Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TT
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Mc lc
BI 1 - NH GI TC NG MI Trng: ng dng cc cng ngh KHOA HC.. 2
Gii thiu .....................................................................................................................2
Bi cnh kinh t x hi ................................................................................................2
Sinh thi thu sinh .......................................................................................................3
nh hng tim tng ....................................................................................................3
Cc bc tip theo .......................................................................................................5
bi 2 - gim st c bn......................................................................................................... 6
Xc nh mc tiu chng trnh ..................................................................................6
Thit k kho st..........................................................................................................7
Bo m cht lng - kim tra cht lng - QA/QC .................................................12
bi 3 - gim st nh hng mi trng....................................................................... 13
Yu cu thit k s b ...............................................................................................13
Chng trnh ly mu ................................................................................................14
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Bi 1 - nh Gi Tc ng Mi Trng:
ng dng cc cng ngh KHOA Hc
Gio trnh D trc y bao hm thut ng v cc yu cu v th tc nh gi tc ng
mi trng (EIA) lin quan ti d n. Gio trnh ny cp c th ti mt vi cng c
khoa hc thng s dng trong thc hin EIA. Mt v d c tnh gi thit v mt nh
my bt giy v giy lu vc sng M Cng (MRB) c s dng xuyn sut gio
trnh minh ho cc k thut EIA trong thc tin, nh gim st mi trng, nh gi
nguy c i vi sinh thi (ERA), v m hnh mi trng.
Gii thiu
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Bi cnh kinh t x hi
Lng gn nh my nht trn b pha ng ca sng khong 10 km v h lu. Lng
th hai cn xa hn chng 2 km v h lu, trn b pha Ty. Dn c c hai lng khong
4.000 ngi. Nhn dn y nh c sng quanh nm v trng la mt v ma kh
cnh ng ngp lt ca dng sng. H cng dng nc sng ly nc ung v ti
rung. Quy m trung bnh ca mt h gia nh l 6 ngi. Ngh nh c c truyn l
ngun cung cp m quan trng nht, vi loi c c em bn ch pha h lu,
nhng phn rt ln c bt c u dnh n trong gia nh.
Dn lng khai thc rng ln cn ly ci t v cho cc mc ch khc. Rng v
ng vt hoang d c tm quan trng to ln v vn ho i vi ngi dn.
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Ph hoi rng
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Xi mn t
nh hng n cn bng nc
Khng kh
Tng cng bc x khng kh gy hiu ng nh knh khin cho kh hu b thay i
nghim trng
Cn kit zn
Cc ht l lng v bi
Ting n
Mi hi
LI
U
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Nc sch:
Cht thi cha hm lng cao nhu cu oxy sinh ho, cc cht rn l lng v clo hu
c ra sng.
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C th c nhng vic lm mi
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Cc bc tip theo
Kch bn v vic m rng nh my giy v bt giy gi nh ca chng ta s c trin
khai nhng bi hc sau khi chng ta tm hiu cn k s p dng cng c khoa hc
EIA c chn.
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bi 2 - gim st c bn
Gim st c bn nhm xc minh thc trng mi trng v cung cp d liu c bn cho
nhng so snh trong tng lai. Gim st c bn rt quan trng i vi c vic nh gi
tc ng mi trng (EIA) ln nh gi
nguy c i vi sinh thi (ERA). Gim
st c bn ch yu kho st nhng bin
i vt l, ho hc v sinh hc trong mt
h sinh thi. Cc chng trnh gim st
c th c tin hnh trong mt thi
gian tng i ngn (tc l khng y 1
nm) hoc c th l chng trnh nhiu
nm xc nh xu hng ma v s
bin i ca thin nhin trong mt h
sinh thi.
LI
V d ni trn v nh my giy v bt
giy gi nh s c s dng xuyn sut bi ny trong vic chi tit ho cc kha cnh
ca gim st c bn.
