CHAPTER

Chapter 5 Assessment
pages 166169

Section 5.1
Mastering Concepts
34. Define the following terms.
a. frequency
Frequency is the number of waves that pass a
given point per second.

b. wavelength
Wavelength is the shortest distance between
equivalent points on a continuous wave.

c. quantum
A quantum is the minimum amount of energy
that can be lost or gained by an atom.

d. ground state
An atoms ground state is its lowest allowable
energy state.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

35. Arrange the following types of electromagnetic

radiation in order of increasing wavelength.

a. ultraviolet light
b. microwaves
c. radio waves
d. X rays
d. X rays, a. ultraviolet light, b. microwaves,
c. radio waves

36. A gamma ray has a frequency of 2.88 3 1021 Hz.

What does that mean?

1021

2.88 3
gamma-ray electromagnetic waves of
this frequency pass a given point per second.

37. What is the photoelectric effect?

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

39. Explain Plancks quantum concept as it relates

to energy lost or gained by matter.

According to Planck, for a given frequency, n,
matter can emit or absorb energy only in discrete
quanta that are whole-number multiples of hn,
where h is Plancks constant.

40. How did Einstein explain the photoelectric

effect?
He proposed that photons must have a certain
minimum energy level, or threshold, value to
cause the ejection of a photoelectron.

41. Rainbow What are two differences between

the red and green electromagnetic waves in a

rainbow?
The red waves have a longer wavelength and a
lower frequency.

42. Temperature What happens to the light

emitted by a heated, glowing object as its

temperature increases?
The color of the light changes as the object
acquries more and more energy.

43. What are three deficiencies of the wave model

of light related to lights interaction with

matter?
The wave model does not explain the
photoelectric effect, atomic emission spectra, and
why matter emits different frequencies of light at
different temperatures.

44. How are radio waves and ultraviolet waves

similar? How are they different?

Both types of waves travel at the same speed
in a vacuum, 3.00 3 108 m/s. Radio waves have
a longer wavelength and lower frequency than
ultraviolet waves.

a phenomenon in which a metal emits electrons

when light of a sufficient frequency shines on it

38. Neon Sign How does light emitted from a

neon sign differ from sunlight?

The light from a neon sign contains only certain
visible colors, while sunlight contains the full
spectrum of colors.

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SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Mastering Problems
45. Use Figure 5.20 to determine each of the
following types of radiation.
Radio

Infrared
Microwaves

49. What is the energy of a photon of red light

having a frequency of 4.48 3 1014 Hz?

Ephoton 5 hn 5 (6.626 3 10234 J ? s)(4.48 3 1014 s 21)
5 2.97 3 10219 J

Ultraviolet Gamma rays

X rays

50. Mercurys atomic emission spectrum is shown

10

10

10

10

10

12

10

14

10

10

16

10

18

20

10

22

10

Frequency () in hertz
Electromagnetic Spectrum

a. radiation with a frequency of 8.6 3 1011 s21

in Figure 5.21. Estimate the wavelength of the

orange line. What is its frequency? What is
the energy of an orange photon emitted by the
mercury atom?
Hg

infrared
(nm) 400

b. radiation with a wavelength 4.2 nm

c. radiation with a frequency of 5.6 MHz

550

600

650

700

n 5 c/l 5 (3.00 3 108 m/s)/(6.15 3 1027 m)

5 4.88 3 1014 s21
Ephoton 5 hn 5 (6.626 3 10234 J ? s) (4.88 3 1014 s21)

AM radio

5 3.23 3 10219 J

d. radiation that travels at a speed of

3.00 3 108 m/s

51. What is the energy of an ultraviolet photon that

has a wavelength of 1.18 3 1028 m?

46. What is the wavelength of electromagnetic radi-

n 5 c/l 5

1012

ation having a frequency of 5.00 3

Hz?
What kind of electromagnetic radiation is this?
3.00 3 10 m/s
__
5 6.00 3 10
8

25

5.00 3 1012 s21

infrared radiation

47. What is the frequency of electromagnetic

radiation having a wavelength of 3.33 3 1028 m?

What type of electromagnetic radiation is this?

