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1.
Fats and vegetable oils are triesters of glycerol with fatty acids. Many of these acids contain 18
carbon atoms. The table shows the relative percentages of various C 18 fatty acid chains in four
common fats and oils.
C17H35COO
/%
C17H33COO
/%
C17H31COO
/%
C17H29COO
/%
Tallow
52
44
Linseed Oil
32
18
45
Olive Oil
83
15
Peanut Oil
47
46
Fat/Oil
(a)
Deduce which fat or oil from the table could best be described as:
saturated
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mono-unsaturated
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poly-unsaturated.
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(2)
(b)
(i)
Explain the meaning of the term shelf life and suggest which fat or oil from the
table would have the shortest shelf life.
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(2)
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(ii)
2.
(a)
(b)
(ii)
saturated: Tallow;
mono-unsaturated: Olive oil;
poly-unsaturated: Linseed oil;
3 correct award [2], 2 correct award [1], no marks for just
one correct.
(i)
reduce temperature;
store in dark;
remove oxygen / vacuum pack / replace air with inert gas;
reduce water content / drying;
add salt / sodium nitrite;
pickle;
add antioxidants;
genetic modification;
Do not accept add preservatives.
2 max
2 max
[6]
3.
(a)
(b)
Hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fatty acids. Outline the meaning of the
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term trans fatty acids and explain why their formation is undesirable.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
4.
(a)
(b)
2
[4]
5.
(ii)
Explain, in terms of their effect on light, why these compounds are coloured.
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(1)
(Total 2 marks)
6.
(i)
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(ii)
1
[2]
7.
(b)
Describe two advantages and one concern about the use of genetically modified food.
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(3)
(Total 4 marks)
8.
(a)
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(b)
advantages [2 max]:
quicker growth / reduced maturation time / more harvest per year;
increase resistance to disease/pests / less herbicides/pesticides /
improved plant/animal health;
more tolerant of climate/extending its range / lower water consumption;
increase in the yield/productivity/feed efficiency;
improve flavour;
incorporate beneficial substances;
increased shelf life;
concerns [1 max]:
increase the risk of allergies;
affect the balance of peoples diets;
escape of modified genes into the environment;
potential harm to natural ecosystem;
3 max
[4]
9.
(a)
The shelf life of vegetable oils is often limited by auto-oxidation, which initially forms
hydroperoxides. Outline the mechanism by which hydroperoxides are formed and state a
class of compounds, formed from hydroperoxides, that are responsible for the off flavours
produced in food.
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(4)
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(b)
State the name, and briefly explain the action, of an artificial antioxidant that can be
added to reduce the rate at which hydroperoxides are formed.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
10.
(a)
(b)
2
[6]
11.
The stereochemistry of molecules affects the way they interact with taste and smell receptors in
the body.
State one example of a compound and its enantiomers with different tastes or smells.
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(Total 2 marks)
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(b)
2
[6]
12.
2
[2]
13.
Refer to the structure to explain why vitamin C can exist in a +(d) form and a (l) form and
explain the difference between the two forms.
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(Total 2 marks)
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14.
(a)
An anthocyanin:
beetroot / red cabbage / blackcurrants / cherries / red grapes / named berries;
Accept any other correct answer, but must have specific names
e.g. strawberries instead of berries.
A carotene:
tomato / pumpkin / capsicum / bananas / squash / mango;
Accept any other correct answer but do not accept carrot.
(b)
(c)
1
[4]
15.
carvone;
one isomer tastes of caraway, the other of spearmint;
OR
limonene;
one isomer smells of lemons, the other of oranges;
2 max
[2]
(b)
(c)
1
[4]
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16.
Lycopene, whose structure is shown below, is a carotenoid and is responsible for the red colour
in tomatoes. When bromine is slowly added to some tomato juice, the colour of the juice
gradually changes from red to yellow. Explain this colour change in terms of changes in
bonding in lycopene.
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(Total 3 marks)
17.
Br2 reacts with the double bonds / amount of double bonds in the conjugated
system decreases;
absorbed energy shifts to violet/higher energy in the visible region is absorbed;
resulting in complementary yellow colour;
3
[3]
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18.
Different conventions are used to classify enantiomers. Orange and lemon peel each contain
different enantiomers of the compound limonene. One of the enantiomers is represented below.
(a)
(b)
The (+)d-enantiomer has the characteristic smell of oranges and the ()l-enantiomer has
the characteristic smell of lemons. Explain the meaning of the (+)d and ()l symbols used
in this notation.
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(1)
(c)
The R, S notation is also used. The (+)d-enantiomer is often described as R-limonene and
the ()l-enantiomer as S-limonene. Explain what is meant by the R, S notation and state
whether the structure shown is R or S.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
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10
19.
(a)
1
(b)
(c)
2
[4]
20.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
State two properties which are affected when food has exceeded its shelf life.
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(2)
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(b)
Discuss one way, different in each case, in which each of the following factors affect the
shelf life and quality of food:
water content
pH change
light.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
21.
(a)
(b)
(i)
the period that maintains the expected quality desired by the consumer;
(ii)
2 max
3
[6]
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12
22.
Distinguish between the two conventions, D / L and + (d) / (l), used for naming
enantiomers.
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(2)
(b)
Identify the most common enantiomeric form of naturally occurring amino acids and
describe their taste.
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(2)
(c)
Most naturally occurring sugars exist in the D form and are sweet. State an example of
this.
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(1)
(d)
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(e)
State two examples, other than taste, of properties of food that are affected by the
presence of different enantiomers.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
23.
(a)
L form;
tasteless;
(c)
+(d)-limonene oranges;
(d)
(e)
odour;
toxicity;
(b)
[8]
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14