Author

/ Year
Robert
J. Barro
and
Xavier
Sala-imartin /
1992

Title

Data and Methodology

Finding

Convergence

Data :
Personal income for 48 states in US
for year 1880-1988, 1880-1900,
1900-1920, 1920-1930, 1930-1940,
1940-1950, 1950-1960, 1960-1970,
1970-1980, 1980-1988
Growth of per capita Gross State
Product for 48 states over the
period
1963-1986,
1963-1969,
1969-1975, 1975-1981, 1981-1986,
Methodology :
test for the -convergence by
estimating with OLS method :

The
empirical
estimation
for
personal income
was nearly equal
to those for gross
state
product.
Even though it
usually
happen
for
the
closed
economy
countries.

Y
1
1eT
log it 0+T =
log ( y i , t 0 )
T
Y it 0
Y

( ) (

Gustav
Ranis,
Frances
Stewart
,
Alejandr
o
Ramirez
/ 2000

Economic
Growth and
Human
Developmen
t

Data :
Dependent
variable
:
life
expectancy
shortfall
reduction
1970-1992
Independent variables :
1. GDP /n growth rate 1960-1970
2. Social Expenditure as % of GDP
1970-92
3. Social expenditure as % of GDP
1970-1980
4. Income share of Bottom 40 %
1960-1992
5. Income share of Bottom 20 %
1960-1992
6. Ratio of income share top to
bottom 20% 1960-1992
7. Female primary gross enrollment
rate 1965
8. Latin America dummy
9. Africa dummy
10.South Asia dummy
11.Middle East dummy
Methodology : OLS of 9 combination
model
Dependent variable : average real

Factors
that
significantly
affects the life
expectancy
shortfall reduction
(1970-1992) :
1. GDP /n growth
rate
19601970
significant
in
all models
2. Social
Expenditure as
%
of
GDP
significant for
8 models
3. Female
primary gross
enrollment
rate 1965
Factors
that
significantly
affects
the
average
real
GDP/n
growth

GDP/n growth 1970-1992

Independent variables :
1. Log GDP/n 1960
2. Adult literacy rate 1970-1972
3. Log life expectancy 1967
4. Gross domestic investment as a
of GDP 1960-1992
5. Income share of Bottom 40
1960-1970
6. Income share of Bottom 20
1960-1970
7. Ratio of income share top
bottom quintile 1960-1992
8. HDI 1970
9. Latin America dummy
10.Africa dummy
11.South Asia dummy
12.Middle East dummy
Methodology
:
combination Model

Grace
Maria
Antony,
K.
Viswes
wara
Rao, N.
Balakhri
sna /
2001

Suitability of
HDI for
Assessing
Health and
Nutritional
Status

OLS

of

%
%
%
to

14

Data :
Demographic (life expectancy in
years at birth and 5th years for
male and female; total fertility
rate; crude birth rate; maternal
mortality rate (MMR) for 1,000 live
births; infant mortality rate (IMR)
foe male and female)
Socio-economic (State Domestic
Product, percentage of people

(1970-1992) :
1. Log
life
expectancy
1967
2. Adult literacy
rate
19701972
in
3
models
3. HDI (1970) in 2
models
4. Gross
domestic
investment as
a % of GDP
1960-1992
significant
in
the model that
exclude
regional
dummies
5. Ratio
of
income share
top to bottom
quintile 19601992
in
3
models
6. Income share
of Bottom 40
% 1960-1970
significant in 5
models