__

3.00 3 108 m/s

5 9.01 3 1015 s21
3.33 3 10-8 m

UV radiation

3.00 3 10 m/s
__
5 2.54 3 10
8

Ephoton 5
hn 5 (6.626 3 10234 J ? s) (2.54 3 1016 s21)
5 1.68 3 10217 J

52. A photon has an energy of 2.93 3 10225 J.

What is its frequency? What type of electromagnetic radiation is the photon?

n 5 4.42 3 108 s21; TV or FM wave

53. A photon has an energy of 1.10 3 10213 J.

What is the photons wavelength? What type of

electromagnetic radiation is it?

having a frequency of 1.33 3 1017 Hz and a

wavelength of 2.25 nm?
n 5 c/l
c 5 ln 5 (2.25 3 109 m) (1.33 3 1017 s1)

(1.10 3 10
J)
__
213

n 5 Ephoton/h 5

48. What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave

16 s21

1.18 3 1029 m

(6.626 3 10234 J ? s)
5 1.66 3 1020 s21

l 5 c/n 5 (3.00 3 108 m/s)/(1.66 3 1020 s21)

5 1.81 3 10212 m
an X ray or gamma radiation

c 5 3.00 3 108 m/s

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Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 5

Solutions Manual

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

any EM wave

l 5 c/n 5

500

l 615 nm 5 6.15 3 1027 m

X ray

l 5 c/n 5

450

CHAPTER

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

54. Spacecraft How long does it take a radio

signal from the Voyager spacecraft to reach

Earth if the distance between Voyager and Earth
is 2.72 3 109 km?
velocity 5

distance
d
_
5_

_
__

1000 m
d 5 2.72 3 109 km 3
5 2.72 3 1012 m
1 km
(2.72 3 1012 m)
5 9070 s or 151 min
t 5 d/v 5
(3.00 3 108 m/s)

55. Radio Waves If your favorite FM radio station

broadcasts at a frequency of 104.5 MHz, what is

the wavelength of the stations signal in meters?
What is the energy of a photon of the stations
electromagnetic signal?
n 5 104.5 MHz 3
l 5 c/n 5

10 Hz
_
5 1.045 3 10
6

MHz

Hz

3.00 3 10 m/s
__
5 2.871 m
8

1.045 3 108 s21

Ephoton 5 hn 5 (6.626 3 10234 J ? s)(1.045 3 108 s21)

5 6.924 2 10226 J

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

is needed to eject a photoelectron from atoms

of platinum, which require at least 9.08
10219 J/photon?
(9.08 3 10
J)
__
219

(6.626 3
5 1.37 3 1015 Hz

450

500

656
nm

550

600

650

700

750

The line is blue-green. Its frequency is 6.17 3

1014 s21
(3.00 3 108 m/s)
5 6.17 3 1014 s21
n 5 c/l 5
(4.86 3 1027 m)

__

Section 5.2
Mastering Concepts
59. According to the Bohr model, how do electrons
move in atoms?
Electrons move in circular orbits around the
nucleus.

60. What does n designate in Bohrs atomic model?

The quantum number n specifies the electrons
orbit.

61. What is the difference between an atoms

56. Platinum What minimum frequency of light

n 5 Ephoton/h 5

(nm) 400

486
nm

Hydrogens Atomic Emission Spectrum

time

410 434
nm nm

10234

J ? s)

57. Eye Surgery The argon fluoride (ArF)

laser used in some refractive eye surgeries

emits electromagnetic radiation of 193.3 nm
wavelength. What is the frequency of the ArF
lasers radiation? What is the energy of a single
quantum of the radiation?
n 5 1.55 3 1015 s21; E 5 1.03 3 10218 J
(3.00 3 108 m/s)
n 5 c/l 5
(1.933 3 1027 m)
5 1.55 3 1015 s21

__

Ephoton 5 hn 5 (6.626 3 10234J ? s)(1.55 3 1015 Hz)

5 1.03 3 10218 J

ground state and an excited state?

An atoms ground state is its lowest energy state,
while any energy state higher than the ground
state is an excited state.

62. What is the name of the atomic model in which

electrons are treated as waves? Who first wrote

the electron wave equations that led to this
model?
The quantum mechanical model of the atom;
Erwin Schrdinger

63. What is an atomic orbital?

A three-dimensional region around the nucleus
describing an electrons probable location

64. What does n represent in the quantum mechan-

ical model of the atom?

n represents an orbitals principal quantum
number, which indicates the relative size and
energy of the orbital.

