MHP Training Manual

MHP 6
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
ENERGY UTILIZATION MANAGEMENT BUREAU
Training Manual
for
Micro-hydropower Technology
June 2009
This manual was developed by the Department of Energy (DOE) through the
technical assistance under the Project on Sustainability Improvement of
Renewable Energy Development for Village Electrification in the Philippines
which was provided by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
Table of Contents
1
General......................................................................................................1
Scope .........................................................................................................1
Objectives..................................................................................................1
Implementation structure ........................................................................1
4.1
Implementation structure ........................................................................... 1
4.2
Roles and responsibilities ............................................................................ 2
Outline of the Training .............................................................................2

5.1
Purpose......................................................................................................... 2
5.2
Trainer ......................................................................................................... 2
5.3
Trainee ......................................................................................................... 3
5.4
Attainment Target ....................................................................................... 3
Preparation ...............................................................................................3
6.1
Establishment of the Training Program ..................................................... 3
6.2
Venue Arrangements ................................................................................... 4
6.3
Invitation of Trainees .................................................................................. 4
6.4
Preparation of Materials.............................................................................. 4
Implementation ........................................................................................4
7.1
Points to be learned during training ........................................................... 4
7.2
Key lecture points ........................................................................................ 4
Amendment of the manual .......................................................................4
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
ANNEX 3
: List of already-drafted training materials

: Learning points by training item for planning and
civil structure design
: Samples of training material
1 General
Proponents of micro-hydropower projects for rural electrification should draft an
appropriate project plan based on site conditions in order to effectively make use of
the limited water resources and ensure project sustainability. From the same
perspective, administrative organizations are also required to adequately evaluate the
submitted plan and give proper instructions to the proponents. Accordingly, sufficient
understanding of planning technique for micro-hydropower project is essential for
both the proponents and the assessors.
This manual is intended to present the key points in organizing and implementing
the training on micro-hydropower technology. Some basic training materials have
been included to reduce the trainers burden for preparatory work.
2 Scope
This manual shall be used for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of
micro-hydropower technology training.
3 Objectives
(1) Assist training organizers and trainers in planning, preparing, and
implementing the training on micro-hydropower technologies effectively, and
(2) Maximize the training effect by providing the key points to be noted during
conducting lectures.
4 Implementation structure
4.1 Implementation structure
The following figure shows the implementation structure of the training.
Organizer
Assignment of trainers
Trainer
Trainer
Training implementation
for specific technical field
Trainee
Trainer
Trainee nomination
Trainee
Trainee
Trainee
Dispatch of trainees
Organizations concerned to micro-hydropower
development for rural electrification
Figure 1 Implementation structure of the training
Invitation
4.2 Roles and responsibilities

The training roles and responsibilities of the planning, preparation and
implementation components have been summarized in the following table.
Table 1 Roles and responsibility of persons concerned

Component
Role
Organizer
Trainer
Assignment of trainers
Arrangement of venue, equipment
(accommodation for trainees if necessary)
Sending invitation letter calling for traiees
Preparation of training materials
Implementation of training for specific technical
field in charge
Evaluation of trainees
Trainee
Participation in training
Implementation of future training for specific
technical in their organizations
Organization
concerned
Nomination of trainees
5 Outline of the Training

5.1 Purpose
The purposes of micro-hydropower technology training are to:
(1) deepen the knowledge of experienced technical staff who have been involved
in micro-hydropower development, and
(2) develop the knowledge of new technical staff who will be engaged in
micro-hydropower development in the near future.
Appropriate training implementation enables technical staff to adequately design
and evaluate new micro-hydropower projects and establish the rehabilitation plans for
existing plants.
5.2 Trainer
Each trainer shall be assigned to a specific technical field, such as planning and
designing for civil, electrical, mechanical facilities. Trainers shall be those who have
participated in past micro-hydropower development training. However, the organizer
can also invite technical staff who have served as trainers in outside organizations.
Trainers will be responsible for preparing training materials in the technical field of
which they have respectively been put in charge. Examples of the technical materials
are attached to this manual for reference.
5.3 Trainee
Trainees shall be invited from among the stakeholders, such as the DOE field
office, ANEC, LGU, etc., organizations which have promoted micro-hydropower
development for rural electrification. The organizer will determine the number of
trainees taking into account the training effects.
Further, basic knowledge of mathematics is required for all trainees to ensure
smooth progress. In the end, trainees will also be required to disseminate the
knowledge that they have acquired during training.
5.4 Attainment Target
Final targets to be attained for the proponents and the assessor are described
respectively as follows:
to develop the project plan on the basis of the site reconnaissance results and
handle the basic design of equipment in a proper manner, and
to properly evaluate the project plan that the proponents have drafted, and offer
constructive instructions and advice.
6 Preparation
6.1 Establishment of the Training Program
The following table shows an example of a 5-day training program which includes
the over-all contents concerning micro-hydropower development from a preliminary
study
used
for
site
selection
to
basic
designs
used
for civil and electro-mechanical equipment. The organizer can arrange the training
program to meet available time frames and stakeholders needs. For instance, the
trainings on civil structures design and electro-mechanical equipment design can be
organized separately for people possessing different academic backgrounds such as
civil, electric, and mechanical engineering.
Table 1 Example of program for 5-day training

Date
Training item
Map study
Day
1
AM
PM
Planning
Day
2
AM
Site reconnaissance
PM
Design of civil structures
Day
3
AM
Practice of map study
PM
Practice of civil structure design
Day
4
AM
Turbine / Driving system
PM
Generator / Control system
Day
5
AM
Electrical equipment and protection system / Distribution system
PM
Practice of electro-mechanical equipment design
6.2 Venue Arrangements

The organizer shall arrange an appropriate venue taking into account the
availability and expected number of the trainees. Necessary training equipment, such
as the PC, projector, and microphone, shall also be prepared. The trainees are asked
to prepare the calculator for practice of planning and designing, if necessary.
6.3 Invitation of Trainees
In order to summon and finalize candidates based on their area of specialty and
prior experience, an invitation letter specifying trainee requirements will be sent by
the organizer to the stakeholders in advance.
6.4 Preparation of Materials
The trainers shall prepare in advance the training materials in their charge. The
materials that are attached to this manual are listed in ANNEX1. The organizer and
trainers shall upgrade these materials as well as adding new ones.
7 Implementation
7.1 Points to be learned during training
The trainers shall proceed with the lectures step by step so that the trainees can
thoroughly absorb the fundamental points of each training item, which are shown in
ANNEX2.
7.2 Key lecture points
One-on-one lectures may turn out to be a tedious proposition for both the trainers
and trainees. Hence, the trainers shall encourage the trainees to actively participate in
the following ways:
Interspersed periodic questioning of the trainees to confirm their understanding,

Introduction of examples and case studies,
Homework for lecture review,
On-hand practice to deepen knowledge and understanding,
Discussion among the trainees, and
Presentations by the trainees on how to utilize their newly acquired knowledge,
Wrap-up meeting.
Such methods will enable trainees to apply their acquired knowledge in planning
and actual development. Conducting examinations before and after the training is an
effective method in evaluating the level of capacity building and also reveals the
training effects.
8 Amendment of the manual
The DOE shall review this manual annually, and amend it, if necessary, according
to the surrounding circumstances in rural electrification of the country. The amended
manual shall be fully authorized among the DOE and approved by Director of Energy
Utilization Management Bureau of the DOE.
ANNEX1
Items
Contents
Outline of hydropower
Catchment area
Duration curve and identification of potential site
Functions of main structures for micro-hydropower plant
Planning
Layout of main structures
Selection of main structures location
Outline of site reconnaissance
Site reconnaissance
Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Intake weir
Intake and settling basin
Headrace
Design of civil structures Head tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head loss calculation
Basics of hydraulics
Turbine types
Turbine
Characteristics of turbine
Basic design of turbine
Basics of generator
Generator
Classification of generator
Basic design of generator
Basics of automatic control
Control system
Frequency control
Voltage control
Major factors
Transformer
Switch gear
Electrical equipment and
Arrester
protection system
Instrument transformer
Single line diagram
Protection system
Distribution method
Components
Distribution system
Route selection
Voltage drop estimation
Map study
List of already-drafted training materials
ANNEX2
Learning points by training item for planning and civil structure design
Items
Contents
Outline of hydropower
Learning points
Catchment area
Map study
Duration curve and
identification of potential
site
Functions of main
structures for
micro-hydropower plant
Planning
Layout of main structures

Selection of main
structures location
Outline of site
reconnaissance
Site
reconnaissance Measurement of river flow
Measurement of head
Intake weir
Intake and settling basin

Design of civil
structures
Headrace
Head tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head loss calculation
Concept of hydropower
Concept of catchment area
Relationship between discharge and catchment
area
Catchment area estimation using topographical
map
Concept of duration curve
Maximum/firm discharge identification using
duration curve
Potential site identification using topographical
map
Functions of intake weir and intake
Functions of settling basin
Functions of headrace
Functions of head tank and penstock
Functions of turbine and generator
Concept of basic layout for main structures
Appropriate location of weir, intake, and settling
basin
Appropriate location of powerhouse
Appropriate location of headrace route
Objectives and survey items of site reconnaissance
Information gathering and planning for site
reconnaissance
On-site measuring method of river flow
On-site measuring method of head
Type and structure of intake weir
Design concept for intake weir
Calculation technique for intake weir
dimensioning
Structure of intake and settling basin
Design concept for intake and settling basin
Calculation technique for intake and settling basin
dimensioning
Type and structure of headrace
Design concept for headrace
Calculation technique for headrace dimensioning
Structure of head tank
Design concept for head tank
Calculation technique for head tank dimensioning
Design concept for penstock
Calculation technique for penstock dimensioning
Structure of powerhouse by turbine type
Calculation technique for head loss
Learning points by training item for electro-mechanical equipment design

Items
Contents
Learning points
Basics of hydraulics
Turbine types
Turbine
Characteristics of turbine
Basic design of turbine
Basics of generator
Generator
Classification of generator
Basic design of generator
Basics of automatic control
Control system
Frequency control
Voltage control
Electrical
equipment and
protection
system
Major factors
Transformer
Switch gear
Arrester
Instrument transformer
Single line diagram
Protection system
Distribution method
Components
Distribution
system
Route selection
Voltage drop estimation
ii
Principle of continuity
Bernoullis theorem
Concept of potential, pressure, and velocity head
Structure, features, and applicable range by
turbine type
Concept of turbine selection chart
Concept of specific speed
Applicable range of specific speed by turbine type
Turbine efficiency by turbine type
Flow of turbine basic design
Calculation technique for turbine specifications
Principle of operation of AC generator
Relationship between voltage and rotational speed
Main structure of generator
Type of excitation system
Classification of AC generator
Flow of generator basic design
Calculation technique for generator specifications
Concept of feedback control
Reaction of P-control, I-control, and PI-control
Characteristics of frequency and active power
control
Concept of speed governor and dummy load
governor
Characteristics of voltage and reactive power
control
Concept of automatic voltage controller
Concept of major factors
Type and functions of transformer
Type and functions of switch gear
Functions of arrester
Type and functions of instrument transformer
Standard composition of single line diagram
Type and functions of protection relay
Standard arrangement of protection relay
Classification of distribution method
Design and installation concept of pole
Design and installation concept of guy wire
Concept of distribution line route selection
Calculation technique for resistance and
inductance of conductor
Calculation technique for voltage drop of
distribution lines
Curriculum for the Training on Micro-Hydropower Development

DATE
2008
Training on
CONTENTS
AM
BASIC COURSE: Map Study
PM
BASIC COURSE: Planning
AM
ADVANCE COURSE: Site

Reconnaissance
PM
ADVANCE COURSE: Design of Civil

Structures
Nov. 10
Micro Hydropower
Development
Nov.11
Nov.12
Nov.13
Nov.14
AM
PM
AM
PM
AM
PM
1-1
Training on
Outline of Hydropower
Catchment Area
Identification of Potential Sites
Duration Curve
Functions of Main Structures
Layout of Main Structures
Selection of Main Structures'
Location
Outline of Site Reconnaissance
Measurement of River Flow
Measurement of Head
Intake Weir
Intake and Settling Basin
Headrace
Head tank
Penstock and Spillway
Power House
Head Loss
Practice Activity for Map Study

Practice Activity for Civil Design
Examination: Planning & Design of Civil Structures
Turbine
Design of Mechanical Equipment
Driving System
Generator
Control System
Design of Electrical Equipment
Protection System
Examination: Design of Electrical & Mechanical Equipment
1-2
Training on Micro Hydropower Development
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Map Study
Basic Course (1
ST
part)
OUTLINE OF HYDROPOWER
EPIFANIO G. GACUSAN DOE - REMD

AVR, Department of Energy, 10 November 2008
1-3
1-4
What is Hydropower?
What is Hydropower?
Energy of Falling Stone:
Energy of Falling
Stone:
Ouch!
Ouch!
Ouch!
1-5
1-6
What is Hydropower?
What is Hydropower?
Energy of Falling Stone
Energy of Falling
Stone:
depends on
Height
Weight of the Stone
Height
Energy of Hydropower
Ouch!
Ouch!
1-7
Height
Head
Weight of
the Water
Discharge
1-8
Hydropower depends on Head and Discharge

Discharge
Basic Course
Depends on
Catchment Area
Rainfall
Map Study
Sayang
Mottainai
CATCHMENT AREA
Catchment Area
For Generating Power
9
1-9
1-10
Scale:
1/50,000
1062
10
1062
1045
1045
On map : Accrual
1 cm : 500 m
Long Distance = Gentle
HeightDistance
Short
20 m x 5==100m
Steep
980
960
940
920
Catchment Area
900
880
860
840
820
800
780
760
1-11
11
1-12
12
1062
1045
h
A
b
A = ( b x h ) /2
1-13
13
1-14
14
1-15
15
1-16
16
Duration Curve
Basic Course
Art
River Flow (m3/s)
River Flow (m3/s)
Map Study
DURATION CURVE & IDENTIFICATION

OF POTENTIAL SITE
Art
Jimmy
140
Jimmy
100
60
Actual River Flow
100
200
300
Flow Duration Curve
Change the Order

17
1-17
Duration Curve : How to Identify Maximum Discharge
Duration Curve
Gauging Station: ABC (CA=30km2) Latitude@@@
For Mini/Large Hydro : Comparison of Unit Cost in Each Case
Longitude@@@
Depends on Chatchment Area and Rainfall
River Flow
1.5
Depends on Planning
Maximum Discharge/Design Discharge
0.5
Construction Cost / kWh
(m3/s)
River Flow (m3/s)
Period:1990.1 2000.1
1.0
18
1-18
1.5
1.0
Firm Discharge = 95 % Firm