1. Values of HDI
were
lower
with
UNDP
income
method
because of the
lower value of
rupee at the
international
level.

under poverty line, male and

female literacy, female and male
gross
school
enrolment
ratio
(primary
and
secondary),
government
expenditure
on
education(cent),
Health
(prevalence
of
contraceptive use (per cent),
health services and safe drinking
water (percent), prevalence of
severely and moderately underweight children of less than four
years
Food intake (per consumption unit/
day in grams) (Cereals, pulses,
roots and tubers, spices, sugar,
meat, and flesh foods, fruits, milk
and milk products, green leafy
vegetables and other vegetables.
Nutrients intake(total fat, total
calories, total protein)
Methodology :
1. Calculate the HDI of 22 states on
two different methods, first method
uses maximum income for states;
second method uses maximum
income
for
countries
(UNDP
methods). Rank them with those
two different methods.
2. Group the 22 states based on
region (south, north, central, east,
west, and north-east). Do the one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
to compare the mean of HDI of
each region.
3. Divide the 22 states into two
groups. Group 1 consists of states
with HDI < 0.65 and group 2
consists of states with HDI 0.65.
Use one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) to compare the two
groups based on every variable.

2. The HDI values

were
significantly
different
between
the
various regions
of
India
(p<0.05)
3. Life
expectancy at
birth,
infant
mortality rate,
toddler
mortality rate,
maternal
mortality rate,
birth rate, per
capita
incomes,
educational
levels
of
parents,
and
prevalence of
contraceptive
usage
are
significantly
different
between
two
groups of HDI.

Edward
Nissan
and
Farhauq
Niroom
and /
2005

Convergence
and
Divergence
of Basic
Needs and
Income : An
International
Comparison

Data :
Per capita income in 1995 US dollars
and HDI of countries in (1975, 1980,
1985, 1990, 1998).
HDI
components
consist
of
3
components (longevity, knowledge,
income). Countries are classified into
three levels of per capita income
(high, medium, low).
Methodology :
estimate
the
coefficient
variation
(St.Dev/mean)
to
examine -convergence
test for the -convergence by
estimating with OLS method :

Y ' =Y t
Madhus
udan
Ghosh /
2006

Economic
Growth (EG)
and Human
Developmen
t (HD) in
Indian States

+b( Y t1Y t1 )

Data :
HDI(1981,
1991,
2001),
literacy
rate(LR)(1981,
1991,
2001),
expectation of life at birth(ELB) (198185, 1991-95, 1992-1996), per capita
net income at constant prices (PCI)
(1980-1981, 1990-1991, 2000-2001)
Methodology :
Consist of 3 parts :
1. Evaluates the performance of the
states on human development and
examines regional convergence in
various indicators of HDI.
Model :
estimate
the
coefficient
variation
(St.Dev/mean)
to
examine -convergence
test for the -convergence by
estimating with OLS method :

[ ln ( X i , t )ln ( X i ,t ) ] = + l
T

n(

X i , t + i ,t

estimates
the
convergence

conditional

Though
convergence on a
small scale was
generally
observed for HDI
for
poorer
countries, income
generally followed
a divergent path.
The implications
of these result is
despite widening
of income gaps
among
three
groups. The gaps
in quality of life
were
somewhat
narrowed.
-regional
convergence
in
HDI,
LR,
ELB
considerable
divergence in per
capita income
-The government
expenditure
on
social sector is an
important factor
in achieving the
convergence
in
HDI through its
positive effects on
HDI, LR, and ELB.
4
states
(virtuous cycle), 7
states
(vicious
cycle),
3
states(lopsidedHD),
1
states
(lopsidedEG/Virtuous)

LR
(
)
(
)
[ ln HDI tln HDI t ] /T = 0+ 1 ln ( HDI )t + 2 ln t + 3 ln ( ELB)t

include the policy variable

(government expenditure of
social sector(SSE))

[ ln ( X i , t )ln ( X i ,t ) ] = + l
i

n(

SSE
( i ,t)D i ,t + i ,t
X i , t +ln
2. Investigate the two way link
between EG and HD performance :
EG-induced HD
Dependent Variables (ln ( X )t )
: HDI, LR, ELB
ln (X )t =

0+ 1 ln ( PCI )t5 + 2 ln ( SSE)t + 1 D 1 + 2 D 2 + t

HD-induced EG

(PCI )

t+ 3

ln
3. Classification
performance

of

states