58. One line in hydrogens emission spectrum has

a wavelength of 486 nm. Examine Figure 5.22

to determine the lines color. What is the lines
frequency?
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65. Electron Transition According to the Bohr

model shown in Figure 5.23, what type of

electron-orbit transitions produce the ultraviolet
lines in hydrogens Lyman series?
Visible series (Balmer)

atom describe the paths of an atoms electrons?

The quantum mechanical makes no description of
the electrons paths.

74. Macroscopic Objects Why are you unaware

of the wavelengths of moving objects such as

automobiles and tennis balls?

n=1+ n=2
n=3

Their wavelengths are too small to be seen.

n=4
n=5
n=6
n=7

Ultraviolet series (Lyman)

73. How does the quantum mechanical model of the

75. Why is it impossible to know precisely the

Infrared series (Paschen)

The Lyman series is caused by electron transitions

from Bohrs higher energy orbits to the n 5 1 orbit

velocity and position of an electron at the same

time?
The photon required to measure an electrons
velocity or position changes both the position and
velocity of the electron.

66. How many energy sublevels are contained in

each of the hydrogen atoms first three energy

levels?

Section 5.3

Energy level 1 has one sublevel; energy level

2 has two sublevels; energy level 3 has three
sublevels

Mastering Concepts
76. In what sequence do electrons fill the atomic
orbitals related to a sublevel?

Px, Py, and Pz orbitals

68. What do the sublevel designations s, p, d, and f

specify with respect to the atoms orbitals?

Their shapes

Each orbital must contain a single electron before

any orbital contains two electrons.

77. Rubidium Using Figure 5.24, explain why

one electron in a rubidium atom occupies a 5s

orbital rather than a 4d or 4f orbital?
7p

69. How are the five orbitals related to an atoms d

7s

y2,

z2

70. What is the maximum number of electrons an

orbital may contain?

two electrons

71. Describe the relative orientations of the orbitals

Increasing energy

xy, xz, yz,

x2

Orbital filling sequence

sublevel designated?

6s
5s

6p
5p
4p

4s

6d

5f

5d

4f

4d
3d

3p
3s
2p
2s

related to an atoms 2p sublevel.

Lying along the x, y, and z coordinate axes, the
three p orbitals are mutually perpendicular.

72. How many electrons can be contained in all the

1s

The orbital related to the 5s sublevel has a lower

energy than orbitals related to the 4d and 4f
sublevels.

orbitals related to an argon atoms third energy

level?
Eight electrons

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67. What atomic orbitals are related to a P sublevel?

CHAPTER

78. What are valence electrons? How many of a

magnesium atoms 12 electrons are valence

electrons?
Valence electrons are the electrons in an atoms
outermost orbitals; 2

79. Light is said to have a dual wave-particle

nature. What does this statement mean?

Light exhibits wave-like behavior in some
situations and particle-like behavior in others.

80. Describe the difference between a quantum and

a photon.
A quantum is the minimum amount of energy that
can be lost or gained by an atom. A photon is a
particle of light that carries a quantum of energy.

81. How many electrons are shown in the electron-

dot structures of the following elements?

a. carbon
4

b. iodine

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Mastering Problems
84. List the aufbau sequence of orbitals from 1s
to 7p.
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d,
6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

85. Write orbital notations and complete electron

configurations for atoms of the following

elements.
a. beryllium
Be: 1s22s2
)( )(
1s

b. aluminum
Al: 1s22s22p63s23p1
)( )( )( )( )( )(
1s

d. gallium

)( )(
1s

83. Write the electron configuration and draw the

orbital notation for atoms of oxygen and sulfur.

oxygen: 1s22s22p4; The orbital diagram has five
boxes with two arrows in the first three and
single arrows in the last two.
sulfur: [Ne]3s23p4; The orbital diagram has nine
boxes with two arrows in the first seven and
single arrows in the last two.

3s

3p

2s

2p

d. sodium
Na: 1s22s22p63s1
)( )( )( )( )(
1s

82. When writing the electron configuration nota-

Pauli exclusion principle, aufbau principle, and

Hunds rule

2p

N: 1s22s22p3

tion for an atom, what three principles or rules

do you follow?