40 %
25%(95day)
50%(183day)
75%(274day)
90%(328day) 100%(365day
95%(346day))
1-19
19
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %
Percentage of Duration
0.5
40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
1-20
20
365
Duration Curve : How to Identify Firm/Max. Discharge
Duration Curve : How to Identify Maximum Discharge
For Micro Hydro : Pre-Feasibility Study
For Micro Hydro : Initial Stage
Maximum and Firm Discharge in Hydropower Plant
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Rich Forest
Over 3000mm
Vegetation
Annual
Rainfall
Bare
Ground
Aprx.2000
mm
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Average rain
90
100
110
fall line
Percentage of Firm/Maximum Discharge
(%)
Percentage of Firm/Maximum Discharge (%)
1-21
Micro
2.2
Micro
2.0
Mini
Small
1.8
1.6
1.4
Firm Discharge = 1.0 m3/s/100km2
1.2
1.0
0.8
Max. Discharge = Firm Discharge
0.6
0.4
0.2
Large
0.0
Unit Firm Discharge

3
2
(m /s/100km )
(m 3/s/100km 2)
Unit Firm Discharge
Maximum and Firm Discharge in Hydropower Plant
21
22
1-22
Good Potential Site (Technically)

Duration Curve : How to Identify Firm/Max. Discharge
1. Short Distance and High Head
For Micro Hydro : Detail Study
Portion A
Measurement River Flow at the Site
It will be Trained
in Advance
Course
1-23
Profile of River
23
1-24
24
1. Short Distance and High Head ; How Short? How High?
1. Short Distance and High Head ; How to Know ?
Indicator : L/H (Distance/Head)

L1
L1
Head and Waterway Length
L6
500
400
100
L/H=25
90
80
L2
L3
L5
Small/Large L/H<50
L/H=10
70
Head (m) H
L4
E.L
520
500
60
Micro-Hydro: L/H <25
50
40
480
30
460
20
L/H=50
Mini L/H<25
440
10
420
380
Micro L/H<25
400
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
200
400 600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000
Waterway Length (m) L
25
1-25
26
1-26
1. Short Distance and High Head ; How to find out ?
Assumed Head : 20 m
Micro,Mini-Hydro: L/H <25

On the Map of 1/50,000 = 1 interval of Contour Line : 20 m
L1
L1
L6
500
400
If you want 20 m of Head
500 m
Look for 1 interval of Contour Line is less than 1cm on the Map
L2
E.L
1000 m
L3
1cm
N.G
N.G
OK
480
460
1500 m
500m
N.G
520
500
L5
L4
OK
440
N.G
420
400
380
L1
L2
500m
500m
L3
500m
L4
500m
L5
500m
L6
500m
1-27
27
1-28
28
Assumed Head : 60 m
Assumed Head : 40 m
L1
L1
L1
L1
L6
500
400
L6
500
400
L2
L2
L3
L4
L3
L5
L4
L5
3 cm
N.G
520
500
N.G
N.G
OK
480
OK
480
N.G
460
OK
460
440
N.G
440
420
420
400
400
380
N.G
520
500
1500 m
E.L
1000m
2 cm
E.L
380
L1
L2
L3
1000m
1000m
L4
1000m
L5
1000m
L1
L2
L6
L3
1500 m 1500 m
L4
L5
1500 m
L6
1500 m
1000m
1-29
29
30
1-30

2. Bigger Catchment Area is better if the L/H is even
Assumed Head : 40 m
3. Power Output must be balanced with Demand

For Micro Hydro : Initial Stage
3/s/100km2
Firm
100Discharge
HH
200mW/
HH =
X = 1.0
1062
1045
20 kW
Max. Discharge
= Firm
Discharge
Demand
; Based
on Social
Survey
Practical Hydropower Output
Required
P = 9.8
x Q x HCatchment
x
Area
= 20
km2
Where, P = Power
output
(kW)
Q = Discharge (m3/s)
C.A=
= Head (m)
10 km2
= Combined efficiency (0.5)
C.A=
7 km2
1-31
31
1-32
Q = P / (9.8 x H x )
= 20 / (9.8 x H x 0.5 )
P (kW)
H (m)
Q (m3/s)
20
20
0.20
20
40
0.10
20
60
0.07
32
5. Gentle Slope is Convenient for Headrace and Powerhouse
4. Near the Demand Area
A
B
A
B
Voltage Drop is within 10 %

without Step up T/F
Radius 1km (2cm on the
Map)
0
Demand site
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0 km
Section A-A
1-33
Section B-B
33
34
1-34
Output 10 kW
Head 60 m
Examples
0
1-35
35
1.0
2.0
1-36
3.0
4.0
5.0 km
36
C.A
Q
12.5
km2
0.125 m3/s
40 m
25 kW
C.A
18.0 km2
0.180 m3/s
40 m
35 kW
C.A
18.5 km2
0.185 m3/s
60 m
55 kW
Result of Map Study (Example)

Items
Project Name
Location
Contents
Ambabag Mini-Hydropower Project
Barangay Ambabag, Pindungan, Kiangan, Ifugao
Intake : N-164734.92, E-1210535.22
Coordinates
Powerhouse: : N-164737.32,E-1210620.28)
20.2 km2
Catchments Area
C.A
7.5 km2
0.075 m3/s
60 m
Elevation of the Intake
E.L. 403 m
Gross Head
22 kW
C.A
3.5 km2
C.A
3.5 km2
0.035 m3/s
0.035 m3/s
60 m
60 m
10 kW
10 kW
E.L. 494.2 m
Tailrace Water Level
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
C.A
4.0 km2
0.040 m3/s
60 m
12 kW
80 m
0.32 m3/s
Required Max. Discharge

Maximum Output
200 kW
Annual Energy Generation

Construction Cost
1,490 MWh
Approximate. 42 Million pesos
Plant Factor
85 %
5.0 km
1-37
37
Thank you Very Much !!!!
1-39
91.2m
Effective Head
39
1-38
38
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Planning
Basic Course (2
nd
part)
Functions of Main Structures
2-1
2-2
Intake Weir
Main Structures for Micro/Mini Hydropower
Settling Basin
Headrace
Head-tank
Fore bay
Headrace
Head-tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Spillway
Tailrace
Demand
2-3
2-4
Intake Weir and Intake
Function of Intake Weir
The Intake weir a barrier built across the river used to

divert water through an opening in the riverside (the
Intake opening) into a settling basin.
Intake
Insufficient Inflow
If no Intake Weir
Many Sedimentations into Intake
2-5
2-6
Function of Intake Weir

Function of Intake
Flood Water Level
Control Gate
Flush Gate (Stop Logs)
Big Flow = Structures will be Damaged
Weir Crest
Q
Q over
Orifice with Spillway
to Divert the River Flow into the Intake

to prevent the Sediment/silts to pass through
2-7
to Control Inflow
7
2-8
Function of Settling Basin
Settling Basin
Settling Basin-The settling basin is used to trap sand or
suspend the silt from the water before entering the
penstock.
Headrace
Intake
High Velocity
Low Velocity
Spillway
Flush Gate
to trap sand or suspend the silt from the water

9
10
2-9
2-10
Function of Headrace
Settling Basin
Headrace-A channel leading the water to a head tank.

The headrace follows the contour of the hillside so as to
preserve the elevation of the diverted water.
Headrace
Slope =Gentle
Gentle Slope Small Head Loss = Big Output

Big Size of Headrace = High Cost
Headtank
Head Loss
Headrace
Mini=1/200 to 1/1,000
to convey water into the head-tank

Headrace
Headtank
Head Loss
Settling Basin
Slope =Steep
Steep Slope Small Size of Headrace =Low Cost

Big Head Loss =Small Output
11
2-11
Micro=1/100 to 1/300
12
2-12
Head-tank (Forebay Tank)
Penstock
Head-tank - Pond at the top of a penstock or pipeline; serves

as final settling basin, maintains the required water level of
penstock inlet and prevents foreign debris entering the
penstock.
Penstock - .A close conduit or pressure pipe for

supplying water under pressure to a turbine.
13
2-13
14
2-14
Water Turbine and Generator

A water turbine is a machine to directly convert the
kinetic energy of the flowing water into a useful
rotational energy while a generator is a device used to
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Thank you Very Much!
15
2-15
16
2-16
Training on
Training
Training
onon
Micro/Mini
Micro Hydropower
Hydropower
Development
Development
Micro Hydropower
Basic Course
Development
Planning
Basic Course (3rd part)
3-1
Layout of Main Structures
Main Structures
3-2
3-4
Basic Layout
for Micro/Mini Hydropower plants
1. Short Penstock
Headrace
Headtank
3-3
Basic Layout
Basic Layout
2. Long Penstock
3. Middle-Length Penstock
3-5
3-6
Apropriate location for

the weir, intake and settling basin
Training on Micro/Mini Hydropower Development
Basic Course
CRITERIA
1. Narrow River Width
Planning
2. Preferably at Straight Portion of the River

3. Has Space for Settling Basin
Selection of Main Structures Locations
3-7
4. Easy to Combine with Headrace
3-8
appropriate location for

the weir, intake and settling basin
A
Appropriate location for

Power house
CRITERIA
1. Gentle River Bank
2. The Water Flood Will Have No Great Impact at

the River Bank
3. Has a Wide Cross Section of the River
(Low Flood Water Level)
Criteria
A,B,D,E
1.
Narrow River Width
2.
Preferably at Straight Portion of the

River
3.
Has Space for Settling Basin
4.
It is easy to combine with Headrace
4. Ridge is Better (Geologically Strong and

Stable)
A,B,E
A,B
A
9
3-9

Power house
3-10
10

Headrace route
F
CRITERIA
1. Gentle Slope
2. Stable Geological Condition
3. Accessible
Criteria
B,C
1.
Gentle River Bank
2.
The Water Flood Will Have No Great

Impact at the River Bank
3.
Has a Wide Cross Section of the River

(Low Flood Water Level)
4.
Ridge is better (Geologically Strong and

Stable)
3-11
B,C,F
C,D
Please consider & recommend based on your

experience of irrigation cannel
C
11
3-12
12
MARAMING SALAMAT!!!
Thank You Very Much!!!!
Arigato!!!
3-13
13
Training on
Training on Micro/Mini Hydropower Development
Micro Hydropower
Advance Course
Development
Site Reconnaissance
Advance Course (1
st
part)
Measurement River Flow

Measurement of Head
1
4-1
4-2
Preparation of Site Reconnaissance
Information Gathering
Prepare 1/50,000 scale maps to check the location, catchment
area, villages, access road and topography of the project sites.
Gather available information on accessibility to the site, the
weather conditions, social stability, and so on.
Make copies of the 1/50,000 scale maps and route maps
enlarged by 200 to 400%.
Prepare checklists and interview sheets for site survey.
Planning of preliminary site survey
Make a plan and schedule for site survey considering
accessibility to the sites and the weather conditions.
Allow sufficient time in the schedule since most of sites are
located in remote and isolated areas
Objective
To roughly evaluate the feasibility of the project
To get necessary information for planning
Items to be investigated
Potential capacity of the project site
- Measurement of river flow
- Measurement of head
Topographical and geological condition of the sites for the
structure layout
Accessibility to the site
Power demand in the load center
Distance from the load center to the power house
Ability of the local people to pay for electricity
Willingness of the local people for electrification
3
4-3
4-4
Necessary Goods for Site Reconnaissance
Equipment
Route map
Topographic map
Reconnaissance schedule
Checklist
Interview sheet
Geological map
Aerial photographs
Related reports
Field notebook
Scale
Pencil
Eraser
Colored pencil
Section paper
Major Items of Site Reconnaissance
Equipment
Altimeter
GPS (portable)
Camera, film
Current meter (Float,)
Distance meter, measure tape
Hand level (Hose)
Convex scale (2-3m)
Hammer
Clinometers
Knife
Scoop
Torch, flashlight
Sampling baggage
Label
Compass
Stopwatch
Batteries
Investigation of potential capacity

River flow measurement
Head measurement
Investigation for layout and design of facilities

Intake site
Waterway route
Powerhouse site
Transmission/distribution line route
Investigation of demand forecast

Other outline surveys
4-5
4-6
Reason for direct measurements:

Since the catchment area of micro-hydro power is relatively
small, the river flow at micro-hydro sites is site-specific.
Some rivers dries up during dry season
Without checking the actual flow, we cannot be confident of
the potential capacity of the projects.
Purpose:
To get enough data to accurately predict river flow at the
project site
To check the minimum river flow during dry season (Micro)
To prepare the duration curve (Mini & Large)
Method:
Current meter method
Float method
Bucket method
Weir measuring method
Flowchart to check Minimum Flow/ Duration Curve

Micro-Hydro
Mini-Hydro
Selection of Measurement
Point
XXX
YYY
Installation of Staff Gauge

(Base Point)
ZZZ
WWW
Daily
Record
(Hd)
Record the water level

on Staff gauge (H)
0.230
0.550
0.300
0.380
0.111
1.734
0.272
0.600
Calculation of Rating Curve
Measuring of Cross Section

G
Measuring of Cross Sectional

Area
(A)
Discharge
Q
3
(m /s)
Calculation of Daily
Discharge
Measuring of Velocity /Speed

(V)
Micro-Hydro
G
Calculation of Duration
Curve
Calculation of Discharge
(Q=A x V)
4-7
Water Level
H
(m)
Date
Another day
at least 3 times
repeat
Measurement River Flow
4-8
Installation of Staff Gauge
Electromagnetic Current Meter
Propeller Current Meter
Actual Measurement
9
4-9
10
4-10
Float Measuring Method
Record Sheet of Measurement River Flow

Flow Measurement Field SheetName of Location: Date:Time: Staff gauge
Number of
Segmrntation: (i)
10
11
Distance from left

bank: Lcm
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
520
28.0
30.0
29.0
30.0
33.0
41.0
35.0
22.0
16.0
0.0
30cm
Remark
Water Depth:D c
14.0
Area of Segmantation:
Ac
Depth from Surface: H

(cm)
Velocity : V (cm/s)
2,500
2,950
3,425
1,510
3,325
0.2
5.60
12.00
5.80
28.00
6.60
47.0
7.00
17.0
3.20
13.0
0.4
11.20
10.00
11.60
20.00
13.20
47.0
14.00
13.0
6.40
6.0
0.8
22.40
10.00
23.20
8.00
26.40
26.0
28.00
9.0
12.80
2.0
Average Velocity:
Va c/
10.67
18.67
40.00
13.00
7.00
Discharge of
Segmantation:q (m3/s
26.667
55.067
137.000
43.225
10.570
Total
272.528
11
4-11
12
4-12
Measurement of Velocity
Measurement of Cross Sectional Area
W
L=10m
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L/10
L=2W
h1
h2
h3
h1
0.00
h2
0.45
h3
0.50
h4
0.57
h5
0.60
h6
0.62
h7
0.65
h8
0.60
h9
0.50
h10
h11
Total
Average
h4
h5
h6
h7
h8
h9
h 10
h11
Cross Sectional Area ; A
Cross Sectional Area ; B
A=h avarage x L = 0.44 x 10.00

