1.

0
Experiment

INTRODUCTION
Bernoullis

theorem

demonstration

is

related

to

fluid

mechanics. That mean it has analytical discipline from the application of

the laws of static, dynamic and thermodynamics. However conservation of
mass, energy and momentum and it each application of law will describe
the behavior of fluid.
In this experiment the Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus
to study about Bernoullis principle in steady flow (If a flow is such that the
properties at every point in the flow do not depend upon time) . The
Bernoullis theorem has a venturi meter or orifice plate is used to measure
the flow speed which can be place into pipeline to reduce the diameter of
the flow. However the Bernoullis principle state that there must be
decrease in the pressure in reduce diameter region and it is called venturi
effect (when diameter is reduces, speed is increase, more kinetic energy,
and pressure is decrease) . The second requires that if the velocity
increases then the pressure must decrease. Besides that, this apparatus
also have a hydraulic system to provide the necessary facilities to support
a comprehensive range of hydraulic models each that was design aspect
to hydraulic theory. Hydraulic system used a fluid under pressure to drive
machinery or move mechanical components
2.0

OBJECTIVES
To verify Bernoullis equation when applied to the steady flow of
water in a tapered duct

To measure flow rate and both static and total pressure heads in a
rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of
steady flow rate

3.0

THEORY
1

Bernoullis principles about the behavior of a fluid such as liquid or gas and
it is flows through the continuously place like pipe or tube. The simple
word to understand that principles is if the fluid is flow with increase the
velocity, the pressure is decrease at the same time and vice versa.

For non-viscous incompressible liquid like water in a steady flow, the

sum of pressure, potential and kinetic energies per unit volume is constant
at any point.
v2 P
+ + g . h=constant
2
Where v= flow speed, P=pressure, = density, g=gravity, and h is height.
2

v
P
+
+ h=constant
2. g . g
Forms of the Bernoulli equation for steady state flow. If the gravitational
body force is assume neglect. Can be written as
2

v .
+ P=constant
2

v2 .
v 2 .
+ P=
+ P =co nstant
2
2
2

This equation is use because the flow is in streamline. Using the

equation it show the increasing the velocity of the flow will reduce the
pressure, decreasing the velocity will increase the pressure. So that
phenomena can be found in a venturi meter where the pressure is reduce
in the constriction area and regained after. It can be also determine in a
pitot tube where the stagnation pressure is measure. The stagnation
pressure is where the velocity component is zero.

Venturi effect

Pitot tube

where p 0 is total pressure, q is dynamic pressure, and p refers as static

pressure. Thus, the simplified form of the Bernoullis equation can be
conclude as below:
To t a l p re s s u re = s t a t i c p re s s u re + d y n a m i c p re s s u re

4.0

APPARATUS

1) Bernoulli theorem demonstration Solteq (model: FM 24)

Description: Bernoulli's Apparatus consists essentially of a two dimensional rectangular
section convergent divergent duct. A six tube static pressure manometer bank is attached to the
convergent divergent duct. The convergent divergent duct is symmetrical about the centre line

2)
3)
4)
5)
5.0

with a flat horizontal upper surface into which the eleven static pressure tappings are drilled

Power supply: 240 V

Stopwatch
Ruler
Volumetric scale
PROCEDURES

1) Firstly, it is important to make sure the control valve of the Bernoulli

theorem demonstration is closed.
2) The Bernoulli theorem demonstrations plug is then connected to
the nearest alternating current supply and the main switch and the
pump are opened simultaneously.
3) Let the water flowed in and ran through the entire column in the
hypodermic tube before switching off the pump or control valve in
order to ensure there is no bubble during the experiment.
4) The pump and the control valve are then switched off to stabilize the
water height in each of the column.
5) The coater in the manometer is reduced 150mm to centralize all the
readings obtain throughout the experiment.
6) The pump and the control valve are switched on back to carry out
the experiment
7) Wait until the flow rate is constant before the readings are taken in
each of the hypodermic tube from A until F.

8) The flow rate is calculated by measuring the volume of water

accumulated in the basin that came out from the outlet valve by
setting the time as a constant.
9) Repeat step 7-8 to obtain new readings for new flow rates

6.0

RESULTS

Trial 1
Cross
Secti
on

Using Bernoulli equation

ViB =

h =h
8

mm

hi

= [2*g*(h* - hi )]

mm

mm/s

Using Continuity
equation
Ai =
=p Di2 /
4
mm2

Differe
nce

ViC =
Qav / Ai

ViB-ViC

mm/s

mm/s

146

144

198.091 530.998

418.101 -220.010

146

144

198.091 366.483

605.787 -407.696

145

127

594.273 201.088

1104.04
-509.775
7

144

138

343.103 314.200

706.590 -363.487

144

140

280.143 380.182

583.959 -303.816

144

139

313.209 530.998

418.101 -104.892

Trial 2
Cross
Secti
on

Using Bernoulli equation

h*=h
8

mm

Using Continuity
equation

Differe
nce

ViB =

Ai =

ViC =

hi

= [2*g*(h* - hi )]