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Thit k kho st
Vi cc mc tiu chng trnh gim st c xc nh r, ta c th thit k mt t
kho st gim st c bn. Thit k kho st gm c hai nhim v ch cht: xc nh
nhng a im cn gim st v chn nhng tham bin gim st. thc hin nhng
nhim v , nn xem li cc t kho st trc cng ti vng . i khi, d liu hin
c tnh trng mi trng c bn, m khng cn ly thm mu ngoi hin trng
na. Tuy nhin, d liu c bn thng rt hn ch cc quc gia ven sng thuc h lu
vc M Cng, v c th phi thu thp trc khi ph duyt bt c mt d n quy m ln
no, nh vic m rng nh my ny chng hn.
Khi thit k t kho st gim st c bn, vic lp k hoch ng n c th lm cho
chng trnh hu hiu hn v tit kim hn v lu di. Nu khng c lp k hoch
ng n, th c th xy ra tnh hnh sau y:
Cc tham bin quan trng v mi trng b b qua
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Chn a im
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c c iu tra v cng b cng vi vic tng lng nc thi tng ng. Khi
bit cc c tnh ca vng ho trn nc thi, vng kho st c th c phn chia
thnh cc vng i chng v cc vng nh hng.
Cc im i chng cn nm nhng vng khng chu nh hng ca dng thi ca
nh my v ch t cng bao gm mt trm ngay pha thng lu im x ca nh my.
Khong cch gia im i chng v im u tin b nh hng h lu phi ngn
nht gim kh nng nhm ln vi nhng cht nhim ca ngun khc khng dnh
dng g ti nh my. im i chng khng nht thit phi i din cho tnh trng ban
s m nn l nhng vng chu nh hng t hoc b xo trn t nht.
Thng cn c nhiu hn mt im i chng nh gi nhng nh hng c th xy
ra. C th c mt im th hai trn cng on sng ny c thm thng tin v tnh
bt n nh ca thin nhin. Nhng im i chng khc cng c th c chn u
ngun sng c hiu bit chnh xc liu c nhng ngun gy nhim khc
thng lu hay khng.
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Hnh 1 cho thy cc trm gim st c bn c chn cho vic m rng nh my. Trong
v d ny, cc m hnh d bo c dng d on lng nc thi. C s chn cc
im ly mu nh sau:
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bin thin
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Thc vt
Ti nguyn thu sn
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Ho nc
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qua thi gian c th b vi trong nhng lp sau, s lm gim lng cht nhim sinh
hc.
Ho bn ct l mt thnh phn quan trng ca chng trnh gim st c bn do mt
lot l do. Lp bn ct tch lu nhim qua thi gian v cho thy, v lu di, s bin
i mt on sng. Khng ging vi ho nc, ho bn ct t bin i hn v gip o
c nhng cht nhim t ho tan nh kim loi v cht hu c.
Cng ng ng vt khng xng sng di y
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Ti nguyn thu sn
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mi trm v phn tch nhng thng s nh di, trng lng, tui, iu kin bn
ngoi v kh nng sinh sn.
Cc phng php chn mu phi ring cho tng a im v da vo cc nguyn tc
vt l v sinh hc chi phi s phn b c trong sng. Vi phng php ly mu bao
gm li ging, li vt, li ko v cu.
Li ging thng dng kim k c bit sng, h. Li c treo dc trong
nc v c dnh vo mt li. C mt li chn ng vi nhng loi c v c c thch
hp v hn ch vic bt thm nhng loi v c c khc ngoi quy nh.
Li vt (li ko) c th dng ly mu ch nc cn hay mi trng sng gia hai
mc nc dnh v nc rt ti ch nc thi vo sng.