= 4.40 m2
0.35
0.00
4.84
4.84/11=
Measuring of Cross Sectional Area
Cross Sectional Area ; C
0.44 m
13
14
4-13
4-14
Calculation of Rating Curve

Concrete channel which cross section is
uniform
Small stream where a riverbed is smooth
Vmean
Rating
Curve Curve
Calculation
of Rating
Vmean
0.50
2.0
Vm = 0.85Vmean
Water
(m) (m3 /s)
Square Root
of Level
Discharge
0.45
Vm = 0.65Vmean
Shallow flow (about 0.5)
Shallow and riverbed is not flat
Vmean
Vmean
0.5 m
1.8
0.40
1.6
1.4
0.35
y = 3.0993x - 0.3947
1.2
0.30
1.0
0.8
0.25
Q=9.579*H -2.428H+0.154
0.6
0.20
0.4
0.2
0.15
0.0
0.10
Vm = 0.45Vmean
Vm = 0.25Vmean
15
4-15
0.10
0.15
0.200.20 0.25
0.30
0.350.45 0.40
0.45
0.500.700.55
0.60
0.00 0.05
0.10 0.15
0.25 0.30
0.35 0.40
0.50 0.55
0.60 0.65
0.75 0.80
0.85 0.65
0.90 0.950.70
1.00
3
Water Level
Discharge
(m(m)
/s)
16
4-16
Calculation of Duration Curve
Calculation of Daily Discharge

2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
5.0
4.8
4.6
5.0
4.4
4.8
4.2
4.6
4.0
4.4
4.2
3.8
4.0
3.6
3.8
3.4
3.6
3.2
3.4
3.0
3.2
2.8
3.0
2.6
2.8
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.2
1.8
2.0
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.0 0
5/19/06 6/18/06
7/18/06 8/17/06 9/16/06 10/16/06 11/15/06 12/15/06 1/14/07 2/13/07 3/15/07
4/14/07 5/14/07 6/13/07
7/13/07
10
5/19/06 6/18/06
15
17
4-17
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
7/18/06 8/17/06 9/16/06 10/16/06 11/15/06 12/15/06 1/14/07 2/13/07 3/15/07
75
85
90
95 100
7/13/07
Date
18
4-18
Result of head measurement
Head measurement
Location :
Water-filled tube method

Easy to handle
No need for a skilled engineer
Relatively accurate
Head = H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6
No.
H1
B1
H2
H3
H1
H1 = B1-A1
80
4/14/07 5/14/07 6/13/07
Percentage (%)
Date
A1
Daily
Discharge
DurationofCurve
at Intake
Siteat(C.A.=20.2km
) )
Discharge
Ambangal
Brook
Intake (20.2km
Discharge
Discharge
(m (m
/s)/s)
Discharge (m /s)
Daily Discharge
Discharge of Ambangal
Brook at Intake (20.2km )
Head
H4
H5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Date :
Ai
(meters)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.70
Total Height (meters)=
Bi
(meters)
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.99
1.75
1.30
1.90
1.70
1.74
2.50
1.36
Hi=Bi-Ai
(meters)
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.99
0.75
0.30
0.90
0.70
0.74
2.30
0.66
10.82
H6
19
4-19
20
4-20
Head measurement (Easy Way)
Result of head measurement

Location :
Using Water Bottle

No.
H
H
Head=nxH
H
H
H
H
H
1
2
3
4
5
6
Using
7
8
9
10
11
12
Water
Date :
Ai
(meters)
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Bottle1.00
: 1.56 m x
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.20
0.70
Total Height (meters)=
21
4-21
23
4-23
Hi=Bi-Ai
(meters)
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.99
11.070.75
m
0.30
0.90
0.70
0.74
2.30
0.66
10.82
22
4-22
Thanks !!!!
Bi
(meters)
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.91
1.99
times1.75
0.15=
1.30
1.90
1.70
1.74
2.50
1.36
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Advance Course
Development
Design of Civil Structures

Intake Weir
Advance Course (2
nd
Intake and Settling Basin

part)
Headrace
Head-Tank
Penstock
Powerhouse
Head Loss Calculation
1
5-1
Basic Equation for Civil Design: Important
2-1 Intake Weir

(1) Type of Intake Weir (refer to Manual p5-2 to 5-4)
Q: Discharge (m3/s)
Q=AxV
5-2
Type of Weir
A: Cross sectional area of water (m2)
Outline Drawing
Application Condition
V: Velocity of water (m/s)
V=Q/ A
Concrete
gravity
Foundations:
Bedrock
Floating
concrete
Foundations: Gravel
A=Q/ V
meters/
1 second
meters/
1 second
5-3
5-4
2-1 Intake Weir
2-1 Intake Weir
(2) Example of the Intake Weir
(3) Design of the Weir Height

Conditions into consideration (Manual p-5-4 to P5-6 )
Minimizing the Height
High
Low
High Cost & Wide Affected Area

Low Cost & Small Affected Area
Smooth Removal of Sediment

Designed as Gravity Type
Weir Height is depend on Slope of the Riverbed
Re-designed as Floating Type
Destroyed by Flood ,due to lack

of strength of the foundation
5-5
2-1 Intake Weir
2-1 Intake Weir

B
5-6
L
B
hi
hi
d1
ic
d1
ir
ic
d2
ir
d2
Width of Inlet (B)

Height from river bed to bed of inlet (d1)
Water depth of inlet (hi)
Slope of settling basin (ic)
Slope of River (ir)
Length of settling basin (L)
Height from river bed to bed settling basin (d2)
5-7
D1 = d1 + hi
D1 > D2
Weir Height = D1
D2 = d2 + hi+ L x (ic ir)
D2 > D1
Weir Height = D2
5-8
2-1 Intake Weir
2-1 Intake Weir
Example (Steep river)
D1 = d1 + hi
D2 = d2 + hi+ L (ic ir)
Example (Gentle river)
Design Discharge (Q)

Width of Inlet (B)
Velocity at inlet (Vi)
'D1=d1+hi
Slope of River (ir)
D2=d2+hi+L*(ic-ir)
D1>D2
Weir height from original river bed
0.220
0.550
0.500
0.400
1.000
0.900
0.050
0.100
10.000
0.500
0.400
0.900
meters
meters
D1 = d1 + hi
(1/20)
(1/10)
meters
: Values which are decided on other factors

: Common values for design (refer to "Manual")
: Values depend on natural condition
2-1 Intake Weir

800
1,200
3,900
(1/20)
(1/100)
meters
2-2 Intake and Settling Basin
0.6 1.0 m
Image of Intake ( Side Intake Type)
6,900
1,000
1.300
meters
meters
10
5-10
Common Values
Flood water level
0.220
0.550
0.500
0.400
1.000
0.900
0.050
0.010
10.000
0.500
1.300

5-9
D2 = d2 + hi+ L (ic ir)

Width of Inlet (B)
Velocity at inlet (Vi)
'D1=d1+hi
Slope of River (ir)
D2=d2+hi+L*(ic-ir)
D2>D1
Weir height from original river bed
0.8 1.0
EL.497.200 m
1.0
1,200
Protect wall
Gabion
H x B x L =0.6 x 0.8 x 1.0m)
Reinforced Concrete (t=25cm)

1
Masonry Concrete
L1
L3
L2
L4
Intake weir
L6
5,100
500
400
400
Intake
1.0 1.5 m
1.0 1.5 m
Important
L7
L5
0.5 m
500
1,500
1,500
800
700
EL.496.000 m
H x 3.0 L1+ L2 + L3 + L4 + L5 + L6 + L7
5-11
11
5-12
12

Intake ( Side Intake Type)
Protect wall
Intake
Concepts of the design

Intake Weir
The dimension of the intake should be designed that the

velocity of inflow at the intake is 1.0 or less m/s.
Flush gate (Stop-log)
The ceiling of the intake should be designed with
dh
allowance of 10-15cm from the water surface.
Vi
hi
The height and area of the intake should be designed with
Q=AxV
the minimum size.
V=Q/ A
Vi = Q / (b x hi)1.0 m/s
13
5-13
dh=0.1-0.15m
14
5-14

Settling Basin
(1) Design of Spillway
Settling Basin
Spill way
Flood Water Level
Flush gate
bi
sp
dh
hi
Ai
Water Level of Spillway
dh
hi
Ai= hi x bi
Normal Water Level
0.667
0.6
9.8
Q f1= Ai Cv Ca (2 g H ) 0.5
Q f2= Cs hsp1.5 Bsp
Q f1= Q f2
5-15
15
1.8
5-16
16

Dam
Un-known Values
(1) Design of Spillway (Example)
Intake
b=bi
Flushing gate
2.0
Settling section
Widening section
h0
hs
Lw=B-b
ic=1/20 1/30
Sediment Pit
: minimum length of settling basin (m)

: water depth of settling basin (m)
: marginal settling speed for sediment to be settled (m/s)
L= 2 x l
Width of settling basin (B=Q/(V x hs))
: mean flow velocity in settling basin (m/s)
Vact =Q/(Bact*hs)
l=(Vact/U) x hs
Ls=2 x l
Length of basin= Ls
usually around 0.3 m/s

V = Qd/(Bhs)
Qd: design discharge (m3/s)
0.220
0.550
2.000
0.950
1.500
0.400
0.050
0.548
0.100
0.300
1.339
1.500
0.268
1.467
2.933
3.000
1/20
B
Bact

: Decided Values
B : width of settling basin (m)

5-19
18
5-18
usually around 0.1 m/s for a target grain size of 0.5 1 mm.
V
Flushing gate

Width of Intake (bi = b)
Length of conduit section (Lc)
Length of widening section (Lw)
Width of settling basin (B)
hi
ic
hs=hi+(Lc+Lw) x ic
U
V=Q/(B*hs)
Where,
hs
hsp+15cm
hi
V
(2) Dimension
basin
Llof settling
x hs
L= 2 x l
hs=hi+(Lc+Lw)*ic
Stoplog
(2) Dimension of settling basin
V
U x hs
Bsp
Intake
17
Headrace
1.0
bi
5-17
Conduit section
Depends on
site condition
Spillway
Stoplog
10 15
Qf1=Ai x Cv x Ca x (2 x 9.8 x H)^0.5

Qf2=Cs x Bsp x hsp^1.5
Flood water level from crest of spillway (Ht)
2.000 from flood mark
Area of intake (Ai)
0.303 dh=0.15m
f
0.500
Cv=1/(1+f)
0.667
Ca
0.600
Cs
1.800
Width of spillway of settling basin (Bsp)
3.000
hsp
H
Qf1
Qf2
Qf1-Qf2
0.100
1.900
0.738
0.171
0.568
0.200
1.800
0.719
0.483
0.236
0.258
1.742
0.707
0.708
(0.001)
1.700
0.698
0.887
(0.189)
0.300
1.600
0.678
1.366
(0.689)
0.400
1.500
0.656
1.909
(1.253)
0.500
Decided Values
(2) Dimension of settling basin
Settling Basin
Usually
hsp < 0.3m
Common Values
19
5-20
20
2-3 Headrace
2-3 Headrace
(2) Dimension of Headrace (Open Type)
(1) Type of Headrace
Dimension of headrace depends on Discharge and Slope

No-Lining type
Settling Basin
Headrace
Headtank
Head Loss
Lining type
Open Type
Slope =Gentle
Pipe type
Micro=1/100 to 1/300
Box type
Closed Type
21
5-21
Example
Q : design discharge for headrace (m3/s)

A :
Values for Deign

area of cross section (m2) A= b x h
R : R=AP
Q : design discharge for headrace (m3/s)
Designers setting
Condition for calculation
(m)
Q= A R
P : length of wet sides (m).
2/3S 1/2
L
22
5-22
Q=0.220m3/s
A : area of cross section (m2) A= b x h
SL=1/250=0.004
b= 0.550 m
n : coefficient of roughness (for concrete =0.015)
n : coefficient of roughness (for concrete =0.015)
h
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.335
0.400
0.500
bxh
b+2 x h
A/P
SL1/2
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.063
0.055
0.110
0.165
0.184
0.220
0.275
0.750
0.950
1.150
1.220
1.350
1.550
Length of red-line : P
5-23
Qi
Q= A R 2/3SL 1/2 n
0.073
0.116
0.143
0.151
0.163
0.177
0.175
0.237
0.274
0.283
0.298
0.316
0.041
0.110
0.191
0.220
0.277
0.366
Apr. 0.2
0.335
Slope =1/m: SL
R2/3
0.550
m
0.550
(m)
P : length of wet sides (m) refer to next figure.

SL : longitudinal slope of headrace
SL : longitudinal slope of headrace (e.g. SL=

1/100=0.01)
R : R=AP
23
5-24
24
2-3 Headrace
2-4 Head-tank (Fore-bay -tank)

Spill way
160
250
600
150
160
250
600
Screen
150
0.5
1.0
200
1,050
850
800
330
D8
150
150
250
470
850
250
470
800
250
Mortar Plaster t=5cm
Masonry Concrete
D9
1,380
Flush Gate
25
5-25
2-4 Head-tank (Fore-bay -tank) Common Values

Decided Values
Un-known Values
Headrace
2-4 Head-tank (Fore-bay-tank)

Example
Condition for calculation
Spillway
Q=0.220m3/s
Vsc > 10 x Q
As
26
5-26
h = 0.335m
Designers setting
Calculation
B= 2.000 m
As = B x L = 8.000 m2
L= 4.000 m
dsc = 10 x Q/As =2.20/8=0.275m
1.0
2.0
B-b
dsc < h
3050cm
Screen
Bspw
Ht
dsc
h0
0.5
SLe
hc
Check
h>1.0
1.0
Change B or L
No
dsch
3050cm
1.0
Yes
20.0
0.5
h0=H*0.1Sle H*Refer to 'Reference 5-1'

hc=(Qd2)(B2)}1/3=1.1g=9.8
0.5
d=1.273(QdVopt Vopt:Refer to 'Reference 5-2'
Vsc=Asdsc=BLdsc10secQd
B,dsc:desided depend on site condition.
5-27
hc={(Q2)(gB2)}1/3
S=12
: 1.1 g : 9.8
27
5-28
28
2-5 Penstock
2-5 Penstock
Diameter of penstock
Optimum velocity Vopt(m/s)
3.20
0.5
3.10
D=1.273(QVopt)
1.128
3.00
D:diameter of pipe(m)
2.90
3
2.80
Q: design discharge(m /s)
2.70
Vopt: optimum velocity(m/s)
2.60
Head
2.50 Tank
2.40
2.30
2.20
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
Hp1.60
1.50
1.40
Ap = Hp
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
Example
Q : Discharge 0.220 m3/s
Lp: Total length of penstock
80.0m
Lp
Hp: Head from Head-tank to C/T

20.0m
Lp
Ap=Hp/Lp=0.25
Vopt= 2.3 m/s
Power
D=1.128 x (Q/Vopt)0.5Powerhouse
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
=1.128 x (0.22/ 2.3)0.5

=0.348 0.350 m
Average angle of penstock Ap

5-29
2-5 Penstock
29
Thickness of penstock
30
5-30
2-6 Powerhouse (for impulse turbine)
Pd
t0 =
+ t (cm)
2a
2
hc={ 1.1Qd
9.8
and t0=0.4cm or t0(d+80)40 cm
3050cm
}1/3
Flood Water Level(Maximum)
t0: minimum thickness of pipe
HL3
(see Ref.5-3)
P: design water pressure i.e. hydrostatic pressure + water hammer (kgf/cm2) ,
3050cm
in micro-hydro scheme P=1.1hydrostatic pressure.