2s

c. nitrogen

c. calcium
2

2s

2s

2p

)
3s

86. Use noble-gas notation to describe the electron

configurations of the elements represented by

the following symbols.
a. Kr
Kr [Ar]4s23d104p6

b. P
P [`Ne]3s23p3

c. Zr
Zr [Kr]5s24d2

d. Pb
Pb [Xe]6s24f145d106p2

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SOLUTIONS MANUAL

87. What elements are represented by each of the

following electron configurations?

a. 1s22s22p5

90. Draw electron-dot structures for atoms of each

of the following elements.

a. carbon

b. [Ar]4s2

b. arsenic

A s

Ca

c. [Xe]6s24f4

c. polonium

Po

Nd

d. potassium

d. [Kr]5s24d105p4

Te

e. barium

e. [Rn]7s25f13

Ba

Md

91. Arsenic An atom of arsenic has how many

Br

88. Which of the following electron configuration

notations describes an atom in an excited state?

a. [Ar]4s23d104p2
b. [Ne]3s23p5
c. [Kr]5s24d1
d. [Ar]4s23d84p1
d

89. Which orbital diagram in Figure 5.25 is correct

18; 15; 4

92. Which element could have the ground-state

electron-dot notation shown in Figure 5.26?

a. manganese
b. antimony

c. calcium
d. samarium

a.

for an atom in its ground state?

electron-containing orbitals? How many of the

orbitals are completely filled? How many of the
orbitals are associated with the atoms n 5 4
principal energy level?

3d

4s

3p

b.

3s

3d

93. For an atom of tin in the ground state, write the

4s

3p

c.

3s

3d

4s

3p

d.

3s

3s

3p

4s

electron configuration using noble-gas notation

and draw the electron-dot structure.

3d

Sn

[Kr]5s24d105p2

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f. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

CHAPTER

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Mixed Review
94. What is the maximum number of electrons that
can be contained in an atoms orbitals having
the following principal quantum numbers?
a. 3
18

d. f
7

98. Which elements have only two electrons in

their electron-dot structures: hydrogen, helium,

lithium, aluminum, calcium, cobalt, bromine,
krypton, and barium?

b. 4
32

helium, calcium, cobalt, barium

c. 6
18

99. In Bohrs atomic model, what electron orbit

transition produces the blue-green line in hydrogens atomic emission spectrum?

d. 7
8

n54n52

95. What is the wavelength of light with a

frequency of 5.77 31014 Hz?

________

(3.00 3 108 m/s)

(5.77 3 1014 s21)
5 5.20 3 1027 m
l 5 c/n 5

c. d

100. Zinc A zinc atom contains a total of 18 elec-

trons in its 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals. Why does

its electron-dot structure show only two dots?
The two dots are the atoms two 4s valence
electrons.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

96. Using the waves shown in Figure 5.27, identify

the wave or waves with the following

characteristics.
1.
3.
2.

4.

a. longest wavelength
longest wavelength: 4

b. greatest frequency
greatest frequency: 3

c. largest amplitude
largest amplitude: 1 and 3

d. shortest wavelength
shortest wavelength: 3

97. How many orientations are possible for

the orbitals related to each of the following

sublevels?
a. s

101. X Ray An X-ray photon has an energy of

3.01 3 10218 J. What is its frequency and

wavelength?
Ephoton 5 hn
n 5 Ephoton/h 5

(3.01 2 10
J)
__
218

(6.626 3
5 4.54 3 1015 s21

10234

J ? s)

c = ln
(3.00 3 10 m/s)
_vc 5 __
5 6.60 3 10
8

l5

(4.54 3

28

1015 s21)

102. Which element has the ground-state electron

configuration represented by the noble-gas

notation [Rn]7s1?
francium

103. How did Bohr explain atomic emission

spectra?
Bohr proposed that atoms emit light of certain
wavelengths, and energies, when electrons move
from higher-energy orbits to lower-energy orbits.

b. p
3
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104. Infrared Radiation How many photons

of infrared radiation with a frequency of

4.88 3 1013 Hz are required to provide an
energy of 1.00 J?
Ephoton 5 hv
5 3.23 3

? s) (4.88 3 1013 s21)

J per photon

E
5_
n
E
(1.00 J)
5 ___
photon

(6.626 3

10234 J

? s)

5 1.23 3 1015 s21

_ __

(3.00 3 108 m/s)

c
5 2.43 3 1027 m
l5 n 5
(1.23 3 1015 s21)

109. Describe Describe the shapes of the atomic

5 (6.626 3 10234 J
10220

(8.17 3 10
J)
__
219

orbitals shown in Figure 5.28. Specify their

orientations and relate each orbital to a particular
type of energy sublevel.
z

photon

(3.23 3 10220 J/photon)

5 3.10 3 1019 photons

x
x

105. Light travels slower in water than it does in

air; however, its frequency remains the same.

