Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Library
Harvard Referencing System Guide and Examples
When presenting your research paper, it is important that you provide references to the
sources of information you have used in your research. Referencing is a method of
acknowledging the contributions and work of others in your writing. You will have to provide
brief information in the text and full bibliographic details of all SOURCES consulted in your
Reference List at the end of your piece of work.
The Harvard Referencing System is an author-date system for citing and referencing
sources of information.
This guide provides examples of In-text citation and referencing according to the Harvard
Referencing System for various information sources.

BOOKS, JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPERS

BOOKS
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place:
Publisher.
One Author
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Schaefer, 2011)

Schaefer, R. T., 2011. Sociology: a brief introduction.

7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

OR
Schaefer (2011)

Two Authors
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Witzany and Baluka, 2012)

Witzany, G. and Baluka, F., 2012. Biocommunication

of plants. New York: Springer.

OR
Witzany and Baluka (2012)

Three To Five Authors

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Solomon, Bamossy and Hogg, 2006)

Solomon, M., Bamossy, G., Askegaard, S. and Hogg,

M. K., 2006. Consumer behavior: a European
perspective. 3rd ed. Harlow: Financial Times.

OR
Solomon, Bamossy and Hogg (2006)

More Than Five Authors

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Jull, et al., 2008)

Jull, et al. 2008. Whiplash headache and neck pain:

research-based directions for physical therapies.
Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.

OR
Jull, et al (2008)

Book With No Author

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, p.

86).

Oxford English Dictionary.1989. 2nd ed. Oxford:

Claren don Press.

Corporate Authors
In-Text Citation

Reference List

First citation:

Malaysia Airline System Berhad, 2011. Annual

report. Kuala Lumpur: MAS.

(Malaysia Airline System Berhad [MAS], 2011)

Subsequent citations:
(MAS, 2011)

Multiple Works Published By The Same Author In The Same Year of publication
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Hac, 2003a, 2003b)

Hac, A., 2003a. Mobile telecommunications protocols

for data networks. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

OR

Hac (2003a, 2003b)

Hac, A., 2003b. Wireless sensor network designs. West

Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

TRANSLATED BOOKS
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). Translated from
(language) by (surname of translator, included initials first, then surname). Edition (if any).
Place: Publisher.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Dupuy, 2009)

Dupuy, J. P., 2009. On the origins of cognitive science:

the mechanization of the mind. Translated from
French by M. B. DeBevoise. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.

EDITED BOOKS
Format
Authors surname, Initials, ed.,Year of publication, Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any).
Place: Publisher.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Sjostrand, 1993)

Sjostrand, S. ed., 1993. Institutional change: theory

and empirical findings. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

(Pike and Sarkar, 1986)

Pike, E. R. and Sarkar, S., eds., 1986. Frontiers in

quantum optics. Bristol: Adam Hilger.

Note: use eds. if more than 1 editor.

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

Format
Chapter authors surname, Initials. In: Book editor(s) initials followed by surnames with ed.
or eds. After the last surname. Year of publication, Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any).
Place: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last page numbers followed by fullstop.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Howard, 1998)

Howard, S., 1998.Verbal Protocol Analysis. In: B.

Henderson-Sellers, A. Simons and H. Younessi,
(eds.). The Open Process Specification. Sydney:
Addison-Wesley, Ch.2.

(Vygotsky, 1991)

Vygotsky, L. S., 1991. Genesis of the higher mental

functions. In: P. Light, S. Sheldon, & M. Woodhead,
(eds.). 2001. Learning to think. London: Routledge,
pp. 32- 41.

E-BOOKS
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of book (italicized). [E-book] Place:
Publisher. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website
http://library.utar. edu.my [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Wolf, 2012)

Wolf, M. J., 2012. Before the crash. [E-book]

Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Available
through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed 4
December 2012].
Note: E-book through UTAR Library Website,
e.g. Morgan & Claypool Synthesis.

(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009)

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. Research

methods for business students, [E-book] Harlow: FT
Prentice Hall. Available at: Google Books
<books.google.com> [Accessed 19 July 2010].
Note: E-book available freely from Google.

JOURNAL ARTICLES (PRINTED)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of journal article. Title of journal
(italicized), Volume, Issue or number, Page number(s).
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Lamb and Kling, 2003)

Lamb, R. and Kling, R., 2003. Reconceptualizing

users as social actors in information systems
research, MIS Quarterly 27(2), pp. 197-198.

(Huffman, 1996)

Huffman, L, M., 1996. Processing whey protein for

use as a food ingredient. Food Technology, 50(2), pp.
49-52.

Note: use pp. if more than 1 page.