Afterbay
Tailrace cannel
for instance, if the head which from headtank to turbine is 25m,
Outlet
Section A-A
P=2.51.1=2.75 kgf/cm2.
bo
bo: depends on Qd and He
d: inside diameter (cm)

a: admissible stress (kgf/cm2) SS400: 1300kgf/cm2
: welding efficiency (0.850.9)
t : margin (0.15cm in general)
20cm
20cm
b
5-31
31
5-32
32
2-6 Powerhouse (for refection turbine)

2-6 Powerhouse (with tailrace gate)
d3
Hsdepens on characteristic of turbine
2
hc={ 1.1Qd
9.8
1/3
20cm
Hs
3050cm
1.15d3
1.5d3
Flood Water Level (Maxmum)
Pump
HL3
(see Ref.53)
23
Gate
Section A-A
HL3
1.5d3
33
5-33
2-7 Calculation of Head Loss

Intake
Headrace
Settling Basin
Forebay

HL2
Penstock
He
Powerhouse
Tailrace
Intake
HL1
Headrace
Settling Basin
Forebay
HL2
Penstock
Hg
He
HL3
Powerhouse
He = Hg (HL1 + HL2 + HL3 )

Where:
34
5-34
- Effective Head
Hg
- Gross Head
HL1
- Loss from intake to head-tank (fore-bay)
Elevation of water level at head-tank : ELe
HL2
- Loss at penstock
HL1= ELs-Ele
Hg
HL3
(1) Calculation of HL1: Loss from intake to head-tank
He
HL3
Tailrace
HL1
Elevation of crest of intake weir
: ELs
Installation head and Loss at tailrace
5-35
35
5-36
36
(2) Calculation of HL3:Loss at tailrace

Intake
Headrace
Settling Basin
(3) Calculation of HL2:Loss at penstock
Forebay
HL2
Penstock
He
Powerhouse
{
3050cm
9.8
Tailrace
(a) Friction Loss
HL1
Friction loss (Hf) is one of the biggest losses at penstock.

H
Hg
f - Coefficient on the diameter of penstock pipe . f= 124.5n2Dp1/3
Ap - Cross sectional area of penstock pipe. (m2)
2gp
Ap = 3.14Dp24.0
Vp - Velocity at penstock (m/s) Vp = Q Ap
HL3
(see Ref.5-3)
Hf = f pp2
HL3
HL3
Q - Design discharge (m3/s)
Lp - Length of penstock. (m)
Dp - Diameter of penstock pipe (m)
3050cm
g=9.8
n = Coefficient of roughness (steel pipe: n=0.12, plastic pipe: n=0.011)

Afterbay
Tailrace cannel
Outlet
5-37
37
5-38
38

(3) Calculation of HL2:Loss at penstock
(b) Inlet Loss
He = f ep2
2g
fe : Coefficient on the form at inlet. Usually fe = 0.5 in micro-hydro scheme
(c) Valve Loss
Hv = f vp2
Thank You !!!!
2g
fv = 0.1 ( butterfly valve)
HL2=1.1 x (Hf + He + Hv)
5-39
39
5-40
40
Training on
Micro Hydropower
Optimum/Appropriate
Development
Installed Capacity of
Mini Hydropower Plant
Reference
6-1
6-2
1- Generation Side Condition

(1) Discharge at the Site
Conditions for Optimum Installed Capacity
Daily Discharge Jun 2006-May 2008 (C.A=20.2km2)

2.0
1.8
1.6
Discharge (m3/s)
Optimum Installed Capacity
Generation Side Condition
Demand Side Condition
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
J
6-3
F M A
6-4
F M A
Duration Curve : How to Identify Max. Design Discharge
(2) Duration Curve, Max. Discharge and Plant Factor

2
Duration Curve at Intake Site (C.A.=20.2km )
For Mini/Large Hydro : Comparison of Unit Cost in Each Case
100
2.0
Discharge Plant Factor
90
1.8
1.0
Maximum
Design
Discharge
= 0.8 m3/s
80
1.4
70
1.2
60
1.0
0.8
A
Annual Generation (kWh) = Average Output x 365 days x 24hr
0.6
60 %
50 %
70 %
80 %
Average Output = 9.8 x Average Discharge x Head x efficiency

20
0.2
Percentage of Duration
0.5
40
30
0.4
40 %
50
Discharge Plant Factor (% )
1.5
Discharge (m /s)
Construction Cost / kWh
River Flow (m3/s)
Duration Curve
1.6
0.0
D
0
Average Discharge in the Power Plant =

Maximum Design Discharge x Discharge Plant Factor
=0.8
m3/s x 0.7669 = 0.613 m3/s
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
10
0
85
90
95
100
Percentage
Area
of (%)
(A-b-c-C-D)
Discharge Plant Factor=
= 76.69%
Area of (A-B-C-D)
6-5
(2) Duration Curve, Max. Discharge and Plant Factor
(3) Max. Output and Annual Generation in each Case

Condition : Effective Head = 100 meters
Duration Curve at Intake Site (C.A.=20.2km )

2.0
96.56%
Discharge Plant Factor

Duration Curve
80
1.6
76.69 %
69.95 % 70
64.45 %
Discharge (m /s)
1.4
1.20m3/s
1.2
60
1.02m3/s
1.0
50
0.81m3/s
40
0.8
0.67m3/s
0.6
30
0.50m3/s
0.4
0.37m3/s
0.2
0.21m3/s
Total Efficiency = 76 %
100
91.27%
90
86.46%
81.24 %
Discharge Plant Factor (%)
1.8
20
10
0
0.0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
6-6
85
90
95
100
Percentage (%)
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
30
1.20
920
64.45
5,194
40
1.02
780
69.95
4,780
50
0.81
620
76.69
4,165
60
0.67
510
81.24
3,629
70
0.50
380
86.46
2,878
80
0.37
280
91.27
2,239
90
0.21
160
96.56
1,353
Duration
Percentage
(%)
Plant Factor Annual Generation

(MWh/year)
(%)
Note : = 365days x 24hrs x x

6-7
6-8
(4) Optimum Capacity based on Unit Generation Cost (Philippines)

Unit Construction Cost
Duration
Percentage
(%)
y = -24773Ln(x) + 314639
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
Plant Factor
(%)
Annual Generation
(MWh/year)
Unit
Construction
Cost
(Php/kW)
Total
Construction
Cost
(Php)
=
Unit Generation
Cost
(Php/kWh)
1.20
1.02
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.37
0.21
920
780
620
510
380
280
160
64.45
69.95
76.69
81.24
86.46
91.27
96.56
5,194
4,780
4,165
3,629
2,878
2,239
1,353
145,579
149,668
155,356
160,194
167,483
175,048
188,912
133,932,488
116,741,283
96,320,447
81,698,911
63,643,592
49,013,540
30,225,875
25.785
24.425
23.125
22.510
22.113
21.894
22.334
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
240,000
220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Other Index
Installed Capacity (kW)
a.
b.
Source : DOE-REMD
26.000
25.000
24.000
23.000
22.000
21.000
Cost/Benefit
IRR
20
30
(4) Optimum Capacity based on Unit Generation Cost (Japan)
y = -565.48Ln(x) + 5306.5
2,600
2,400
2,200
2,000
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Duration Percentage (%)
6-9
10
6-10
(4) Optimum Capacity based on Unit Generation Cost(Japan)

Duration
Percentage
(%)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Maximum
Discharge
3
(m /s)
Max.
Output
(kW)
Plant Factor
(%)
Annual Generation
(MWh/year)
1.20
1.02
0.81
0.67
0.50
0.37
0.21
920
780
620
510
380
280
160
64.45
69.95
76.69
81.24
86.46
91.27
96.56
5,194
4,780
4,165
3,629
2,878
2,239
1,353
1,800
Total
=
Construction Unit Generation
Cost
Cost
(JPY)
(JPY/kWh)
1,331,656,923
256.376
1,201,825,930
251.452
1,035,785,782
248.677
908,343,366
250.268
740,031,745
257.127
593,638,969
265.175
389,854,514
288.059
Unit
Construction
Cost
(JPY/kW)
1,447,453
1,540,802
1,670,622
1,781,065
1,947,452
2,120,139
2,436,591
1,600
300
1,400
290
Unit Generation Cost

(JPY/kWh)

(1000JPY/kW)
Unit Generation Cost (Php/kWh)
Unit Construction Cost (Php/kW)
260,000
(4) Optimum Capacity based on Unit Generation Cost(Philippines)
1,200
1,000
800
600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
280
270
260
250
240
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Duration Percentage (%)
Source : TEPSCO
6-11
11
6-12
12
Reference : Comparison of Unit Construction Cost
Reference : Comparison of Duration Curve
Comparison of Unit Construction Cost
Duration Curve C.A=20.2km
1,100,000
10
1,000,000
900,000
Unit Discherge (m3/s/100km2)
Unit Construction Cost (Php/kW)
1,200,000
Japan
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
Philippines
300,000
200,000
Based on Statistical Analysis
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
Based on Actual Data
100,000
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
10
20
30
2000
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage of Date (%)
6-13
13
14
6-14
2- Demand Side Condition

Daily Discharge
Jun 2006-May
2008 (C.A=20.2km2)
Fluctuation
of the Generated
Power
2.0
1.8
<Big Demand Area>
1.6
Discharge (m3/s)
Big Capacity of the Grid

Enough Other Power Source
Demand Area
1.2
30%
920kW
1.0
40%
780kW
0.8
50%
610kW
60%
520kW
70%
390kW
80%
270kW
90%
160kW
0.6
0.4
<Small Demand Area>
0.2
Small Capacity of the Grid

Insufficient Other Power Source
6-15
1.4
0.0
J
15
S O
F M A
6-16
S O
F M A
16

50%
610kW
0.8
520kW
60%
390kW
0.4
270kW
80%
0.2
160kW
90%
0.6
70%
Fluctuation is
relatively Small
Most of Generated
Power can be Sold
High Load
Factor
Existing Power Source

Selling Electric Generation (kWW)
Load Factor=
Electric Generation of the Plant (kWh)
Optimum Installed
Capacity depends on
Generation Side
Condition
17
6-17
Depends on
Installed Capacity
kW
Construction Cost
Over Installed Capacity
6-19
610kW
0.8
50%
520kW
60%
390kW
0.4
270kW
70%
0.6
0.2
160kW
Low Load
Factor
Existing Power Source
80%
90%
Fluctuation is
relatively Big
Some of
Generated Power
can not be Sold
Optimum Installed
Capacity depends on
Demand Side
Condition
6-18
18
MARAMING SALAMAT!!!
Depends on
Sold Annual Generation
kWh
Profit
(2) Small Demand Area

D is c h
Discha

(1) Big Demand Area
Thank You Very Much!!!!

Arigato!!!
High Cost & Low Profit
19
6-20
20
Review Training for

Micro-hydropower Technologies
Turbine
Electric and Mechanical Equipment
DOEDOE-JICA Rural Electrification Project for

Sustainability Improvement of Renewable Energy Development in Village
Village Electrification

Contents
1.1 Principle of continuity
1. Basics of hydraulics
Water flow
Q1 = Q2 (Q=constant)
3. Characteristics of turbine
4. Basic design of turbine

1. Hydraulics
Discharge is constant at any section

of the pipe regardless of change in
the sectional area.
Pipe
2. Turbine types
Discharge:
Q1
Sectional area: A1
Velocity:
V1
Discharge:
Q2
Sectional area: A2
Velocity:
V2
A1 X V1 = A2 X V2
*Q (m3/s) = A (m2) X V (m/s)
In other words, if the section area
of the pipe is reduced, the velocity
will be increased.