=p Di2 /
4

Qav / Ai

ViB-ViC

mm

mm/s

mm2

mm/s

mm/s

185

157

741.188 530.998

418.101

323.087

181

146

828.674 366.483

605.787

222.886

179

63

1508.615 201.088

1104.04
7

404.568

173

115

1066.752 314.200

706.590

360.162

170

127

918.510 380.182

583.959

334.551

167

140

727.832 530.998

418.101

309.732

Using Continuity
equation

Differe
nce

Trial 3
Cross
Secti
on

Using Bernoulli equation

h*=h
8

mm

ViB =

Ai =

ViC =

hi

= [2*g*(h* - hi )]

=p Di2 /
4

Qav / Ai

ViB-ViC

mm

mm/s

mm2

mm/s

mm/s

211

171

885.889

530.998

418.101

467.789

207

156

1000.310

366.483

605.787

394.523

202

38

1793.789

201.088

1104.04
7

689.742

196

112

1283.776

314.200

706.590

577.185

191

131

1084.988

380.182

583.959

501.029

188

149

874.746

530.998

418.101

456.645

7.0

Sample Calculation

Qav = [ ( 88235.29 + 264317.2 + 313479.6 ) / 3 ] mm/s

= 222010.7 mm/s

At Trial 3, for cross section A:

i) ViB = [2*g*(h* - hi )]
6

= [2*2891*(211-171)]
= 885.889 mm/s
Where,
g =9810 mm/s2
ii) Ai = Di2/4
= [3.142 (26)2]/4
= 530.998 mm2
iii) Vic = Qav / Ai
= 222010.7 mm/s / 530.998mm2
= 418.101 mm/s

8.0

DISCUSSION

The experiment is aimed to demonstrate the Bernoullis Theorem through

the use of a Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration unit. The validity of
Bernoullis equation for fluid flow is verified experimentally. It is done by
demonstrating the relationship between pressure head and kinetic head.
The experiment is also aimed to measure the flow rate and both the static
and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent/ divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates. Bernoullis law indicates that,
when a fluid flows along a pipe of varying cross section, the pressure at a
point in the pipe is inversely proportional to the velocity at the same point.
In this experiment, the pressure difference is taken from h A to hF. The flow
rate is determined by recording the time taken to collect 3L of water in the
tank.
As fluid flows from a wider region to a narrower region in a pipe, the
velocity of the fluid increases. This is proven from the experiment where
velocity of the water flowing from wider area B increases significantly
when flowing to a narrow area C. From the results of the third test, water
with velocity of 605.787 mm/s at area B increases to 1104.047 mm/s at
7

area C. In this experiment, there are some error that had been
encountered. The most common error is the parallax error. This error
usually occurs when taking reading from the tubing. To overcome this
error, the eye level must be parallel to the reading taken on the scale of
the manometer. Next, the error found in the values for the first trial might
be due to the pressure drop as a result of the presence of air bubbles
which were not being removed before taking the readings of the
manometer. This air bubbles affect the pressure difference at the first trial.
Therefore, the results obtained from the first trial have some errors. This
error can be classified as technical error or methods error.

9.0

CONCLUSION

In this experiment, we run three test in order to achieve the experiments objective. The first
test we get a technical error or method error. This error might be due to the pressure drop as a
result of air bubbles which were not being removed before taking the readings of the
manometer. The most common error is the parallax error that is usually occurs when taking
the readings. This can be overcome by make sure that the eye level must be parallel to the
meniscus in the manometer. Overall, we can say that the objective of this experiment is
achieved.

10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
At the end of the experiment a few recommendations may applied:

In the experiment, flow rate is manipulated to varied the theorem,

but in future the diameter of the Venturi tube may vary by using one
or two different set of equipment.

While taking the data, a magnifying glass can be install to

equipment so that the data on the manometer can be actually see

the differences
The calculation method can be conducted in the laboratory directly
so we can see the error has occur or not, if yes the test can be run

once again
A single water pressure gauge may install to the equipment.
Allowance is to be made for this fact when reading the pressure level
and performing calculations.

REFERENCES

http://www.cdxetextbook.com/assocStudies/supScience/fuelSys/bernoulliprinciple
http://people.rit.edu/rfaite/courses/tflab/Cussons/bernoulli/bernoulli.HTM
http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Hydraulic_Systems