JOURNAL ARTICLES (ONLINE / ELECTRONIC)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of journal article. Title of journal
(italicized), [Type of medium] Volume, Issue or number, Page number(s), if available.
Available through: Source [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Jin and Cheng, 2011)

Jin, Y. and Cheng, Y., 2011. Chemical engineering

in China: past, present, and future. Chemical
Engineering Progress, [E-journal] 107(4), Available
through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
website http://library. utar.edu.my/. [Accessed 1
May 2012].

MAGAZINE OR JOURNAL ARTICLES, WHICH ARE FREELY AVAILABLE

ON THE INTERNET
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of article. Title of magazine or journal
(italicized), [Online] Available at: Source [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Gommans, 2001)

Gommans, M., 2001. From brand loyalty to eloyalty: a conceptual framework, Journal of
Economic and Social Research, [online] Available at:
<http://www. fatih.edu.tr/~jesr/ JESR.e-loyalty.pdf>.
[Accessed1 July 2012].

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (PRINTED)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of article or column header. Title of
Newspaper (italicized). Day and month before page numbers and column line.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Prakash, 2012)

Prakash, M., 2012. Get ready for touch screen

revolution. New Straits Times, 1 Dec. p. B6.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (ONLINE)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of article or column header. Title of
Newspaper (italicized), [Type of medium] Additional date information. Available at: url
[Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Chow, 2012)

Chow, B. H., 2012. Building an innovative society.

The Star Online, [Online] 5 Dec. Available at:
http://thestar.com. my/cus/ 12389549&sec = focus
[Accessed 1 December 2012].

OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES

CONFERENCE PAPERS (PRINTED)
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title. Conference surname (italicized).
Location, Date, Place: Publisher.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Fledelius, 2000)

Fledelius, H. C., 2000. Myopia and significant visual

impairment: global aspects. Proceedings of the 7th
International Conference on Myopia. Taipei, 17-20
November, 1998. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 31-37.

In-Text Citation
(Brown and Caste, 2003)

Note: Published conference paper.

Reference List
Dutta. T. and Mallick, D., 2012. Spiritual based
intervention among adolescent drug users: an
innovative challenge, paper presented at the 1st
International Conference on Behavioral & Social
Science Research, 2 November 2012, Kampar:
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Note: For unpublished conference paper,
the title is not italicized.

CONFERENCE PAPERS (ONLINE)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title. Conference surname (italicized).
Available at: Source [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Lord, 2009)

Lord, J., 2009. What do consumers say? Changing

attitudes, changing strategies: reaching Chinas
dynamic consumer markets. American Chamber of
Commerce in Shanghai Conference, Shanghai, 15
October. AMCHAM-Shanghai. Available at:
http://www.amcham-shanghai.org/addons/marketingconference//default.aspx [Accessed 1
August 2012].

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (PRINTED)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level.
Official name of University.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Teh, 2003)

The, C. S., 2003. A third world feminist reading of

selected Malaysian novels in English. PhD Thesis,
Universiti Putra Malaysia. Malaysia.

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS (ONLINE)

Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level.
Institution issuing degree. Available through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
Website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Ernesto, 2010)

Ernesto, D, A., 2010. Multidisciplinary collaborative

model for complex biomedical engineering design
projects. MSc. The University of Texas. Available
through Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
website http://library.utar.edu.my [Accessed 22
May 2012].

REPORTS (PRINTED)
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of report (italicized), Place: Publisher.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Mortimer and Cox, 1999)

Mortimer, M., & Cox, M., 1999. Contaminants in

mud crabs and sediments from the Maroochy River.
Environment technical report no. 25, Brisbane:
Department of Environment.

REPORTS (ONLINE)
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication, Title of report (italicized). [Type of medium]
Available at: url [Accessed date].
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Scientific Committee on Health, 1998)

Scientific Committee on Health. 1998. Report on

tobacco and health [pdf]. London: Scientific
Committee on Health. Available at: http://www.
archive.officialdocuments.co.uk /document/doh/
tobacco/part-l.htm [Accessed 2 November 2011].

PATENT
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of patent (italicized). Number of patent
including country of issue.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Cookson, 1985)

Cookson, A, H., 1985. Particle trap for compressed

gas insulated transmission systems. US Patent
4554399.

STANDARDS
Format
Corporate body. Year of publication. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of BS
(italicized). Place: Publisher.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(British Standards Institute, 2002, p.5)

British Standards Institute, 2002. BS11623:2001

Transportable gas cylinders. Milton Keynes: BSI.