1.2 Bernoulli's theorem
1. Hydraulics
1.2.1 Energy of water without discharge (v=0 m/s)

1.2.2 Energy of water with discharge (v
(v0 m/s)
(not considering head loss)
Pressure energy:
p (kg/m2)= w (kg/m3) X z (m)
w: unit weight of water
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Velocity head:
v2 / 2g (m)
Pressure head: z = p / w (m)
Total head
Total head
Velocity head: z = v2 / 2g (m)
Open
No flow
Flow velocity v (m/s)
Potential head: z (m)
Reference level
Total head =(Potential head)+(Pressure head)

= z + (p / w)
Kinetic energy:
(1/2) X (w/g) X v2 = w X z
g: gravity acceleration 9.8 (m/s2)
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Close
Reference level
1. Hydraulics
Total head =(Potential head)+(Pressure head)+(Velocity head)

= z + (p / w) + (v2/2g)
5
1. Hydraulics
1.2.3 Bernoulli
Bernoullis theorem

1. Hydraulics
1.2.4 Energy of water with discharge (v

(v0 m/s)
(considering head loss)
Sum of potential head, pressure head, and velocity head is constant

at any section of the pipe.
Head loss: Hloss (m)
(Potential head) + (Pressure head) + (Velocity head) = Constant

z + (p / w) + (v2 / 2g) = Constant
Velocity head:
v2 / 2g (m)
If the flow velocity is increased due to reduction of the sectional area,

the pressure will be decreased.
Pressure head:
p / w (m)
Total head
Ref.
Head loss consists of friction loss hf,
inlet loss he, valve loss hv, etc.
Open
hf=f X (Lp/Dp) X (v2/2g)

he=fe X (v2/2g)
hv=fv X (v2/2g)
ho=510% X (hf+he+hv)
Flow velocity v (m/s)
Reference level
Total head H = hA + (pA / w) + (vA2/2g)

= hB + (pB / w) + (vB2/2g)

Total head =(Potential head)+(Pressure head)+(Velocity head)+(Head loss)

= z + (p / w) + (v2/2g) + Hloss
7

1. Hydraulics
1.2.5 Calculation of net head on site (1)
1. Hydraulics
Available data on site:
Penstock pressure P (kgf/cm2):
measured by pressure gauge
Pressure gauge height h (m):
measured by tape
Discharge Q (m3/s):
measured by ultrasonic flow meter
Penstock outside diameter Dpo (m): measured by tape
Gross head Hg (m) = Ps (kgf/cm2) X 10 + (pressure gauge height h)

Ps: readout of the pressure gauge under suspension (inlet valve closed)
Penstock inside diameter Dp (m):

Estimated based on the nominal size of the penstock
Penstock sectional area A (m2) = (XDp2)/4
Flow velocity v (m/s) = Q / A
Net head He = (Pressure head) + (Velocity head) + (Potential head)
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge
Penstock
= (Po X 10) + (v2 / 2g) + (pressure gauge height h)

Po: readout of the pressure gauge in operation
Turbine
Center
Ultrasonic flow meter
Head loss Hloss (m) = (Gross head Hg) (Net head He)
Height of pressure gauge h

1. Hydraulics
2.Turbine types
The runner rotates by impulsive force of water jet with the velocity head,
which has been converted from the pressure head at the time of jetting
from the nozzle
Exercise
1.266 kgf/cm2 (under suspension)
0.956 kgf/cm2 (in operation)
0.25 m
0.0533 m3/s (53.3 L/s)
0.2 m
Pelton turbine
Crossflow turbine*
Turgo-impulse
*Crossflow turbine has characteristics of

both impulse and reaction turbine
Reaction turbine:
Please calculate gross head Hg, net head He, and head loss Hloss.
Gross head Hg (m) =
Penstock sectional area A (m2) =
Flow velocity v (m/s) =
Velocity head Hv (m) =
Net head He (m) =
Head loss Hloss (m) =
2.1 Types of turbine
10
Impulse turbine:

Measurements on site
Penstock pressure Ps:
Penstock pressure Po:
Pressure gauge height h:
Discharge Q:
Penstock inside diameter Dpi:

The runner rotates by reactive force of water with the pressure head
11
Francis turbine
Propeller turbine (Kaplan, Bulb, Tubular, etc.)

12
2.Turbine types
2.1.1 Pelton turbine

2.1.2 Crossflow turbine
Water jet from the nozzles acts
Arc shape runner blades are
Horizontal-shaft Pelton turbine
Simple structure, easy O&M, and
on the buckets, and the runner is

rotated by the impulsive force
welded on the both side of iron

plate discs
can be applied to micro/small

hydropower project
reasonable price
Suitable for rural electrification
project using micro hydropower

plant
Suitable for run-of-river project,
especially with high-head and less

head change
Applicable range
Output:
100 5,000 kW
Discharge: 0.2 3 m3/s
Head:
75 400 m
Applicable range
Output:
50 1,000 kW
Head:
5 100 m

13
2.Turbine types
2.1.3 Francis turbine


2.1.4 Tubular turbine
Water flow brought from the
14
2.Turbine types
Timing Belt
One of propeller turbines tubular
penstock flows into the runner

through casing and guide vane
Generator
Draft Tube
casing
Wide applicable range of head
and discharge
Wide applicable range of head
and discharge
Suitable for low-head sites
Horizontal-shaft Francis turbine
Guide Vane
(Wicket Gate)
can be applied to micro/small

hydropower project
Applicable range
Output:
200 5,000 kW
Head:
15 300 m
2.Turbine types
Propeller Runner
Guide vane
Applicable range
Output:
50 5,000 kW
Head:
3 18 m
Spiral casing

15

16
2.2 Turbine selection chart
2.Turbine types
3.1 Specific speed
3.Characteristics
Net head (m)
3.1.1 Definition of specific speed Ns

Radial flow
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4)
diagonal flow
Axial flow
where,
Ns:
Nt:
Pt:
H:

3.1 Specific speed
17
3.Characteristics
3.1.2 Specific speed of Crossflow turbine
Ns:
Nt:
Pt:
H:
Specific speed (m-kW)

Turbine rotational speed (min-1)
Turbine output (kW)
Net head (m)
Small
Large
Change in shape of reaction runner

3.1 Specific speed
2. Net head H is proportional to

diameter D.
Turbine type
Pelton turbine
Specific speed Ns of Crossflow

turbine represents the shape of
runner (bo / D)
Ns
(bo/D)
Crossflow turbine
3.Characteristics
Applicable specific speed

Ns (m-kW)
825
90110
Francis turbine
50350
Propeller turbine
200900
Tubular turbine
500
NOTE:
As for Crossflow turbine, Pt for Ns calculation is defined as follow;
Large
Pt = Pr / (bo / D)
Change in shape of Crossflow runner

18
Applicable range of Ns is empirically determined by turbine type, which is

limited by process limitation (narrow inlet), mechanical strength limitation
(high speed machine), and cavitation characteristics.
Inlet
width: bo
Diameter:
D
Ns
3.1.3 Applicable range by turbine type
1. Turbine output Pt is proportional

to discharge Q, i.e. inlet with bo.
where,
Small
Specific speed is a numerical value expressing the classification of runners

(turbine types) correlated by the tree factors of head H, turbine output Pt,
and rotational speed Nt. It represents the runner shape and
characteristics of turbine.
Discharge (m3/s)
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4)
Specific speed (m-kW)

Turbine rotational speed (min-1)
Turbine output (kW)
Net head (m)
19
Pr: Turbine output per unit (kW)

20
3.2 Turbine efficiency
3.Characteristics
3.2.1 Definition of turbine efficiency t
At the stage of basic design, the following figures can be used as turbine
efficiency by turbine type in order to estimate the turbine output.
t:
Turbine efficienby (%)
Pt:
Turbine output (kW)
9.8QH: Theoretical power (kW) (i.e. Turbine input)
Q:
Discharge (m3/s)
H:
Net head (m)

21
4.Basic design
Calculation of applicable
maximum specific speed
Calculation of maximum
rotational speed
82
77
Francis turbine
84
Propeller turbine
82
Tubular turbine
84

4.1 Flow chart of basic design
22
4.Basic design
4.1.1 Estimation of turbine output
Design net head: H

Design discharge: Q
Estimation of
turbine output
Pelton turbine
Crossflow turbine
NOTE:
As for Crossflow turbine manufactured locally, 40-50% of efficiency can
be applied in consideration of fabrication quality of the work shop.
Input
Selection of
applicable turbine type
Turbine efficiency
t (%)
Turbine type
t = {Pt / (9.8 X Q X H)} X 100 (%)
3.Characteristics
3.2.2 Turbine efficiency for basic design
In the process of converting hydraulic energy (input) into rotational

energy (output) by a turbine, hydraulic and mechanical losses occur.
Turbine efficiency is defined as the proportion of the output to the input.
where,
3.2 Turbine efficiency
refer to Turbine
selection chart
(see Clause 2.2)
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
Selection of turbine
rotational speed
4.1.4
Recalculation of
specific speed
4.1.5
Pt = 9.8 X Q X H X t (kW)
Turbine efficiency t listed in Clause 3.2.2 can be applied to the above
calculation at the stage of basic design.
Output
Turbine type:
Design net head H (m):
Design discharge Q (m3/s):
Frequency F:
Rotational speed Nt:
Specific speed Ns:
Turbine efficiency t (%):

Turbine output Pt is estimated using design head H and discharge Q,

which derived from the result of planning and civil designing.
Example
Turbine type: H-shaft Francis
Net head H: 45 m
Discharge Q: 2.5 m3/s
Frequency F: 50 Hz
23
Please estimate the turbine output.

% (see 3.2.2)
Estimated turbine efficiency t:
Estimated turbine output Pt =
=
=
kW

24
4.Basic design
4.1.2 Calculation of applicable maximum specific speed
Turbine type
Maximum rotational speed Nmax is derived by applying the calculated

Nsmax to the following formula for specific speed.
Applicable maximum specific speed Nsmax
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4) (m-kW)
85.49 X H-0.213
650 X H-0.5
Crossflow turbine
Francis turbine
Calculated Nsmax in Clause 4.1.2
{(2,000/(H+20))+30}
3,200 X
H-shft Francis turbine
H-2/3
Propeller turbine
{(2,000/(H+20))+50}
Tubular turbine
2,000/(H+16)
Example
Net head H: 45 m
Frequency F: 50 Hz
4.Basic design
4.1.3 Calculation of maximum rotational speed
Applicable maximum specific speed Nsmax is empirically determined by

turbine type, which derived from the following formulas.
Pelton turbine
Ntmax = Nsmax X (H5/4 / Pt1/2) (min-1)
Please calculate Nsmax.

Applicable max. specific speed Nsmax
=
=
=
m-KW
Example
Net head H: 45 m
Frequency F: 50 Hz

25
4.Basic design
Please calculate Ntmax using estimated Pt.

Applicable max. rotational speed Ntmax
=
=
=
min-1

26
4.Basic design
4.1.5 Recalculation of specific speed
4.1.4 Selection of turbine rotational speed

In case that turbine is directly connected with generator, turbine
rotational speed Nt is selected from the following standard rotational
speed, which is the maximum value less than Ntmax.
Nos. of
poles*
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300
Specific speed Ns is finalized using the selected turbine rotational speed

Nt.
Ns = Nt X (Pt1/2 / H5/4) (m-kW)

Example
Net head H: 45 m
Frequency F: 50 Hz
Please calculate Ns using selected Nt.

Specific speed Ns =
=
=
m-kW
* Number of generator rotor poles
Example
Net head H: 45 m
Frequency F: 50 Hz
Please select appropriate Nt considering

Ntmax (note the rated frequency).
min-1 of turbine rotational speed is selected
because

Summary of turbine basic design

Turbine type:
Net head H:
Discharge Q:
Frequency F:
27
H-shaft Francis
45 m
2.5 m3/s
50 Hz
Rotational speed Nt:

750 min-1
Specific speed Ns:
196 m-kW
Maximum efficiency t: 84%

28
Review Training for

Generator
Electrical and Mechanical Equipment


Contents
1.1 Components of Generator
1. Basics
1. Basics of generator
2. Classification of generator
3. Basic design of generator
The field consists of coils of conductors within the generator that receive a voltage
from a source (called excitation) and produce a magnetic flux.
The armature is the part of an AC generator in which output voltage is produced.
The rotor of an AC generator is the part that is driven by the prime mover and that rotates.
The stator of an AC generator is the part that is stationary.
Slip rings are electrical connections that are used to transfer power
to and from the rotor.

1.2 Principle of AC generator
1. Basics
1.2.1 Theory of Operation
1. Basics
1.2.2 Generation of alternating voltage (1)

If a coil rotates between poles, electromotive force is induced in the coil
according to Fleming's right-hand rule.
e = B X L X v X sin (V)
where,
e:
B:
L:
v:
:
Consists of (a) strong magnetic field, (b) conductors that rotate

through that magnetic field,
and (c) a means by which a continuous connection is provided to
the conductors as they are rotating
v
v
B

Induced electromotive force (V)

Magnetic flux density (T)
Length of coil (m)
Rotational speed of coil (m/s)
Angle between vectors of B and v (rad)
1. Basics
1.2.3 Generation of alternating voltage (2)
v sin
Coil

1. Basics
1.2.4 Relationship between voltage and rotational speed

Previously cited electromotive force e is modified as follows:
e = 4.44 X f X w X (V)
=0 e = 0 (sin(0)=0)
e = B X L X v X sin
where,
Electromotive force with sinewave is induced in one cycle
e:
f:
w:
:
ef
Induced electromotive force (V)

Frequency (Hz)
Number of series winding turns per phase
Magnetic flux per pole (Wb)
Without AVR, the electromotive force (gen. terminal voltage) fluctuates in

proportion to variation in the frequency (gen. rotational speed).
Oversupply leads to higher frequency and voltage than their rated value
e = B X L X v (sin(/2)=1)
/2

Overload leads to lower frequency and voltage than their rated value
7

1.3 Types of Generator
1. Basics
1.4 Structure
1. Basics
Stationary Field, Rotating Armature AC Generator :
Field windings
Rotor pole
DC current to
field windings
Brush holder
Stator
Appearance of ST series generator

Brush holder
Brush
Slip ring
Main shaft
Rotating Field, Stationary Armature AC Generator :

1.5 Excitation
1. Basics
1.5.1 Classification of excitation system
Slip ring

1.5 Excitation
10
1. Basics
1.5.2 Example of selfself-excitation type
Self-excitation type:
Field windings of rotor carry DC current obtained by rectifying a portion
of the generators AC output. Therefore, the exciter is not necessary.
Terminal voltage fluctuates in response to load variation.
Separate excitation type:
DC field current is supplied from outside sources, such as the exciter
directly coupled with the main shaft. Terminal voltage can be kept
constant because an Automatic Voltage Controller (AVR) is equipped.
Self-excitation
Separate-excitation
DC exciter type
AC exciter type
Static exciter type
Brushless excitation system

Thyristor excitation system

AVR is not equipped.

Maintenance for brushes
and slip rings is necessary.
Schematic diagram for ST series generators of MINDONG, China
11

12
1.5 Excitation
1. Basics
1.5.3 Example of separateseparate-excitation type (1)

DC current to the field windings
is supplied through slip rings
from an excitation transformer
and thyristors. The thyristors
are controlled by AVR to keep
the terminal voltage constant.
Low initial cost due to not
exciter
High maintenance cost due to
periodical replacement of
brushes
PT
AVR
1.5 Excitation
1.5.4 Example of separateseparate-excitation type (2)
Excitation circuit consists of an
AC exciter directly coupled with
the generator, a rotary rectifier,
and tyristers controlled by AVR.
Pulse
Generator
Ex. Tr
High initial cost due to the AC

exciter and rotary rectifier
Low maintenance cost due to
no consumable parts such as
brushes and slip rings
PT
Pulse
Generator
AVR
Ex. Tr
Rotating section
Slip ring
Example of thyristor excitation system

2.1 Classification of AC generator
13
2. Classification
2.1 Comparison of generator types

Items
Synchronous generator
Induction generator
Features of each type are shown in the next Clause 1.2
Synchronous
generator
by number of phase
Simple structure and easy maintenance
Three-phase
High transmission efficiency due to small current with the

same capacity as single-phase machine (58% of 1-pahse)
AC
Ex
DC100V

Single-phase
Rotating section
Example of brushless excitation system
by generator type
Induction
generator
by shaft arrangement
Vertical-shaft
1. Basics
Suitable for large-scale hydro

Not suitable for large-scale hydro due to limitation of shaft
deflection
Structure
Excitation system is
necessary
Complex structure
(salient-pole
machine)
Maintenance for
excitation system is
necessary
Need no excitation
system (Excitation
current is supplied
from grid)
Simple structure and
high maintainability
(squirrel-cage rotor)
High mechanical
strength
14
2. Classification
Operation
Parallel-in operation
Independent operation
is possible
Voltage, frequency,
and power factor
regulation is possible
Need synchronizer
Less electromechanical impact at
parallel-in operation
Not suitable for

independent operation
(only on-grid
operation)
Voltage, frequency,
and power factor
regulation is impossible
Need no synchronizer
Inrush current at
parallel-in operation
Horizontal-shaft Suitable for small-scale/micro hydro

Easy maintenance

Only synchronous generator can be selected for independent operation.