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Yu cu thit k s b
TT
Cht lng v vic s dng ti nguyn thu sn ti mi trng tip nhn (v d tnh
hnh nh bt a phng)
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Nng dioxin
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Chng trnh ly mu
Khu vc kho st cho chng trnh gim st tc ng mi trng bao gm 8 v tr ly
mu ring bit gi l trm nh thy hnh 1. Cc trm c th c chp nhn, ly
mu li v c xc nh v tr theo phng php nh lng (tc l, dng cc to
kinh tuyn/v tuyn). Khu vc kho st c chia thnh nhng vng i chng v vng
b e do. Mc ch chung ca chng trnh ly mu l thu thp thng tin t c khu
vc b e do v khng b e do xc nh liu c tc ng ng k t vic x cht
thi ca nh my hay khng.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, bin gii e do l vng ho trn cht thi, v trong khu
vc b e do cn c c trm gn v xa hin trng. t nht, mt trong nhng trm gn
hin trng cn c t gn im x cht thi, ngay pha ngoi vng vng ho trn
ban u. Cc trm xa hin trng cn c t gn bin gii h lu ca vng ho trn
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Bng 1 Ti nguyn v mi trng sng trong yu cu kim k cho chng trnh gim
st nh hng mi trng
Thng s
V tr trn bn
LI
Dp v cc chng ngi i vi c
Ho nc
Dng chy
TT
dc lng sng
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Oxi ho tan
pH
Nhit
dn in
Amoniac
Nit
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Ho bn ct
Cc kim loi
Dioxin
C ht bn ct v tng cacbon hu c
Gim nh c
Mc ch ca gim nh c trong chng trnh ly mu EEM ca nh my l nh gi
nh hng ca nc thi i vi s sng cn, tng trng v ti sinh sn ca c. Vic
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gim nh c tp trung gim st ton b cc thng s sinh vt v hai loi c gim st;
c thng l nhng ch bo ng tin cy v s lnh mnh tng th ca c h sinh thi.
Vic la chn nhng loi c gim st ph hp phn ln da vo mc b nc thi e
do. Nhng loi thng tr h lu sng Mkng trong phn ln hay sut vng i
ca chng v t ra t c ng so vi quy m khu vc kho st thng c a chn do
chng phn nh tnh trng mi trng ti ch. Nhng loi di c hoc ch dnh mt
phn nh vng i k cn khu vc kho st u khng phi l loi ph hp v s
e do ca nc thi i vi chng rt t hoc thong qua thi.
Ni chung, kh nng mt loi c b nc thi e do cng ln th gi tr lm loi gim
st ca n cng ln. Cn trnh chn nhng loi ln v lng di do nhng con trng
thnh loi nh phn ng nhanh hn vi nhng nhn t nguy hi tc ng ti s sng
cn v ti sinh sn ca chng. Nhng loi nh hn, vn l thc n quan trng ca
nhng loi cc khc c th dng lm loi gim st l tng. Nhng loi b nh bt
nhiu cng khng thch hp v thu hoch ln c th che ph nhng nh hng c lin
quan ti s e do ca mi trng i vi qun th c c kho st.
L tng nht, nn chn 40 con c mi loi gim st (tc 20 con c v 20 con ci)
ti mi v tr ly mu v ghi li s lng, kch c, trng lng, tui, trng lng c
quan sinh dc v tnh trng chung v thn hnh ca chng.
LI
TT
S phong ph ca loi
Tng s lng
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C ht bn ct v tng carbon hu c
TT
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C th dng nhiu ch s khc nhau o s lnh mnh ca mi trng thu sinh qua
phn tch cng ng sinh vt sng y. V d ch s EPT dng s phong ph ca
Ephemofitera (ph du), Plecoptera (stoneflies) v Tricoptera (caddiesflies) ch ra
cht lng tt ca nc v bn ct. Nhng loi ny c coi l loi gim st, nhy cm
vi nhim biu th tnh lnh mnh tng th ca mi trng thu sinh. S EPT t i
biu th cht lng mi trng thu sinh b xung cp. Cc loi chu c nhim
cng d nhn bit trong c rui nhu, rui en (chironomidae, simuliday), con a
(Hirudinea) v su nc (Oligochaeta). Da vo nhng m t ni trn v nhng loi
sng y, ngi ta lp ra nhng ch s sinh hc xc nh s trung bnh ca cc tr s
chu ng nhim cho nhng loi khc nhau trong mt mu. Tr s chu dng c
lng ho trn thang t 0 n 10, trong 10 ch sc chu ng ln nht. Nhng ch s
tng t vi EPT hay nhy cm nhim ca nhng loi sng y, c dng
Bc M v Chu u, rt nn c trin khai p dng cho mi trng thu sinh c th
ca sng Mkng.
Th nghim c t trong phng th nghim
Cc th nghim c tnh c dng t nhng sinh vt c th vo mt mi trng
(v d nc, bn lng hay t) v nh gi nh hng i vi s sng cn, tng trng,
ti sinh sn v/hay hnh vi ca sinh vt . Nhng th nghim ny gip xc nh xem
nng cht nhim bn trong nc v/hay bn lng c cao gy ra nh hng tc
hi cho sinh vt hay khng.