How does the wavelength of light change as it
goes from air to water?

106. According to the quantum mechanical model

py
p orbital

1s orbital
z

of the atom, what happens when an atom

absorbs a quantum of energy?
The energy of the atom increases as one or more
electrons move into orbitals farther from the
nucleus.

dxz
Think Critically
107. Compare and Contrast Briefly discuss the

difference between an orbit in Bohrs model

of the atom and an orbital in the quantum
mechanical view of the atom.
In the Bohr model, an orbit is a circular path
taken by an electron as it moves around the
atomic nucleus. In the quantum mechanical
model, an orbital is a three-dimensional region
around the nucleus that describes the electrons
probable location.

108. Calculate It takes 8.17 3 10219 J of energy

to remove one electron from a gold surface.

What is the maximum wavelength of light
capable of causing this effect?
n5

80

_
Ephoton
h

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 5

d orbital
The first orbital is spherical and related to an
s sublevel. The second orbital is dumbbellshaped, oriented along the y-axis, and related
to a p sublevel. The third orbital consists of two,
perpendicular dumbbell-shaped parts, lies in the
xz plane, and is related to a d sublevel.

110. Infer Suppose that you live in a universe in

which the Pauli exclusion principle states that

a maximum of three, rather than two, electrons
can occupy a single atomic orbital. Assuming
that were the case, evaluate the new chemical
properties of the elements lithium and phosphorus. Explain your evaluations.
Both lithium and phosphorus would be noble
gases. Lithium, with an electron configuration
notation of 1s3, would be analogous to helium
(1s2). Phosphorus, with an electron configuration
notation of 1s32s32p9, would be analogous to
neon (1s2, 2s2, 2p6).

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Its wavelength decreases.

CHAPTER

SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Challenge Problem

essay about the use of gases in neon signs and

the colors produced by the gases.

111. Hydrogen atom The hydrogen atoms

energy is 26.05 3 10220 J when the electron

is in the n 5 6 orbit and 22.18 3 10218 J
when the electron is in the n 5 1. Calculate
the wavelength of the photon emitted when the
electron drops from the n 5 6 orbit to the n 5
1 orbit. Use the following values: h 5 6.626 3
10234 J?s and c 5 3.00 3 108 ms21

Student answers might include the following

elements and colors: helium (yellow); neon
(orange-red); sodium (yellow); argon (lavender);
krypton (white); xenon (blue).

116. Rutherfords Model Imagine that you are a

scientist in the early twentieth century, and you

have just learned the details of a new, nuclear
model of the atom proposed by the prominent
English physicist Ernest Rutherford. After
analyzing the model, you discern what you
believe to be important limitations. Write a
letter to Rutherford in which you express your
concerns regarding his model. Use diagrams
and examples of specific elements to help
make your point.

hc
_
(E 2E )
J ? s 3 3.00 3 10 m/s)
5 (6.626
3 10
____

l5

234

(22.18 3 10218 J 2 (26.05 3 10220 J))

l 5 9.38 3 1028 m

Cumulative Review
112. Round 20.56120 g to three significant figures.
(Chapter 2)

Answers will vary.

20.6 g

113. Identify each of the following as either chem-

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

ical or physical properties of the substance.

(Chapter 3)
a. mercury is a liquid at room temperature
physical property

b. sucrose is a white, crystalline solid

physical property

Additional Assessment
Document-Based Questions
Sodium Vapor When sodium metal is vaporized
in a gas-discharge lamp, two closely spaced, bright
yellow-orange lines are produced. Because sodium
vapor lamps are electrically efficient, they are used
widely for outdoor lighting, such as streetlights and
security lighting.

c. iron rusts when exposed to moist air

chemical property

d. paper burns when ignited

chemical property

Figure 5.29 shows the emission spectrum of sodium

metal. The entire visible spectrum is shown for
comparison.
Data obtained from: Volland, W. March 2005. Spectroscopy,
Element Identification and Emission Spectra.

114. An atom of gadolinium has an atomic number

of 64 and a mass number of 153. How many

electrons, protons, and neutrons does it
contain? (Chapter 4)
64 electrons, 64 protons, 89 neutrons

Writing in Chemistry
115. Neon Signs To make neon signs emit
different colors, manufacturers often fill the
signs with gases other than neon. Write an

Solutions Manual

Na

Chemistry: Matter and Change Chapter 5

81