15

16

Input
Standard frequency: Fo
Turbine output: Pt
3.Basic design
Selection of
rated power factor pf
3.4
Calculation of
generator output Pg
3.5
Calculation of
rated capacity Pgu
3.6
Calculation of
rated current Ig
3.6
refer to Clause
2.1 and 2.2
Selection of
generator type
Selection of
rated frequency F
3.2
Selection of
rated rotational speed Nt
3.2
Selection of
rated voltage Vg
3.3
Estimation of
load power factor
3.4
Rated frequency should be selected to match the standard frequency,

50Hz of 60Hz, in the project country.
Selection of rated rotational speed:
High-speed machine is preferable from the viewpoint of economy and
characteristics (generator efficiency).
Generator rotational speed is determined in consideration of the
applicable maximum rotational speed of the turbine (refer to Basic

design of turbine).
Generator type:
Capacity S (kVA):
Voltage Vg (V):
Current Ig (A):
Power factor pf:
Frequency F (Hz):
Rotational speed Ng (min-1):
Efficiency g (%):
In case of Crossflow and Tubular turbine, the applicable maximum
rotational speed of which may be low, a speed increaser can be applied

to obtain high generator rotational speed considering economic
efficiency.
17
3.2 Frequency and rotational speed (2)
3.Basic design
Relationship among rated rotational speed, number of rotor poles, and

rated frequency is represented by the following formula:

3.3 Rated voltage
18
3.Basic design
Selection of rated voltage:

Generator voltage is determined on the basis of the capacity, economy,
and characteristics of generator.
Ng = (120 X F) / p
Ng:
F:
p:
3.Basic design
Selection of rated frequency:
Output

where,
3.2 Frequency and rotational speed (1)
Low voltage of 200V or 400V is generally adopted as the rated voltage
Rated generator rotational speed (min-1)

Rated frequency (Hz)
Number of generator rotor poles
for micro-hydropower projects.
Standard rotational speed of generator

Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300

200V system
400V system
19
Comparison of 200V and 400V system

If a step-up transformer is not installed at the powerhouse,
load current to the households is larger than 400V system
due to the lower rated voltage, which means the voltage drop
in the transmission lines is also larger.
If the voltage drop at the households can be suppressed less
than 10% of the rated voltage 200V, step-up and step-down
transformers are not necessary.
Step-down transformers are necessary at each supply area
because the rated voltage of appliances in households is 200V.
Size of the transmission lines can be reduced due to less load
current than 200V system.

20
3.4 Rated power factor (1)
3.Basic design
Power factor (pf) of generator represents the supply capacity of reactive

power, which is expressed by the ratio of apparent power to active power.
Rated power factor is generally selected in the range of 0.8 to 0.95 in
consideration of the load power factor.
pf = Active power (kW) / Apparent power (kVA)

= cos
P:
Q:
S:
:
S(kVA)
P(kW)
Please calculate reactive power consumption and load power factor at a

household with the following appliances (fill in the table).
Unit
Active power
consumption (W)
Power
factor
Fluorescent lamp
80 (40 X 2)
0.60
TV
100
0.95
Radio cassette player
20
0.95
Total
Reactive power
consumption (Var)
Reactive power = Apparent power X sin

= (Active power / cos) X {(1 cos2)}
Active power (kW)

Reactive power (kVar)
Apparent power (KVA)
Phase deference between voltage
and current of generator (deg)

3.Basic design
Exercise
Appliance
Generator with low power factor (pf = 0.8) can supply more reactive
power to the loads for voltage stability. On the other hand, physical size
of generator became large as the power factor is reduced. This means
that low power factor may push up the the price of generator.
Q(kVar)
3.4 Rated power factor (2)
* Active power = Active power consumption, cos= power factor

Total pf = cos {tan-1(Total reactive power / Total power consumption)}
21

3.5 Output
Total Power
capacity factor
incandescent lamp
40 W
10 400 W
1.0
fluorescent lamp
20 W
15 300 W
0.6
3-phase induction motor 500 W
1 500 W
0.8
Learn
to calculate
1-phasehow
induction
motor 200the
W apparent
3 600 Wpower0.6
Above table shows
is
Total the total power
1800factor
W
capacity Nos.
Pg = Pt X g X d (kW)
kVA
Remark
where,
400 kVA
500 kVA 300/0.6
625 kVA 500/0.8
1000 kVA 600/0.6
2525 kVA
Pg:
Pt:
g:
d:
Generator output (kW)

Turbine output (kW) (= 9.8QHt)
Generator efficiency (%)
Speed increaser efficiency (%) (if installed)
Generator efficiency of 90% and speed increaser efficiency of 95% can be

applied to the above calculation at the stage of basic design.
Generator capacity shall be more than 2,525VA
1,800
2,525
3.Basic design
Generator output is represented by the following formula:
To calculate the total power factor

Equipment
22
= 0.71

23

24
3.6 Rated capacity and current
3.Basic design
Rated capacity of generator is represented by the apparent power

generated under the rated voltage, frequency, and power factor.
Pgu = Pg / pf (kVA)
where,
Pgu: Rated generator capacity (kVA)

Pg: Generator output (kW)
pf: Rated power factor
Rated current of generator is calculated by the following formula:
Ig = (Pgu X 1000) / (3 X Vg) (A)

where,
Ig:
Vg:
Rated generator current (A)

Rated generator voltage (V)

25
Review Training for

Control system


Contents
1.1 Types of control
1. Basics of automatic control
2. Frequency control
3. Voltage control

1. Basics
Manual Control
System is monitored by human.
Adjustment operation is made manually.
Automatic Control
System is monitored by machine.
Adjustment operation is made automatically.

1.2 Feedback control (1)
1. Basics
1.2 Feedback control (2)
1. Basics
Feed back control by ELC:

Detection
Detection
: To detect the value of frequency (f)
Comparison
Comparison
Loop
Operation
Judgment
: To judge the amount of operation in

response to the deviation f (fo f)
Operation
: To operate phase of current to the dummy

loads according to the judgment
Judgment

1.3 Structure of feedback control
1. Basics
Block diagram of feedback control system

Set Point
fo
Input
Disturbance
ELC
Operating
Part
Controlled
System
Controlled
Variable
SCR
Turbine /
Generator
f = fo - f
ELC
Controller
Output
Trigger signal to SCR
There is no need to understand the structure in the box.

(Black box)
Relationship between input and output is the most
important, which is called Transfer Function.
Detecting
Part
1. Basics
Element in the Control System:
f
Controller
1.4 Operating characteristics
load fluctuation
trigger signal
: To compare the observed value with the

reference value (set point: fo)

Single line Diagram

1.5 Proportional action (P Control)
1. Basics

1.6 Integral action (I Control)
time
Advantage:
Kp x Input
0
Output
Input
Input
time
remove cycling in the on-off action

time
remove offset from the deviation
time
11
offset
0
Disadvantage: low response speed

Change in Load
Change in Load
time
time
Advantage:
Disadvantage: leave offset to the deviation
1. Basics
step response
Output
step response
10
time

time
12
1. Basics
step response
time
time
Response
improvement
0
time
Integral time: T1
Response by I Control
time
Response by PI Control

13
2.2 Frequency and active power
2. Freq. Control
to keep the frequency constant

generator output = demand load (essential)
Output
Load
Frequency comes up
Output
Load
Load
In this case decrease

the dummy load

Supply side
Mechanical stress on the rotating machine system
Contribution to voltage stability

2.2 Frequency and active power
14
2. Freq. Control
where,
P: Active power imbalance in power system
F: Frequency fluctuation caused by P
K: Coefficient
(Quoted form the HP of Micro Hydropower Japan)
In this case increase

the dummy load
Quality deterioration of products due to

rotational speed fluctuations of induction motors
F = - K X P
Frequency comes down
Output
Performance deterioration and damage of

electrical appliances due to operation out of
the rated conditions
Frequency fluctuation is caused by imbalance of active power between

power supply (generation output) and demand (load) in power system.
Principle of the Governor
Stable frequency
2. Freq. Control
Demand side
Output
Input
2.1 Necessity of control
15
Conditions
Pg > Pd (P > 0)
Pg = Pd (P = 0)
Pg < Pd (P < 0)
Frequency change
Higher
Even
Lower
Pg: Generator output

Pd: Demand
P: Pd - Pg
1.7 P and I action (PI Control)
P
Droop characteristic of frequency

16
2.3 Methods of frequency control (1)
2. Freq. Control
2. Freq. Control
Speed governor:
Dummy load governor:
Frequency is kept constant by adjusting turbine input, inflow to the
Frequency is kept constant by matching the total power consumption of
actual loads and dummy loads to the generator output (Pg = Pactual +
Pdummy) . Power consumption of dummy loads is controlled by Electronic
Load Controller (ELC).
ELC adjust current to the dummy loads by phase-shift control to keep
the condition of Pg = Pactual + Pdummy continuously.
turbine, in response to the load variations.

Inflow to the turbine can be controlled by operating flow regulators
such as guide vanes and needles.
Hydraulic or electric servo motor put the flow regulators in motion.
A number of auxiliaries, such as hydraulic system and power supply
unit, are required.
Needle
Runner
Guide vane
Deflector
Runner
(a) Pelton turbine
(b) Crossflow turbine
(c) Francis turbine
ELC panel box (single-phase)
Examples of flow regulator

17
2. Freq. Control
Detecting Frequency F
Comparison
Comparing observed F with the set point Fo

F = Fo F
Operation
Speed governor
Advantage
Disadvantage
Judging the amount of operation according to f

Operating the opening of
flow regulator
18
Dummy load governor
Detection
Judgment

2. Freq. Control
Comparison of advantage and disadvantage
Comparison of feedback control

Speed governor
Water-cooled heater for

dummy loads
Applicability
Operating the phase of

dummy load current
Dummy load governor
Sensitive control
Not waste generating power
No need for mechanism to

adjust water flow
Reasonable relatively
Easy maintenance
Complicated structure
Less maintainability
Need for driving device
(hydraulic, electrical)
Costly
Waste generating power
Small to large scale hydro
Micro-hydro
Dummy load governor is suitable for rural electrification project by microhydropower plant which is necessary for economy and high maintainability.
19

20
2.4 Speed governor
2. Freq. Control
2.5 Dummy load governor (1)
Current to the dummy loads (Id) is adjusted

to keep Ig = IL + Id continuously by
phase-shift control of SCRs.
Transmission Line
Rotational speed (frequency F)
is continuously transferred to
the controller as a signal from
the speed detector.
IL
Detection
Speed
setter
Speed detector
The transferred speed signal is
Generator
Judgment
ELC
Coil
Detection
Judgment
Flow regulator
operation mechanism
If the speed drops, the signal of
regulator open is transmitted

to the actuator of flow regulator.
Flow regulator continue to be
opened until the frequency
returns to the rated value.
Ig
Controller
Comparison
Id
Comparison
Fo
compared with the preset signal

Fo corresponding to the rated
speed.
2. Freq. Control
Operation
Turbine
SCR
Operation
Flow regulator
open/close
WT
TRIAC, Thyristor, or IGBT is

used for controlling element
of dummy load current
SG
Function of speed governor

Dummy
Load 1

21
Dummy
Load 2

2.5 Dummy load governor (2)

Badiangan McHP after ELC and New Turbine Installation
February 2008
Pd = Pg x pf x SF
12
where,
Pd:
Pg:
pf:
SF:
10
8
200
Current, A
Voltage, V
250
150
According to cooling method, 1.2 1.4 times of the generator output in

kW is selected as the safety factor to avoid over-heating of the heaters.
0
2/22/08
6:00 PM
2/22/08
9:00 PM
2/23/08
12:00 AM
2/23/08
3:00 AM
2/23/08
6:00 AM
Capacity of dummy load (kW)

Rated capacity of generator (kVA)
Rated power factor of generator
Safety factor
Installation example of water-cooled heaters
2
100
2/22/08
3:00 PM
2. Freq. Control
Capacity of dummy load is calculated as follows:

14
300
22
2/23/08
9:00 AM
Time
Voltage PH
Voltage HH
Current DL

Current HH
23

24
2. Volt. Control
100
Current
Voltage (%)
where,
P:
Q:
VP:
VQ:
KP, KQ:
Flux
Current
Efficiency
Longevity
Shortened longevity
at high-voltage
100
(a) Incandescent lamp

Impact of reactive power variation to voltage fluctuation is much

larger than that of active power variation (VP / VQ << 1)
25
3.3 Automatic Voltage Regulator (1)

Comparison
Judgment
AVR

3.3 Automatic Voltage Regulator (2)
Detection
Operation
Rotating section
Excitation
current
Slip ring
Example of brushless excitation system

with AVR
27
: To detect the generator terminal voltage

(Vg) with PT
: To compare the observed voltage with the
reference value (set point: Vgo)
Judgment
: To judge the amount of operation in

response to the deviation Vg (Vgo Vg)
Operation
: To operate excitation current to the field

windings according to the judgment
Field windings

2. Volt. Control
Comparison
SCR
Vg
G
26
Feedback control by AVR:

Pulse
Generator
Ex. Tr
AVR adjusts excitation current
to the field windings to

eliminate the voltage deviation
Vg between the reference
voltage and detected voltage
by a potential transformer (PT).
2. Volt. Control
PT
terminal voltage Vg constant,

Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR) can be equipped to the
generator. Some suppliers
provide it as an optional extra.
P
Large Impact of Q to V
Example of voltage characteristic of lamp
Detection
Active power variation in power system