Ni chung, cc th nghim c tnh u c vic thu thp cc mu mt im ca d
n, ri gi cho mt phng th nghim c tnh lm th nghim. V chng trnh
EEM nh my gi nh trn, chng ta c th thu thp cc mu nc v bn lng 8
trm ly mu v th xc nh c tnh c th c i vi i sng thu sinh mi
trng tip nhn. Th nghim c tnh l mt thnh phn hu ch ca cc chng trnh
EEM v c th:
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Th nghim c tnh cp
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Trong khi vic ngoi suy kt qu test c tnh mn tnh i vi mi trng thin nhin
l qu n gin ho, th nhng tc ng cn t vong o c phng th nghim cho
thy nhng tc ng tim tng ng k v mt sinh thi xy ra trong thin nhin. V
d, s gim st tng trng ca mt loi c c th dn ti gim st sinh sn, kch c
nh hn, hin tng n tht nhau tng ln v sc kho tng th ca qun th suy
gim. Sc ti sinh sn suy yu c th lm gim quy m qun th v cng c th a ti
nhng i thay trong c cu tui ca qun th . Nhng c th c nhng pht trin d
thng v cu trc c th nh hng ti qun th v nhng sinh vt c t sut tng
trng thp hn, thng l khng c kh nng ti sinh sn.
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TT
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Xc nh vn
Cung cp nhng tiu chun quyt nh r rng cho nhng phng n qun l khc
nhau
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LI
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Gii hn o
Ch th nhn
Nguy c
Nhn t tai hi
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Xc nh nhn t tc hi
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nh gi nguy c e do
nh gi nguy c e do l bc th hai trong ERA v l mt thnh phn rt quan
trng - khng c s e do th khng c nguy c, nh minh ho Hnh 1. Mi e
do l s c km theo hoc s tip xc gia mt nhn t tc hi vi mt ch th nhn.
Vic nh gi mi e do m t c im cc nhn t tc hi v xem xt cc yu t
nh ngun, quy m, tn s, thi gian v hng e do. Nhng yu t ch yu ca nh
gi mi e dc gm c:
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nh gi nh hng
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Nu c im nguy c
Nu c im nguy c l giai on cui cng ca ERA to iu kin cho ngi nh
gi nguy c lm sng t quan h gia cc nhn t tc hi vi nh hng v cc thc th
sinh thi. C th i n kt lun v s xut hin mi e da v tai ha ca nhng nh
sinhhng thy trc. Vic nu c im nguy c kt hp kt qu nh gi mi e
do vi nh gi nh hng nh gi kh nng nh hng tc hi s xy ra do nguy
c trc nhn t tc hi v mc ca nh hng. Vic nu c im nguy c c ba
bc:
1. Tnh ton d on v nguy c
2. Phn tch tnh khng chc
3. Gii on tm quan trng i vi sinh thi
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c on nguy c
C th c on nguy c bng cch dng mt s phng php v k thut. Mt k
thut l phng php h s thng c dng cho nhng cht nhim n l v hng
e do vi mt vt nhn n l. C th dng phng php ny pht hin tn ti ca
mt nguy c tim tng, ch khng phi l mc hay xc sut. Phng php h s i
hi phi phn chia nng mi trng d tnh (EEC) hoc nng e do ca ho
cht bng mt nng chun ca cc nh hng (BC) c c mt tr s. Tr s
thu c c cng nhn l mt h s nguy him (HQ) hay h s nguy c v c
trnh by trong cng thc sau y:
HQ =
EEC
BC
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Sn phm xc nh vn
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Qun l nguy c
Khi hon thnh ERA, ngi qun l mi trng v ngi c thm quyn ra quyt nh
ca cac c quan chnh quyn phi c quyt nh v nhng phn sinh thi b lm nguy,
v gi tr ca chng v v ph tn (tc l c tin bc ln nhng li ch khc) do bo v
c hay khng bo v c nhng ti nguyn . Khi kt lun, ngi qun l mi
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Mc ch ERA
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