DVD, VIDEO OR FILM

Format
Full title of DVD or Video (italicized). Year of publication. [Type of medium] Director.
Country: Filmstudio or maker. (Other relevant details).
In-Text Citation

Reference List

Unleashing creativity (2005)

Unleashing creativity. 2005. [DVD] Directed by

Phyllis Lane. Stanford, CA: Bigger Picture
Productions.
Homeopathy mystery of healing. 2007. [Video]
Directed by Timothy Dooley. Harrington Park,
N.J.: Janson Media.
Days and clouds. 2010. [Film] Directed by Lionello
Cerri. USA: Film Movement.

Homeopathy mystery of healing (2007)

Days and clouds (2010)

UNPUBLISHED WORKS
Format
An unpublished work may be a collection of personal research notes; an unpublished thesis;
a manuscript; an unpublished paper given at a conference; etc. If there is no identifiable
author, use the title of the unpublished work.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Arokiasamy, 2008)

Arokiasamy, L., 2008. Workforce diversity: a

human resource development perspective towards
organizational performance, lecture note
distributed in the unit Organizational Behavior at
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Note: The title is not italicized.

(Rose and Ramagnano, 2013)

Rose, L. and Ramagnano, S., (in press) Emergency

nurse responsibilities for mechanical ventilation: a
national survey. Journal of Emergency Nursing.
(Accepted for publication January 2013).
Note: The title is not italicized.

WEBSITES
Format
Authors surname, Initials, Year of publication. Title of page (italicized). [Type of medium]
Available at: include web pages address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date].
Website With Author
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Albanese, 2009)

Albanese, A., 2009. Fairer compensation for air

traveler. [Online]. Available at: http://www.
minister.infrastructure.go. au/releases /2009
[Accessed 11 October 2012].

Website Without Author

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Behaviour modification,
2007)

Behaviour modification. 2007. [Online]. Available at:

http://www.educational.org.uk/behaviour.html
[Accessed 24 December 2011].

Website With Institutional Or Organizational Author

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Queensland Health, 2009)

Queensland Health, 2009. Sun safety and physical

activity. [Online]. Available at: http://access.health.
qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/Sun Safety/SunSafety
AndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp [Accessed 21 April
2012].

Website With No Date Of Publication

In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Bliss, n.d.)

Bliss, S. E., n.d. The effect of emotional intelligence on

a modern organizational leaders ability to make
effective decisions. [Online]. Available at: http://eqi.
org/mgtpaper.htm [Accessed 4 March 2010].

Blog
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Lynn, 2009)

Lynn, K., 2009. Accelerating permafrost melt poses

significant environmental risks, [Blog] 28 November.
Available at: http://bigthink.com/ideafeed
[Accessed 23 June 2009].

PICTURES, IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Format
Artist/Photographer's surname, Year of publication. Title (italicized). [Type of medium]
Collection Details (Place, url, etc.)
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002)

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2002. Volcano.

[Photograph] London: Encyclopedia Britannica,
2002.
Tang, C. S. 2011. A Cambodian man rows a boat near a
collapsed house in Takeo province [electronic print]
Available at: http://www. channel newsasia.com/
stories/ afpasiapacific/ view/1155114/1/.html
[Accessed on 26th December 2012].

(Tang, 2011)

TABLES OR DIAGRAMS
If the table is reproduced entirely, place the citation below the table. Full details
should be included in the reference list.
In-Text Citation

Reference List
Masters, J. R. W., 2000. Animal cell culture: a practical
approach.. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Masters, 2000. p. 83

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Format
If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication
such as telephone call, interview or email, provide as much detail as possible and note the
nature of the communication.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Janna, 2003)

Janna, H., 2012. Discussion on influenza A virus

transmission directly from birds to humans. [email]
(Personal communication, 13, January 2012).

QUOTATIONS
Format
For a direct quotation from an author, enclose this in quotation marks, and give the author,
date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets
brackets.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

Smith (1992, p.45), stated

that "............"
OR
Language, then, like everything else, gradually
transforms itself over the centuries. There is
nothing surprising in this. In a world where
humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and
milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if
language alone remained unaltered. In spite of
this (Smith, 1992, p. 45).

Smith, F., 1992. To think:

hink: in language, learning and
education. London: Routledge.

SECONDARY SOURCES
Format
If you have not read a particular source but it was referred to in another work, cite
both the original source and the secondary source where you have referred to.
In-Text Citation

Reference List

(Gibbs 1981, cited in Bowden & Marton, 1998, p.

35).

Bowden, J and Marton, F., 1998. The university of

learning. London: Kogan Page.
Note: The reference list at the end of your document
should only contain works that you have read.

For more information on the Harvard Referencing System, please see our
Reference Librarian

Last updated 22Feb 2013