Reactive power variation in power system
Voltage fluctuation caused by P
Voltage fluctuation caused by Q
Coefficient
Voltage (%)
(b) Fluorescent lamp
In order to keep generator
VQ = KQ X Q
VP
VP = KP X P
(%)
Low efficiency
at low-voltage
Low illumination
at low-voltage
100
Small Impact of P to V
Shortened longevity at
low & high-voltage
100
Flux
(%)
Longevity
2. Volt. Control
Voltage fluctuation is caused by variation in active power and reactive

power.
Performance deterioration and damage of electrical appliances

due to operation out of the rated conditions
Efficiency
3.2 Voltage and reactive power
VQ
3.1 Necessity of control

28
Review Training for

Electrical equipment
and
Protection system
Electrical and Mechanical Equipment


Contents
1.1 Major factors
1. Main circuit
Line voltage:
1. Main circuit components
Line voltage Vs is determined by the rated generator

voltage Vg and the transmission line voltage VL.
1. 1 Major factors
1.2 Transformer
1.3 Switch gear
1.4 Arrester
1.5 Instrument transformer
1.6 Single line diagram
Load current:
Load current ILO is corresponding to the rated

generator current Ig and calculated as the
maximum current at the rated operation.
MTr
ILO= Ig
ILO = Ig = (Pgu X 1000) / (3 X Vg) (A)

where,
2. Protection system
Pgu (KVA)
Vg (V)
Ig (A)
Short-circuit
failure
Pgu: Rated generator capacity (kVA)
Short circuit current:

Short circuit current is derived as the fault current
at a short-circuit failure that occurs in the main circuit.
3
GS

Is (> ILO)
GS
1.2 Transformer (1)
1. Main circuit
To step up the generated voltage to the voltage suited to power
Rated capacity Pt (kVA):

The same capacity as the rated generator capacity Pgu (kVA) is selected
in consideration of the standard capacities of products.
transmission and distribution
To protect the electrical equipment in the main circuit from lightning
surges entering from transmission lines
Rated voltage:
Rated generator voltage Vg is applied to the primary voltage. The
secondary voltage is determined based on the transmission voltage VL.
Types:
by number of phase
Single-phase
Three-phase
Tr
Electrical symbol
1-phase pole transformer

(Oil-immersed type,
Natural air-cooling)

3-phase transformer
(Oil-immersed type, Natural air-cooling)

5
1.3 Switch gear (1)
1. Main circuit
Switch gears installed in the main circuit are classified by the function as
shown in the following table.
Type
Disconnecting
Switch (DS)
Load Break
Switch (LBS)
Electrical
symbol Normal
load
Short
circuit
Short-time
withstand
current
Operation
1. Main circuit
Current breaking
Fused Load Break

Switch (PF-LBS)
Withstanding Manual operation

Short-circuit by hook bar
fault current
thermally and
mechanically
Magnetic Contactor
(Mg Ctt)
Electrical ability
symbol Normal
load
Short
circuit
Manual operation
by hook bar
ditto
O: Possible to cut off
Circuit Breaker
X: Impossible to cut off

Short-time
withstand
current
Operation
Appearance
Short-circuit
Manual operation
fault current is by hook bar
cut off by
Automatic trip by
power fuse
power fuse
meltdown
Solenoid operation
Low shortcircuit fault
current
Suitable for
high frequency
switching
Withstanding
Short-circuit
fault current
thermally and
mechanically
O: Possible to cut off

7
1.3 Switch gear (2)

Type
Appearance
3-phase transformer
(Molded type, Natural air-cooling)

Classification and the function of switch gears

Current breaking
ability
1. Main circuit
Ratings:
Transformer is installed to the main circuit to meet the following purposes.
by insulation method
Oil-immersed transformer
Molded dry-type transformer
1.2 Transformer (2)
Manual operation
Solenoid operation
X: Impossible to cut off

1.4 Arrester (1)
1. Main circuit
Nominal discharge current:

Nominal discharge current is used to express the protection performance
and represented as the crest value of lightning impulse current with the
predefined waveform.
Transmission line
Installation location:
Arrester should be installed at connection point to
the transmission line to prevent the surges from
reaching to the inside of the powerhouse.
Rated voltage:
Rated voltage listed in the following table is selected
according to the nominal voltage of the target circuit.
Nominal voltage (kV)
3.3
6.6
11
22
33
66
Rated voltage (kV)
4.2
8.4
14
28
84
84
PF-LBS
LA
Step-up Tr
LA
GS

1.5 Instrument transformer (1)
1. Main circuit
Ratings:
Arrester is installed to the main circuit to suppress abnormal voltage

caused by lightning surges and switching surges, and to protect the
electrical equipment in the main circuit.
Ratings:
1.4 Arrester (2)
Electrical symbol
1. Main circuit
Voltage transformer (PT, VT):
Lightning arrester

1.5 Instrument transformer (2)
10
1. Main circuit
Ground potential transformer (GPT):
PT is applied to transform voltage of electric line to voltage suited to use

of instruments and relays.
GPT is applied to transform zero phase voltage of electric line to voltage

suited to use of instruments and relays.
Electrical symbol
Electrical symbol
Current transformer (CT):
CT is applied to transform current of electric line to voltage suited to use

of instruments and relays.
Electrical symbol
11

12
1.6 Single line diagram
1. Main circuit
Protection system, which operates when a fault occurs at

equipment and electric lines in the power system, plays the
following roles:
PF-LBS
LA
Step-up Transformer
To detect the fault by inputs from instrument transformers

(with AVR)
Dummy load governor
(ELC with double TRIAC)
MCCB
To separate the section in which the fault occurs from the
Mg Ctt
LA
normal sections
SC
ELC
AVR
To prevent the fault from expanding to the normal
Coil
sections by circuit breaker operation
TRIAC
To avoid a fatal accident and equipment damage
Ex Tr
WT
GS
SCR
Dummy
Load 1
Dummy
Load 2

2.2 Protective relaying system
13
2. Protection

2.3 Types of protection relay (1)

Type
Breaking order
CB
Protection
relay
CT
Over current relay

(OCR)
Monitoring electrical valuables,
such as current, voltage, phase,

and frequency, of the protected
section continuously
Over voltage relay

(OVR)
Making the circuit breaker

PT
GS
2. Protection
Transmission line
Example of single line diagram

for a micro-hydropower plant
Step-up transformer
(star-delta connection)
2.1 Role of protection system
operate if an abnormal condition

is detected

Under voltage relay

(UVR)
15
Electrical
symbol
14
2. Protection
Features
Acting when detecting current more than the setting
value
I>
U>
Applied to generator, transformer, and transmission

line as short-circuit protection
Acting when detecting voltage more than the setting
value
Applied to generator as over voltage protection at
no-load condition
Acting when detecting voltage less than the setting
value
U<
Applied to generator and bus line as short-circuit

protection

16
2.3 Types of protection relay (2)

Type
Over voltage ground
relay (OVGR)
Electrical
symbol
>
2. Protection
2.4 Arrangement of protection relay

Example of protection relay
installation for a microhydropower plant
Features
Acting when detecting zero phase voltage more
than the setting value by GPT
Transmission line
PF-LBS
Step-up Transformer
Applied to bus line as ground fault protection
f>
110V
3
Mg Ctt
U>
f<
110V
3
U<
V
VS
2 X VT
440V/110V
2 X CT
500/5A
15VA
Applied to avoid independent operation in case of

grid connection system
Applied to detect a fault of the ELC and dummy
loads in case of independent system

f>
440V
3
MCCB
Applied to avoid independent operation in case of

grid connection system
Acting when detecting frequency less than the

setting value
f<
Applied to detect a fault of the ELC and dummy

loads in case of independent system
Under frequency
relay (UFR)
>
VS
Acting when detecting frequency more than the

setting value
Over frequency relay
(OFR)
2. Protection
WT
F
AS
I>
Wh
GS
250kVA 440V 328A
60Hz pf=0.8
17

18
Review Training for

Distribution system


Contents
1.1 Classification
1. Distribution method
System
1. Distribution method
Connection
Nos. of line
2. Components
1-phase 2-wire
3. Route selection
1-phase 3-wire
4. Voltage drop estimation
3-phase 3-wire
3-phase 4-wire


2.1 Pole
2. Components
Standard poles for overhead lines are classified as follows:

type
Concrete pole
2.2 Pole length
2. Components
Pole length is to be determined considering following factors:

Necessary height of feeder conductors above the ground can be
Application
secured under the largest sag
Generally applied
Necessary clearance between feeder conductors and buildings, other
Wooden pole
Applied to areas where access of heavy machines
(including Bamboo pole) is difficult
Applied to areas where access of heavy machines
Steel pole
is difficult
wires or trees can be secured

*clearance under maximum sag should be examined
Voltage
Recommended
pole length
20kV
9m
Low voltage
7m
Guy anchor
Recommended minimum pole setting depth is one sixth of pole length.

(Ex.) Pole setting depth = Pole length 9 (m) X 1/6 = 1.5 (m)
If soil condition is not stable, the root of pole should be reinforced by
Concrete pole
Wooden pole
guy anchor firmly (refer to above picture).
Steel pole

2.3 Installation of pole
2. Components
Span:
Low voltage
Road crossing
6.5 m
4.0 m
Along road
6.0 m
4.0 m
Other place
6.0 m
4.0 m
Vertical clearance between 20kV bare conductor and

LV insulated conductor
0.8 m
Clearance between phases 20kV bare conductors
0.8 m
Vertical clearance between 20kV bare conductors
1.0 m
Clearance between LV insulated conductors
0.2 m

2. Components
(a) Vertical load

Pole weight, cable weight, vertical load of wire tension load, etc.
(b) Longitudinal load
Wind pressure to pole, imbalanced load from difference of span length
Clearance of conductor:
20kV
2.4 Guy wire (1)
Guy wires should be installed to balance a pole against the following loads.
Recommended span is 50 m
Max 80 m for areas outside settlements, rice fields, and open spaces
Max 50 m for areas within population settlement
Conductor height above ground

(c) Lateral load

Wind pressure to cable, component of lateral load of wire tension, etc.
wind pressure
Wind
pressure
Top view
(b)
(c)
(a)

2.4 Guy wire (2)

End of distribution line
2. Components
3. Basic concept
3. Route selection
Locations of supporting structures should be selected at places where:
Anchor pole at the end of line
Easy to access and maintenance
Guy wire
Soil condition is firm and stable
Distribution lines bend like an elbow-shaped. It is possible to omit guy
No problem in land acquisition
wire if the angle is less than 5 degrees.
No adverse effect on buildings, trees, etc.
Tension
Distribution route should be shortest

If poles are set around steep slope or at the bottom of a cliff,
Guy wire
take into account the following, as illustrated:
To reinforce straight distribution line against wind pressure

wind pressure
Since landslide may take place, take a

safer route to avoid standing a pole at
the bottom of the cliff.
Land slide
Guy wire
Guy wire
In undulated area, guy wire shall be installed, if necessary.
Route change

3.1 Resistance of conductor
4. Voltage drop
Resistance of conductor R is proportional to the length Lc, and inversely

proportional to the sectional area A.
where,
L:
D:
r:
Resistivity
(X10-2 /mmm2)
Cupper
1.72
Alminium
2.75
Inductance of conductor (mH/km)

Conductor spacing (m)
Radius of conductor (m)
Conductor spacing D is defined as follows:

a
Sectional area A of conductor with diameter d is as follows:
D = Dab
Dab
Dab
R = (4 X X Lc) / ( X D2 ) ()
a
In voltage drop calculation, value of resistance listed in manufactures

catalog is often referred.
4. Voltage drop
L = 0.05 + 0.4605 log10 (D / r) (mH/km)
(Reference)
Type of
conductor
3.2 Inductance of conductor
10
Inductance of conductor L is calculated using the following formula.
R = X (Lc X A) ()
where,
R: Resistance of conductor ()
: Resistivity (A)
Lc: Length of conductor (m)
A: Sectional area of conductor (m2)

Dca
b
1-phase 2-wire
11
D = (Dab X Dbc X Dca)
b
Dbc
c
3-phase 3-wire

12
3.3 Voltage drop
4. Voltage drop
Voltage drop by transmitting power through distribution lines is calculated

by the following basic formula.
Vd = K X I X DL X (R cos+ X sin)
K by distribution method
where,
K
System
Vd:
Voltage drop (V)
1-phase 2-wire
2
I:
Load current (A)
1-phase 3-wire
1
K:
Constant by distribution method
3-phase 3-wire
3
DL: Distribution line length (m)
3-phase 4-wire
3
R:
Resistance of conductor (/m)
X:
Reactance of conductor (/m) (= 2f L)
f:
Frequency (Hz)
If voltage drop at the terminal point
L:
Inductance (H/m)
exceed 10% of the rated generator
cos: Power factor of load current voltage, application of a step-up
transformer at the transmission end
:
Power factor angle (deg)
should be reviewed.

