineering Essay. 2014. This Experiment
Marcet Boiler Engineering Essay. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.ukessays.com/essays/engineering/this-experiment-marcetboiler-engineering-essay.php. [Accessed 22 November 2014].