13
3.4 Example of study (2)

Section
No.
III
II
Pole No.
from
to
16
15
14
13
12
11
15
14
13
12
11
6
10
9
8
7
9
8
7
6
6
5
4
3
2
5
4
3
2
1
Span
between
poles
(a) [m]
Effective
cable
length
(b) [m]
(a) x 1.1
50
50
50
50
50
50
300
50
50
50
50
200
50
50
50
50
50
250
55
55
55
55
55
55
330
55
55
55
55
220
55
55
55
55
55
275
4. Voltage drop
Section
Section
active
Nos. of Current
current
HH
Constant:
Ia [A]
C
C x I1
10
10
5
5
15
3.4 Example of study(1)

1-phase
Nos. of Phase
2-wire
Nos. of wire
2
K
220 V
Voltage V
60 Hz
Frequency F
Load characteristics
0.80
Power factor pf
0.60
sin
Power consumption per HH 100 kW/HH
1.087 A/HH
Unit current I
0.870 A/HH
Unit active current I1
0.652 A/HH
Unit reactive current I2
Transmission line
ACSR-OE
Type
32 mm2
Size
115 A
Allowable current
0.928 /km
Conductor resistance R
0.0072 m
Conductor diameter d
0.3 m
Conductor spacing D
0.0036 m
Conductor radius r
0.935 mH/km
Conductor inductance L
0.352 /km
Conductor reactance X
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
8.696
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
6.522
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
5
5
5
5
4.348
4.348
4.348
4.348
3.261
3.261
3.261
3.261
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
15
15
15
15
15
13.043
13.043
13.043
13.043
13.043
9.783
9.783
9.783
9.783
9.783
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0510
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
0.0194
15

1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
1.1404
6.8424
0.5702
0.5702
0.5702
0.5702
2.2808
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
1.7106
8.5530
15
200W X 10 HH = 2,000W
16
200W X 5 HH
= 1,000W
Rated gen voltage
15
10
14
9
cos
sin=(1-cos2)
Estimated value
I=(P/pf)/V
I1=I cos
I2=I sin
13
12
11
6
5
4
3
Manufactures catalog
2
1
Power
house
r=D/2
by formula
X=2f(L/1000)
: Pole

3.4 Example of study (3)
Section
Section
Section
Section
reactive resistance reactance voltage
dorp [v]
X1 [A]
current
R1 [A]
Ib [A] Rx(b)/100 Xx(b)/100 K(IaxR1+
IbxX1)
0
C x I2
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
4. Voltage drop
4. Voltage drop
200W X 10 HH = 2,000W
Vd at pole 10
Vd10= Vd6+2.28V
= 10.83V
16
200W X 5 HH
= 1,000W
15
10
Vd at pole 16
Vd16=Vd6+6.84V
=15.39V
14
Section II
14
13
12
Section III
11
Section I
Voltage drops at the terminal

point of the pole 10 & 16 are
estimated within 10% of the
rated generator voltage 220V
Application of a step-up
transformer may not be
necessary
5
4
3
Vd at pole6
Vd6=8.55V
2
1
Power
house
: Pole

16
Contents
1. Turbine Sizing
Review Training for

2. Generator Sizing
3. Governor
Basic Design of Electro-Mechanical Equipment
4. Belt Selection


Basic Design of Electro-mechanical Equipment
Turbine Type


Head and Discharge
Design head H:
Design discharge Q:
Turbine Selection Chart
12 m (Net head = Gross head Head loss)

0.1 m3/s
According to the above-mentioned

design head and discharge, the
following types of turbine are
applicable to this project site.
1)Horizontal shaft francis turbine
2)Cross flow turbine
3)Vertical shaft propeller turbine
4)Horizontal shaft propeller turbine
Theoretical Output
The theoretical output of the plant Po is calculated as follow:

Po = 9.8 x Q x H
= 9.8 x 0.1 x 12 = 11 (kW)
Turbine Type
The type of turbine shall be selected from
Turbine Selection Chart,
which has been prepared based on the supply records of the turbines.
Design point
Source: DOE-JICA, March 2006, MANUAL for MICRO-HYDROPOWER DEVELOPMENT, 6-7


Theoretical Output
The turbine output Pt for each selected turbine types is calculated as
follows:
Horizontal shaft Francis turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.84 = 9 (kW)
Cross flow turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.65 = 7 (kW)
Vertical shaft propeller turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.82 = 9 (kW)
Horizontal shaft propeller turbine
Pt =
Po x t
=
11 x 0.82 = 9 (kW)
where,
Pt: Turbine Output (kW)
Po:
Theoretical output (kW)
t:
Turbine efficiency.
Design point

Limitation of Specific Speed

Upper limit of specific speed nslimit for each selected turbine types, which
is defined based on the supply records of the turbines, is calculated
form the formula described in the MANUAL (page 6-8) as follows:
Selection of Turbine Type
Considering the following applicable range of specific speed ns for each

selected turbine types which is described in the MANUAL (page 6-9),
cross flow turbine and horizontal shaft propeller turbine are applicable
to the project site.
Horizontal shaft Francis turbine

Ns-limit (20000/(H+20))+30
= (20000/(12+20))+30
= 655 m-kW
Cross flow turbine
Francis turbine: 60 ns 300

Francis turbine with ns of 655 m-kW is not applicable.
Cross flow turbine: 40 ns 200
Cross flow turbine with ns of 187 m-kW is applicable.
nslimit = 650 x H^-0.5

= 650 x 12^ -0.5
= 187 m-kW
Propeller turbine: 250 ns 1,000

Vertical and horizontal shaft propeller turbine with ns of 675 m-kW
is applicable.
Propeller turbine:
Ns-max (20000/(H+20))+50
= (20000/(12+20))+50
= 675 m-kW

10

Rated Rotational Speed
Upper limit of rotation speed Nlimit is calculated using upper limit of
specific speed nslimit as follows .
Ns = (N x P^1/2)/ H^5/4 ; N = (Ns x H^5/4 )/ P^1/2
Generator
Where,
N;
P;
H;
Q;
;
Ns; Specific speed (m-kw)

Rotational speed of turbine (rpm)
Output of turbine (kW) = 9.8 x Q x H x
Effective head (m)
Discharge (m3/s)
Maximum efficiency (%, but a decimal is used in calculations)
= 82 % for Pelton turbine
= 84 % for Francis turbine
= 77 % for Crossflow turbine*
= 84 % for S-type tubular turbine
Note: * 40-50% should be applied for Crossflow type turbine manufactured
locally at present stage because due to fabrication quality.
11

12
Rated Rotational Speed ( Turbine)
Two kinds of speed increaser adopted for coupling turbine and

generator are as follows:
N = (Ns x H^5/4 )/ P^1/2

N = (187 x 12^5/4 )/ 7^1/2
N = 1,578 rpm
Gear box type:Turbine shaft and generator shaft is coupled with

parallel shaft helical gears in one box with anti-friction bearing
according to the ratio of speed between turbine and generator. The
lifetime is long but the cost is relatively high. (Efficiency: 97 95%
subject to the type)
Generator Speed based on Turbine Speed

Standard rotational speed of generator
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
Nos. of
poles
50Hz
60Hz
4
6
8
10
12
1,500
1,000
750
600
500
1,800
1,200
900
720
600
14
16
18
20
24
429
375
333
300
250
514
450
400
360
300
Belt type: Turbine shaft and generator shaft is coupled with pulleys
(flywheels) and belt according to the ratio of speed between turbine
and generator. The cost is relatively low but lifetime is short.
(Efficiency: 98 95% subject to the type of belt)
In case of micro hydro-power plant, V-belt or flat belt type coupling is
adopted usually to save the cost because gear type transmitter is
very expensive.
The size and cost of high speed generator is smaller and cheaper
than low speed generator.

13
Output of Generator
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x ) / pf
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x t x tr x g ) / pf
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x 12 x 0.1 x .65 x 0.95 x 0.90 ) / 0.80
Pg (kVA) = 8.17 kVA (say 10 kVA)
The output of generator is shown in kVA and calculated with following

formula:
Pg (kVA) = (9.8 x H x Q x ) / pf
pf;
Required output (kVA)

Net head (m)
Rated discharge (m3/s)
Combined efficiency of turbine, transmitter &
generator (%)
= turbine efficiency (t) x transmitter
efficiency (m) x generator efficiency (g)
Power factor ( % or decimal), the value is based
on the type of load in the system. If inductive load, such as
electric motor, low power factor lamps, is high in the system,
the power factor is low i.e. the generator capacity should be
larger according to above formula. However, 80% is usually
applied for convenient purpose of selection.

14
Output of Generator
Where;Pg;
H;
Q;
;

Rated Current of Generator
15

16

Electronic Load Controllers as Governor
The capacity of dummy load is calculated as follows:
Pd (kW) = Pg (kVA) x pf (decimal) x SF

= 10 x 0.8 x 1.2 = 9.6 kW
Governor
Where
Pd:
Pg:
pf:
SF:
Capacity of dummy load (Unity load: kW)

Rated output of generator (KVA)
Rated power factor of generator (%, a decimal is used for
calculation)
Safety factor according to cooling method (1.2 1.4 times of
generator output in kW) in order to avoid over-heat of the
heater
Note:
Maximum output of turbine (kW) may be applied instead of Pg
(kVA) x pf (decimal) because maximum generator output is limited by turbine
output even if the generator with larger capacity is adopted.
17

18
Single Line Diagram

19

20

Design Power
(Design power)= Pt x (Service factor)

= 7 x 1.3 = 9.1 (kW)
Speed Ratio
Speed ratio is calculated from rotation speed of turbine and generator as
follows:
Speed ratio =Ns / NL
Power
Transmission
Device
where,
NL:
Ns:
Rotation speed of large pulley for turbine (mm)

Rotation speed of small pulley for generator (mm)
Speed ratio = 1,800 rpm / 1,578 rpm = 1.14
21

22
Selection of Belt Type
Diameter of pulley
Minimum diameter of the small pulley for generator, 150 mm, is automatically
derived from section B line in Table 2-2. Then, diameter of other pulley for
turbine is calculated as follows:
V-belt is adopted because of its higher transmission efficiency of driving power. Belt type
is selected on the basis of the transferred power and rotation speed of small pulley as
shown in Fig. 2-3. Therefore, section B V-belt is adopted in consideration of calculated
design power of 9 kW and generator rotation speed of 1,800 min-1.
DL
where,
DS:
= DS x (Speed ratio)
= 150 x 1.14 = 171 (mm)
DL: Diameter of large pulley for turbine (mm)
Diameter of small pulley for generator (mm)
Table 2-2 Section size and fabrication limit of standard V-belt
Type
Section size
W(mm) x H(mm) x Angle
(o)
Pulley minimum
diameter
(mm)
Maximum speed
(m/sec)
30
12.5 x 9.0 x 40
95
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
150
30
22.0 x 14.0 x 40
224
30
30
31.5 x 19.0 x 40
355
38.5 x 25.5 x 40
560
30
Source: Catalog of MITSUBOSHI Belt

23

24
Length of Belt

Length of Belt ( Belt length and Correction Factor Table)
25

26

Belt Speed
Length of Belt ( Belt length and Correction Factor Table)
Power rating of belt

27

28
Power rating of A SECTION belt

Power rating of B SECTION belt
29

30
Arc of Contact
Corrected Power rating of belt
Required Number of belts

31

32
Specification of Turbine
Specification of Generator
Item
Item
Specification
Type
Specification
Horizontal shaft single-phase
synchronous
Type
Cross flow
Design head H [m]
12
Design discharge Q [m3/s]
0.1
Rated voltage Vg [V]
220
Rated current Ig [A]
45.5
Rated power factor pfg
1.00
Rotation speed Ng [min-1]
1,800
Turbine Turbine output Pt [kW]

Rotation speed N [min-1]
1,578
Turbine efficiencyt [%]
0.65
Specific speed ns
187
Rated capacity Pgu [kVA]
Frequency [Hz]
60
Number of rotor poles

Excitation system

10.0
33
4
Static excitation system


Specification of Power Transmission Device
Specification of Governor
Item
Item
Type
ELC
Governor
Specification
Type
Dummy load
Type
Section type
Single-phase
Speed detection
method
Frequency
Connection
2 parallel
Dummy Total Capacity

load
[kW]
Cooling method
34
Belt
V-belt
B
Section size W[mm] x H[mm] x

Angle[o]
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
Length [mm] (nominal number)
2,515 (99)
Nos. of belt
12 (6 x 2)
Specification
Pitch diameter of small pulley [mm]
150
Pitch diameter of large pulley [mm]
171
Speed ratio
1.14
Central distance between pulleys [mm]
1,005
Pulley
Water or Air

35

36

Turbine and Governor
EXERCISE
Item
Specification
Type
Cross flow
Design head H [m]
Design head Hnet:

Design discharge Q:
14 m
0.22 m/s
14
Design discharge Q [m3/s]
Turbine
0.22
Turbine output Pt [kW]
19.5
Rotation speed Nt [min-1]
1,060
Turbine efficiencyt [%]
0.65
Specific speed ns
173
Type
Dummy load
Type
ELC
Single-phase
Speed detection method
Governor
Connection
2 parallel
Dummy load Total Capacity [kW]

Cooling method

37
Type
TBA
38

Belt and Pulley
Generator Specification
Item
Specification
Horizontal shaft single-phase synchronous
Rated capacity Pgu [kVA]
21.3
Rated voltage Vg [V]
240
Rated current Ig [A]
71
Rated power factor pfg
0.80
Rotation speed Ng [min-1]
1,800
Frequency [Hz]
60
Number of rotor poles
Insulation level
F class
Temperature rise
B class
Excitation system
21 (10.5 x 2)

Generator Specification
Item
Frequency
Type
Section type
Belt
Section size W[mm] x H[mm] x
B
Angle[o]
Length [mm] (nominal number)

Noumber of belts
16.5 x 11.0 x 40
2,667 (105)
5
Pitch diameter of small pulley [mm]
150
Pitch diameter of large pulley [mm]
254
Pulley

V-belt
39
Speed ratio
1.698
Central distance between pulleys [mm]
1,015

40
Department of Energy
Energy Complex
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Metro Manila
TEL: 479-2900
FAX: 840-1817
Department of Energy
Energy Complex
Merritt Road, Fort Bonifacio,
Taguig City, Metro Manila
TEL: 479-2900
FAX: 840-1817

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MHP 6

Implementation structure ........................................................................1

Implementation structure ........................................................................... 1

Roles and responsibilities ............................................................................ 2

Outline of the Training .............................................................................2

Attainment Target ....................................................................................... 3

Establishment of the Training Program ..................................................... 3

Venue Arrangements ................................................................................... 4

Invitation of Trainees .................................................................................. 4

Points to be learned during training ........................................................... 4

Key lecture points ........................................................................................ 4

Amendment of the manual .......................................................................4

: List of already-drafted training materials

Figure 1 Implementation structure of the training

4.2 Roles and responsibilities

Table 1 Roles and responsibility of persons concerned

5 Outline of the Training

Table 1 Example of program for 5-day training

Design of civil structures

Practice of map study

Practice of civil structure design

Turbine / Driving system

Generator / Control system

Electrical equipment and protection system / Distribution system

Practice of electro-mechanical equipment design

6.2 Venue Arrangements

Interspersed periodic questioning of the trainees to confirm their understanding,

List of already-drafted training materials

Layout of main structures

Intake and settling basin

Learning points by training item for electro-mechanical equipment design

Curriculum for the Training on Micro-Hydropower Development

BASIC COURSE: Map Study

BASIC COURSE: Planning

ADVANCE COURSE: Site

ADVANCE COURSE: Design of Civil

Practice Activity for Map Study

Training on Micro Hydropower Development

EPIFANIO G. GACUSAN DOE - REMD

Energy of Falling Stone:

Energy of Falling Stone

Training on Micro Hydropower Development

Hydropower depends on Head and Discharge

Training on Micro Hydropower Development

River Flow (m3/s)

River Flow (m3/s)

DURATION CURVE & IDENTIFICATION

Actual River Flow

Flow Duration Curve

Change the Order

Duration Curve : How to Identify Maximum Discharge

For Mini/Large Hydro : Comparison of Unit Cost in Each Case

Depends on Chatchment Area and Rainfall

Construction Cost / kWh

River Flow (m3/s)

Firm Discharge = 95 % Firm

40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Duration Curve : How to Identify Firm/Max. Discharge

Duration Curve : How to Identify Maximum Discharge

For Micro Hydro : Pre-Feasibility Study

For Micro Hydro : Initial Stage

Maximum and Firm Discharge in Hydropower Plant